The Black Death

1

1 J. F. C. Hecker, The Epidemics of the Middle Ages, (Trad. B. G. Babington) London, 1859, p.11. Cf. Abbé des Guignes, Histoire des Huns, Paris, 1757.

2

2 Voyages de Ibn-Batoutah, Société Asiatique, Paris, 1853.

3

3 De Smet, ‘Breve Chronicon clerici anonymi’, Recueil des Chroniquesde Flandres, Vol. III, p.14.

4

4 Storie Pistoresi, Muratori 11, V. p.237.

5

5 Chronicon Estense, Muratori 15, III, p.160.

6

6 Hecker, op. cit., p.21.

7

7 Haeser, Archiv für die gesamte Medizin, Jena, Vol. II, p.29.

8

8 A. G. Tononi, ‘La Peste dell’ Anno 1348’, Giornale Ligustico, Genoa, Vol X, 1883, p.139.

9

9 G. Vernadsky, The Mongols and Russia, Yale, 1959.

10

10 Haeser, op. cit., Vol. II, pp.48–9.

11

11 C. S. Bartsocas, ‘Two 14th Century Greek Descriptions of the “Black Death”’, Journ. Hist. Med., Vol. XXI, No. 4, 1966, p.395.

12

12 Chronicon Estense, op. cit., p. 160.

13

13 De Smet, op. cit., Vol. III, pp. 14–15.

14

14 S. d’Irsay, ‘Notes to the Origin of the Expression: Atra Mors’, Isis, Vol. 8, 1926, p.328.

15

15 R. Kjennerud, Journal of the History of Medicine, Vol. III, 1948, P.359.

16

16 Gasquet, The Black Death, London, 1908, p.8.

17

17 J. Michon, Documents inédits sur la Grande Peste de 1348, Paris, 1860, p.11.

18

18 J. Nohl, Der Schwarze Tod, Potsdam, 1924, p.11.

19

19 Boccaccio, Decameron, Trans. J.M. Rigg, London, 1930, p.5.

20

20 e.g. Lechner, Das grosse Sterben, p.15; or plague tractates of Ibn Khātimah or Gentile da Foligno.

21

21 La Grande Chirurgie, ed. E. Nicaise, Paris, 1890, p. 171.

22

22 Chronicon Galfridi le Baker, ed. E. Maunde Thompson, Oxford, 1889, p. 99.

23

23 Simon of Covino, Bibl. de l’École des Chartes, 1840–41 Ser. I, Vol. 2, p. 241.

24

24 J. P. Papon, De la Peste ou Époques mémorables de ce Fléau. Vol. I, p. 115.

25

25 Ibn Khātimah, Sudhoff, Archiv für Geschichte der Medizin. Vol XIX, 1927, p. 30.

26

26 Ibn al Khatīb, Sitzungsberichte der Königl: bayer, Munich, 1863, II, P. 1.

27

27 Alfonso de Cordova, Sudhoff, Archiv, III, p. 225.

28

28 ‘Utrum mortalitas…’ Sudhoff, Archiv, XI, p. 44. Cf. Konrade of Megenberg, Buch der Natur, ed. Pfeiffer, Berlin, 1870.

29

29 Hirst, The Conquest of Plague, Oxford, 1953, p. 28.

30

30 De Smet, op. cit., Breve Chronicon, Vol. III, p.15.

31

31 ‘Tractatus de epidemia’, Michon, Documents inédits, op. cit., p. 46.

32

32 C. Creighton, History of Epidemics in Britain, Cambridge, 1891, p. 175.

33

33 The most useful studies of bubonic plague which make special reference to the Black Death are Greenwood’s Epidemics and Crowd Diseases, Pollitzer’s Plague and Hirst’s The Conquest of Plague.

34

34 J. Stewart, The Nestorian Missionary Enterprise, Edinburgh, 1928, p. 209.

35

35 R. Pollitzer, Plague, W.H.O. Publication, Geneva, 1954, p. 13.

36

36 Jorge, Bull. Off. Int. Hyg. Publ. Vol. 25, 1933, p. 425.

37

37 MacArthur, ‘Old Time Plague in Britain’, Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., Vol. XIX, p. 355.

38

38 Reports on Plague Investigations in India. No. 39 of 1910.

39

39 Hirst, op. cit., p. 324.

40

40 Nohl, op. cit., p. 31.

41

41 Greenwood, Epidemics and Crowd Diseases, London, 1935, p. 308.

42

42 op. cit., p. 28.

43

43 Greenwood, op. cit., p. 291.

44

1. Documents inédits, op. cit., p. 21.

45

2. See, in particular, A. R. Bridbury, Economic Growth, London 1962. Cf. E. Miller, ‘The English Economy in the 13th Century’, Post and Present, 1964, No. 28, p. 21.

46

3. H. Nabholtz. Camb. Econ. Hist. Eur., Vol. 1, 1941, p. 493.

47

4. E. Power, Camb. Med. Hist., Vol. VII, 1932, p. 731.

48

5. L. Genicot, Camb. Econ. Hist., Vol. I, 2nd Edition, 1966, pp. 668–9.

49

6. M. Postan, Camb. Econ. Hist., Vol. II, 1952, p. 160.

50

7. L. Genicot, op. cit., p. 666.

51

8. G. Utterström, ‘Climate Fluctuations and Population Problems in Early Modern History’, Scan. Econ. Hist Rev., III, 1955, pp. 3–47.

52

9. M. Postan, Camb. Econ. Hist., Vol. I, 2nd Edition, 1966, p. 565.

53

10. H. S. Lucas, ‘The Great European Famine of 1315, 1316 and 1317’, Speculum, Vol. 5, 1930, p.355.

54

11. H. Pirenne, Economic and Social History of Mediaeval Europe, 1936, p. 193.

55

12. L. Genicot, op. cit., p. 673.

56

13. ibid, p.666, M. Postan, ‘Some Economic Evidence of Declining Population in the Later Middle Ages’, Econ. Hist. Rev., 2nd Ser., Vol II, 1950, p. 221.

57

14 L’économie rurale et la vie des campagnes dans l’Occident médiéval, Paris, 1962.

58

15 Econ. Hist. Rev., 2nd Ser., Vol. XVI, 1963, p. 197.

59

16 B. H. Slicher van Bath, Agrarian History of Western Europe, New York, 1963, p. 84.

60

17 e.g. R. Delatouche, ‘Agriculture médiévale et population’, Études Sociales, 1955, pp. 13–23.

61

18 E. Carpentier, ‘Autour de la Peste Noire’, Annales, E.S.C., Vol. XVII, 1962, p. 1092.

62

19 ed. Pfeiffer, Berlin, 1870.

