The Borgias

— BIBLIOGRAPHY —

PRIMARY SOURCES

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Burchard, Johannes. At the Court of the Borgia, excerpts from the Diarium. Edited and translated by Geoffrey Parker. London: Folio Society, 1963.

——. Le journal de Jean Burchard. Paris: Les Éditions Rieder, 1932.

Castiglione, Baldassare. The Book of the Courtier. Translated by George Bull. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books, 1976.

Cellini, Benvenuto. Autobiography. Translated by George Bull. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books, 1956.

Giustinian, Antonio. Dispacci di Antonio Giustinian. Edited by P. Villari. 3 vols. Florence: Successori Le Monnier, 1876.

Guicciardini, Francesco. The History of Florence. Edited by Mario Domandi. New York: Harper & Row, 1970.

——. The History of Italy. Edited by Sidney Alexander. New York: Collier Books, 1969.

Landucci, Luca. Diario Fiorentino. Florence: Sansoni Editore, 1985.

Machiavelli, Niccolò. Florentine Histories. Translated by Laura F. Banfield and Harvey C. Mansfield Jr. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988.

——. Legazioni, commissarie e scritti di governo. Edited by F. Chiapelli. 4 vols. Bari: G. Laterza, 1971.

——. The Prince. Translated by George Bull. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books, 1961.

Michelangelo Buonarroti. Lettere. Edited by Enzo Girardi. Arezzo: Ente Provinciale per il Turismo, 1976.

——. The Sonnets of Michelangelo. Translated by E. Jennings. London: Folio Society, 1961.

Piccolomini, Aeneas Sylvius. Secret Memoirs of a Renaissance Pope. Abridged ed. Edited by F. A. Gragg and L. C. Gabel. London: Folio Society, 1988.

Sanudo Marino. Diarii. Bologna: Forni Editore, 1969–70.

Vasari, Giorgio. Le opere di Giorgio Vasari. Edited by G. Milanesi. 8 vols. Florence: Sansoni Editore, 1981.

Zambotti, Bernardino. Diario Ferrarese dall’anno 1476 sino al 1504. Edited by G. Pardi. Bologna: N. Zanichelli, 1928.

Zerbinati, Giovanni Maria. Croniche di Ferrara. Ferrara: Deputazione Provinciale Ferrarese di Storia Patria, 1989.

SECONDARY SOURCES

Ady, Julia Mary Cartwright. Isabella d’Este, Marchioness of Mantua 1474–1539. London: John Murray, 1904.

Bentini, J., A. Chiappini, G. B. Panatta, and A. M. Visser Travagli. A Tavola con il Principe. Exhibition catalogue. Ferrara: Gabriele Corbo Editore, 1988.

Bradford, Sarah. Cesare Borgia. London: Phoenix Press, 1976.

——. Lucrezia Borgia. London: Viking Books, 2004.

Brown, C. M. ‘Lo insaciabile desiderio nostro de cose antique: New Documents on Isabella d’Este’s Collection of Antiquities.’ In Cultural Aspects of the Italian Renaissance: Essays in Honor of Paul Oskar Kristeller, edited by C. H. Clough, 324–53. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1976.

D’Amico, John F. Renaissance Humanism in Papal Rome. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1983.

Dean, Trevor, and K. J. P. Lowe, eds. Marriage in Italy 1300–1650. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

Eiche, Sabine. ‘Towards a Study of the ‘Famiglia’ of the Sforza Court in Pesaro.’ Renaissance and Reformation 9 (1985): 79–103.

Erlanger, Rachel. Lucrezia Borgia. London: Michael Joseph, 1979.

Gardner, Edmund G. Dukes and Poets in Ferrara. London: Constable, 1904.

Gregorovius, Ferdinand. Lucretia Borgia According to Original Documents and Correspondence of Her Day. Translated by J. L. Garner. London: John Murray, 1904.

Guerzoni, Guido. Le Corti Estensi e la Devoluzione di Ferrara del 1598. Ferrara: Archivio Storico, 2000.

Gundersheimer, Werner L. Ferrara: The Style of a Renaissance Despotism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1973.

Hay, Denys. The Church in Italy in the Fifteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977.

Hollingsworth, Mary. Patronage in Renaissance Italy. London: John Murray, 1994.

Jardine, Lisa. Worldly Goods. London: Macmillan, 1996.

Johnson, Marion. The Borgias. London: Macdonald Futura, 1981.

