The Empire Must Die: Russia's Revolutionary Collapse, 1900-1917

INDEX

Abyssinian Guards, 404n

agrarian reform, 259–260, 272

Albert Victor (Prince), 132

alcohol reform, Witte-Mendeleev, 38

alcoholism, 331–332

Alekseyev, Mikhail, 116, 219–220, 352

Kerensky and, 492–493

Nicholas II and, 398, 407–408

Nicholas II’s abdication and, 413–414, 422–423

Russian-Japanese War and, 120–122, 183

Alexander I (Emperor), 285

Jewish prejudice of, 84–85

Alexander I (King), 205–206

Alexander II (Emperor), 284

assassination of, 9–14, 134

Jews and, 85

Alexander III (Emperor)

Alexander II’s assassination and, 10

anti-Jewish laws, 85

death of, 50

Nicholas II and, 50

Pobedonostsev and, 10

Tolstoy and, 2, 5–6, 11–12

Witte and, 37–38

Alexander Mikhailovich (Grand Duke), 136

Nicholas II and, 50–51

Alexandra (Empress)

Alexei and, 130–131, 141, 143

Anastasia and, 137

anti-German sentiment and, 348

Elizabeth and, 154–155

false pregnancy of, 139

Goremykin and, 359

health of, 326, 363–364

Ivanov and, 412

Kerensky and, 443

Maria and, 136

Maria Feodorovna and, 134–135, 137, 352

Miechen and, 155, 378–379

Montenegrins and, 302, 351

Nicholas II and, 131–134

Nicholas II’s abdication and, 422

Nicholas II’s correspondence with, 141, 358, 364, 377–378

Olga and, 135–136

Pavel and, 421–422

Philippe’s influence on, 138–140

political involvement of, 131, 157, 358, 376, 389

in press, 451

public opinion of, 135, 353, 377

Rasputin and, 220, 302, 351, 358

Rasputin’s assassination and, 384–386

Rasputin’s correspondence with, 302–303, 313

religion and mysticism for, 137–138

revolution and, 401–402

Tatiana and, 136

tranquilizer addiction of, 363–364

Victoria and, 132–134

Vyrubova and, 275–276, 344–345

Wilhelm II and, 63, 131

Alexei (Grand Duke), 164, 190

Nicholas II and, 50–51

public opinion of, 145

Alexei (Tsarevich), 141, 143

birth of, 130–131

health of, 325, 416

Nicholas II’s abdication in favor of, 415–418

Rasputin and, 384

All-Russian Conference of Soviets of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies, 453, 461–462

