The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and Its Geostrategic Imperatives

Index

Abkhazians, 129, 142

Afghanistan, 125, 128, 138, 140, 145, 187; ethnic groups in, 129, 131–33; Pakistan and, 139, 149; in Persian empire, 137; Soviet invasion of, 7, 91, 141

Algeria, 63, 78

Alliance 90/Greens, 73

Ambartsumov, Y., 107

Arab-Israeli conflict, 53

Armenia, 9, 122, 125, 140, 143, 144, 150; Russian military deployment in, 107; Turkey and, 93; war with Azerbaijan, 128–29, 142, 144

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Group (APEC), 27, 28, 153

Asian Regional Forum (ARF), 153

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), 153, 168n

Astrakhan khanate, 140

Australia, 45, 157, 169, 188

Austria, 70, 77

Austro-Hungarian Empire, 135

Azerbaijan, 9, 41, 52, 122, 125, 138, 149, 203; and Commonwealth of Independent States, 114, 143, 147; energy resources of, 46–47, 121, 139, 140, 145; Iran and, 134, 135; in Ottoman Empire, 136; political elites of, 133; Turkey and, 93, 204; war with Armenia, 128–29, 142, 144

Baghdad, Caliphate of, 15

Bangladesh, 164

Belarus, 59, 92, 114; in Commonwealth of Independent States, 88, 106; in Community of Sovereign Republics, 109; Germany and, 69, 70

Berlin blockade, 6, 25, 62

Blair, Tony, 26

Bolingbroke, Lord, 70–71

Bosnia, crisis in, 59, 71; war crimes during, 29

Bretton Woods Conference, 27

Britain, 50, 96, 153, 207; Balkans and, 135; China and, 14–15, 158, 159; global maritime domination by, 19, 21; and united Europe, 42–43, 45, 66

Browning, Robert, 40

Brunei, 183

Bulgaria, 82

Burma, 13, 164, 165

Byzantium, 81

Canada, 185

Carthage, 12

Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), 200n, 204n

Central Asian Economic Union, 145

Charette, Hervé de, 66–67

Charlemagne Europe, 81

Chechnya, 89, 91, 92, 95, 97, 99, 114, 133, 140, 141; pipeline through, 37; Turkey and, 93, 136

China, 19, 41, 49, 54, 55, 101, 151–57, 185–93, 195, 197, 199, 202, 205–10, 219–221; and Eurasian Balkans, 124, 132, 135, 138–39, 143, 148, 149; geostrategy of, 44–46; imperial, 12–16, 21; Japan and, 15, 54, 55, 158–60, 164, 166, 169, 170, 172–85; as regional versus global power, 158–73; Russia and, 23, 95, 115–19, 151, 155, 158, 159, 164, 166–68, 170, 219–221; Soviet Union and, 8–9, 87–88; Taiwan and, 44, 48, 154, 156, 159, 164–65, 167–69, 171, 181, 188–89, 197, 205–7, 214

Ch’ing dynasty, 13

Christian Democrats, German, 74

Christians, 59, 81, 128

Clinton, Bill, 26, 195

Cold War, 6–7, 23, 36, 68, 117, 177, 200, 213, 214; Charlemagne Europe during, 81; France during, 61–63; international institutions established during, 29; Japan during, 178; NATO and, 101, 172; public support for, 25, 211

Combined Joint Task Forces, 77

Comecon, 100

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), 100; establishment of, 88, 92–93; Eurasian Balkans in, 129, 139, 142–45, 147, 149; and “near abroad” policy, 105–9, 111, 113

Communists, 88; Chinese, 9, 88, 158, 161–63, 173n; Soviet, 89, 90, 100–101, 115, 120

Community of Sovereign Republics, 109

Community of Integrated States, 109

Confucianism, 13, 17

Congress, U. S., 28

Cordesman, Anthony, H., 204n

Council for Foreign and Defense Policy, 106

Council of Europe, 119

Crimea, 93, 107, 112, 140

Cuban missile crisis, 62

Cultural Revolution, 162

Customs Union, 144

Czech Republic, 81, 104

Demangeon, Paul, 39

Demirel, Suleyman, 148

Deng Xiaoping, 165, 170

Denman, Roy, 42

Dutch East Indies, 37

Economic and Monetary Union, 43, 76

Energy, U.S. Department of, 125

Ethiopia, 19

Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), 219

Eurasianism, 106, 109–13

European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), 66n

European Commission, 42, 75

European Community (EC), 43, 51, 60, 66

European Free Trade Area, 119

European Parliament, 75

European Union (EU), 44, 61, 74–77, 85, 106, 142, 153; application and accession process, 83; and dissolution of Warsaw Pact, 92, 100; eastern limits of, 50; expansion of, 52, 68–71, 78–80, 82, 84, 118, 121, 200; Germany in, 42, 66n, 73, 112; institutional machinery of, 60; Russia and, 120; Turkey and, 204