Knecht, R. J. Renaissance Warrior and Patron: The Reign of Francis I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

Krautheimer, Richard. Rome: Profile of a City, 312–1308. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1980.

Lockwood, Lewis. Music in Renaissance Ferrara 1400–1500. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984.

Lowe, K. J. P. Church and Politics in Renaissance Italy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

Luzio, Alessandro. ‘Isabella d’Este e i Borgia.’ Archivio storico lombardo 41–2 (1914–15).

Magnuson, T. Studies in Roman Quattrocento Architecture. Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell, 1958.

Mallett, Michael. The Borgias. London: Bodley Head, 1969.

——. Mercenaries and Their Masters. London: Bodley Head, 1974.

Martines, Lauro. Fire in the City. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.

Mitchell, Bonner. The Majesty of the State: Triumphal Progresses of Foreign Sovereigns in Renaissance Italy 1494–1600. Florence: Leo S. Olschki Editore, 1986.

Partner, Peter. The Lands of St Peter: The Papal State in the Middle Ages and the Early Renaissance. London: Eyre Methuen, 1972.

——. Renaissance Rome 1500–59. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976.

Pastor, Ludwig von. The History of the Popes from the Close of the Middle Ages. Vols. 5–6. St Louis, MO: B. Herder Book Co., 1950.

Schulz, J. ‘Pinturicchio and the Revival of Antiquity.’ Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 25 (1962): 35–55.

Shankland, Hugh. The Prettiest Love Letters in the World. London: Collins Harvill, 1987.

Shaw, Christine. Julius II. Oxford: Blackwell, 1993.

Sowards, J. K. The ‘Julius Exclusus’ of Erasmus. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1968.

Stinger, Charles L. The Renaissance in Rome. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985.

Strong, Roy. Feast. London: Jonathan Cape, 2002.

Thomson, John A. F. Popes and Princes 1417–1517. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1980.

Tuohy, Thomas. Herculean Ferrara. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Vancini, Gianna, ed. Lucrezia Borgia nell’opera di cronisti, letterati e poeti suoi contemporanei alla corte di Ferrara. Ferrara: Este Editori, 2002.

— INDEX —

Abruzzi family, ref 1

accession, ref 1

Agnadello, Battle of, ref 1

Albanese, Tomaso, ref 1

d’Albret, Amanieu, ref 1, ref 2

d’Albret, Charlotte, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

d’Alègre, Yves, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9

Alexander V, Pope, ref 1

Alexander VI, Pope, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13. see also Borgia, Rodrigo; brings order to Rome, ref 1; children of, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7; conclave following death of, ref 1; consistories, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; coronation of, ref 1; death of, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; death of son, Juan, ref 1; described, ref 1; election of, ref 1, ref 2; Ferrara and, ref 1; final illness and death of, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; France and, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12; friction with son Cesare Borgia, ref 1; Jubilee (1500) and, ref 1; lifestyle of, ref 1; Milan and, ref 1, ref 2; military campaigns of 1502–03 and, ref 1; moves papal court to Viterbo, ref 1; Naples and, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7; Papal States and, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; reform of Curia, ref 1; Savonarola

and, ref 1; Spain and, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; wealth of, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Alfonso I of Naples, ref 1

Alfonso II of Naples, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Alfonso of Aragon, Duke of Bisceglie: Cesare Borgia and, ref 1; death of, ref 1, ref 2; described, ref 1; marriage to Lucrezia Borgia, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Alfonso V of Aragon, ref 1

d’Aliffe, Conte, ref 1

alum deposits, ref 1

d’Alviano, Bartolomeo, ref 1

d’Amboise, Georges, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

Andrew, St, ref 1

Angelini, Teodora, ref 1

Anne of Brittany, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Arezzo, ref 1, ref 2

Ariosto, Ludovico, ref 1

d’Aubigny, Lord (Robert Stuart), ref 1

Augustus, ref 1

d’Auton, Jean, ref 1

Aversa, ref 1

Avignon popes, ref 1, ref 2

Baglioni, Gianpaolo, Lord of Perugia, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7

Bagolo, Fioramonte, ref 1

Barbo, Pietro, ref 1. see also Paul II, Pope

Baths of Diocletian, ref 1

Behaim, Lorenz, ref 1

Bellini, Giovanni, ref 1

Bembo, Carlo, ref 1

Bembo, Pietro, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7

Beneimbene, Camillo, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Bentivoglio, Ermes, ref 1

