The Last Man in Russia

Index

Abez gulag camp/town 58–61, 66, 67, 68–71, 155, 156, 157, 159–66, 168

abortion 85, 95, 99

Achkasova, Olga 66

Afghanistan, Soviet invasion (1980) 131, 135, 177

agriculture 19, 20, 21, 22, 28, 29, 34, 48, 191

collectivization 11, 18, 23, 24, 25–6, 29, 34–5, 37, 69, 145

home grown food 31, 37

see also famine

Akhmatova, Anna 60, 70

alcoholism see drinking

Alexeyeva, Ludmilla 8, 9

Alexy I, Patriarch 44–5

Alexy II, Patriarch (KGB codename D R O Z D O V) 45, 222–3

Amalrik, Andrei 113

Andreyevich, Nikolai 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67–8, 70, 71, 147, 148, 151, 154

Andropov, Yuri, as head of KGB 7, 112, 138–9, 140, 177

Arguments and Facts 247–8

Armenia 62, 63

Arsenevo (village) 182, 187, 191

Arteyev family (of Abez) 165–6

atheism 88, 90, 96–7

Marxism as 82, 85, 86

see also religion

Austria 7

Badaryan, David 62–4

bankers/businessmen 210

St Basil 234

Baydino (village) 182, 187, 188–91

Father Dmitry in 182, 188, 189–90, 192–6

BBC 82, 88, 102, 110, 114

Berezina (village) 20, 21, 24, 28–9, 31, 32, 33, 110, 211, 213–16

Berezino (village) 14–18, 20

Berezovsky, Boris 210

birth control 99

abortion 85, 95, 99

birth rates see population crisis

Boretsky, Semyon 151–3, 159

Boretsky, Yulia (wife of Semyon Boretsky) 151, 153

Brezhnev, Leonid 7, 75, 86, 95, 99, 100, 112, 177, 206

his ‘developed socialism’ concept 75

Helsinki Agreement (1975) and 112–13

brick making 152, 153

Britain 82

see also BBC

bureaucracy 79–80, 149–51, 160

see also state control

Burgess, Anthony: A Clockwork Orange 169

cars 106–7, 153, 187, 203

see also transport

Carter, Jimmy 129, 130

Catholicism 210

see also religion

Chechnya/Chechens 1, 3, 144–5, 231

Cherkizovo (village) church, Father Dmitry at (post-recantation) 206

children 26, 28–9, 85, 168, 191–2

christening 104–5, 126

death of 16–17, 95, 99–100; from starvation 22

state removal from parents 245

see also education; population crisis; young people

China 11, 28, 237

Christian Committee for the Defence of Believers’ Rights 125–6, 218

see also Yakunin, Gleb

Chronicle of Current Events (dissident newspaper) 113, 139, 242

the church see Russian Orthodox Church

CIA 79

cigarettes see smoking

cinema/film 80–81

class struggle 26, 27

see also peasant class

coal mining 49, 51, 53, 56, 57, 58, 63–4, 154, 191

collectivization 11, 18, 23, 24, 25–6, 29, 34–5, 37, 69, 145

see also agriculture

communism 9, 24, 41–2, 75

post-communist Russia 10, 11

under Khrushchev 74–5

Young Communist League 32, 67, 74–5, 77–8, 79, 80

consumerism 76, 106–7, 207

corruption see state corruption

Cossacks 25

crime, organized 79–80

criminals, in gulag camps 54, 65

Czechoslovakia, Soviet invasion (1968) 73, 138–9, 171, 172, 177

dachas (country houses) 37

Daniel, Yuli 8, 170, 233–4

Darwin, Charles 60, 118

Day (newspaper) (continued as Tomorrow) 208, 209

death rates see population crisis

depopulation 5, 18, 24, 48–9, 58, 64, 156, 189, 203, 216, 241

dissidents/dissent 7–8, 51, 72–3, 77–8, 90, 99, 113–14, 134, 170–72, 238, 246–9

aims/objectives 78–9

Chronicle of Current Events (newspaper) 13, 139, 242

election protests (2011–12) 229–31

Helsinki Groups 112–13, 125–6, 130, 131, 135, 139

Jewish 89, 129, 130, 139

KGB action against 100, 104, 113, 116, 126, 127–8, 129, 130–33, 139–40, 172, 207, 217–25; interrogation 139; psychiatric assessment/treatment of 116–19, 127