All-Russian Congress of the Russian People, 264

All-Ukrainian Military Congress, 465

Anastasia (Grand Duchess), 137

Andrei (Grand Duke), 125, 345–346

house arrest of, 450

Kschessinskaya and, 294–295

Andreyev, Leonid, 81, 110, 175, 206, 327

Andreyeva, Maria, 31, 44, 109–112, 189

in Children of the Sun, 206–207

Morozov and, 111–112, 175–176

New Life and, 215–216

Peshkov and, 111–112, 174–175

revolutionary activity of, 206–207

in United States, 237–238

Anna Karenina (Tolstoy), 9

Anthony of Saint Petersburg (Metropolitan), 8–9

Gapon and, 124

anti-German sentiment, 337–339, 347–348

Alexandra and, 348

pogrom, 348

anti-Semitism, 84–85, 310–311

laws, 85

Yushchinsky’s murder and, 327

Antonov-Ovseyenko, Vladimir, 510

Aptekarsky Island, explosion on, 255–257

Armand, Inessa, 428, 447

Armenia, 342–343

Genocide, 343

Turkey and, 347

art, Russian, 21

exhibition in Paris, 280

Grand Duke Vladimir’s patronage of, 280

arts commission, 433–434

assassinations and attempted assassinations

of Alexander II, 9–14, 134

of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, 334–335

of Bogolepov, 16

of Grand Duke Sergei, 147, 178–180

of Herzenstein, 254

of Jaurès, 335–336

of Lenin, 513

of Nicholas II, 163–164

of Plehve, 127–128

of Pobedonostsev, 16–17

potential targets for, 180

of Rasputin, 335, 381–385

of Sipyagin, 78

of Stolypin, 255–256, 311–312

of Uritsky, 513

of von der Launitz, 257

of Witte, 263

Assembly of Russian Factory Workers of St. Petersburg, 123–124, 222

Austria-Serbia question, 337

autocracy, 34, 204, 415

Russian Orthodox Church and, 282

Azef, Yevgeny, 339

Burtsev “honor trial” and, 290–291

Gapon and, 182

Gerasimov and, 256, 288

Gershuni and, 74–75

Gotz and, 126

on government reforms, 215

Plehve’s assassination and, 127–128

Savinkov and, 126–127

Socialist Revolutionary Party and, 247–248, 292

as spy, 146–147, 195, 283, 286, 291–292

Stolypin assassination attempt and, 256

Tyrkova and, 146–147

unmasking of, 291–292

Zubatov and, 75

Babushka. See Breshko-Breshkovskaya, Yekaterina

Balfour, Arthur, 452

Ballets Russes, 366–368

The Firebird, 301, 462

in Rome, 434–435

in United States, 373–374

Balmont, Konstantin, 435

Beginning (magazine), 216

Beilis, Mendel, 327

trial of, 328

Belarus, 63, 66, 297, 309, 324n, 444

Homel, 89

Benois, Alexander, 21, 24

arts commission and, 433–434

on Kerensky, 494

Paléologue and, 456–457

Bessarabian (newspaper), 88

Bezobrazov, Alexander, 62–63

Nicholas II and, 64

Black Hundreds, 200

All-Russian Congress of the Russian People, 264

Milyukov and, 515

Rasputin and, 303

Blok, Alexander, 514

death of, 515

investigative commission and, 445–446

“blood libel,” 327

Bloody Sunday, x

casualties, 170–171

conspiracy theories about, 173–174

Gapon and, 169–172

Lenin and, 170

Nicholas II and, 172

Peshkov and, 169, 171

Russian Orthodox Church on, 177

Trepov’s investigation into, 176–177

Vasilievsky Island battle, 170

Witte and, 173–174

Bogolepov, Nikolai, 16

Bolsheviks, 113–114, 187

on arrest of imperial family, 423

collapse of, 517

coup, 500

Duma and, 265–266

espionage charges against, 474, 476, 478

First Machine-Gun Regiment and, 469–470, 476

Germany and, 477–478

government of, 512–513

influence of, 499

internal transformation of, 438–439

Kerensky and, 470

Kornilov revolt and, 492, 494–495

leaders of, 499

Lenin and, 501

newspapers, ban on, 502–503

Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ Deputies and, 460, 496

popularity of, 468–469, 495–496

Provisional Government and, 429, 500

pseudonyms of, 438–439

resolution of, 495–496

returning exiles, 438–439, 447–448

slogans of, 511

Tsereteli and, 475

Boris (Grand Duke), 450

Boris Godunov (Pushkin), 410n

Boule, Georges, 286

bourgeoisie, 39, 328, 455

in France, 152

Provisional Government considered, 442

in Russia, 152

Tsereteli on, 438

Boxer Rebellion. See Yihequan Rebellion

bread shortages, 388–389

Breshko-Breshkovskaya, Yekaterina (Babushka), 66, 68, 182, 432

Gershuni and, 72

Kerensky and, 439, 482

national tour of, 439

release of, 417–418

Brilliant, Dora, 179–180, 247

Bronstein, Leon. See Trotsky, Leon

Brusilov, Alexei, 364–365, 370–371

Kerensky and, 480

Brusilov Offensive, 364–365, 368, 464

Bublikov, Alexander, 403, 420

Nicholas II’s arrest and, 423

revolution and, 399–400

Trepov and, 418

Buchanan, George, 371, 423

Trotsky and, 446–447

Bulgakov, Sergei, 323

Bulygin, Alexander, 173

Bund (General Jewish Labor Bund of Lithuania, Poland and Russia), 71–72, 100

Zubatov on, 74

Bunin, Ivan, 399

Burtsev, Vladimir, 283

“honor trial” of, 89, 287, 290–292

“Cabinet of Defense,” 353–355

cartoons, political, 220, 273, 321

Gerasimov’s, 216–217

Catherine II (Empress), 84, 134, 137, 358

Central Military-Industrial Committee, 349, 354

Working Group under, 388

Central Rada, Ukrainian, 464–465

Chabrinovich, Nedelko, 335–336

Chaliapin, Feodor, 42–43, 46, 109, 178, 508

anti-German sentiment of, 399

arts commission and, 433–434

Peshkov and, 308

Cheka, 80

Chekhov, Anton, 18–19

The Cherry Orchard, 143, 186

death of, 142–143

Diaghilev and, 47

on Dreyfus, 72

Peshkov and, 58, 60, 143

The Seagull, 30–31

Tolstoy and, 30–32, 59–60

Chernov, Viktor, 75–76, 182, 283

as agriculture minister, 461

arrest of, 473

espionage charges against, 479–480

Gotz and, 76, 154

on government reforms, 214–215

land reform and, 479–480

on local self-government bodies, 442

resignation of, 495

Savinkov and, 455–456

Chernyshevsky, Nikolai, 175n

The Cherry Orchard (Chekhov), 143, 186

Chertkov, Vladimir, 2–3

Doukhobors and, 7–8

exile of, 8

Tolstoy and, 5, 304–305

Children of the Sun (Gorky), 206–207

China

campaign in, 57–58

“Chinese St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre,” 57

England and, 55

Germany and, 56

Japan and, 51

leadership in, 55

Manchuria, annexation of, 57–58

opium epidemic, 55

Qingdao port, 53–54

Russia and, 52–58

Trans-Siberian Railway and, 52

Witte and, 51–55

“Yellow Russia,” 63, 116

Yihequan Rebellion, 56–57

Chisinau pogrom/massacre, 88–91, 94

Chkheidze, Nikolai, 394–395, 441, 515

Lenin’s homecoming and, 449

in Provisional Committee, 406

resignation of, 495

Christ and Antichrist trilogy (Merezhkovsky), 24

Christianity

Doukhobors, 7–8

for Tolstoy, 4–5, 7–8

Church Gazette (newspaper), 2, 9

Churchill, Winston, 362

The Citizen (newspaper), 16, 64

civil society, Russian, 77

Cixi (Empress Dowager), 56

Yihequan Rebellion and, 56–57

Cocteau, Jean, 462

Communist Party, 74n, 100

anti-communism, 514

Lenin and, 453

post-communism, 196n

Confession (Tolstoy), 5

congress of artists, 434

Congress of Industrialists, 41

Congress of Soviets, 461–462, 509–510

Decree on Land, 512

Decree on Peace, 511

conspiracy theories, modern, 87n, 191n

Constantine I (King), 324–325

Constantinople. See Istanbul

Constituent Assembly, 466

elections to, 475, 484, 512

constitution

“Constitution of Loris-Melikov,” 10n

of Finland, 284

of Poland, 369–370

of Russia, draft of, 10, 498

Constitutional Democratic Party, 208

corruption, political, x, 84, 145–146, 146n, 376

contemporary, 145n, 177n, 365n

Purishkevich on, 382

Sukhomlinov and, 365n, 445–446

Cossack detachment of the imperial guard, 404

“creeping occupation,” 62

Crimea

Sevastopol, 160

Tolstoy in, 29–30

Yalta, 28–30

Crimean War, 125n, 160

Critical Observations on the Problem of Russia’s Economic Development, (Struve), 99

Dardanelles operation, 362–363

death penalty, 258–259

military and, 259, 478, 480

outlaw of, 424–425

public executions, 513

reintroduction of, 484

Tolstoy on, 11–13

Debussy, Claude, 463

Decembrists, 228, 259, 431, 440

Dehn, Lili, 389, 422

arrest of, 443–444

democracy, 14–15, 441

executive and legislative branches of government, 441–442

Demons (Dostoyevsky), 281

Diaghilev, Sergei, 20–22, 211, 236

blacklisting of, 300

Chekhov and, 47

Filosofov and, 47–48

Grand Duke Vladimir’s patronage of, 281, 294

Kschessinskaya and, 315–316

Merezhkovsky and, 24, 47

Moscow general strike and, 207

Nicholas II’s patronage of, 21–22, 294–295

Nijinsky and, 329–330, 367–368

Le Pavillon d’Armide and, 300

Pavlova and, 374

Peshkov and, 215–216

revolution and, 434–435, 462–463

The Rite of Spring and, 328–329

Russian art exhibition, 280–281

Russian portrait exhibition, 186

Serov and, 316

Stravinsky and, 301

Suvorin and, 316

in United States, 366–368, 373–374

World of Art and, 46–48

Diary of a Writer (Dostoyevsky), 48

Dmitry (Grand Duke), 155–156, 275

exile of, 386–387

post-revolution life of, 450

Rasputin and, 381–384

Yusupov and, 289

Dogger Bank incident, 145

Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 16

Demons, 281

Diary of a Writer, 48

House of the Dead, 437

Doukhobors (Christian sect), 7–8

Draga, Queen, 205–206

Dreyfus, Alfred, 71–72

Dubrovin, Alexander, 200

arrest of, 445

execution of, 514

on Jews, 233

Milyukov and, 232

Nicholas II and, 231

Rachkovsky and, 214

Stolypin and, 255, 274–275

Union of Russian People and, 214, 222–223, 231–232

Witte and, 223, 241

Witte’s attempted assassination and, 263

Duma

delegation abroad, 365–366

demand for new government by, 248–249

dissolution of, 393–394

dissolution of, call for, 248–250, 252–253

elections, 233–234, 276–277

elections, boycott of, 238

elections, post-revolution, 466

First, Vyborg Manifesto and, 277

Fourth, 323–324, 438

Goremykin and, 247

informal meeting of, 394

insurgent soldiers taking over, 394–395

Kadet Party and, 252–253, 265

Krasnoyarsk, 229

liberals and, 239–240

Milyukov and, 375–376

Nicholas II’s abdication and, 418–419

Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ Deputies and, 406–407, 409–410