63

20 de Mussis, op. cit., p. 50.

64

21 Chronicon Henrici Knighton, R.S. 92, ii, pp. 57–8.

65

22 Piers Plowman, Version B, v. 13.

66

23 C. Singer, Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. (Hist. Med.), Vol. X, 1917, p. 107.

67

24 Reprinted by Michon (p. 32), but the fullest text is that of H. E. Rebouis, Étude historique et critique sur la peste, Paris, 1888.

68

25 Sudhoff, Archiv, V, p. 83.

69

1 Michael of Piazza (Platiensis), Bibliotheca scriptorum qui res in Sicilia gestas retulere, Vol. 1, p. 562.

70

2 ‘La Peste Noire’, Revue de Paris, March 1950, p. 108.

71

3 André Siegfried, Itinéraires des contagions: épidémies et idéologies, Paris, 1960, p. 114.

72

4 Coulton, Black Death, op. cit., p. 9.

73

5 Monumenta Pisana, Muratori 15, (1729 edition), p. 1021.

74

6 Sismondi, Histoire des Républiques Italiennes du Moyen Age, Paris, 1826, Vol. VI, p. 11 et seq.

75

7 Storie Pistoresi, Muratori. 11, V, p. 224.

76

8 Carpentier, Une Ville devant la Peste, op. cit., pp. 79–81.

77

9 Sismondi, op. cit., p. 13.

78

10 Giovanni Villani, Cronica, Florence, 1845, Book 12, p. 92.

79

11 Cambridge Mediaeval History, Vol. VII, pp. 49–77.

80

12 Epistolaé Familiares, lib. VIII, pp. 290–303.

81

13 Defoe’s account of the Plague of London is an obvious rival but, since he was only seven years old in 1665, the term ‘eye-witness’ is perhaps loosely employed. The translation is that of J.M. Rigg in the Everyman edition (London, 1930).

82

14 e.g. Cronica Fiorentina, Muratori, 30, 1, p. 231.

83

15 Giovanni Villani, Cronica, op. cit., Book II, p. 122.

84

16 E. Fiumi, ‘La demografia fiorentina nelle pagine di Giovanni Villani’, Archivio Storico Italiano, 1950, Vol. I, p. 80.

85

17 E. Fiumi, La popolazione… volterrano sangimignanese, p. 280.

86

18 W. M. Bowsky, ‘The Impact of the Black Death upon Sienese Government and Society’, Speculum, Vol. XXXIX, No. 1, 1964, p.18. Carpentier, op. cit., p. 135.

87

19 Black Death, p. 28.

88

20 Nohl, op. cit., pp.6 and 26.

89

21 Chronicon Estense, Muratori, 15, III, p. 162.

90

22 Cronica Gestorum ac factorum memorabilium civitatis Bononie, Muratori 28, II, p. 43.

91

23 e.g. A Doren, Storia Economica dell’ Italia nel Medio Evo, Padua, 1937, p. 579.

92

24 Chronicon Estense, op. cit., p. 162.

93

25 Lorenzo de Monaci, Chronicon de rebus Venetorum, Brunetti, ‘Venezia durante la peste’, Ateneo Veneto, 32, 1909.

94

26 d’Irsay, ‘Defence Reactions During the Black Death’, Annals of Medical History, IX, 1927, p. 171.

95

27 d’Irsay, op. cit., p. 174.

96

28 Hecker, op. cit., pp. 58–9.

97

29 Alberto Chiappelli, ‘Gli ordinamenti sanitari del Comune de Pistoia contra la peste de 1348, Arch. stor. ital., Ser. IV, vol. XX. pp. 3–24.

Anna Campbell, The Black Death and Men of Learning, p. 115.

98

30 Une Ville devant la Peste. Orvieto et la Peste Noire de 1348.

99

31 Cronica Senese di Agnolo di Tura del Grosso, Muratori, 15, VI, p. 555.

100

32 W. Bowsky, Speculum, Vol. XXXIX, op. cit., p. 34.

101

33 Matteo Villani, Cronica, Florence, 1846, Book 1, pp. 67–8.

102

34 S. M. Gromberger, ‘St Bridget of Sweden’, American Catholic Quarterly Review, Vol. XLII, 1917, p. 97.

103

35 D. Herlihy, ‘Population, Plague and Social Change in Rural Pistoia’, Econ. Hist. Rev., 2nd Ser., Vol. XVIII, No. 1, 1965, p. 225.

104

36 A. Doren, op. cit., p. 579.

105

1 De Smet, Vol. II, Breve Chronicon, p. 15.

106

2 M. E. Lot, ‘L’état des paroisses et des feux de 1328’, Bibliothèque de L’École. de Chartes, Tome XC, 1929.

107

3 Y. Renouard, Population, Tome III, 1948.

108

4 J. R. Strayer, ‘Economic Conditions in the Country of Beaumont-le-Roger’, Speculum, XXVI, 1951, p. 282.

109

5 For the best resumé of the debate see E. Carpentier and J. Glénisson, ‘La Démographie françhise en XTV^e Siècle’, Annales E.S.C., Tome XVII, 1962, No. 1, p. 109.

110

6 T. Wright, Political Poems and Songs relating to English History, p. 169.

111

7 C. Anglada, Étude sur les Maladies Étientes, p. 432.

112

8 R. Emery, ‘The Black Death of 1348 in Perpignan’, Speculum, Vol. XLII, 1967, No. 4, p. 611.

113

9 cit. Crawfurd, Plague and Pestilence in Literature and Art, pp. 115–16.

114

10 De Smet, Vol. 11, Breve Chronicon, pp. 16–17.

115

11 Storie Pistoresi, Muratori, 11, v. p. 235.

116

12 Die Geschichte der Pest, Giessen, 1908, p. 57.

117

13 Y. Renouard, ‘La Peste Noire’, Revue de Paris, March 1950, p. 111.

118

14 Knighton, Chronicon, R.S. 92, II, p. 59.

119

15 See, e.g. Lea, History of the Inquisition, Vol. I, p. 290.

120

16 De Smet, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 17.

121

17 op. cit., p.38, n.24 above.

122

18 C. Singer, Short History of Medicine, p. 69.

123

19 C. Singer, ‘Review of the Medical Literature of the Dark Ages’, Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., Vol. X, 1917, p. 107.

124

20 Geschichte der Chirurgie, Berlin, 1878, Vol. 1, p. 673.

125

21 La Grande Chirurgie, op. cit., p. 171.

126

22 Archiv für Geschichte der Medizin, 1910 onwards.

127

23 New York, 1931.

128

24 Bibl. de l’École des Chartes, (1840–41), Sér. 1, Vol. 2, p. 240.

129

25 Sudhoff, XIX, p. 49.

130

26 Primo de Epydimia, Sudhoff, V, p. 43.

131

27 D. J. Colle, De Pestilentia, Pisa, 1617, p. 570.

132

28 Compendium de Epydimia, op. cit, p. 60.

133

29 cit. Campbell, p. 71. [Not in Sudhoff.]