Bentivoglio, Giovanni, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8

Bessarion, John, ref 1, ref 2

Betto di Biagio, Bernardino di (Pinturicchio), ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Bichio, Giovanni di, ref 1

Bisceglie, Rodrigo, ref 1

Boccaccio, Giovanni, ref 1

Bologna, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8

Boniface IX, Pope, ref 1

Boniface XIII, Pope, ref 1

Borgia, Angela, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Borgia, Cesare, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12; Alfonso of Aragon and, ref 1; birth of, ref 1; as cardinal, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8; Carlotta of Aragon and, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; children of, ref 1, ref 2; death of brother, Juan, ref 1; death of father, ref 1, ref 2; decline of, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; described, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8; as Duke of Valence, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9; Forlì and, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; France and, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8; friction with father, Alexander VI, ref 1; Golden Rose and, ref 1; as head of papal armies, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; horse racing and, ref 1; illness of, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8; Imola and, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; Julius II versus, ref 1, ref 2; Louis XII of France and, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7; Dorotea Malatesta and, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; marries Charlotte d’Albret, ref 1; Milan and, ref 1; military campaigns of 1502–03, ref 1; mother of, ref 1, ref 2; murder and, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; Naples and, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14; Order of St Michael, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; as papal legate, ref 1; Papal States and, ref 1; resignation as cardinal, ref 1; rivalry with Juan Borgia, ref 1; Romagna and, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13; Sancia of Aragon and, ref 1, ref 2; Caterina Sforza-Riario and, ref 3; uprising of captains, ref 4, ref 5; as il Valentino, ref 1; wealth of, ref 1, ref 2

Borgia, Francisco, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Borgia, Gerolama, ref 1

Borgia, Isabella, ref 1

Borgia, Jofrè, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; birth of, ref 1; children of, ref 1; death of, ref 1; described, ref 1; marriage to Sancia of Aragon, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8; mother of, ref 1; as Prince of Squillace, ref 1, ref 2; wealth of, ref 1

Borgia, Juan: birth of, ref 1; children of, ref 1; described, ref 1; as Duke of Gandía, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; as head of papal armies, ref 1, ref 2; marries Maria Enriquez, ref 1; mother of, ref 1; murder of, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; as Prince of Tricarico, ref 1; rivalry with Cesare Borgia, ref 1; Sancia of Aragon and, ref 1; wealth of, ref 1

Borgia, Juan, Cardinal, ref 1, ref 2

Borgia, Lord Alfonso de, Bishop of Valencia, ref 1. see also Calixtus III, Pope

Borgia, Lucrezia: birth of, ref 1; Pedro Calderon and, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; children of, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13; cultural interests of, ref 1, ref 2; death of, ref 1; death of brother, Juan, ref 1; death of father, Alexander VI, ref 1, ref 2; death of husband, Alfonso of Aragon, ref 1, ref 2; described, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; divorces Giovanni Sforza, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; as Duchess of Ferrara, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; education of, ref 1; Ercole I and, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; Isabella d’Este versus, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6; Ferrara and, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; Francesco Gonzaga and, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; as governor of Spoleto, ref 1, ref 2; illnesses of, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; incest rumours and, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; marriage to Alfonso of Aragon, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; marriage to

Alfonso d’Este, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6; marriage to Giovanni Sforza, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; pregnancies of, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10; takes charge of Vatican and church, ref 1, ref 2; wealth of, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Borgia, Ottaviano, ref 1

Borgia, Pedro Luis, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Borgia, Rodrigo. see also Alexander VI, Pope: becomes Pope Alexander VI, ref 1; as cardinal, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; children of, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7; meets Vannozza de’Catanei, ref 1; Pius II and, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; sexual appetites of, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; as vice-chancellor of theHoly See, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6; wealth of, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

Borgia, Sancia, ref 1, ref 2; Cesare Borgia and, ref 1, ref 2; death of, ref 1; death of Juan Borgia and, ref 1, ref 2; described, ref 1; marriage to Jofrè, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8; rumours concerning, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Borgia-Lanzol, Juan, ref 1, ref 2

Borja. see entries under Borgia

Bramante, ref 1

Branco, Paolo, ref 1

Bresciano, Bartolomeo, ref 1

Briçonnet, Guillaume, ref 1

Brigittines, ref 1

Buonaccorsi, Biagio, ref 1

Burchard, Johannes, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15, ref 16, ref 17, ref 18, ref 19, ref 20, ref 21, ref 22, ref 23, ref 24, ref 25, ref 26, ref 27, ref 28, ref 29, ref 30, ref 31, ref 32, ref 33, ref 34, ref 35