Progressive Bloc creation and, 354

state officials on, 248–249

Vyborg meeting of, 252–254

Duma, City

Moscow, 348

Moscow general strike and, 212–213

Petrograd, 511

Duma, Second, 264–266, 437–438

agrarian reform in, 272–273

arrested members of, 277

dissolution of, 270–273

Nicholas II and, 269–270

Stolypin and, 266–268, 271

Struve on, 271

Duma, State

allegiance sworn to, 404

dissolution of, 355

elections to, 233–234

electoral law, 273–275

establishment of, 210–211

first meeting of, 244–247

Krasnoyarsk Duma, 229

Nicholas II and, 244, 246–247

Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ Deputies and, 406–407

representatives in, 191–192

Rodzianko and, 320–321

Stolypin on, 274

Duma, Third

debates, 285

dissolution of, 323

elections to, 276–277

Guchkov, A. in, 322–323

Stolypin and, 277

Dumbadze, Ivan, 299

Durnovo, Pyotr, 216–217, 227

Gerasimov and, 217–218

duumvirate, 440–442

Dzhugashvili, Joseph. See Stalin, Joseph Dzhugashvili

Dzhunkovsky, Vladimir, 350–351

economic growth, x, 38–39, 330

post revolution, 497

economy

currency, 36

financial reform, 331

global financial markets, 37

Edward VII (King), 132, 334

Nicholas II and, 287–288

elections

to Constituent Assembly, 475, 484, 512

Duma, 233–234, 238, 276–277, 466

electoral law and, 273–275

government interference in, 323

minister of the arts, 432–434

organising, 276n

Elizabeth (Grand Duchess), 131–132, 135–136

adopted children of, 155–156

Alexandra and, 154–155

Kaliayev and, 180–181

Sergei’s assassination and, 178–180

Yusupov and, 289

England, 458

China and, 55

France and, 463

Nivelle Offensive, 463

Russia and, 39

Russian revolution and, 451–452

Yihequan Rebellion and, 56–57

Entente, 370, 447

Triple, 288, 342, 362

espionage

Azef and, 146–147, 195, 283, 286, 291–292

Bolsheviks and, 474, 476, 478

Chernov and, 479–480

Malinovsky and, 333

executive and legislative branches of government, 441–442

famine, 513

Far East

Nicholas II and expansion in, 53–55, 62–64, 115–116

Russian influence in, 53–55, 62–64

Witte’s tour of, 63–64

See also China; Japan; Korea

fascism, 233

“fat noughties,” 331n

Figner, Vera, 437

Filosofov, Dima, 22, 24, 207–208, 236, 421

Diaghilev and, 47–48

escape of, 515

Kerensky and, 487–488

religion for, 281–282

“Tsar and Revolution,” 282

Finland

autonomy of, 482–483

constitution, 284

Helsinki Accords, 1975, 454

Herzenstein murder in, 254

Lenin in, 478, 483, 494–499

Marxists in, 247

revolutionaries in, 247, 284–285

Russia and, 284–285

Savinkov in, 247

Sejm, 482

The Firebird (Stravinsky), 301, 462

First Machine-Gun Regiment uprising, 469–470, 476

First Petrograd Women’s Battalion, 504

The Firstborns of Freedom (Merezhkovsky), 440

food shortages, 388–389, 513

France, 52

bourgeoisie in, 152

England and, 463

Nivelle Offensive, 463

Paris, 22, 76, 146–152, 223, 280, 306

revolution in, 151–152

Russia and, 39

Russian revolution and, 463

Russian-Japanese War and, 189–190

socialists in, 187

in World War I, 337, 463

Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, 334–335

Franz Josef I (Emperor), 378

Free Economic Society, 171, 224

freedom of speech, 216–217

Freemasonry, 285–286

Kadet Party and, 323–324

revolution and, 286

FSB, 80

Fullon, Ivan, 153

worker’s strike and, 167

Gapon, Georgy, 60–62

Assembly of Russian Factory Workers of St. Petersburg and, 123–124, 222

Azef and, 182

Bloody Sunday and, 169–172

“comrades’ court” trial of, 234–235

defrocking of, 177

human rights activism by, 165n

Kropotkin, Pyotr, and, 193

Lenin and, 182, 187, 194

memoirs of, 188, 193

Metropolitan Anthony of Saint Petersburg and, 124

Mirsky and, 168

murder of, 235

Nicholas II and, 167

in Paris, France, 223, 225

Peshkov and, 194

Plekhanov and, 181

Pobedonostsev and, 26–28

political activity of, 164–165

popularity of, 225

in press, 234–235

Putilov factory strike and, 162–165

return of, 221

revolutionary conference organized by, 186–188

Rutenberg and, 182–183, 234

Saint Petersburg assault, 193–196

in Switzerland, 176, 182

as Tolstoyan, 27

trade union organization, 153–154, 162, 193–194

Vereshchagin and, 28–29

Witte and, 221–222, 224–225, 234

worker’s strike and, 163–167

Zubatov and, 81–82

Gelfman, Gesya, 13

General Jewish Labor Bund of Lithuania, Poland and Russia. See Bund

Geneva, Switzerland

Gapon in, 176, 182

Russian émigrés in, 75–77

George V (King), 371

on English relocation of imperial family, 451–452

Gerasimov, Alexander, 180, 200, 201

Azef and, 256, 288

Durnovo and, 217–218

mass arrests by, 227

on Moscow December massacre, 228

on Moscow general strike, 208

Nicholas II and, 283–284

petition for uprising orchestrated by, 270–271

political cartoons, 216–217

secret police, 293

Germany, 52

anti-German sentiment, 337–338, 347–348

Bolsheviks and, 477–478

China and, 56

revolutionaries passing through, 447–448

Russia and, 366

Russian émigrés in, 76, 115

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 511

in World War I, 337

in World War I, counteroffensive of, 477–478

Germogen, 313–314

Gershuni, Gregory

arrest of, 68, 93–94

Azef and, 74–75

Breshko-Breshkovskaya and, 72

Bund and, 72

death of, 283

escape from prison, 260–261

Gotz and, 70–71, 75–76

Jewish identity of, 93

Nicholas II assassination plot and, 282–283

Obolensky attempted assassination and, 80

Sipyagin assassination and, 78

terror operations, 80–81

trial of, 125

Yakutsk rebellion and, 70

Zubatov and, 68–70

“gilded youth,” 39–42

Gilyarovsky, Vladimir, 109

Gippius, Zinaida, 23–24, 47, 207–208, 455, 514

on Bolsheviks, 500

death of, 517

as “defeatist,” 339

escape of, 515

Kerensky and, 355, 421, 440

Peshkov and, 456

prophetic ability of, 208

on Protopopov, 373

religion for, 281–282

revolution and, 410

“Tsar and Revolution,” 282

Glinka, Yustinia, 86–87

global financial markets, 37

“golden youth,” 67, 98

Golitsyn, Nikolai, 387–388, 395

Goremykin, Ivan, 79, 148, 267, 332, 350

Alexandra and, 359

arrest of, 418, 445

Duma and, 247

as prime minister, 240–241, 245–246, 355

resignation of, 252

Gorky, Maxim. See Peshkov, Alexei

The Gospel in Brief (Tolstoy), 4–5

Gotz, Mikhail

arrest of, 92

Azef and, 126

Chernov and, 76, 154

exile of, 67

Gershuni and, 70–71, 75–76

on government reforms, 214–215

Savinkov and, 256–257

Socialist Revolutionary Party financing and, 91–92

on socialist unification, 187

on Stolypin assassination attempt, 256

terror operations of, 81

trial of, 92–93

Yakutsk rebellion and, 70

Zubatov and, 68–69

government of national confidence, 415

government reforms, 153, 158–159

of Nicholas II, 36, 38, 210–215

revolutionaries on, 214–215

Witte and, 159, 203–205, 210–211

“The Great Falsehood of Our Time” (Pobedonostsev), 14–16

Great Northern Telegraphy Company, 144

Great Terror, 516–517

Guangxu (Emperor), 56

Guchkov, Alexander, 277, 309–310, 415

Myasoyedov and, 321–323

Nicholas II abdication plot, 380–383

Nicholas II and, 416–417

Polivanov and, 364

Rasputin and, 314

resignation of, 314, 460

in Third Duma, 322–323

Union of 17 October and, 322

as war minister, 350

Young Turks and, 363

Guchkov, Nikolai, 318

State Duma and, 320–321

Guseva, Khionia, 335–336

Helsinki Accords, 1975, 454

Herzen, Alexander, 236

Herzenstein, Mikhail, 251–254

murder of, 254, 298–300

Herzl, Theodor, 72

Hitler, Adolf, 233

HMS Hampshire, 366

Holy Militia, 37

Holy Synod, 1, 3

Iliodor and, 297, 309–310, 313–314, 332–333

on Provisional Government, 436

Homel, Belarus, 89

homosexuality, 132, 289

Hongzhang, Li, 52–54

House of the Dead (Dostoyevsky), 437

Hryniewiecki, Ignacy, 10

Hugo, Victor, 85

Ignatiev, Alexei, 118–119, 121

Iliodor (Sergei Trufanov), 296–297, 360, 515

defrocked, 332–333

Holy Synod and, 297, 309–310, 313–314, 332–333

mental illness of, 312–313

Rasputin and, 303, 313, 360

Stolypin and, 308–309

Tolstoy on, 303–304

illiteracy, 191–192

Imperial Russia, 118–123

luxury of, 326

Independent Jewish Workers’ Party, 74, 87

industry

Central Military-Industrial Committee, 349, 354, 388

Congress of Industrialists, 41

merchant class, 39–42

military and, 349–350

intelligentsia, ix–x, 145

Alexander II’s assassination and, 10

during early twentieth century, x

meetings of, 153

minister of the arts election and, 432–434

Nicholas II and, 157

Orthodox conservatives and, 295–296

peasants and, 67–68

Pobedonostsev and, 16, 22–23

Russian Orthodox Church and, 22–25

as “third element,” 152

Trepov and, 201

Witte and, 218–219

“Interim Rules,” 85

investigative commission, 445–446

Irkutsk Soviet of Workers’ Deputies, 431–432

Istanbul (Constantinople), 372

Nicholas II and seizing of, 48–49

Russia’s claim to, 454–455

World War I and, 363

Italy

Ballets Russes in, 434–435

Nicholas II and, 92–93

Peshkov in, 298

Ito, Marquis, 63

Ivanov, Nikolai, 219–220, 344, 346, 364

Alexandra and, 412