134

30 Sudhoff XIX, pp. 76–7.

135

31 d’Irsay, Annals of Medical History, IX, 1927, p. 174.

136

32 Gentile da Foligno, Sudhoff, V, p. 83.

137

33 ed. D. W. Singer, Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. (Hist. Med.), Vol. 9, 1916, p. 159.

138

34 ibid.

139

35 Siméon Luce, Bertrand de Guescelin, pp. 69–73.

140

36 cit. H. Martin, Histoire de France, Vol. V, p. 111.

141

37 E. Carpentier and J. Glénisson, op. cit., p. 109.

142

38 M. Mollat, ‘La Mortalité à Paris’, Moyen Age, Vol. 69, 1963, p. 505.

143

39 ‘Continuatio Chronici Guillelmi de Nangiaco’, Soc, de L’Histoire de France, Vol. II, 1844, pp. 211–17.

144

40 p. 169 below.

145

41 Black Death, p. 55, basing himself on Géraud.

146

42 L. Porquet, La Peste en Normandie, Vire, 1898, p. 77.

147

43 Thierry, Recueil des Monuments inédits de L’Histoire du Tiers État, Vol. I, p. 544.

148

44 ‘Chronicon majus Aegidii li Muisis’, De Smet, Receuil des Chroniques de Flandres, Vol. II, p. 280.

149

45 Y. Renouard, Population, Vol. III, 1948, p. 459.

150

46 E. Carpentier, ‘Autour de la Peste Noire’, op. cit, p. 1065.

151

47 De la Peste…, op. cit., Vol. 1. p. 123.

152

1 Lechner, Das Grosse Sterben in Deutschland, Innsbruck, 1884, p. 26.

153

2 ‘Continuatio Novimontensis’, Mon. Germ., IX, p. 675.

154

3 G. Rath, CIBA Symposium, III, 1956, p. 195.

155

4 G. Sticker, Die Geschichte der Pest, Giessen, 1908, p. 68.

156

5 ‘Kalendarium Zwetlense’, Mon. Germ., IX, p. 692.

157

6 ‘Continuatio Novimontensis’, op. cit., p. 675.

158

7 Crawfurd, Plague and Pestilence, op. cit., p. 125.

159

8 L. Porquet, La Peste en Normandie, Vire, 1898, pp. 18–19.

160

9 Hierarchia catholica, Vol. 1, Münster, 1913, cit. Campbell, p. 134.

161

10 Historia Suevorum, Bk II, pp. 309–10.

162

11 H. Reincke, ‘Bevölkerungsverluste der Hansestödte durch den Schwarzen Tod’, Hansische Geschichtsblätter, Vol. 72, 1954, p. 88.

163

12 F. Graus, Histoire des paysans en Bohême, Prague, 1957; cit. Carpentier, ‘Autour de la Peste Noire’, p. 1089.

164

13 The best recent account of the Flagellant movement is that of G. Leff, Heresy in the Later Middle Ages, Vol. II, Chap. VI, Manchester, 1967.

165

14 J. McCabe, The History of Flagellation, Girard, Kansas, 1946.

166

15 Lea, History of the Inquisition, Vol. II, pp. 382–3.

167

16 J. Nohl, Schwarze Tod, op. cit., p. 303.

168

17 See, in particular, Matthew of Neueburg (Matthiae Neuewen-burgensis), Fontes Rerum Germanicarum, ed. Boehmer, Stuttgart, Vol. IV, 1868, pp. 266–7.

169

18 Henry of Herford, Liber de rebus memorabioribus, ed. Potthast, Göttingen, 1859, p. 281.

170

19 The translation is Babington’s from Hecker’s Black Death, p. 65.

171

20 Certain authorities prefer thirty-three and a half days.

172

21 Mom Germ., NS., III, p. 280.

173

22 R.S. 93, pp. 407–8.

174

23 Historia Anglicana, R.S. I, p. 275.

175

24 R. Hoeniger, Der Schwarze Tod in Deutschland, Berlin, 1882, p. 14.

176

25 Henry of Herford, op. cit., p. 282.

177

26 A. Lopez de Meneses, ‘Documentos acerca de la Peste Negra en los dominion de la Corona de Aragon’, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Vol. VI, 1956, p. 301.

178

27 G. Sticker, Die Geschichte der Pest, op. cit., p. 59.

179

28 Lea, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 380.

180

29 H. Dubled, ‘Aspects économiques de la vie de Strasbourg aux XIH^e et XIV^e siècles’, Archives de l’Église d’Alsace, N.S., Tome VI, 1955, pp. 23–56.

181

30 N. Cohn, Pursuit of the Millenium, London, 1957, p. 124.

182

31 Ibid, p. 387.

183

32 Ilza Veith, ‘Plague and Polities’, Bull. Hist Med., Vol. XXVIII, 1954, p. 409.

184

33 cit. Hecker, p. 38.

185

34 p. 21 above.

186

35 cit Nohl, p. 252.

187

36 Guillaume de Machaut Jugement du Roy de Navarre.

188

37 S. Guerchberg, ‘La controverse sur les prétendus semeurs de la Peste Noire’, Revue des Études Juives, N.S., Tome VIII, 1948, pp. 3–40.

189

38 E. Wickersheimer, ‘La Peste Noire à Strasbourg’, Proc. 3rd Int. Cong. Hist. Med., Antwerp, 1923, p. 54.

190

39 Text of confessions quoted by Hecker, op. cit., pp. 70–74.

191

40 Matthew of Neueburg, op. cit., p. 262.

192

41 Heinricus de Diessenhoven, Fontes Rerum Germanicarum, Vol. IV, p. 68.

193

42 Michael Kleinlawel, Strassburgische Chronik., cit. Nohl, p. 242.

194

43 Heinrici Rebdorfensis, ‘Annales Imperatorum’, Fontes Rerum Germanicarum, Vol. IV, p. 534.

195

44 ‘Aegidii Li Muisis’, De Smet, op. cit., Vol. II, pp. 342–3.

196

45 See, in particular, R. Hoeniger, Der Schwarze Tod in Deutschland, Berlin, 1882, pp. 9–11.

197

46 4 July and 26 Sept 1348, Raynaldus, Annales eccles. ed. Mansi, Vol. VI, 1750, p. 476.