Calderon, Pedro, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Caligula, ref 1

Calixtus III, Pope: background of, ref 1; coronation of, ref 1; death of, ref 1; nephews of, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Camerino, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

Campi, ref 1

Campo, Niugno del, ref 1

Campo dei Fiori, ref 1

Canale, Carlo, ref 1

Capello, Paolo, ref 1

Capua, ref 1

Caracciolo, Giambattista, ref 1, ref 2

Carignola, Bishop of, ref 1

Carlotta of Aragon, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

Carnival: in Ferrara, ref 1, ref 2; in Rome, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Casanova, Cardinal, ref 1

Castel Bolognese, ref 1

Castel Capuano, ref 1

Castellesi, Adriano, ref 1, ref 2

Castello, Francesco, ref 1

Castello Sforzesco, ref 1, ref 2

Castel Nuovo, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Castel Sant’Angelo (Rome), ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15, ref 15, ref 16, ref 17, ref 18

Castel Tedaldo, ref 1

Castiglione, Baldassare, ref 1

Castro, Giovanni di, ref 1

Catanei, Vannozza de’: children of, ref 1; death of, ref 1; meets Rodrigo Borgia, ref 1; as mother of Borgia children, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Catherine of Alexandria, St, ref 1

Cattaneo, Gian Lucido, ref 1

Cellini, Benvenuto, ref 1

Centelles, Juan de, ref 1

Cento, ref 1

Cerignola, ref 1

Cesena, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

Charles I, King, ref 1

Charles IV of France, ref 1

Charles VIII of France: Alexander VI and, ref 1, ref 2; death of, ref 1; invasion of Italy, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; Naples and, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7

Christ, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

Cibò, Franceschetto, ref 1

Cibò, Giovanni Battista, ref 1. see also Innocent VIII, Pope

Cibò, Lorenzo, ref 1

Cicero, ref 1

Civita Castellana, ref 1

Clement V, Pope, ref 1

Clement VII, Pope, ref 1

Clement VIII, Pope, ref 1, ref 2

Colonna, Prospero, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Colonna family, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

Columbus, Christopher, ref 1

Commynes, Philippe de, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Constance, Church council at, ref 1, ref 2

Constantatine, Emperor, ref 1

Constantinople, ref 1

Córdoba, Gonsalvo di, Duke of Terranova, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Corella, Miguel de, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8

Corio, Bernardino, ref 1

Corpus Domini, Church of, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

corruption, ref 1

Cossa, Baldassare, ref 1

Costabili, Antonio, ref 1

Costabili, Beltrando, ref 1, ref 2

Denis, St, ref 1

Dianti, Laura, ref 1

Dolci, Giovannino de’, ref 1

Dominicans, ref 1, ref 2

Eleonora of Aragon, ref 1, ref 2

Enriquez, Maria, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Erasmus, ref 1

Ercole I, Duke of Ferrara, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12; Lucrezia Borgia and, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; death of, ref 1; France and, ref 1

Ercole II, ref 1

d’Este, Alberto, ref 1

d’Este, Alfonso, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8; children of, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; death of, ref 1; described, ref 1; as head of papal armies, ref 1; marriage to Lucrezia Borgia, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

d’Este, Ercole. see Ercole I, Duke of Ferrara

d’Este, Ferrante, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

d’Este, Giulio, ref 1

d’Este, Ippolito, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; as bishop of Ferrara, ref 1; as cardinal, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9; Giulio d’Este and, ref 1, ref 2

d’Este, Isabella, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12; Lucrezia Borgia versus, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

d’Este, Sigismondo, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

d’Estouteville, Guillaume, ref 1, ref 2

Euffreducci, Oliverotto, Lord of Fermo, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Eugenius IV, Pope, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Faenza, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9

Faenza, Lord of. see Manfredi, Astorre, Lord of Faenza

Fantaguzzi, Giuliano, ref 1

Farnese, Alessandro, ref 1, ref 2

Farnese, Giulia: as mistress of Rodrigo Borgia/Alexander VI, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8

Faustina, Empress, ref 1

Federigo of Aragon, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

Ferdinand of Aragon, ref 1, ref 2

Ferdinand of Spain, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

Ferrante I of Naples, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; Ludovico Sforza versus, ref 1