“military dictator,” 402–403

Ivanov, Razumnik, 18–19

Izvestia (newspaper), 407

Japan

China and, 51

Nicholas II and, 52, 119

Port Arthur attack, 119–120, 160

revolution financed by, 177, 184, 194

Russia and, 53, 63, 116, 118–119

See also Russian-Japanese War

Jaurès, Jean, 71, 183, 187

assassination of, 335–336

Jewish Independent Workers’ Party, 94

Jewish state, 72, 88

Jews, 66–67

Alexander II and, 85

Alexander III and, 85

anti-Jewish laws, 85

anti-Jewish pogroms, 85, 88–91, 94

anti-Semitism, 84–85, 310–311, 327

“blood libel” charge against, 327

Bund, 71–72, 100

Chisinau pogrom/massacre, 88–91, 94

Dreyfus affair, 71–72

Dubrovin on, 233

Gershuni’s Jewish identity, 93

Grand Duke Sergei’s prejudice against, 83

harassment of, 84

Independent Jewish Workers’ Party, 74, 87

“Interim Rules,” 85

Nicholas II and, 264

Pale of Settlement, 85

Plehve’s prejudice against, 83–84, 90–91

pogrom, 83

prejudice against, 83–84

“Protocols of the Elders of Zion,” 86–88, 91

restrictions on, 264

in Russian Empire, 84–86, 187–188

self-defense of, 87–89, 94

Witte and, 83–84

World Zionist Congress, 88

John Grafton (steamship), 196, 198

John of Kronstadt, 142, 220, 296–297

on Chisinau massacre, 90

Tolstoy and, 230–231

in Union of Russian People, 230–231

Jutaro, Komura, 197

Kachura, Foma, 80

Kadet Party, 238, 246

agrarian reform, 272

dissolution of Duma and, 252–253

Freemasonry and, 323–324

in post-revolution period, 465–466

Second Duma and, 265

on Ukrainian self-determination, 466

Kaliayev, Ivan, 127–128, 174

Grand Duchess Elizabeth’s meeting with, 180–181

Grand Duke Sergei’s assassination by, 178–180

trial and hanging of, 181

Kamenev, Lev. See Rosenfeld, Lev

Das Kapital (Marx), 99–100

Kaplan, Fanny, 513

Kazan Cathedral rally, 17–20, 158

Struve and, 102

Tolstoy on, 19–20

Kazan fire, 486

Kazantsev, Alexander, 263–264

Kerensky, Alexander, 323–324, 328, 333, 369, 392, 394–395

Alekseyev and, 492–493

Alexandra and, 443

arts commission and, 433–434

Bolshevik uprising and, 502, 505–506

Bolsheviks and, 470

Breshko-Breshkovskaya and, 439, 482

Brusilov and, 480

death of, 517

on death penalty, 484

“Declaration of soldiers’ rights” and, 463–464

Dehn’s arrest by, 443–444

dictatorial and imperial tendencies of, 482

Filosofov and, 487–488

German counteroffensive and, 478

Gippius and, 355, 421, 440

insurgent soldiers and, 396

Kornilov and, 485–487, 489–491

Kornilov’s coup against, 491–493

Lenin and, 498

Lvov, V., and, 487, 489–490

mental instability of, 494

on military uprising, 476–477

“Milyukov note” and, 457–458

Nicholas II and, 443, 452

Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ Deputies and, 413

popularity of, 487, 494

Provisional Committee and, 406, 412–415

Provisional Government formation and, 481–482

at Provisional Government gala concert, 437

public opinion of, 439–440, 480

Savinkov and, 486–487, 489

in self-proclaimed government, 400

Trotsky on, 468

Ukraine and, 465

Vyrubova’s arrest by, 443–444

as war minister, 461, 463–464

KGB, 62, 80

Khodorkovsky, Mikhail, 45n, 318n

Khodynka Field stampede, 52–53, 155

Khrustalev, Pyotr, 202

Khvostov, Alexei

Rasputin and, 359–361

resignation of, 361

Kiev, Ukraine

pogrom, 213

revolution in, 450–451

The Kievite (newspaper), 213

Kirill (Grand Duke), 122, 219

allegiance to Provisional Government, 450

as “emperor in exile,” 515

Knipper, Olga, 31, 110, 112

Kokoshkin, Fyodor, 252

Kokovtsov, Vladimir, 172, 249, 318

campaign against, 331–332

on Duma, 244

Witte and, 211

Kolchak, Alexander, 371–372

Konovalov, Alexander, 319, 459

Konstantin Konstantinovich (Grand Duke), 59–60, 153

Korea, 53

Russia and, 62–64

Kornilov, Lavr, 480–481

Bolsheviks and, 492, 494–495

coup against Kerensky, 491–493

Kerensky and, 485–487, 489–491

Lvov, V., and, 488

military support of, 491–492

popularity of, 485

Savinkov and, 491

Korolenko, Vladimir, 60, 327

“House No. 13” essay, 89–90

Krasin, Leonid, 188–189

Krasnoyarsk uprising, 229

Krestovnikov, Grigory, 318

The Kreutzer Sonata (Tolstoy), 6

Krivoshein, Alexander, 331–332, 355, 381

Kronstadt uprising, 219–220

strikes supporting, 220

Kropotkin, Prince Peter, 76, 81

Kropotkin, Pyotr, 8

Gapon and, 193

on Port Arthur attack, 120

Krupskaya, Nadezhda, 306

return to Russia, 447–448

Krushevan, Pavel, 88

Kryzhanovsky, Sergei, 276–277

Kschessinskaya, Matilda, 169, 294, 449–450

Diaghilev and, 315–316

Grand Duke Andrei and, 294–295

Kuropatkin, Aleksei, 57, 118, 137, 364

dismissal of, 183

Nicholas II and, 57

Plehve and, 119

Russian-Japanese War and, 119–120, 144, 183

Kuzmin, Andrei, 229

Lagovsky, Nikolai, 16–17

land ownership, 260

Decree on Land, 512

land reform, 251–252

Chernov’s, 479–480

of Provisional Government, 475

Lavrov, Pyotr, 67–68, 76

Lebedev, Vladimir, 9

Lena massacre, 320–321

investigations into, 327

Lenin, Vladimir Ulyanov, 17, 98, 100–101, 285, 428

anti-Lenin sentiment, 453–454

“April thesis” speech of, 453

assassination attempt at, 513

Bloody Sunday and, 170

Bolsheviks and, 501

“Can the Bolsheviks keep hold of state power?,” 501

Chkheidze and, 449

Communist Party and, 453

Congress of Soviets and, 461–462

death of, 516

execution of imperial family and, 513

in exile, 101, 338–339

in Finland, 478, 483, 498–499

Gapon and, 182, 187, 194

Kerensky and, 498

on Mensheviks, 268–269

on military uprising, 472

Milyukov and, 453–454

New Life and, 216

October uprising and, 501–502, 504–505, 508

in Paris, 306

Pereverzev and, 474

Plekhanov and, 112, 117–118

Potresov and, 101

return of, 428–430, 447–449

revolution and, 428–429

Social-Democrat, 306

Spark and, 76–77

Struve and, 99

trial of, 269

Tsederbaum and, 101, 113

Tsereteli and, 268–269, 442, 453

Zinoviev and, 306, 428, 430

Leontiev, Konstantin, 5

“Letter of the 66,” 319–320

Liaodong Peninsula, 51–52, 63–64

Liberal Party, 208

liberals, 98n

Duma and, 239–240

in post-revolution period, 465–466

socialists and, 409–410

Liberation (magazine)

distribution of, 103–104

relocation of, 146

Lithuania, Bund, 71–72, 74, 100

Livadia Palace, Yalta, 28

Lopukhin, Alexei, 262, 287, 289

Loris-Melikov, Mikhail, 10, 13

“Constitution of Loris-Melikov,” 10n

The Lower Depths (Gorky), 31–32, 60, 108

premiere of, 109–111

Lunacharsky, Anatoly, 298, 491

Lvov, Prince Georgy, 349, 379, 425, 458–459, 474

on local self-government bodies, 442

Provisional Committee and, 405

resignation of, 477

as Tolstoyan, 122

in Zemstvo Congress, 218

Lvov, Vladimir

arrest of, 490

death of, 516

Kerensky and, 487, 489–490

Kornilov and, 488

Lyubatovich, Tatyana, 42

Makharadze, Gerasim, 431–432

Maklakov, Nikolai, 331

Malinovsky, Roman, 324

as spy, 333

Mamontov, Savva, 20–21

arrest of, 45–46

Morozov and, 44

Society of the Moscow-Yaroslavl Railway, 44–46

Stanislavsky and, 46

Stanislavsky on, 42

theatre, 42–43

Witte and, 44–45

Manchuria, annexation of, 57–58

“Manifesto on Unshakable Autocracy” (Pobedonostsev), 13

Manukhin, Ivan, 446, 484

Maria (Grand Duchess), 136, 155–156, 402

Maria Feodorovna (Dowager Empress), 117

Alexandra and, 134–135, 137, 352

escape of, 514

Nicholas II and, 135, 147, 352

Nicholas II’s abdication and, 422–423

post-revolution life of, 450–451

Maria Pavlovna (Miechen, Grand Duchess), 219, 294

Alexandra and, 155, 378–379

house arrest of, 450

Mariinsky Palace, 397

Mariinsky Theatre, 215

Provisional Government gala concert, 437

Markov, Nikolai, 233

Martov. See Tsederbaum, Yuly

Martov, Julius

in Finland, 247

Mensheviks and, 429–430, 509

return of, 316

Marx, Karl, 99–100

Marxism

Socialist Revolutionary Party and, 112

Struve and, 98–99

Marxists, 99

congress, 113

Duma election and, 239

in Finland, 247

Narodniks and, 100

Spark and, 113

Matyushenko, Afanasy, 193

maximalists, 256

Medvedev, Dmitry, 149n, 204n, 245n

Mendeleev, Dmitry

in Congress of Industrialists, 41

Witte-Mendeleev alcohol reform, 38

Mensheviks, 113–114, 333

Lenin on, 268–269

Martov and, 429–430, 509

Second Duma and, 265–266

Menshikov, Mikhail, 86–87

merchant class, 39–42

Old Believer, 39–40, 66, 191, 318

Merezhkovsky, Dmitry, 22–24, 207–208, 236, 456

Christ and Antichrist trilogy, 24

death of, 517

Diaghilev and, 24, 47

escape of, 514–515

The Firstborns of Freedom, 440

religion for, 281–282

“Tsar and Revolution,” 282

Meshchersky, Prince, 16, 64, 95–96

middle class, 39

See also bourgeoisie

Miechen. See Maria Pavlovna

Mikhail (Grand Duke), 324–325

act of renunciation, 420

execution of, 513

Milyukov and, 420

Nicholas II’s abdication in favor of, 414, 418–420

post-revolution life of, 450

Provisional Committee and, 419–420

Volynsky Regiment insurrection and, 398

Mikhail I (Emperor), 325

Mikhailovich, Alexander, 29

military, Russian

Abyssinian Guards, 404n

All-Russian Conference of Soviets of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies, 453, 461–462