Finland, 77, 84

France, 72, 77–79, 85, 117, 195, 199; Balkans and, 135; geostrategy of, 39, 41–44; Germany and, 42, 50, 63–70, 79, 176, 191; global ambitions of, 61–71; Napoleonic, 19; political elite of, 60; unemployment in, 196

Genghis Khan, 16, 17, 88, 110

Geography of Ethnos in Historical Time, The (Gumilev), 111

George III, King of England, 14

Georgia, 9, 122, 125, 140, 143, 144; and Commonwealth of Independent States, 114, 129; Russian military facilities in, 142; Turkey and, 93, 150; Urkainian military agreement with, 147

Germany, 8, 71–75, 77–80, 101, 112, 117, 170, 175–76, 195, 199; and American global system, 25; Balkans and, 135; British Empire and, 21; during Cold War, 172; France and, 42, 50, 63–70, 79, 176, 191; geostrategy of, 41, 43, 44; national redemption of, 61; Nazi, 5, 37, 39; political elite of, 60; reunification of, 65–66, 68; Russia and, 105; Ukraine and, 85, 113; unemployment in, 196

Great Wall, construction of, 12

Greece, 82

Group of Seven (G–7), 186, 201, 206

Gulags, 89, 90

Gulf War, 27, 65

Gumilev, Lev, 110–11

Han Empire, 12–13

Hashimoto, Ryutaro, 26

Haushofer, Karl, 39

Havel, Václav, 80–81

Higuchi Commission, 178n

Hitler, Adolf, xiv, 39, 104

Holy Roman Empire, 15

Hong Kong, 159, 164, 167, 168n, 171, 188, 189, 205, 207

Hungary, 15, 81, 84

Huntington, Samuel P., 30–31

Ikenberry, G. John, 29

India, 41, 52–53, 197, 209; China and, 151, 155, 187n; democracy in, 213; and Eurasian Balkans, 136, 139; geostrategy of, 46; Russia and, 187

Indochina, 13

Indonesia, 41, 45–46, 154, 157, 168n, 169, 176, 183

International Institute of Strategic Studies, 154

International Monetary Fund (IMF), 27, 28

Internet, 25

Iran, 41, 52–53, 115, 197, 204, 206; and American interests in Persian Gulf, 47; China and, 186; and Eurasian Balkans, 95, 124, 125, 129, 132–35, 137, 139, 144, 145, 147–50; Russia and, 116, 118

Iraq, 27, 137

Islam, see Muslims

Israel, 53, 137

Ito, Masayoshi, 178

Ivan the Terrible, Tsar of Russia, 88

Izvestiia, 107

Japan, 5, 8, 23–24, 38, 39, 59, 101, 151–55, 157, 185–88, 193, 209, 210; and American global system, 25–27; China and, 15, 49, 54, 55, 158–60, 164, 166, 169, 170, 172–85, 205, 207, 208; democracy in, 213; geostrategy of, 45, 47–48; imperial, 37; Korea and, 190–92; post-World War II, 23, 25; Russia and, 4, 90, 154; Security Treaty with U.S., 171, 175, 177; in World War II, 25

Japan Association of Corporate Executives, 179n

Japan Forum on International Affairs, 179n

Jiang Zemin, 166

Juppé, Alain, 62

Kasenov, Umirserik, 145

Kazakstan, 48, 93, 95, 125, 130–32, 138, 140–41, 149, 197; China and, 13, 164, 166, 168; and Commonwealth of Independent States, 106, 114, 143; in Community of Sovereign Republics, 109; energy resources of, 145; Eurasianism policy of, 111; famine in, 91; Turkey and, 146–48

Kennedy, John F., 26, 49

Kohl, Helmut, 74

Kohn, Hans, 212

Korea, 154, 157, 182; China and, 13, 166, 169, 183, 187n; Japan and, 154, 190–92; reunification of, 54, 165, 176, 190, 207; see also North Korea; South Korea