198

47 Hecker, op. cit., p. 42.

199

48 Haeser, op. cit., Vol. III, p. 181.

200

49 J. Parkes, The Jews in the Mediaeval Community, London, 1938, p. 118.

201

50 A. Lopez de Meneses, ‘Una consecuencia de la Peste Negra en Cataluña: el pogrom de 1348’. Sefarad, XIX, 1959, p. 92.

202

51 ‘Documentos acerca de la Peste Negra en los dominios de la Corona de Aragon’, Consejo superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Vol. VI, 1956, p. 298.

203

52 L. Bertrand, ‘Contribution à l’Étude de la Peste dans les Flandres’, Proc. 2nd Int. Cong. Hist. Med., Evreux, 1922, p. 43.

204

1 C. S. Bartsocas, Journal of the History of Medicine, Vol. XXI, No. 4, 1966, p. 395.

205

2 op. cit., p. 13.

206

3 Farlati, Illyricum Sacrum, iii, p. 324.

207

4 Historia, iii, p. 406.

208

5 Gasquet, op. cit., p. 78.

209

6 Nohl, op. cit., p. 37.

210

7 op. cit., p. 28.

211

8 C. Verlinden’s monograph, ‘La Grande Peste de 1348 en Espagne’, in the Revue beige de Philologie et d’Histoire, XVII, 1938, p. 103, is the best general study yet published.

212

9 ‘Documentos acerca de la Peste Negra en los dominios de la Corona de Aragon’, op. cit., p.291 and ‘Una consecuencia de la Peste Negra en Cataluña: el pogrom de 1348’, op. cit., p. 92.

213

10 ‘Documentos acerca…’ op. cit., 20 April, 1348.

214

11 Philippe, Histoire de la Peste Noire, p. 54.

215

12 Sudhoff, Archiv, XIX, pp. 46–8.

216

13 Walsingham, R. S., 28, I, p. 273; cf. Capgrave, R. S. 1, p. 213. (This may not relate to Spain in particular though it could as well apply there.)

217

14 ‘Chronicon ma jus Aegidii Li Muisis’, De Smet, Vol. 11, p. 280.

218

1 E. M. Carus Wilson, Mediaeval Merchant Venturers, London 1945, p. 240 et seq.

219

2 G. A. Holmes, The Estates of the Higher Nobility in 14th Century England, Cambridge, 1957, p.5.

220

3 E. B. Fryde, ‘The Last Trials of Sir William de Pole’, Econ. Hist. Rev. Ser., Vol. XV, 1962, p. 17.

221

4 E. A. Kosminsky, Studies in the Agrarian History of England, Oxford, 1956, pp. 3 22–3.

222

5 J. C. Russell, British Mediaeval Population, Albuquerque, 1948, p. 287.

223

6 This figure is far from uncontested. Bennett suggests it may have been as low as 5,000 but most authorities agree that it lost population heavily between 1348 and 1377 and the poll tax figure for the latter date (always an under-estimate) was nearly 6,000.

224

7 ‘A 14th Century Chronicle from the Grey Friars at Lynn’, ed. A. Grandsen, Eng. Hist. Rev., Vol. LXXII, 1957, p. 2. 74.

225

8 Chronica Monasterii de Melsa, R.S. 43 III, p.68. See also Higden’s Polychronicon, R.S. 41 VIII, 355.

226

9 Knighton, op. cit., p. 61.

227

10 Capgrave, ed. F.C. Hingeston, R.S. 1, p. 213.

228

11 Eulogium (Historiarum sive Temporis), R.S. 9 III, p. 213.

229

12 Canon of Bridlington’s Chronicle (R.S. 76 II, p. 149), Galfridi le Baker, op. cit., p. 99.

230

13 Continuatio Chronicarum, R.S. 93, p. 406.

231

14 ‘Vitae Archiepiscoporum’, Anglia Sacra, Vol. 1, p. 42.

232

15 Originalia Roll, 24 Ed. III, m. 2., cit. Gasquet, p. 81.

233

16 Studies in Agrarian History, op. cit., p. 321.

234

17 Revue beige de Philologie et d’Histoire, XXVII, 1950, p. 600.

235

18 op. cit., pp. 86–9.

236

19 J. M. Fletcher, ‘The Black Death in Dorset’, Dorset Nat Hist. Ant. Field Club., Vol. XLIII, 1922, p. 1.

237

20 Hist. MSS. Comm., 6th Report, p. 475.

238

21 Wilkins, Concilia, ii, pp. 735–6.

239

22 Dr J. Lunn’s Ph. D. thesis of 1930. Most unfortunately no copy of this survives but many of its valuable statistics are quoted in Dr Coulton’s Mediaeval Panorama (pp.495–9 and notes).

240

23 Gasquet, op. cit., p. 96.

241

24 A. Hamilton Thompson, ‘Pestilences of the 14th Century in the Diocese of York’, Archaeological Journal, Vol. 71, 1914, pp. 98–100.

242

25 op. cit., p. 192.

243

26 op. cit., p. 230.

244

27 ‘Register of Bishop Ralph of Shrewsbury’, Somerset Record Society, Vol. X, 1896, p. 596.

245

28 M. Baehrel, ‘Epedémie et Terreur: histoire et sociologie’, Annales historiquesdelaRévolution française,Vol. XXIII, 1951, pp. 113–46, and ‘La haine de classe en temps d’épidémie’, Annales, E.S.C., Vol. VII, No. 2, 1952, pp. 351–60.

246

29 Victoria County History (henceforth referred to as V.C.H.), Hampshire. Vol. II, p. 33. See p. 151 below.

247

30 The Sky Suspended, London, 1960, p. 168.

248

31 Knighton, op. cit., p. 61.

249

32 C. E. Boucher, ‘The Black Death in Bristol’, Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society, Vol. IX, 1938, p.36.

250

33 S. Seyer, Memoirs of Bristol, Bristol, 1823, Vol. II, p. 143.

251

34 A. Jenkins, History of the City of Exeter, Exeter, 1841, p. 62.

252

35 G. Oliver, History of the City of Exeter, Exeter 1861, p. 74.

253

36 W. G. Hoskins, Devon, London, 1954, p. 169.

254

37 Dr J. Lunn, Ph. D. thesis.

255

38 L. F. Salzmann, English Industries of the Middle Ages, London, 1913, p. 74; A. R. Bridbury, Economic Growth, London, 1962, p. 25.

256

1 ‘Lives of the Berkeleys’, ed. J. Smyth, Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society, Gloucester, 1883, Vol. 1, p. 322.

257

2 Galfridi It Baker, op. cit., p. 99.

258

3 V.C.H. Gloucestershire, Vol. II, p. 19.

259

4 ‘Lives of the Berkeleys’, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 307.