anarchist threats to, 408

Baltic Fleet, 145, 190

Central Military-Industrial Committee, 349, 354, 388

death penalty and, 259

“Declaration of soldiers’ rights,” 457, 463–464

deserters, 455, 478, 480

factory-produced munitions, 349–350

financing of, 349

First Machine-Gun Regiment, 469–470

First Petrograd Women’s Battalion, 504

insurgent soldiers, 394–399

Kornilov’s support from, 491–492

leaders, 345–346

Nicholas II’s abdication and, 423–424

October strike within, 229

Pacific Fleet, 144

Preobrazhensky Regiment, 406

Provisional Committee and, 406–407

in Russian-Japanese War, 121–122, 144

spies in, 346–347

“Tarnopol disgrace,” 478

of Union of Russian People, 254

uprisings, 219–220, 469–479

Volynsky Regiment insurrection, 392–393

warship mutinies, 221

in World War I, 343–346, 362

Military Revolutionary Committee, 492, 495, 505

Military Wing of Russian Nationalists, 254n

Milyukov, Pavel, 104–105, 120, 208–209, 393

Black Hundreds and, 515

Dubrovin and, 232

Duma and, 375–376

Duma and, dissolution of, 252–253

Duma and, Second, 265

Duma and, Third, 277

Grand Duke Mikhail and, 420

Lenin and, 453–454

“Milyukov note,” 457–458

Morozova, Z., and, 232

Moscow general strike and, 212

Paléologue and, 453, 455

Plehve and, 105–106

Protopopov and, 375

Provisional Committee and, 405, 414

resignation of, 460–461

on revolution, 380

Sketches in the History of Russian Culture, 105

Speech founded by, 238

Stolypin and, 250

on World War I, 455

Zhukovsky and, 105

Mirsky, Prince, 147–149

Gapon and, 168

Grand Duke Sergei and, 148, 152

Nicholas II and, 156–158

retirement of, 173

Shipov and, 150–152

Suvorin and, 152

Witte and, 150

worker’s strike and, 167–168

zemstvo congress and, 149–152

monarchy

democracy and, 14–15

in Russian history, xi

succession, 136, 417

Tolstoy on, 7

monetary reform, 36

Montenegro, Milica, 209, 220, 293

Alexandra and, 302, 351

Rasputin and, 302

Montenegro, Stana, 209, 220

Alexandra and, 302, 351

Rasputin and, 302

Morozov, Savva, 40–43, 184–185

Andreyeva and, 111–112, 175–176

Krasin and, 188–189

Mamontov and, 44

mental instability of, 185, 189

Moscow Art Public Theatre and, 43–44, 108, 110–111

murder of, 188–189

Peshkov and, 143

worker’s strike and, 168

Morozova, Maria Feodorovna, 185

Morozova, Zinaida, 40–41, 189

Milyukov and, 232

Moscow Art Public Theatre, 107–108

Children of the Sun, 206–207

Morozov and, 43–44, 108, 110–111

Moscow City Duma, 212–213, 348

“Moscow clique,” 351

Moscow December massacre, 225–228

death toll, 228

Moscow general strike, 203–208

end to, 211–212

Moscow University rally, 202–203

Mosolov, A., 172–173

Trepov’s death and, 258

Mother (Gorky), 238

Motojiro, Akashi, 184

Muravyov, Nikolai, 166

Witte and, 57

Muromtsev, Sergei, 246, 250–251

Myasin, Leonid, 330, 462

Myasoyedov, Sergei

arrest and execution of, 347

Guchkov, A., and, 321–323

mysticism, 209

for Alexandra, 137–138

public interest in, 142

Nabokov, Vladimir, Sr., 151, 153, 247, 267

act of renunciation, 420

congress of artists and, 434

death of, 515

Provisional Government and, 423, 507

Russian constitution drafted by, 498

Nakhichevansky, Huseyn Khan, 424

Narodnaya Volya. See People’s Will

Narodniks (populists), 67–68

Marxists and, 100

Socialist Revolutionary Party and, 80

Naryshkina, Elizaveta, 451–452

Natanson, Mark, 286–287

national anthem, new, 435

Nekrasov, Nikolai, 323–324, 516

Nelidov, Alexander, 48–49

Nemirovich-Danchenko, Vladimir, 43–44, 107

New Life (magazine), 215–216

New Time (newspaper), 20, 145–146, 177, 192

Nicholas I (Emperor)

Crimean War and, 160

Jewish prejudice of, 84–85

Polish Uprising and, 340

Nicholas II (Emperor)

abdication of, 414, 415–418

abdication of, in favor of Alexei, 415–418

abdication of, in favor of Mikhail, 420

abdication plot, 380–383, 411–412

alcohol reform and, 38

Alekseyev and, 398, 407–408

Alekseyev and abdication of, 413–414, 422–423

Alexander III and, 50

Alexandra and, 131–134

Alexandra on abdication of, 422

Alexandra’s correspondence with, 141, 358, 364, 377–378

Alexei, Grand Duke, and, 50–51

arrest of, 423

assassination attempt at, 163–164

assassination plots, 180, 282, 288–290

Bezobrazov and, 64

Bloody Sunday and, 172

Chinese campaign of, 57–58

as commander of army, 352

coronation of, 52–53

coup d’état plan against, 379–380

Diaghilev’s patronage by, 21–22, 294–295

divine responsibility, belief in, 249, 415

Dubrovin and, 231

Duma and, 239

Duma and, dissolution of, 393–394

Duma and, Second, 269–270

Duma and, State, 244, 246–247

Edward VII and, 287–288

Nicholas II (Emperor) (continued)

Far East expansion and, 53–55, 62–64, 115–116

on Freemasonry, 286

Gapon and, 167

Gerasimov and, 283–284

government of national confidence appointed by, 415

government reforms of, 36, 38, 210–215

Guchkov, A., and, 416–417

intellectuals and, 157

isolation from relatives, 387

Istanbul and, seizing of, 48–49

Italy and, 92–93

Japan and, 52, 119

Jews and, 264

Kerensky and, 443, 452, 483

on Kronstadt uprising, 219–220

Kuropatkin and, 57

manifesto, 210–215

Maria Feodorovna and, 135, 147, 352

Mikhail and, 324–325

Mirsky and, 156–158

“mission statement” of, 6–7

monetary reform and, 36

Nikolai Nikolaevich and, 209–210, 302, 352, 377–378

Peshkov and, 59

Philippe’s influence on, 138–140

Plehve and, 128

Pobedonostsev and, 2, 4, 6, 140

on Polish constitution, 369–370

political insecurity of, 49–55

Protopopov and, 372, 387

Provisional Committee and, 403

public opinion of, 326, 411

Rasputin and, 293, 314

Rasputin’s influence on, 220

Rodzianko and, 314

Russian-Japanese peace talks and, 196–197

Russian-Japanese War and, 122, 160, 189–190

safety of, 172

Sergei and, 50, 156

Shipov and, 250–251

Shulgin and, 416–417

Stolypin and, 257, 309

Struve and, 99

successor, 136

Tolstoy and, 6–7, 20, 33–34

on Tolstoy’s excommunication, 3

tranquilizer addiction of, 363–364

Trepov and, 173, 200–201, 248–249, 257–258

Union of Russian People and, 231

Vladimir and, 50

Vladimir’s feud with, 219

Volynsky Regiment insurrection and, 398

Wilhelm II and, 53, 63, 115–116, 205, 336

Witte and, 51, 64, 116–117, 203–204, 220

worker’s strike and, 167–168

World of Art patronage by, 21–22

zemstvo congress and, 152

Nijinsky, Vaslav, 301, 315–316, 435

Diaghilev and, 329–330, 367–368

in United States, 373–374

Nicholas Mikhailovich (Grand Duke), 30, 150, 152, 344, 377, 383, 385, 387, 470

execution of, 513–514

Nikolai Nikolaevich (Grand Duke), 223, 516

as commander of army, 343, 352

coup planned against Nicholas II and, 379–380

Nicholas II and, 209–210, 302, 352, 377–378

popularity of, 348

post-revolution life of, 451

Rasputin and, 351

Nikolsky, Boris, 200

Nivelle Offensive, Franco-British, 463

“non-systemic opposition,” 68, 74n

non-violent resistance, 165n, 425

Nosar, Georgy, 202, 221

arrest of, 223–224

“noughties”

“fat noughties,” 331n

generation, ix

Novgorod, Nizhny, 41

October Revolution, 501–510

Lenin and, 501–502, 504–505, 508

post-, 511

Trotsky and, 501–502, 504–505, 508

October strike, 228–229

Odessa, Ukraine

Jewish self-defense units in, 87–88

worker’s strike, 95–96, 192

Okhrana, 62, 75

See also secret police

Old Believer merchants, 39–40, 66, 191, 318

Olga (Grand Duchess), 135–136, 443

Olginsky asylum, 60

oligarchs, 41n, 93

opium epidemic, 55

Orlov, Vladi, 210

Ottoman Empire, 48

Pale of Settlement, 85, 233

Paléologue, Maurice, 392, 404–405, 421, 437

Benois and, 456–457

Milyukov and, 453, 455

Panina, Countess, 29

Paris, France

congress of, 146–152

Gapon in, 223, 225

Lenin in, 306

Russian Art exhibition in, 280

Russian émigrés in, 76

parliamentarianism, 15

All-Russian Conference of Soviets of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies and, 453