Ferrante II of Naples, ref 1, ref 2

Ferrara. see also Ercole I, Duke of Ferrara: Alexander VI and, ref 1; Lucrezia Borgia and, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; Carnival in, ref 1, ref 2; Julius II and, ref 1

Ferrari, Gianbattista, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Florence, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7; Cesare Borgia and, ref 1, ref 2; Savonarola in, ref 1, ref 2

Florès, Antonio, ref 1

Flores, Bartolomeo, ref 1

Fondaco dei Tedeschi, ref 1

Forlì, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10

Forlì, Tomasino da, ref 1

Fornovo, Battle of, ref 1, ref 2

Fra Angelico, ref 1, ref 2

France. see also names of specific rulers: Alexander VI and, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11; Avignon popes, ref 12, ref 13; Cesare Borgia and, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7; Ercole I, Duke of Ferrara and, ref 1; Order of St Michael, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

Franciscans, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Francis I of France, ref 1

Galli, Jacopo, ref 1

Garigliano, Battle of, ref 1

George, St, ref 1

Giorgione, ref 1

Giovanni, Lord of Pesaro. see Sforza, Giovanni

Giovio, Paolo, ref 1

Giustinian, Antonio, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7

Golden Gate of Jerusalem, ref 1

Golden Rose, ref 1

Gonzaga, Elisabetta, Duchess of Urbino, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

Gonzaga, Francesco, Marquis of Mantua, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10; Lucrezia Borgia and, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; death of, ref 1

Great Schism, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Gregorovius, Ferdinand, ref 1, ref 2

Gregory XI, Pope, ref 1

Gregory XII, Pope, ref 1

Gudmarsson, Birgitta, ref 1

Guicciardini, Francesco, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14

Guienne, Duke of, ref 1

Hadrian, Emperor, ref 1

Henry VII, King, ref 1

heresy, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Holy Door of St Peter’s, ref 1

Holy Year (1450), ref 1

Holy Year (1475), ref 1

Hydra, seven-headed, ref 1

Imola, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8

indulgences, ref 1, ref 2

Infessura, Stefano, ref 1, ref 2

Innocent VII, Pope, ref 1

Innocent VIII, Pope, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; anarchy under, ref 1, ref 2; children of, ref 1; death of, ref 1, ref 2

Isabella of Aragon, ref 1, ref 2

Isabella of Spain, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7

Isvalies, Pedro, ref 1

Jesus Christ, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

Jews, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

John XXIII, Pope, ref 1

Juan I of Gandía. see Borgia, Juan

Juan II of Gandía, ref 1

Jubilee (1500), ref 1

Julius Caesar, ref 1, ref 2

Julius II, Pope, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4. see also Rovere, Giuliano della; Cesare Borgia versus, ref 1, ref 2; death of, ref 1; described, ref 1; election of, ref 1, ref 2; Ferrara and, ref 1; as a soldier, ref 1, ref 2

Lagraulas, Jean Bilhères de, ref 1

Landucci, Luca, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Last Supper, The (Leonardo), ref 1

Laurence, St, ref 1

Leonardo da Vinci, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Leo X, Pope, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Lodovico, Marquis, ref 1

Lorqua, Ramiro de, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Louis, Duke of Orléans, ref 1

Louis XII of France, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15, ref 16; Alexander VI and, ref 1, ref 2; Cesare Borgia and, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7; conquests in Italy, ref 1, ref 2; divorce of, ref 1; Milan and, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; Naples and, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; Ludovico Sforza and, ref 1

Louis XI of France, ref 1

Machiavelli, Niccolò, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14

malaria, ref 1

Malatesta, Dorotea, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Malatesta, Pandolfo, ref 1, ref 2

Malatesta, Sigismondo, ref 1

Manfredi, Astorre, Lord of Faenza, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

Manfredi, Manfredo, ref 1

Mantegna, Andrea, ref 1, ref 2

Marck, Robert de la, Lord of Fleurange, ref 1

Maria, Francesco, ref 1

Martin V, Pope, ref 1, ref 2

Mary Magdalene, ref 1

Mary (mother of Jesus), ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Matarazzo, Francesco, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Maximilian, Emperor, ref 1