260

5 A. Hamilton Thompson, ‘Register of John Gynewell, Bishop of Lincoln, for the Years 1347–50’, Archaeological Journal, Vol. 68, 1911, p. 323 and App. 3.

261

6 ‘Eynsham Cartulary’, ed. H. E. Salter, Oxford Historical Society, 1907–8, Vol. 2, p. 69.

262

7 M. Beresford, Lost Villages of England, London, 1954, p. 159.

263

8 ‘Eynsham Cartulary’, Vol. 2, p.69; cf. K. J. Allison and other members of the Deserted Mediaeval Village Research Group, The Deserted Villages of Oxfordshire, Leicester, 1965.

264

9 P. D. A. Harvey, A Mediaeval Oxfordshire Village: Cuxham, Oxford, 1965, p.64.

265

10 A. Wood, History and Antiquities of the University of Oxford, Oxford, 1792, Vol. 1, p. 449.

266

11 E. Brown, Fasciculus rerum expetendarum et fugiendarum, London, 1690, Vol. 2, p. 473.

267

12 Loci e libro veritatum, ed. J. E. T. Rogers, Oxford, 1881, p. 202.

268

13 De Ecclesia, ed. J. Loserth, London, 1886, p. 374.

269

14 H. E. Salter, Mediaeval Oxford, Oxford, 1936, p.108; cf. Hastings Rashdall, Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages (ed. Powicke and Emden), Oxford, 1936, Vol. 3, p. 317.

270

15 V.C.H. Berkshire, Vol. II, pp. 185–7.

271

16 Hamilton Thompson, op. cit., p. 322.

272

17 L. J. Ashford, History of the Borough of High Wycombe, London, 1960, p. 49.

273

18 V.C.H. Wiltshire, Vol. IV, p. 39.

274

19 Gasquet, op. cit., p. 130.

275

20 Reg. Edendon ii, fol. 17, ‘Mandatum ad orandum pro Pestilentia’, cit. Gasquet, op. cit., p. 124.

276

21 V.C.H. Hampshire, Vol. II, pp. 32–3.

277

22 Dr J. Lunn, cit. Coulton, p. 496.

278

23 N. S. and E. C. Gras, The Economic and Social History of an EnglishVillage, Harvard, 1930, p. 153.

279

24 ibid., p. 76.

280

25 Gasquet, op. cit. pp. 216–18.

281

26 Originalia Roll 29, Ed. Ill m. 8., cit. Gasquet, p. 217.

282

27 British Mediaeval Population, op. cit., p. 285.

283

28 W. L. Woodland, The Story of Winchester, London, 1952, p. 114. V.C.H. Hampshire, Vol. II, p. 32.

284

29 H. C. M. Lambert, History of Banstead in Surrey, Oxford, 1931, p. 15.

285

30 E Robo, ‘The Black Death in the Hundred of Farnham’, Eng. Hist.Rev.,Vol. XLIV, 1929, p. 560.

286

1 J.C. Russell, British Mediaeval Population, op. cit., pp. 286–7.

287

2 I have made much use of E. L. Sabine’s three essays in Speculum: ‘Butchering in Mediaeval London’, Vol. VIII, 1933, p.335; ‘Latrines and Cess-pools of Mediaeval London’, Vol. IX, 1934, p. 303; and ‘City cleaning in Mediaeval London’, Vol. XII, 1937, p. 19, in preparing this chapter.

288

3 B. Lambert, History and Survey of London, London, 1806, Vol. 1, p. 241.

289

4 H. J. Riley, Memorials of London and London Life, London, 1868, p. 295.

290

5 ‘Historical MSS. belonging to the Dean and Chapter of Canterbury’, H. Mss. Comm., Second Report, p. 338.

291

6 Robert of Avesbury, R.S. 93, p. 407.

292

7 Greenwood, Epidemics and Crowd Diseases, op. cit., p. 291.

293

8 McKisack, The Fourteenth Century, Oxford, 1949, p. 220.

294

9 Dom. D. Knowles, The Religious Orders in England, Cambridge, 1955, Vol. II, pp.130-31. W. Hope, History of the London Charterhouse, London, 1925, p.8.

295

10 op. cit., p. 407.

296

11 Survey of London, Vol. II, p. 81.

297

12 Abstract of the Population Returns of 1831, London, 1832, p. 11.

298

13 C. H. Talbot and E. A. Hammond, The Medical Practitioner in Mediaeval England, London, 1965, p. 312.

299

14 Creighton, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 129.

300

15 Chronicon Johannis de Reading, ed. J. Tait, Manchester, 1914, p.108.

301

16 A. R. Stanley, Memorials of Westminster Abbey, London, 1868, pp. 376–7.

302

17 J. C. Russell, op. cit., p. 285.

303

18 Creighton, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 195.

304

19 Knighton, op. cit., p. 120.

305

20 John of Reading, op. cit., pp. 109–10.

306

1 V.C.H. Sussex, Vol. II, p. 77.

307

2 ibid., Vol. II, p. 54.

308

3 ibid., Vol. II, p. 182.

309

4 Willelmi de Dene, ‘Historia Rossensis’, Wharton, Anglia Sacra, Vol. I, pp. 375–6.

310

5 J. E. T. Rogers, Six Centuries of Work and Wages, London, 1906, p. 221.

311

6 C. E. Woodruff and W. Danks, Memorials of Canterbury Cathedral, London, 1912, p. 148.

312

7 See p. 79 above.

313

8 J.C. Russell, op. cit., p. 216.

314

9 Stephani Birchington, op. cit., p. 42.

315

10 J. E. T. Rogers, op. cat., p. 225.

316

11 A. Hamilton Thompson, ‘Registers of John Gynewell’, op. cit., p. 322.

317

12 C. R. Haines, Dover Priory, Cambridge, 1930, p. 267n.

318

13 A. E. Levett, Studies in Manorial History, Oxford, 1938, p. 251 et seq.

319

14 E. Toms, The Story of St Albans, St Albans, 1962, pp. 50–51.

320

15 Gesta Abbatum S. Albani, R.S. 28, Vol. ii, p. 369, cf. L. F. R. Williams, History of the Abbey of St Albans, London, 1917, p. 166.

321

16 A. Hamilton Thompson, op. cit., p. 324.

322

17 V.C.H. Bedford, Vol. III, p. 318.

323

18 A. Jessop, ‘The Black Death in East Anglia’, The Coming of the Friars and other Historic Essays, London, 1894, pp. 200–201.