Moscow, Bolotnaya Square protests (2011) 230, 238

official criticism of 114, 129, 232

papers/writings by 7–8, 33, 79, 80, 197; see also samizdat

Pussy Riot 232–3, 234

samizdat (underground publications) see samizdat

Western media reports on 129, 130, 171, 172; on prisoners 242, 243

see also human rights; individual names

Divnich, Yevgeny 181

Dmitry, Father (Dmitry Dudko) 9–10, 141, 252–3

birth/childhood 9, 14–15, 21–4, 33

arrest (I)/imprisonment in Inta 43, 44, 45–7, 48, 53–8, 62, 64–6, 141; release 72, 83

arrest (II) by KGB/interrogation at Lubyanka 133–4, 136, 140–41, 219; imprisonment in Lefortovo 134, 136, 141, 172, 181; appeals for his release 134–5, 180; his recantation 173–8, 179–80, 202, 219; his Izvestia article on 174–6; letter of apology to Patriarch Pimen 177; as propaganda 176, 177; release 177, 182; move to Baydino see in Baydino below; see also KGB and below

in Baydino 182, 188, 189–90, 192–6

character 9, 23, 40, 42, 53, 55, 87, 108, 120, 122, 178, 180, 182–4, 198, 252

at Cherkizovo church (post-recantation) 206

as a dissident/nationalist 42, 43, 45–7, 83–4, 87–91, 101–2, 124–9, 131–3, 134, 217–25

on drinking/alcoholism 84, 85, 86, 88, 197–8, 215, 253–5

family 14, 21, 22–4, 32–4, 40, 42, 57, 98, 106, 111, 179, 180; see also individual family members

Grebnevo, exile in 104–6, 111, 113, 115–16, 120–22, 125, 128, 133–4, 204

In the Light of the Transfiguration (self-published newsletter) 121–2, 124–9, 132–3, 218; post-recantation 182–7, 192

influence see reputation/influence

Jews, attitude to 88–9, 91, 96–7, 129, 132, 133, 135, 219; as anti-Semitic (post-recantation) 194, 195–7, 200–201, 207, 208, 210–11, 219

Kabanovo, exile in 92, 96–8, 109–10; dismissal from his church 100–102

KGB and 108, 109, 111, 130–34, 217–25; post-recantation 185, 196–7, 208–9, 217; see also arrest (II) above and politicization of below

in Moscow 72; at St Nicholas Church 83, 84–91, 101; exiled from, by church authorities (1974) 90–91, 109; see also Grebnevo and Kabanovo above

official criticism of 90–91, 101, 103, 114–15, 122–6

Alexander Ogorodinikov and 83–4, 85, 91, 105, 128, 133–5, 225

papers/publications 9, 87–8, 122, 175, 182, 198–9; journalism 208, 209, 210; memoirs 31–2, 36, 46, 64; notebooks 85, 102; poetry 42, 46–7, 64–5, 114, 122, 141; see also In the Light of… above

as a priest 32, 36, 46, 86, 89–90, 96–9, 100–102, 103, 109, 110, 120, 126–7, 135, 171, 176, 194, 195, 198–200, his discussion sessions 83–4, 85, 87–80, 120, 194, 199, 205, 206; training at Zagorsk 37, 38–41; see also religious beliefs below

his recantation see arrest (II) above

religious belief 21, 23, 32, 33, 40, 55, 86–7, 96–7, 105, 115, 182–7, 193–6; see also as a priest above

reputation/influence 9, 11, 84–5, 88–91, 97, 101–2, 105, 108, 109, 127–8, 132–3; post-recantation 179–200, 202, 205–6, 217–25, 251–5; in the West 87–8; see also Western media… below

Russian Orthodox Church’s action against 90–91, 98, 100–102, 109, 198, 206; see also Grebnevo and Kabanovo above

Vladimir Sedov and 104–11, 116, 119–20, 133, 134, 251, 252; on his arrest/recantation 116, 119, 126, 173, 178