Medici, Giovanni de’, ref 1. see also Leo X, Pope

Medici, Lorenzo il Magnifico, ref 1

Medici, Piero de’, ref 1, ref 2

Medici family, ref 1

Michael, St, ref 1

Michelangelo Buonarotti, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Michelis, Fiammetta de’, ref 1

Michiel, Giovanni, ref 1

Mila, Adriana da, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Milan: Alexander VI and, ref 1, ref 2; Louis XII and, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; reconquest of, ref 1

Mirandola, ref 1

Modena, ref 1

Moncada, Ugo de, ref 1

Monte, Antonio del, ref 1

Montefeltro, Guidobaldo da, Duke of Urbino, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12

Moses, ref 1

murder, ref 1; of Juan Borgia, ref 1, ref 2; of Pedro Calderon, ref 3

Naples, ref 1; Alexander VI and, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7; Cesare Borgia and, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9; Charles VIII of France and, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7; Federigo of Aragon and, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; Louis XII of France and, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

Narni, Lucia da, ref 1, ref 2

Nepi, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

Nero, Emperor, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Nicholas V, Pope, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

Nola, ref 1

Orcia, Quirico d’, ref 1

Order of St Michael, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

Orsini, Carlo, ref 1, ref 2

Orsini, Francesco, Duke of Gravina, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Orsini, Giangiordano, Lord of Bracciano, ref 1

Orsini, Niccolò, ref 1

Orsini, Orsino, ref 1

Orsini, Paolo, Lord of Palombara, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7

Orsini, Roberto, ref 1

Orsini, Virginio, ref 1, ref 2

Orsini family, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12

Ostellato, ref 1, ref 2

Ostia, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Palais des Papes (Avignon), ref 1, ref 2

Palazzo di Venezia (Rome), ref 1

Palazzo Montegiordano, ref 1

Palazzo San Marco (Rome), ref 1

Palazzo Sforza-Cesarini, ref 1

Pallavicini, Antoniotto, ref 1, ref 2

Pantiselia, ref 1

Papal States, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3. see also Romagna; Alexander VI and, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; Julius II and, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; nature of, ref 1

Parma, ref 1

Patrimony of St Peter, ref 1, ref 2. see also Papal States

Paul, St, ref 1

Paul II, Pope, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

Paul III, Pope, ref 1

Pepi, Francesco, ref 1, ref 2

Perauld, Bertrand, ref 1

Perugia, ref 1, ref 2

Pesaro, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8

Peter, St, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7

Petrarch, Francesco, ref 1

Petrucci, Pandolfo, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Philargos, Petros, ref 1

Piacentini, Pio, ref 1

Piacenza, ref 1

Piazza Navona (Rome), ref 1

Piccolomini, Enea Silvio, ref 1, ref 2. see also Pius II, Pope

Piccolomini, Francesco Todeschini, ref 1, ref 2

Pieve, ref 1

Pilate, Pontius, ref 1

Pinturicchio of Perugia, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Pio, Alessandro, ref 1

Piombino, ref 1, ref 2

Pisa, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Pius II, Pope, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; accession to papacy, ref 1; background of, ref 1; Rodrigo Borgia and, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; death of, ref 1

Pius III, Pope, ref 1

Pius V, Pope, ref 1

plague, ref 1, ref 2

Plautus, ref 1

Podocatharo, Ludovico, ref 1

Poggio, Cristoforo, ref 1

poisoning, ref 1

Ponte Sisto (Rome), ref 1

Praxiteles, ref 1

Preti, Donato de, ref 1

Prignano, Bartolomeo, ref 1

Procida, Gasparo di, Count of Aversa, ref 1, ref 2

Prosperi, Bernardino di, ref 1, ref 2

prostitution, ref 1

Ramires, Diego, ref 1

Raphael, ref 1

Ravenna, Battle of, ref 1, ref 2

Reggio Emilia, ref 1, ref 2

Renaissance, ref 1

Renée of France, ref 1

Riario, Girolamo, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Riario, Pietro, ref 1

Riario, Raffaello, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Rignano, Domenico da, ref 1

Rimini, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

Romagna: Borgia control of, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13

Rome: Alexander VI brings order to, ref 1; Cesare Borgia returns to, ref 1; Carnival in, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; Charles VIII of France invades, ref 1; Exposition of the Vernicle (1455), ref 1; in the fifteenth century, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; in the fourteenth century, ref 1; invasion of 1413, ref 1; Jubilee (1500) and, ref 1; rebuilding under Sixtus IV, ref 1