324

19 C. G. Grimwood, History of Sudbury. Sudbury 1952, p. 86.

325

20 F. Seebohm, ‘The Black Death and its place in English History’, Fortnightly Review, Vol. II, 1865, p. 155.

326

21 Gasquet, op. cit., p. 153.

327

22 G. A. Holmes, The Estates of the Higher Nobility…, op. cit., p. 90 et seq.

328

23 ibid, p. 115.

329

24 K. J. Allison, ‘The Lost Villages of Norfolk’, Norfolk Archaeology, Vol. XXXI, 1955, p. 131.

330

25 V.C.H. Suffolk, Vol. 11, p. 19.

331

26 F. Blomefield, History of the County of Norfolk, Vol. III, London, 1806.

332

27 F. Seebohm, ‘The Black Death and its place in English History’, Fortnightly Review, Vol. II, 1865, pp. 157–8.

333

28 J. C. Russell, British Mediaeval Population, op. cit., p. 293.

334

29 V.C.H. Suffolk, Vol. II, p. 19.

335

30 op. cit., p. 206.

336

31 F. R. Chapman, Sacrist Rolls of Ely, Cambridge, 1907, p. 107.

337

32 Gasquet, op. cit., p. 154.

338

33 V.C.H. Cambridgeshire, Vol. II, p. 158.

339

34 Hist. MSS. Comm., 6th Report, App., p. 299.

340

35 Jessop, op. cit., p. 220.

341

1 V.C.H. Huntingdon, Vol. II, p. 123.

342

2 A. Hamilton Thompson, op. cit., pp. 323–4.

343

3 A. Rogers, The Making of Stamford, Leicester, 1965, p. 49.

344

4 Knighton, op. cit., pp. 61–2.

345

5 M. W. Beresford, Lost Villages of England, London, 1954, p. 161.

346

6 Knighton, op. cit., p. 61.

347

7 C. J. Billson, Mediaeval Leicester, Leicester, 1920, p. 143.

348

8 ibid., pp. 144–5.

349

9 Cox, Notes on the Churches of Derbyshire, p. VIII.

350

10 A. Hamilton Thompson, ‘The Pestilences of the 14th century in the Diocese of York’, Archaeological Journal, Vol. 71, 1914, pp. 111–12.

351

11 Fortnightly Review, Vol. II, 1865, p. 151.

352

12 Black Death, p. 173.

353

13 A. Hamilton Thompson, Lincoln, op. cit., p. 326.

354

14 I. W. F. Hill, Mediaeval Lincoln, Cambridge, 1948, p. 252.

355

15 ibid., p. 251.

356

16 Chronicle of Louth Park, Lincolnshire Record Society, 1891, pp. 38–9.

357

17 M. W. Beresford, Lost Villages of England, op. cit., p. 203.

358

18 H. E. Hallam, ‘Population Density in Mediaeval Fenland’, Econ. Hist.Rev., 2nd Series, Vol. XIV, 1961, No. 1, p. 78.

359

19 Historical Papers from Northern Registers, R.S. 61, p. 395–7.

360

20 Dr Lunn, p. 126, n. 22 above.

361

21 A. Hamilton Thompson, York, op. cat., pp. 107–8.

362

22 ibid., p. 110.

363

23 J. C. Russell, op. cit., p. 142.

364

24 J. N. Bartlett, ‘The Expansion and Decline of York in the Later Middle Ages’, Econ. Hist. Rev., 2nd Ser., Vol. XII, 1959, p. 17.

365

25 C. B. Knight, History of the City of York, York, 1944, p. 222.

366

26 M. E. Jeanselme, ‘Inondations, Famines et Tremblements de Terre sont les avant-coureurs de la Peste’, Proc. 3rd Int. Cong. Hist. Med. (1922).

367

27 Chronica Monasterii de Melsa, R.S. 43, III, p. 69.

368

28 ibid., p. 37.

369

29 T. Blashill, Sutton in Holderness, op. cit., p. 98.

370

30 T. Burton, The History and Antiquities of the Parish of Hemingborough, York, 1888, p. 271.

371

31 Gasquet, op. cit., p. 181.

372

32 H. Fishwick, History of Lancashire, London, 1894, p. 74.

373

33 R. S. France, ‘A History of Plague in Lancashire’, Trans. Hist. Soc. of Lanes and Cheshire,Vol. 90, 1938, p. 24.

374

34 Gasquet, op. cit., pp. 183–4.

375

35 V.C.H. Durham, Vol. II, p. 210.

376

36 Surtees, History of Durham, Vol. 1, p. III.

377

37 V.C.H. Durham, Vol. II, p. 212.

378

38 <…>

379

1 Gasquet, op. cit., p. 141.

380

2 V.C.H. Worcestershire, Vol. II, p. 32.

381

3 T. R. Nash, History of Worcestershire, London, 1781, Vol. I, p. 226.

382

4 V. Green, History of Worcester, London, 1796, p. 144.

383

5 p. 132 above.

384

6 H. L. V. Fletcher, Herefordshire, London, 1948, p. 22.

385

7 Owen and Blakeway, History of Shrewsbury, London, 1825, Vol. 1, p. 165.

386

8 Gasquet, op. cit., p. 170.

387

9 W. Rees, ‘The Black Death in England and Wales, as exhibited in Manorial Documents’, Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., Vol. XVI, Pt. 2, p. 34.

388

10 Galfridi le Baker, op. cit., p. 100.

389

11 The subsequent paragraphs draw heavily on W. Rees’s monograph ‘The Black Death in Wales’, Trans. Roy. Hist. Soc., Fourth Series, Vol. III, 1920.

390

12 Court Rolls, Portfolio 218, No. 4, cit. Rees.

391

13 Friar John Clyn, Annals of Ireland, ed. R. Butler, Irish Arch. Soc., Dublin, 1849, p. 37.

392

14 I am fortunate in having been able to consult in proof Chapter VIII of Dr. Otway Ruthven’s History of Mediaeval Ireland (London 1968). A. Gwynn’s monograph ‘The Black Death in Ireland’ (Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review, Vol. XXIV, 1935, pp. 25–42) is also of value.

393

15 A. Gwynn, op. cit., p. 28.

394

16 Annals of Connacht, ed. A. M. Freeman, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1944, cit. Ruthven.

395

17 Galfridi le Baker, op. cit., p. 100.

396

18 op. cit., pp. 62–3.

397

19 Col MacArthur, ‘Old Time Plague in Britain’, Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., Vol. XIX, p. 360.

398

20 Chronicle of the Scottish Nation, ed. W. F. Skene, Edinburgh, 1872.

399

21 Cronykil of Andrew of Wyntoun, ed. D. Laing, Edinburgh, 1872, Vol. II, p. 482.

400

22 David Macpherson’s preface to 1795 edition of the Chronicle, London, p. XVII.

401

23 ed. F. J. Skene, Edinburgh, 1880, p. 225.