Alexander Semyonov and 251, 252; on his arrest/recantation 180–81, 202

The Times, letter to (1980) 135

at Vinogradovo church (post-recantation) 198, 202–4, 206

Western media reports on 100–101, 102, 110, 114, 115, 134–5, 136, 174, 179

in World War II 28, 31; as a soldier 31–2

Gleb Yakunin and 218–19, 224–5

death/burial 9, 251–2

drinking/alcoholism 1–5, 6, 10, 26, 47, 92–6, 127, 163–7, 207

alcohol duty 92–3, 95, 207

beer 92, 86

cost of, to the state 95

as a disease 5, 7, 88, 93, 95, 215–16

Father Dmitry on 84, 85, 86, 88, 197–8, 215, 253–5

effects of 93, 215–16

expenditure on 92, 93

Gorbachev’s anti-alcohol policies 206–7, 216

illegal alcohol 4–5

vodka 2, 3–4, 7, 92, 95

volume consumed 4, 5, 7, 167, 216; reductions in 206–7, 246

by women 2, 4–5, 167, 216

drugs 170

KGB use of 119, 127

Dudko, Dmitry see Dmitry, Father

Dudko, Maria (daughter of Vladimir Dudko) 32–3

Dudko, Mikhail (son of Father Dmitry) 179, 184–5, 186, 225

as a priest 251

Dudko, Natalya (daughter of Father Dmitry) 184–5

Dudko, Nina (wife of Father Dmitry) 111, 134, 177, 179, 184–5, 195

death 206

Dudko, Vladimir (brother of Father Dmitry) 32–4, 42

Dzerzhinsky, Felix 137–8

East Germany 112

see also Germany

economic conditions 6, 21–2, 33, 37, 95, 210, 215

inflation 209

in northern Russia 49

education 33, 56, 76, 77

literacy levels 77

in Russian history 239–40

university (tertiary) 79, 80; VGIK film school 80–81

English language 168–9

Ephraim, Archimandrite (Greek Orthodox Church) 235–6

Estonia 246

ethnic tensions 96–7, 129, 131, 132

see also Jews

European Union (E U), membership of 246

Evangelical church 130–31

see also religion

famine 17, 22, 24, 25–6, 27–8, 38, 50

see also starvation

Fedotov, Georgy 116, 119, 124, 225

Figes, Orlando 42

Filaret, Metropolitan (KGB codename ANTONOV) 222

film see cinema/film

fishing 162, 163, 164

Fonchenkov, Vasily (KGB codename FRIEND) 125, 126

food prices 33, 38

food supplies see agriculture; famine

For Human Rights (Russian pressure group) 217–18

FSB (security service) 239

see also KGB

Gagarin, Yuri 6, 76

Galya (women in Berezino) 14–15, 17–21

gambling 238

genetics 60, 118

German occupation of Russia (1941–5) 15, 51, 114, 122, 123

Jews, execution of 29–30

peasant class during 28–31

propaganda distribution 30, 122, 123–4

see also World War II

Germangenovich Shpinkov, Vasily 24–31

Germany 4, 5, 24, 66, 94

see also East Germany; West Germany

Ginzburg, Alexander 130, 171

Gorbachev, Mikhail 7, 75, 93–4, 206, 216

anti-alcohol policies 206–7, 216

Gorbanevskaya, Natalya 73, 171–2

Grebnevo (village), Father Dmitry in exile in 104–6, 111, 113, 115–16, 120–22, 125, 128, 133–4, 204

Greece, Mount Athos 235

Grigorenko, General Pyotr, KGB psychiatric assessment/treatment of 117

Grigorenko, Zinaida (wife of Pyotr Grigorenko) 117

gulag (labour) camps 9, 26, 42, 49, 51–2, 62–3, 66, 67, 71, 145, 152, 171

administration 49, 50

closure of, under Khrushchev 74

criminals in 54, 65

deaths in see numbers of prisoners below

Father Dmitry as prisoner in see Inta gulag camp

as economically self-supporting 49–50, 242

graveyards at 66, 67, 69–70, 161, 164, 165

hospitals in 59, 60, 64, 67–8

hunger strikes 242–3

informers in 54, 65

living conditions 49, 50, 54, 55, 58, 59–61, 62–3, 152–3, 154, 159–62, 241–2, 247–8; starvation 49, 152

numbers of prisoners 42, 49, 57; deaths among 50–51, 58, 152, 154, 160, 161, 209

political prisoners 42, 54, 240–44

prison guards 244, 247–8

religion in 56, 242, 243

Alexander Solzhenitsyn on 50, 51, 75

women prisoners 160–61

young people in 152

see also individual camps

healthcare 100, 246

Helsinki Agreement (1975) 112–13

Helsinki Groups (of dissidents) 112–13, 125–6, 130, 131, 135, 139

Hitler, Adolf 59, 208

Holy Fools (Yurodivie), in Russian history 234

human rights 112, 129, 130, 171, 174, 217–18, 219

see also dissidents

Hungary 6, 138, 139

illegal immigrants 203

incomes see wages

informers 42–3, 45–6, 100, 126, 139, 181

in gulag camps 54, 65, 242

priests as 222–4

Inta gulag camp/town 48, 50, 51, 53–8, 62, 64–6, 147, 151–4, 155, 156, 168, 169

Father Dmitry as prisoner in 43, 44, 45–7, 48, 53–8, 62, 64–6, 141; release 72, 83