Rovere, Francesco della, ref 1. see also Sixtus IV, Pope

Rovere, Giovanna, ref 1

Rovere, Giuliano della, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13. see also Julius II, Pope; Alexander VI versus, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; as cardinal, ref 1, ref 2; France and, ref 1, ref 2

Ruiner, ref 1

St Peter’s (Rome), ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9

Sancia of Aragon. see Borgia, Sancia

Sangallo, Antonio da, ref 1, ref 2

San Giacomo degli Spagnuoli (Rome), ref 1

San Giovanni in Laterano, Church of (Rome), ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

San Lorenzo convent (Rome), ref 1

San Marco, ref 1

San Paolo fuori le Mura, ref 1

Sanseverino, Cardinal, ref 1

Santacroce, Jacopo di, ref 1

Santa Maria della Febbre, ref 1

Santa Maria delle Grazie, ref 1

Santa Maria del Popolo (Rome), ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8

Santa Maria in Porticu (Rome), ref 1, ref 2

Santa Maria Maggiore, ref 1, ref 2

Santa Maria sopra Minerva, Church of (Rome), ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Santi Apostoli, ref 1

Santino (dwarf), ref 1, ref 2

Santi Quattro Coronati, Church of, ref 1

Sanudo, Marin, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Savonarola, Girolamo, ref 1, ref 2

Scalona, Gian Carlo, ref 1

seduction, ref 1

Senigalla, ref 1, ref 2

Serra, Jaime, ref 1

Sforza, Ascanio, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13; election of Alexander VI and, ref 1; as vice-chancellor of the Holy See, ref 1

Sforza, Beatrice d’Este, ref 1, ref 2

Sforza, Galeazzo Maria, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Sforza, Gian Galeazzo, ref 1

Sforza, Giovanni, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7; divorce from Lucrezia Borgia, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; as Lord of Pesaro, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; marriage to Lucrezia Borgia, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Sforza, Lucrezia. see Borgia, Lucrezia

Sforza, Ludovico, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11; described, ref 1; Ferrante I versus, ref 1; as ruler of Milan, ref 1

Sforza-Riario, Caterina, ref 1

Siena, ref 1

Sigismund, Emperor, ref 1

simony, ref 1, ref 2

Sistine Chapel (Rome), ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

Sixtus IV, Pope, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; death of, ref 1; election of, ref 1; nephews of, ref 1; rebuilding of Rome, ref 1

Soderini, Francesco, ref 1, ref 2

Soriano, battle of, ref 1

Spain: Alexander VI and, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; rise of power, ref 1

Spoleto, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Stephen, St, ref 1

Strozzi, Ercole, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Strozzi, Filippo, ref 1

Strozzi, Guido, ref 1

Stuart, Robert, Lord d’Aubigny, ref 1

Swiss Guards, ref 1

syphilis, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9

Titian, ref 1

Torella, Gaspar, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Torrigiano, Pietro, ref 1

Trivulzio, Gian Jacopo, ref 1

Troche, Francesco, ref 1

Tura, Cosmè, ref 1

Tuscan Dominicans, ref 1

tyranny, ref 1

University of Rome, ref 1

Urban V, Pope, ref 1

Urban VI, Pope, ref 1

Urbino, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8

Urbino, Duke of. see Montefeltro, Guidobaldo da, Duke of Urbino

Valence, Cardinal of. see Borgia, Cesare

Valence, Duke of. see Borgia, Cesare

Valentino, Duke. see Borgia, Cesare

Vannozza, Donna. see Catanei, Vannozza de’

Varano, Giulio Cesare da, Lord of Camerino, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Vasari, Giorgio, ref 1, ref 2

Vatican (Rome), ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; Borgia apartments in, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7; collapse of papal throne, ref 1

Venice, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10

Venosa, Bishop of, ref 1

Vera, Juan, ref 1

Veronica, St, ref 1

Vespasian, Emperor, ref 1, ref 2

Vespucci, Agostino, ref 1

Villeneuve, Louis de, Baron de Trans, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Virgil, ref 1

Visconti, Valentina, ref 1

Vitelli, Paolo, ref 1

Vitelli, Vitellozzo, Lord of Città di Castello, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8

Viterbo, ref 1

Volterra, Jacopo Gherardi da, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Zambotti, Bernardino, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

Zen, Gianbattista, ref 1

Zerbinati, Giovanni Maria, ref 1, ref 2

Zurita, Geronimo, ref 1