Congress of Soviets, 461–462

Finnish Sejm, 482

Ukrainian Central Rada, 464–465

“partition wall” theory, 157

patriotism, 339–340

Pavel (Grand Duke), 155, 353, 402

Alexandra and, 421–422

counter-revolutionary coup and, 500

Le Pavillon d’Armide (ballet), 300

Pavlova, Anna, 294

Diaghilev and, 374

Yusupov and, 316

“peace without annexations and indemnities,” 339

peasants, 67–68, 410

People’s Freedom Party, 232

People’s Will (Narodnaya Volya), 10, 68, 437

Pereverzev, Pavel, 472–474

Lenin and, 474

Perovskaya, Sofia, 10

Peshkov, Alexei (Maxim Gorky), 17–19, 515

academician election of, 58–60

amnesty for, 333

Andreyeva and, 111–112, 174–175

anti-German sentiment of, 399

arrest of, 175–176

arts commission and, 433–434

Bloody Sunday and, 169, 171

Chaliapin and, 308

Chekhov and, 58, 60, 143

Children of the Sun, 206–207

Diaghilev and, 215–216

fame, 110

Gapon and, 194

Gippius and, 456

in Italy, 298

The Lower Depths, 31–32, 60, 108–111

Morozov and, 143

on Moscow December massacre, 227

The Mother, 238

Nicholas II and, 59

The Philistines, 108–109

Russophobic appeal, 236–237

Tolstoy and, 30–33, 58–59

in United States, 237–238

worker’s strike and, 168

on World War I, 456

Peshkova, Ekaterina, 176

Peter and Paul Fortress, 476

conditions in, 445–446

Peter the Great, 204n

Petersburg Soviet of Workers’ Deputies, 217, 221, 223–224, 395

arrest of, 224

“financial manifesto,” 224

Petrashevsky circle, 204n

Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ Deputies, 437–438

Bolsheviks and, 460, 496

Duma and, 409–410

Duma and, State, 406–407

executive committee of, 495–496

foreign policy doctrine of, 454

Kerensky and, 413

Provisional Committee and, 407, 409–410

Provisional Government and, 441–442, 458–459

Sokolov and, 407

state power of, 441

Petrograd/St. Petersburg, 215

City Duma, 511

renaming of, 338

revolution in, 392–400

Saint Petersburg assault, 193–196

Volynsky Regiment insurrection, 392–398

Petropavlovsk battleship bombing, 122

Petrov-Vodkin, Kuzma, 433–434

Petrunkevich, Ivan, 114, 246

Philippe, Nizier, 130

death of, 141

Nicholas II and Alexandra and influence of, 138–140

The Philistines (Gorky), 108–109

Picasso, Pablo, 462–463

Pikhno, Dmitry, 327

Platten, Fritz, 448

Plehve, Vyacheslav von

assassination of, 127–128

as Interior Ministry head, 78–80

Jewish prejudice of, 83–84, 90–91

Kuropatkin and, 119

Milyukov and, 105–106

Nicholas II and, 128

on Russian-Japanese War, 119–120

Russification and, 82–83

Shipov and, 107, 123

Witte and, 79, 83, 94–95, 119–120

zemstvos and, 122–123

Zubatov and, 79, 81, 94, 96

Plekhanov, Georgy, 17, 76–77, 102, 429

Gapon and, 181

Lenin and, 112, 117–118

Tsederbaum and, 117–118

Pobedonostsev, Konstantin Petrovich, 137

Alexander III and, 10

Alexander II’s assassination and, 10–14

assassination attempt at, 16–17

on democracy, 14–15

Gapon and, 26–28

“Manifesto on Unshakable Autocracy,” 13

Nicholas II and, 2, 4, 6, 140

Russian elites and, 16, 22–23

“The Great Falsehood of Our Time,” 14–16

Tolstoy and, 3, 6–7, 9–14

Witte and, 49

pogrom, 83

anti-German, 348

anti-Jewish, 85, 88–89, 94

Chisinau, 88–91, 94

Kiev, 213

Union of Russian People-attributed, 232–233

Poland, 340–341

Bund, 71–72, 74, 100

constitution of, 369–370

political opposition, contemporary, 13n, 74n

Polivanov, Alexei, 350, 354, 457

Guchkov, A., and, 364

populists. See Narodniks

Port Arthur attack, 119–120, 160

Potresov, Alexander, 76, 98

Lenin and, 101

The Power of Darkness (Tolstoy), 6

Pravda (newspaper), 472

Preobrazhensky Regiment, 406

press

Alexandra in, 451

Bolshevik, ban on, 502–503

cartoons, political, 216–217, 220, 273, 321

Gapon in, 234–235

Russian-Japanese War in, 120, 145–146

See also specific newspapers

Prince Potemkin-Tavrichesky battleship uprising, 192–193

Princip, Gavrilo, 335–336

Progressive Bloc, 354

Progressive Party, 320

propaganda, TV, 15n

protest activity, foreign-sponsorship of, 177n

“Protocols of the Elders of Zion,” 86–88, 91

Protopopov, Alexander, 372–373, 385, 395

arrest of, 445

Gippius on, 373

Milyukov and, 375

Nicholas II and, 387

Provisional Committee, 395, 399, 400–401

disorganization of, 405

Grand Duke Mikhail and, 419–420

Kerensky and, 406, 412–415

military and, 406–407

Milyukov and, 414

Nicholas II and, 403

Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ Deputies and, 407, 409–410

posts in, 405–406

public opinion of, 442–443

resistance against, 424

Provisional Government

anti-communist government, 514

authority of, 460

Bolshevik uprising against, 503–508

Bolsheviks and, 429, 500

as bourgeoisie, 442

cabinet appointees, 481–482

First Machine-Gun Regiment uprising against, 469–470

gala concert, 437

land reform of, 475

last sitting of, 506–508

law enforcement established by, 442–443

military uprising against, 469–479

Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ Deputies and, 441–442, 458–459

reforms, 425, 475

Russian Orthodox Church and, 436–437

secular rituals of, 436–437

Soviet Committee and, 440–441

Stalin on, 472

surrender of, 509–510

Ukraine and, 464–466

World War I and, 454–456

pseudo-public organizations, 177n

Purishkevich, Vladimir, 274–275, 382–384

Pushkin, Alexander, 118

Boris Godunov, 410n

Pussy Riot, 13n

Putilov factory strike, 162–165

Putin, Vladimir, 177n, 223n, 318n

Stolypin and, 292

putsch, 1991, 493n

Qingdao port, China, 53–54

Rachkovsky, Pyotr, 201

Dubrovin and, 214

Rachmaninoff, Sergei, 43, 178

railways, 277

imperial train, 403

Society of the Moscow-Yaroslavl Railway, 44–46

Trans-Siberian Railway, 38, 51, 52

Rasputin, Grigory, 142, 209

Alexandra and, 220, 351, 358

Alexandra’s correspondence with, 302–303, 313

assassination attempt at, 335

assassination of, 275, 381–387

Black Hundreds and, 303

exile of, 303

Germogen and, 314

Grand Duke Dmitry and, 381–384

Guchkov, A., and, 314

Iliodor and, 297, 303, 313, 360

Khvostov and, 359–361

Montenegrins and, 302

Nicholas II and, 220, 293, 314

Nikolaevich and, 351

Protopopov and, 372–373

religious tolerance of, 362

rumors about, 302–303, 358, 361–362

secret police investigation into, 293–294

Stürmer and, 359

Tovarpar scandal, 353

Vyrubova and, 293, 345

Witte and, 331–332

“Yar orgy,” 350–353

Yusupov and, 302–303, 381–384

“Red Guards,” 496

“Red Terror,” 513

reforms

agrarian, 259–260, 272

alcohol, 38

financial, 331

government, 36, 38, 153, 158–159, 203–205, 210–215

land, 251–252, 475, 479–480

monetary, 36

working day, 73

zemstvo, 309–310

religion

for Alexandra, 137–138

for Filosofov, 281–282

for Gippius, 281–282

for Merezhkovsky, 281–282

revolution and, 281–283

religious tolerance, 148, 297n

law, 191

of Rasputin, 362

Religious-Philosophical Assembly, 25

Resurrection (Tolstoy), 8, 14

revolution, French, 151–152

revolution, Russian

anthem of, 435

Bublikov and, 399–400

cause of, ix

counter-revolutionary coup, 500

Diaghilev and, 434–435

economy post, 497

England and, 451–452

France and, 463

Freemasonry and, 286

government system post-, 440–442

Japanese financing of, 184, 194

Lenin and, 428–429

as manmade catastrophe, 517–518

minister of the arts election and, 432–434

October Revolution, 501–510

in Petrograd, 392–400

plots, 380–383

red ribbon as symbol of, 404, 421

religion and, 281–283

Romanov family post, 450–452

Russian émigrés and, 428

spread of, 399

sunflower as symbol of, 421

victims of, mass funeral for, 435–436

Volynsky Regiment insurrection and, 392–398

World War I post, 454–464

See also October Revolution

revolutionaries, 117

arms smuggling, 195–196, 198

conference of, 186–188

in Finland, 247, 284–285

German passage for, 447–448

on government reform, 214–215

in hiding, 247

international community and, 13n

mass arrests of, 227

Moscow December massacre and, 227–228

return of exiled, 428–430, 447–448

Revolutionary Russia (newspaper), 74–77, 81

running of, 126

The Rite of Spring (Stravinsky), 328–329

Rodzianko, Mikhail, 376, 393–394

Duma and, State, 320–321

as head of self-proclaimed government, 400

Nicholas II and, 314

on Rasputin, 314

Ruzsky and, 411–412

socialists and, 409–410

Romanovs

electoral rights denied to, 484

escaped, 514, 515

in Europe, 326–327

execution of, 513

post-revolution life of, 450–452

relocation plans for, 451–452

three hundredth anniversary marking House of, 325–326, 333

wealth of, 326–327

Romanovs (imperial family)