Korean War, 6, 25

Kozyrev, Andrei, 98, 107, 115

Kull, Steven, 211n

Kuomintang, 158

Kurds, 134–35

Kuril Islands, 107, 154, 176

Kuwait, 125

Kyrgyzstan, 125, 131, 143; China and, 166; and Commonwealth of Independent States, 106; in Community of Sovereign Republics, 109

Laos, 13

Lebanon, 137

Lebed, Gen. Aleksandr, 120n

Lenin, V. I., 104

Li Peng, 116

Lukin, Vladimir, 95–96

Macao, 159

Mackinder, Harold, 38

Madrid Declaration, 74

Mahathir, Datuk, 171

Malaysia, 157, 158n, 171, 176

Manchuria, 37

Manchus, 13

Mandela, Nelson, 21

Mao Zedong, 88

Medieval Russia and the Great Steppe (Gumilev), 111

Middle East, 220

Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI), Japanese, 180

Miyazawa, Kiichi, 180

Mongolia, 164, 166

Moldova, 107, 114

Mongol Empire, 6, 15–17, 19, 21

Monroe Doctrine, 3

Morita, Akio, 182

Morocco, 78

Muslims, 17, 89; in Eurasian Balkans, 128, 133, 134, 137, 144; in France, 78; fundamentalist, 47, 53, 134; Russian, 133; in Turkey, 204

Nagorno-Karabakh, 128–29

Nakasone, Yasuhiro, 181

Napoleon, Emperor of France, 19, 37

Nazarbayev, Nursultan, 111, 145, 147

Nazis, 5, 37, 39, 104

Nepal, 13, 164

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 28

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 44, 61, 66, 73, 76, 86, 117, 153; and American global system, 26–28; during Cold War, 172; and dissolution of Warsaw Pact, 92, 100; expansion of, 52, 67–71, 78–82, 84, 101–3, 118, 121, 199–201, 204, 208, 211n; in joint maneuvers with Ukraine, 93; Franco-German-Polish collaboration in, 85; German military integration into, 175; Russia and, 120; Turkey and, 57; Western European Union and, 50, 77

North Korea, 154, 162, 165, 190

One Belt, One Road, 219–220

Opium War, 15, 158

Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), 120, 201, 209

Organization of Economic Cooperation, 147

Osetians, 129

Ottoman Empire, 19, 135, 136, 140

Ozawa Committee, 178n, 181

Pakistan, 48, 95; China and, 165, 169, 186, 187, 205; and Eurasian Balkans, 136, 139, 145, 147, 149; India and, 46, 53

Panama Canal, 4

Paracel Islands, 154

Parthian Empire, 12

Partnership for Peace, 27, 77

Pearl Harbor, Japanese attack on, 25

Persia, 17, 137, 140

Persian Gulf, U.S. presence in, 7, 23, 27, 47, 53–54; see also Gulf War

Petrine Europe, 57, 81

Philippines, 157, 168, 176, 183

Poland, 46, 81; democratic leaders in, 104; in European Union, 44, 68, 70, 92; Germany and, 69–70, 78, 176, 191; Mongol defeat of, 15; in NATO, 68, 70, 92; Ukraine and, 85; war with Russia, 90

Portugal, 19

Primakov, Evgenniy, 115

Punic Wars, 12

Rhythms of Eurasia, The (Gumilev), 111

Roman Empire, 10–13, 15, 16, 21

Romania, 82, 84

Rome intergovernmental conference on political union, 65–66

Russia, 41, 48, 59, 72, 85–122, 199–203, 205–9, 214, 218–221; and American global system, 25; British Empire and, 21; Chechnya and, 37, 89, 91, 95, 97, 99, 114, 133, 140, 141; China and, 23, 95, 115–19, 151, 155, 158, 159, 164, 166–68, 170, 187n, 218–221; in Commonwealth of Independent States, 88, 92–93, 100, 105–9, 111, 113; counteralliance options of, 55, 99, 115–18; and Eurasian Balkans, 124, 128–33, 135–50, 195; France and, 42, 50, 67, 73; geostrategy of, 44–47; Germany and, 66, 68, 70, 73; in Group of Seven, 186; imperial, 19, 88, 89, 95, 135, 140; India and, 187; Japan and, 4, 90, 154, 176, 183; NATO and, 51–52, 79–80, 100–103, 120, 121; near abroad policy of, 98–99, 105–15; strategic partnership with United States sought by, 98–105; zone of insecurity between Europe and, 81; see also Soviet Union