Inta Museum 56–7, 61–2

internet/electronic media 229, 230, 232

Ioann, Metropolitan of St Petersburg 224

Islam see Muslims

Israel, Jewish emigration to 89, 130, 131, 220

Italy 5

Ivanovna, Yevgeniya 149–50, 151

Izvestia 101, 103, 104

Father Dmitry’s article on his recantation 174–6

Jews 30–31, 87, 88–9, 113, 130, 139, 168, 193

anti-Semitism: Father Dmitry’s see Father Dmitry’s attitude to below; in Russian Orthodox Church 221, 224

as dissidents 89, 129, 130, 139

Father Dmitry’s attitude to 88–9, 91, 96–7, 129, 132, 133, 135; as anti-Semitic (post-recantation) 194, 195–7, 200–201, 207, 208, 210–11, 219

during German occupation of Russia 30–31; execution of 29–30

Israel, emigration to 89, 130, 131, 220

The Protocols of the Elders of Zion 208, 224

under Stalin 30, 60

in US 129

young people as 89, 130

Juodiš, General Jonas (Lithuanian) 69

Kabanovo (village), Father Dmitry in exile in 92, 96–8, 109–10

dismissal from his church 100–102

Kadiyev, Rolian 135

Kadyrov, Ramzan 230

Kalikh, Alexander 239–40

Karsavin, Lev 59, 60, 67, 70

Kazashchina (village) 24

Kerouac, Jack 77

Keston College (U K) 174

KGB (security service) 7, 30, 42, 51, 80, 86, 112, 137–41, 152, 223

Andropov as head of 7, 112, 138–9, 140, 177

dissidents: action against 100, 104, 113, 116, 126, 127–8, 129, 130–33, 139–40, 172, 207, 217–25; interrogation of 139; psychiatric assessment/treatment of 116–19, 127

Father Dmitry and 108, 109, 111, 130–34, 217–25; arrest/interrogation at Lubyanka 133–4, 136, 140–41; imprisonment in Lefortovo 134, 141, 172, 181; post-recantation 185, 196–7, 208–9, 217–25

drugs, use of 119, 127

Fifth Directorate 100, 126

Lefortovo KGB prison and Lubyanka KGB headquarters see Father Dmitry above

priests as informers for 222–4

Russian Orthodox Church and 42, 222–5

Khodorkovsky, Mikhail 210

Khrushchev, Nikita 6, 45, 75, 117

churches, closure of 82, 84

gulag camps, closure of 74

opposition to 75

his Secret Speech (1956) 74–5

Stalin, criticism of 74–5, 82, 86

Kirill, Patriarch 232, 234, 235

Kissinger, Henry 112

Komi Republic 47, 56, 150, 151, 154, 203

see also Inta gulag camp

Komsomol see Young Communist League

Komsomolskaya Pravda (youth newspaper) 78

Kovalyov, Sergei 247, 248

Krasin, Viktor 139–40

kulaks (middle-class peasants) 27

Kulygina, Yevgeniya Ivanovna 61–2

Kurguzov, Vladimir 247–8

Kuroyedev, Vladimir 101

labour camps see gulag

labour market 6, 33, 93, 203, 209, 238–9

women workers 33

Lakota, Bishop Hryhorii (Ukrainian Uniate Church) 70

Landa, Malva 135

Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich 26, 27, 92

on religion 44

Lenin Library, Moscow 30, 122–3, 124–5

Lepeshinskaya, Marina 179

Levada, Centre, Russia 10–11

Levitin-Krasnov, Anatoly 85

libel 232

Liberal Democratic Party (Russia) 107

life expectancy 5, 6–7, 93–4, 99, 165, 206, 246

of women 5

see also population crisis

literacy levels 77

see also education

Literary Gazette 114–15, 122–6, 219

Lithuania 58, 59, 65, 69

living conditions/standards 6, 14, 16, 21–4, 25–8, 33, 34, 72, 85, 93, 145–6, 148, 205, 230