Bolsheviks and arrest of, 423

execution of, 513

moved to Tobolsk, 483–484

plots for relocating, 451–452

Tsarskoye Selo imprisonment of, 451–452

Roosevelt, Theodore, 194–195

Rosenfeld, Lev (Lev Kamenev), 438–439, 448, 469

Bolsheviks and, 499

execution of, 516

Rothschild, Alphonse, 36

Rozanov, Vasily, 22, 24–25

death of, 514

Rozhestvensky, Zinovy, 145

RSDLP. See Russian Social Democratic Labour Party

Rubinstein, Ida, 295, 301, 315

Russia, ix–x

as besieged fortress, 191n

bourgeoisie in, 152

Bund, 71–72, 74, 100

China and, 52–58

contemporary, x, 74n, 87n, 145n, 177n, 191n, 365n

economic development, 330–331

England and, 39

Finland and, 284–285

France and, 39

Germany and, 366

Imperial, 118–123, 326

Istanbul and, 48–49, 372, 454–455

Japan and, 53, 63, 116, 118–119

Japan’s financing of political unrest in, 177

Korea and, 62–64

Manchuria, annexation of, 57–58

political corruption in contemporary, 145n, 177n, 365n

Syria and contemporary, 145n

Turkey and, 362–363

“Yellow Russia,” 63, 116

Yihequan Rebellion and, 56–57

Russian émigrés

in Germany, 76, 115

relations between, 515

return of, 428–430

revolution and, 428

in Siberia, 430–431

suicides among, 306–307

in Switzerland, 75–77, 428–429

Russian Orthodox Church

autocracy and, 282

on Blood Sunday, 177

censorship by, 23

intellectuals and, 296–297

Local Council of, 486

Provisional Government and, 436–437

Religious-Philosophical Assembly and, 25

Russian elites and, 22–25

secret police and, 82

state and, 2, 9n

Tolstoy’s excommunication from, 2–3, 8–9

See also Holy Synod

Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP), 100

Russian state, xi

Russian Orthodox Church and separation from, 2, 9n

Tolstoy and, 4

Russian-Japanese War, 51

Baltic Fleet dispatched in, 145, 190

French loan for, 189–190

Mukden defeat, 183

Nicholas II and, 122, 160, 189–190

peace talks, 194–197

Petropavlovsk battleship bombing and, 122

Plehve on, 119–120

Port Arthur attack, 119–120, 160

Port Arthur attack and, 119

in press, 120, 145–146

public opinion of, 122, 144, 197

Russian military and, 121–122, 144

Tsushima Strait battle, 190–191

Witte on, 191

zemstvo fundraising organization, 122

Russian-Turkish war, 48–49

Russification, 82–83

Rutenberg, Pinhas, 164–165, 171, 174, 221

arrest of, 196

Gapon and, 182–183, 234

Savinkov and, 234

Ruzsky, Nikolai, 408

Rodzianko and, 411–412

Ryabushinsky, Pavel, 318–320, 349, 497

“Cabinet of Defense,” 353–354

popularity of, 320

Sakhalin Island, 197

Sandro (Grand Duke), 139, 144, 423, 451

Saratov Province, 245

Savinkov, Boris, 215, 226, 247–248, 281–282

arrest of, 248, 256

Azef and, 126–127

Chernov and, 455–456

death of, 516

in Finland, 247

Gotz and, 256–257

Kerensky and, 486–487, 489

Kornilov and, 491

Plehve assassination and, 126–128

Provisional Government and, 481–482

Rutenberg and, 234

in Swtizerland, 126–127

Sazonov, Sergei, 341, 369–370

Sazonov, Yegor, 127–128

Schmidt, Pyotr, 221

The Seagull (Chekhov), 30–31

secret police, 200, 516

assassinations and, 180

Gerasimov and, 293

Okhrana, 62, 75

Rasputin investigation, 293–294

Russian Orthodox Church and, 82

Trepov and, 201

self-defense, Jewish, 87–89

self-determination

regional, 466

Ukrainian, 451

self-government bodies, local, 442

Seneschal, Bertrand, 286

Seraphim of Sarov, 140–141

Serbia, 458

Austria-Serbia question, 337

Serdyukov, Anatoly, 365n

serfdom, 204n

abolition of, 311

Sergei (Grand Duke), 132, 154–155, 173

adopted children of, 155–156

alcohol reform and, 38

assassination of, 147, 178–180

Jewish prejudice of, 83

Mirsky and, 148, 152

Nicholas II and, 50, 156

reputation of, 155

Tolstoy and, 12–13

Serov, Valentin, 21–22, 46, 170

Diaghilev and, 316

Sevastopol, Crimea, 160

Shakhovskoy, Dmitry, 123

Shayevich, Genrik, 88, 94, 96

Shcheglovitov, Ivan, 396

Shervashidze, Prince, 168–169

Shipov, Dmitry, 106

as leader of zemstvos, 123

Mirsky and, 150–152

Nicholas II and, 250–251

Plehve and, 107, 123

Shornikova, Ekaterina, 270–271

Shulgin, Vasily, 327, 415

on Moscow general strike, 212–213

Nicholas II and, 416–417

Siberia

imperial family in, 483–484

Russian émigrés in, 430–431

Tobolsk, 483–484

Trans-Siberian Railway, 38, 51, 52

Sipyagin, Dmitry, 17, 59

assassination of, 78

Witte and, 78

Sketches in the History of Russian Culture (Milyukov), 105

Smolny Institute, 503, 504

Social Democrats, 187, 188, 438

Duma election boycott by, 238–239

“great schism” in, 438

search of offices of, 271

Social-Democrat (newspaper), 306

Socialist International, 187

Socialist Revolutionary (SR) Party, 77–78

Azef and, 247–248, 292

financing of, 91–92

influence of, 479

Marxism and, 112

Narodniks and, 80

socialist party unification and, 187

socialists

French, 187

liberals and, 409–410

Rodzianko and, 409–410

unification of, 187

Society of the Moscow-Yaroslavl Railway, 44–46

Sokolov, Mikhail, 215, 328, 407

maximalists and, 256

Soviet Committee, 395

Provisional Government and, 440–441

Spark (newspaper), 98, 101–102, 112

Lenin and, 76–77

Marxists and, 113

Speech (newspaper), 238

Spiridovich, Alexander, 80

SR Party. See Socialist Revolutionary Party

St. Petersburg. See Petrograd/St. Petersburg

St. Petersburg assault, 193–196

stabilization fund, 38

Stalin, Joseph Dzhugashvili, 333

Great Terror, 516–517

on Provisional Government, 472

pseudonym, 438–439

Tsereteli and, 471, 475

Stanislavsky, Konstantin, 42–43, 107

anti-German sentiment of, 399

Mamontov and, 46

Moscow Art Public Theatre and, 43–44, 108

“star chamber,” 441–442

Stasov, Vladimir, 21

Stolypin, Pyotr, 245

agrarian reform, 259–260

assassination attempt at, 255–256

assassination of, 311–312

ceremonial trial of, 450–451

death penalty and, 258–259

Dubrovin and, 255, 274–275

Duma and, dissolution of, 249–250

Duma and, Second, 266–268, 271

Duma and, State, 274

Duma elections and, Third, 277

Iliodor and, 308–309

Milyukov and, 250

Nicholas II and, 257, 309

as prime minister, 252

Putin and, 292

resignation of, 309

Tolstoy and, 304

Tsereteli and, 267–268

Witte and, 312

zemstvo system reform and, 309–310

Stragorodsky, Sergius, 25

Strakhov, Fyodor, 12

Stravinsky, Igor, 434–435

The Firebird, 301, 462

The Rite of Spring, 328–329

Struve, Peter, 17, 19

Beginning and, 216

Critical Observations on the Problem of Russia’s Economic Development, 99

Duma and, dissolution of, 253

Duma and, Second, 271

exile of, 102

influence of, 271–273

Kazan Cathedral rally and, 102

Lenin and, 99

Liberation and, 103–104

Liberation relocation and, 146

Marxism and, 98–99

Nicholas II and, 99

on Ukrainian nationality, 342

“Union of Liberation” and, 114–115

Witte and, 216

Zenzinov and, 228

Zhukovsky and, 103–104, 114

student protests, 3, 73, 158

Moscow University rally, 202–203

Stürmer, Boris, 147–148, 232

arrest of, 418, 445

death of, 484

dismissal of, 378

Rasputin and, 359

succession, 136, 417

suffrage, 102–103

Constituent Assembly and, 484

in Finland, 284

women’s, 209, 425

Sukhanov, Nikolai, 453

Sukhomlinov, Vladimir, 322, 346–347

arrest of, 418, 445

corruption scandal, 365n, 445–446

criminal case brought against, 365

dismissal of, 350, 379

investigation of, 365

Suslova, Apollinaria, 24

Suvorin, Alexei, 20, 32–33, 130, 144

on alcohol reform, 38

Diaghilev and, 316

on Dreyfus, 72

Mirsky and, 152

New Time and, 145–146, 177, 192

on Russian-Japanese War, 146

on Witte, 39

Switzerland

Gapon in, 176, 182

Geneva, 75–77, 176, 182

Grand Duke Sergei assassination and, 147, 174, 178–180

Russian émigrés in, 75–77, 428–429

Savinkov in, 126–127

Syria, 145n

“systemic opposition,” 74n

tariffs, 41

“Tarnopol disgrace,” 478

Tatiana (Grand Duchess), 136, 443

Tauride Palace, 394–395, 472–473

exhibition, 185–186

insurgency and, 397

Tchaikovsky, Nikolai, 194–195

Tereshchenko, Mikhail, 380, 406

Ukraine and, 465

terrorism, 80–81, 241

political, 68

“war on terror,” 258

theatre, 42–43, 107

Mariinsky Theatre, 215, 437

See also Moscow Art Public Theatre

“third element,” 152

Third Estate, 152

Titanic, 318, 321

“To the Tsar and his aides” (Tolstoy), 19–20

Tobolsk, Siberia, imperial family moved to, 483–484

Tolstoy, Leo

“Address to the People of China,” 58

Alexander III and, 2, 5–6, 11–12

Alexander II’s assassination and, 11–14

Anna Karenina, 9

as Antichrist, 6

censoring work of, 6

Chekhov and, 30–32, 59–60

Chertkov and, 5, 304–305

on Chisinau massacre, 89–90

Christianity for, 4–5, 7–8