402

1 Though see J. C. Russell, British Mediaeval Population, op. cit., p. 54.

403

2 J. Z. Titow, ‘Some Evidence of the 13th Century Population Increase’, Econ. Hist. Rev., 2nd Ser., Vol. XIV, No. 2, 1961, p. 220.

404

3 M. Postan, ‘Some Economic Evidence of Declining Population in the Later Middle Ages’, Econ. Hist. Rev., 2nd Ser., Vol. II, 1950, p. 221.

405

4 F. Seebohm, ‘The Black Death and its Place in English History’, Fortnightly Review, Vol. II, 1865, pp. 149–60 and 268–79.

406

5 J. E. T. Rogers, ‘England Before and After the Black Death’, Fortnightly Review, Vol. III, 1865, pp. 191–6.

407

6 F. Seebohm, ‘The Population of England before the Black Death’, Fortnightly Review, Vol. IV, 1866, pp. 87–9.

408

7 J. C. Russell, op. cit. p. 246.

409

8 ibid., pp. 22–33.

410

9 G. C. Homans, English Villagers of the Thirteenth Century, op. cit., pp. 209–12.

411

10 J. Z. Titow, op. cit., p. 222.

412

11 J. Krause, ‘The Mediaeval Household: Large or Small’, Econ. Hist. Rev., 2nd Ser., Vol. IX, 1957, p. 432.

413

12 G. R. Elton, The Practice of History, Sydney, 1967, p. 34.

414

13 J. C. Russell, ‘Recent Advances in Mediaeval Demography’, Speculum, Vol. XL, No. 1, 1965, p. 84.

415

14 Black Death, op. cit., p. 225.

416

15 p. 131 above.

417

16 ‘Registers of the Bishop of Lincoln’ and ‘Pestilences of the 14th Century in the Diocese of York’, op. cit.

418

17 PhD. thesis, op. cit., p. 126, n. 22, above.

419

18 p. 132 above.

420

19 op. cit., p. 221.

421

20 E. Robo, ‘The Black Death in the Hundred of Farnham’, Eng. Hist. Rev., Vol. XLIV, 1929, p. 560.

422

21 P. D. A. Harvey, A Mediaeval Oxfordshire Village: Cuxham, op. cit., p. 135.

423

22 F. M. Page, The Estates of Cropland Abbey, Cambridge, 1934, p. 125.

424

23 A. E. Levett, ‘The Black Death on the Estates of the See of Winchester’, Oxford Studies in Social and Legal History, Vol. V, Oxford, 1916, pp. 80–81.

425

24 op. cit., p. 216.

426

25 ibid., p. 367.

427

26 Y. Renouard, ‘Conséquences et intérêt démographique de la Peste Noire de 1348’, Population, III, 1948, p. 459.

428

27 A. Doren, Storia Economica dell’ Italia nel Medio Evo, Padua, 1937. p. 579.

429

1 E. R. Hume, History of England, Vol. II, London, 1796, p. 448.

430

2 R. Henry, The History of Great Britain, Vol. VII, London, 1788, p. 246.

431

3 J. R. Green, History of the English People, Vol. 1, London, 1877, pp. 429–30.

432

4 E. Friedell, Kulturgesicht der Neuzit, Vol. 1, Munich, 1927, p. 62.

433

5 G. M. Trevelyan, English Social History, London, 1942, P. XI.

434

6 J. Thorold Rogers, A History of Agriculture and Prices in England, Vol. 1, Oxford, 1866.

435

7 Greenwood, Epidemics and Crowd Disease, op. cit., p. 291. Cf. J. M. W. Bean, ‘Plague Population and Economic Decline in England in the later Middle Ages’, Econ. Hist. Rev., 2nd Ser., Vol. XV, 1963, pp. 427–8.

436

8 R. S. Roberts, ‘The Place of Plague in English History’, Proc. Roy. Soc.Med.(Hist.Med.), Vol. 59, 1966, p. 101.

437

9 Thorold Rogers, for instance, argued that England could not have supported a population of more than 2½ million. Fortnightly Review, Vol. II, 1865, pp. 191–6.

438

10 P. Vinogradoff, Review of ‘The End of Villainage in England’ by T. W. Page, Eng. Hist. Rev., Vol. XV, 1900, p. 776.

439

11 A. E. Levett, The Black Death on the Estates of the See of Winchester, Oxford, 1916, p. 63.

440

12 Black Death, op. cit., p. 46.

441

13 J. T. Rogers, op. cit., p. 265.

442

14 P. D. A. Harvey, A Mediaeval Oxfordshire Village: Cuxham, Oxford, 1965, App. IV.

443

15 V.C.H. Middlesex, Vol. II, p. 80.

444

16 J. T. Rogers, op. cit., Chapter XV.

445

17 Levett, op. cit., p. 100.

446

18 W. Beveridge, ‘Wages in the Winchester Manors’, Econ. Hist. Rev.,Vol. VII, 1936–7, p. 26.

447

19 W. Beveridge, ‘Westminster Wages in the Manorial Era’, Econ. Hist. Rev., 2nd Ser., Vol. VIII, 1955, p. 18.

448

20 Knighton, op. cit., p. 62.

449

21 J. T. Rogers, op. cit., passim.

450

22 E. Robo, op. cit., p. 149 above.

451

23 Eynsham Cartulary, op. cit., p. 140 above.

452

24 F. G. Davenport, The Economic Development of a Norfolk Manor, Cambridge, 1906, pp. 70–72.

453

25 E. Lipson, Economic History of England, Vol. 1, London, 1945, p. 92.

454

26 B. H. Putnam, Enforcement of the Statute of Labourers, New York, 1908, p. 91.

455

27 ibid, p. 223.

456

28 G. A. Holmes, The Estates of the Higher Nobility…, op. cit., pp. 90–92.

457

29 M. McKisack, The Fourteenth Century, op. cit., p. 324.

458

30 T. W. Page, ‘The End of Villainage in England’, Publications of the American Economic Association, 3rd Ser., Vol. 1, 1900, p. 39.

459

31 F. Pollock and F. W. Maitland, ‘History of English Law’, Eng. Hist.Rev.Vol. I, p. 166.

460

32 K. G. Feiling, ‘An Essex Manor in the 14th Century’, Eng. Hist Rev., Vol. XXVI, 1911, p. 333.

461

33 H. L. Gray, ‘The Commutation of Villain Services in England before the Black Death.’ Eng. Hist. Rev. Vol. XXIX 1914, p. 625.