Russian Orthodox Church, 81

Rutskoi, Aleksandr, 111

Ryurikov, Dmitryi, 104n

Saragossa, Treaty of, 19

Saudi Arabia, 95, 133

Schauble, Wolfgang, 74

Senkaku Islands, 154

Shevardnadze, Eduard, 147

Shiites, 134

Silk Route, 144

Singapore, 157, 165, 167, 168n, 171, 205

Slovakia, 82, 84

Slovenia, 81, 82

Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 114

South Africa, 21

Sony Corporation, 182

South Korea, 41, 47–48, 153, 214; China and, 171; U.S. presence in, 54, 180, 181, 190; see also Korea

Soviet Union, 5–6, 36, 105, 111, 128, 166, 205; in arms race with United States, 160; Baltic states in, 103; China and, 8–9, 87–88, 173; collapse of, xiii, 9, 10, 68, 87, 88, 91, 96, 98, 129, 139, 141 (see also Russia); France and, 62; Iran and, 134; invasion of Afghanistan by, 7, 91, 141; Japan and, 154; non-Russians in, 110; in World War II, 5

Spain, 19

Spanish-American War, 3

Spratly Islands, 154

Stalin, Joseph, xiv, 91, 103

Sung dynasty, 15

Sun Tsu, 169, 171

Sweden, 77, 84

Syria, 137

Taiwan, 48, 152, 154, 156, 164–65, 168, 169, 181, 183, 197, 205, 206, 214; and rise of Greater China, 44, 159, 167, 171, 188–89, 207

Tajikistan, 125, 129, 131, 138, 139, 143; China and, 166; ethnic groups in, 132; in Persian Empire, 137; Russian military involvement in, 89, 95, 107, 142

Tamerlane, 131

Thailand, 13, 48, 156, 168n

Tiananmen Square pro-democracy movement, 163

Tito, Josip Broz, 88

Tong, Kurt, 193n

Tordesilla, Treaty of, 19

Trans-Eurasian Security System (TESS), 208, 209

Transatlantic Free Trade Agreement, 200

Trubetzkoy, Prince N. S., 110

Tunisia, 78

Turkey, 41, 47, 52–53, 93, 95, 114, 197, 203–4; conflict with Greece, 82; and Eurasian Balkans, 124, 125, 129, 133–40, 143, 144, 146–50; modernization of, 119

Turkmenistan, 93, 125, 131, 138, 141, 143, 146, 204; China and, 149, 168; and Commonwealth of Independent States, 114; Iran and, 95, 144, 145, 150; in Persian Empire, 137; Ukraine and, 139, 147

U.S.-Japan Security Treaty, 28, 171, 175, 177

Ukraine, 9, 41, 46, 47, 51, 52, 59, 72, 85, 86, 95–97, 99, 104, 112–14, 122, 196, 203; in Commonwealth of Independent States, 88, 92–93, 113; and Eurasian Balkans, 136, 139, 147, 149; and expansion of NATO and EU, 82, 84, 121; famine in, 91; Germany and, 37, 69, 70

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, see Soviet Union

United Nations, 66n, 215; Security Council, 62, 175, 178

Uzbekistan, 48, 95, 121, 125, 130–32, 140–41, 143, 146, 149, 196, 203; China and, 168; in Commonwealth of Independent States, 113, 114, 144–45, 147; in Persian Empire, 137; Ukraine and, 139, 147

Versailles Treaty, 86

Vietnam, 13, 63, 154, 169

Warsaw Pact, 92, 100

Weimar Triangle, 70, 78

Western European Armaments Group (WEAG), 77

Western European Union (WEU), 50, 77

Wilson, Woodrow, 4

World Bank, 27, 28, 66n, 164n

World Court, 29

World Trade Organization (WTO), 28

World War I, 4–5, 90

World War II, 61, 68, 69; end of European era in world politics during, 5; Japan in, 173–75; public support for American involvement in, 25, 211; Soviet Union in, 90, 91

Yalta Conference, 86

Yang Baijang, 173n

Yeltsin, Boris, 23, 97, 99, 102, 104n, 107, 111, 113, 115, 116, 120

Yongchaiyudh, Chavalit, 168n

Yoshida, Shigeru, 178

Yugoslavia, 53

Zyuganov, Gennadii, 111