Confession, 5

copyrights to works, 5, 304–305

in Crimea, 29–30

death of, 32–34, 305

on death penalty, 11–13, 259

Doukhobors and, 7–8

on Dreyfus, 72

excommunication of, 2–3, 8–9

The Gospel in Brief, 4–5

human rights activism, 7–8

on Iliodor, 303–304

John of Kronstadt and, 230–231

on Kazan Cathedral rally, 19–20

The Kreutzer Sonata, 6

on monarchy, 7

Nicholas II and, 6–7, 20, 33–34

Peshkov and, 30–33, 58–59

Pobedonostsev and, 3, 6–7, 9–14

“political will,” 33–34

politics of, 230

popularity of, 6

The Power of Darkness, 6

religious writings, 4–5

Resurrection, 8, 14

Russian Orthodox Church’s charges against, 9

Russian state and, 4

social activity, 6

Stolypin and, 304

“To the Tsar and his aides,” 19–20

War and Peace, 12, 285

will, 304–305

Tolstoyans

Gapon as, 27

Lvov, P. G., as, 122

Provisional Government as, 442

Tovarpar scandal, 353

trade unions, 81

Gapon’s organization of, 153–154, 162, 193–194

Trans-Siberian Railway, 38, 51

China and, 52

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 511

Treaty of Shimonoseki, 51

Trepov, Dmitry, 163, 191, 210, 240

arrest of, 418

Bloody Sunday investigation by, 176–177

Bublikov and, 418

death of, 258

influence of, 200–201

on Moscow general strike, 208

Nicholas II and, 173, 200–201, 248–249, 257–258

as potential assassination target, 180

Russian intellectuals and, 201

secret police and, 201

Tretyakov, Sergey, 319

Trotsky, Leon (Bronstein, Leon), 202, 212, 429

arrest of, 479

Bolsheviks and, 499

escape from prison, 261

in exile, 338–339

First Machine-Gun Regiment and, 469

imprisonment of, 261

on Kerensky, 468

military uprising and, 473

murder of, 516

October uprising and, 501–502, 504–505, 508

Petersburg Soviet of Workers’ Deputies and, 224

release of, 495

return to Russia of, 446–447

trial of, 261

Tsereteli and, 468–469

Vyrubova and, 501

Witte and, 223

Troyebratstvo, 281

Trubetskoy, Sergei, 201, 203

Trufanov, Sergei. See Iliodor

“Tsar and Revolution” (Filosofov, Gippius, Merezhkovsky), 282

Tsarskoye Selo, 164

imperial family imprisoned at, 451–452

insurgent soldiers in, 404

Tsederbaum, Yuly (Martov), 76–77, 98

Beginning and, 216

Lenin and, 101, 113

Plekhanov and, 117–118

Tsereteli, Irakli, 460, 515

Bolsheviks and, 475

on bourgeoisie, 438

Congress of Soviets and, 461–462

influence of, 441–442

Lenin and, 268–269, 442, 453

Makharadze and, 431–432

military uprising and, 471, 475

resignation of, 495–496

return of, 437–439

Russian constitution drafted by, 498

Stalin and, 471, 475

Stolypin and, 267–268

Trotsky and, 468–469

Ukraine and, 465

Tsushima Strait battle, 190–191

Turkestan insurrection, 368–369

Turkey

Armenia and, 342–343, 347

Russia and, 362–363

Tyrkova, Ariadna, 99–100, 123

Azef and, 146–147

Ukraine, 63, 341–342

All-Ukrainian Military Congress, 465

autonomy of, 465–466

Central Rada of, 464–465

Kerensky and, 465

Kiev, 213, 450–451

Odessa, 87–88, 95–96, 192

Provisional Government and, 464–466

self-determination of, 451

Tereshchenko and, 465

Ulyanov, Vladimir. See Lenin, Vladimir Ulyanov

Union of 17 October, 265, 322

Union of Archangel Michael, 275

Union of Liberation, 114–115, 164–165

Union of Russian People, 214

combat squads, 299

Dubrovin and, 231–232

fascism and, 233

first meeting of, 222–223

Herzenstein murder and, 254

John of Kronstadt in, 230–231

military wing of, 254

Nicholas II and, 231

People’s Freedom Party compared with, 232

pogroms attributed to, 232–233

popularity of, 298

Second Duma and, 265

Union of Unions, 208

United States

Andreyeva in, 237–238

Ballets Russes in, 373–374

Diaghilev in, 366–368, 373–374

Peshkov in, 237–238

Russian-Japanese War and, 120

in World War I, 447

Yihequan Rebellion and, 56–57

uprisings

Bolshevik, 502–508

First Machine-Gun Regiment, 469–470, 476

Krasnoyarsk, 229

Kronstadt, 219–220

military, 219–220, 469–479

Polish, 340

Prince Potemkin-Tavrichesky battleship, 192–193

Uritsky, Moisei, 437, 513

Uzdaleva, Sasha, 188

Vereshchagin, Vasily, Gapon and, 28–29

“veronalism,” 363–364

Victoria, Queen, 131

Alexandra and, 132–134

Villain, Raoul, 335–336

Vladimir (Grand Duke), 49

alcohol reform and, 38

death of, 294–295

Diaghilev’s patronage by, 281, 294

Nicholas II and, 50

Nicholas II’s feud with, 219

as patron of Russian art, 280

as potential assassination target, 180

resignation of, 219

worker’s strike and, 167–168

Voeikov, V. N., 415–416, 445–446

Volynsky Regiment insurrection, 392–398

von der Launitz, Vladimir, 232–233, 254, 264

assassination of, 257

Vyazemsky, Leonid, 18–19

Vyborg Manifesto, 265

First Duma and, 277

Vyrubov, Aleksander, 275

Vyrubova, Anna, 402

Alexandra and, 275–276

Alexandra and influence of, 344–345

arrest of, 443–444

escape of, 516

in prison, 445–446, 501

Rasputin and, 293, 345

release of, 484

Trotsky and, 501

War and Peace (Tolstoy), 12, 285

What I Believe (Tolstoy), 5

Wilde, Oscar, 132

Wilhelm II (Kaiser)

Alexandra and, 63, 131

Nicholas II and, 53, 63, 115–116, 205, 336

Russian Art exhibition and, 280

Winter Palace, 164, 325–326

bombing of, 163, 509–510

Witte, Sergei

alcohol reform, 38

Alexander III and, 37–38

amnesty for revolutionaries, 235–236

assassination attempt at, 263

Bloody Sunday and, 173–174

China and, 51–55

Chisinau pogrom, 90–91

dismissal of, 240–241

Dubrovin and, 223

electoral law, 238–239

Far East tour by, 63–64

as finance minister, 36–38

Gapon and, 221–222, 224–225, 234

government reform and, 159, 203–205, 210–211

Holy Militia and, 37

influence of, 218–219

intelligentsia and, 218–219

Jews and, 83–84

Kokovtsov and, 211

on Korean expansion, 63

Mamontov and, 44–45

on Manchuria, annexation of, 57

Mirsky and, 150

monetary reform, 36

Muravyov and, 57

Nicholas II and, 51, 64, 116–117, 203–204, 220

Plehve and, 79, 83, 94–95, 119–120

Pobedonostsev, 49

public opinion of, 218, 223

Rasputin and, 331–332

Rothschild and, 36

in Russian-Japanese peace talks, 194–195, 197

on Russian-Japanese War, 191

on seizing Constantinople, 48–49

Sipyagin and, 78

Stolypin and, 312

Struve and, 216

Suvorin on, 39

Trotsky and, 223

working day reforms, 73

Zubatov and, 94–95

worker’s strike, 154, 164–174, 184–185

Fullon and, 167

Gapon and, 163–167

Grand Duke Vladimir and, 167–168

Mirsky and, 167–168

Morozov and, 168

Nicholas II and, 167–168

in Odessa, 95–96, 192

Peshkov and, 168

Putilov factory strike, 162–165

See also Bloody Sunday

working conditions, improved, 73

working day, hours of, 73

World of Art (magazine), 20–22

Diaghilev and, 46–48

financing for, 46

World War I, x, 333–334

Brusilov Offensive, 364–365, 368, 464

Dardanelles operation, 362–363

declaration of war, 337

Entente powers, 288, 342, 362, 370, 447

France and, 337, 463

German counteroffensive in, 477–478

heroes of, 344

Istanbul and, 362–363

Nivelle Offensive, 463

Peshkov on, 456

post revolution, 454–464

Provisional Government and, 454–456

Russian military in, 343–346

Russian military in, losses, 362

Russian retreat, 350

World War II, 517

World Zionist Congress, 88

Yakutsk rebellion, 70

Yalta, Crimea, 28–30

“Yar orgy,” 350–353

“Yellow Russia,” 63, 116

Yihequan Rebellion (Boxer Rebellion), 56–57

Yollos, Gregory, 264

“young entrepreneurs,” 319

Young Turks movement, 347, 363–364

Yukos affair, 45n, 318n

Yushchinsky, Andrei, 310–311

Beilis trial and, 328

investigation of, 327

Yusupov, Felix, 288–289, 516

banishment of, 386–387

Grand Duchess Elizabeth and, 289

Grand Duke Dmitry and, 289

Pavlova and, 316

post-revolution life of, 450

Rasputin and, 302–303, 381–385

Zasulich, Vera, 437

Zemstvo Congress, 106–107

Lvov, P. G., in, 218

Mirsky and, 149–152

Nicholas II and, 152

zemstvos

assembly, 114

fundraising organization, 122

Plehve and, 122–123

reform, 309–310

system of, 102–103

Zenzinov, Vladimir, 225–228

Struve and, 228

Zhabotinsky, Vladimir, 87–88

Zhukovsky, Dmitry, 101

Milyukov and, 105

Struve and, 103–104, 114

Zilliacus, Konni, 184, 194, 196

Zino, Grigory, 516

Zinoviev, Grigory, 478, 513

Lenin and, 306, 339, 428, 430

on October uprising, 501–502

return of, 447–448

Zionism, 72

World Zionist Congress, 88

Znamya (newspaper), 90

Zola, Émile, 71

Zubatov, Sergei, 67, 421

Azef and, 75

on Bund, 74

Gapon and, 81–82

Gershuni and, 68–70

Gotz and, 68–69

Odessa worker’s strike and, 95–96

Plehve and, 79, 81, 94, 96

on revolutionaries, 81

Witte and, 94–95

working conditions and, 73

Zurabov, Arshak, 269