462

34 A. E. Levett, op. cit., pp.159–60.

463

35 A. Ballard, The Manors of Witney, Brightwell and Downton, Oxford, 1916, pp. 181–204.

464

36 J. A. Raftis, Estates of Ramsey Abbey, Toronto, 1957, p. 251.

465

37 P. D. A. Harvey, op. cit., p. 85.

466

38 M. Postan, ‘The Chronology of Labour Services’, Trans. Roy. Hist. Soc., 4th Ser., Vol XX, 1937, pp. 185–6.

467

39 V.C.H. Middlesex, Vol. II, p. 80.

468

40 J. T. Rogers, op. cit., Chapter XV.

469

41 pp. 243–4 above.

470

42 Eulogium (Historiarum sive Temporis), ed. F. S. Haydon, R.S. 9, III, pp. 213–14.

471

43 P. Vinogradoff, Eng. Hist. Rev., Vol. XV, 1900, p. 779.

472

44 Knighton, op. cit., p. 64.

473

45 B. H. Putnam, op. cit., passim.

474

46 L. F. Salzmann, English Industries of the Middle Ages, London, 1913.

475

47 A. E. Levett, op. cit., p. 134.

476

48 A. Reville, Le Soulèvement des Travailleurs d’Angleterre en 1381, Paris, 1898. Introduction by C. Petit-Dutaillis, p. XXXVII.

477

49 R. H. Hilton, ‘Peasant Movements in England Before 1381’, Econ. Hist.Rev.,2nd Ser., Vol. II, 1949, p. 117.

478

50 A. E. Levett, op. cit., p. 159.

479

51 P. Vinogradoff, Eng. Hist. Rev., Vol. XV, 1900, p. 779.

480

52 e.g. F. Lutge, ‘Das 14/15 Jahrhundert in der Sozial und Wirtschaftsgeschichte’, Jahrbücher f. Nationalökonomie und Statistik, Vol. 162, 1950, pp. 161–213; and E. Kelter, ‘Das deutsche Wirtschaftsleben des 14 und 15 Jahrhunderts in Schatten der Pestepidemien’, ibid., Vol. 165, 1953, pp. 161–208.

481

1 Campbell, op. cit., p. 162, (Grenoble, Vercelli, Reggio and Naples).

482

2 A. F. Leach, The Schools of Medieval England, London, 1915, p. 197.

483

3 W. A. Pantin, The English Church and the Continent: The Later Middle Ages, London, 1959, p. 3.

484

4 Hastings Rashdall, The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages(ed. Powicke and Emden), Oxford, 1936, Vol. III, p. 317.

485

5 Hist. MSS. Comm., Vth Report App. (1874), p. 450.

486

6 V.C.H. Oxfordshire, Vol. III, p. 154.

487

7 J. E. T. Rogers, Six Centuries of Work and Wages, op. cit., p. 224.

488

8 E. Power, The Wool Trade in English Mediaeval History, Oxford, 1941, p. 35.

489

9 E. Prior, Cathedral Builders, London, 1905, p. 130.

490

10 Prior and Gardner, Medieval Figure Sculpture in England, London, 1912, p. 390.

491

11 R. Crawfurd, Plague and Pestilence in Literature and Art, op. cit., pp. 130–31.

492

12 J. Harvey, Gothic England, London, 1947, p. 40.

493

1 Wilkins, Concilia, ii, pp. 735–6.

494

2 Willelmi de Dene, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 375.

495

3 Stephen Birchington, op. cit., p. 42.

496

4 Harl. M.S. 6965. fol. 145.

497

5 Gasquet, op. cit., p. 239.

498

6 Historical Papers from Northern Registers, R.S. 61, p. 401.

499

7 Knighton, op. cit., p. 63.

500

8 Black Death, op. cit., pp. 39–41.

501

9 p. 131 above.

502

10 Knighton, op. cit., p. 63.

503

11 Gasquet, op. cit., pp. 247–8.

504

12 ibid., p. 248.

505

13 D. Knowles, The Religious Orders in England, Vol. II, Cambridge, 1955, pp. 256–7.

506

14 R.H. Snape, English Monastic Finances, Cambridge, 1926, pp. 21–2.

507

15 Hamilton Thompson, ‘Gynewell…’, op. cit., pp. 328–9.

508

16 P. Mode, Influence of the Black Death on English Monasteries, Chicago, 1916.

509

17 C. F. Mullett, The Bubonic Plague and England, Lexington, 1956, p. 34.

510

18 Annales Minorum, Vol. VIII, p. 22.

511

19 Lea, op. cit., Vol. 1, p. 290.

512

20 E. Carpentier, Une ville devant la peste, op. cit., p. 193.

513

21 e.g. Memorials of Canterbury Cathedral, op. cit., p. 148.

514

22 Matteo Villani, Cronica, Florence, 1846. Book 1, Chap. VII, p. 15.

515

23 M. Meiss, Painting in Florence and Siena after the Black Death, Princeton, 1951, p. 79.

516

24 ibid., p. 73

517

25 Black Death, p. 74.

518

26 op. cit., Book 1, Chap. IV, p. 13.

519

27 R. Hoeniger, Der Schwarze Tod in Deutschland, op. cit., p. 133.

520

28 E. Carpentier, op. cit., pp. 195–6.

521

29 J. W. Thompson, ‘The Aftermath of the Black Death and the Aftermath of the Great War’, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. XXVI, 1920/21, p. 565.

522

30 ‘La Peste Noire’, Revue de Paris, March, 1950, p. 117.

523

31 G. Prat, ‘Alibi et la Peste Noire’, Annales du Midi, LXFV, 1952, p. 15.

524

32 J. C. Russell. ‘Effects of Pestilence and Plague, 1315–85’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. VIII, No. 4, 1966, pp. 464–70.

525

33 S. Thrupp, ‘Plague Effects in Mediaeval Europe’, ibid., pp. 482–3.

526

34 H. Baron, ‘Franciscan Poverty and Civic Wealth’, Speculum, Vol. XIII, 1938, p. 12.

527

35 H. H. Mollaret and Jacqueline Brossolet, La Peste, Source Méconnue d’lnspiration Artistique, Paris, (Institut Pasteur), 1965, p. 60.

528

36 For a perceptive appreciation of this picture see P. Perdrizet, La Peinture Religieuse en Italie jusqu’à la fin du XIV^e siècle, Nancy, 1905, p. 47.

529

37 P. Perdrizet, La Vierge de Miséricorde, Paris, 1908, p. 151.

530

38 Émile Mâle, L’Art Religieux de la Fin du Moyen Age, Paris, 1908, p. 75.

531

39 See note 29 above.

532

40 J. J. Jusserand, English Wayfaring Life in the Middle Ages, London, 1891, pp. 382–3.