in gulag camps 49, 50, 54, 55, 58, 59–61, 62–3, 152–3, 154, 159–62, 241–2, 247–8

see also famine; starvation

Lysenko, Trofim 60, 118

Marchenko, Anatoly 104

death 241

Marxism 26, 76, 85–6, 118

atheism as 82, 85, 86

Maximov, Vladimir 197

Mayakovsky, Vladimir, statue of (Moscow) 170

Medvedev, Dmitry 229

Medvedev, Roy (twin brother of Zhores Medvedev) 118, 119

Medvedev, Zhores 118, 119, 171

Memorial (Russian charity) 240

Men, Father Alexander 85, 220–21

murder of 221, 234

Merzlikin, Alexander 68–9, 70, 141, 157–9, 161–4, 165–8

Merzlikin, Natasha (Auntie) (wife of Alexander Merzlikin) 158, 163, 166–7

Mikhail, Father (of Inta) 155–6

Mitrokhin, Vasili 45

Mochulsky, Fyodor 159–60, 162–3

Morozov, Pavlik 40

Moscow 36, 43, 47, 170, 203

in 2011–12 elections 229, 230–32, 238, 246–7

Bolotnaya Square protests (2011) 230, 238

Botanic Gardens 205

Cathedral of Christ the Saviour 232–3

Father Dmitry in 72; at St Nicholas Church 83, 84–91, 101

Friday Cemetery 251, 252

Olympic Games (1980) 125–6

population levels 203

Sretenka monastery 204–5

Transfiguration Square church 83, 84

mosquitoes 58, 59, 60, 61, 68, 69, 70–71, 97, 141, 167

music 81

Muslims 92, 93, 135, 210, 211

see also religion

Navalny, Alexei 232

New Way (Nazi-sponsored newspapers) 122, 123

New York Times 115, 135, 175

NKVD (security service) see KGB

nuclear technology 76, 240

Ogorodnikov, Alexander 72, 75–84, 131

character 77, 80

as a dissident 72, 76, 79, 82–3, 91, 140, 219

Father Dmitry and 83–4, 85, 91, 105, 128, 133–5, 225

conversion to Christianity 81–2, 83, 87

official criticism of 114

trial/imprisonment 128, 140, 200, 220; hunger strikes 128; release (1987) 207

at university 79, 80, 82–3

as a young communist 77–9, 80, 81

OGPU (security service) see KGB

oil drilling 167

Oleynikov, Anatoly 45

Olympic Games, Moscow (1980) 135–6

Oreshkin, Dmitry 231–2

Orlov, Yuri 112, 130, 131

KGB interrogation of 139

Orwell, George: Nineteen Eighty-Four 196, 198–9

Ostrovsky, Nikolai: How the Steel was Forged 77

Ottawa Citizen 135

Pasolini, Pierre Paolo: The Gospel According to St Matthew (film) 81

Pasternak, Boris: Dr Zhivago 7, 170

peasant class/serfdom 16–17, 24, 25, 26

in German occupation 28–31

kulaks (middle-class) 27

under Stalin 25–8

pensions see state pensions

Perm triangle (of gulag camps) 237, 238–49

detention centre/museum 239–40, 245–6

Perm-35, 36 and 37 political

prisoner camps 240–44

Pilorama (annual festival) 241, 246–9

prison guards 244, 245–6

Special regime camp 244–5

Petrovsky, Vladimir 205–6, 207, 208–9, 211

Petrovykh, Vasily 46

Pimen, Patriarch 45

Father Dmitry’s letter of apology to 177

Pitirim, Metropolitan (KGB codename A B B A T) 222

the Pioneers (youth group) 77, 78

Plyushch, Leonid 74–5, 118–19

Podrabinek, Alexander (brother of Kirill Podrabinek) 61, 176

Podrabinek, Kirill (husband of Tanya Podrabinek) 176–7

on Father Dmitry 177–8

Podrabinek, Tanya 61, 62, 66, 67, 70, 141, 176

Poland 28, 45, 59, 151, 152, 208

police 241

corruption in 75, 237–8

OMON riot police 245

political issues 67, 73, 75, 93–4, 206–7, 209, 210, 211, 216

election fraud (2011–12) 229–30, 246–7

see also Brezhnev, Leonid; dissidents; Khrushchev, Nikita; Putin, Vladimir; state control

political prisoners 42, 54

in Perm gulag camps 240–44

Polubesova, Elmira 238–9

pop music 169, 170, 171, 249

Pussy Riot 232–3, 234

popular culture see Western culture

population crisis 5–7, 10, 11, 165, 189, 206–7, 216, 236, 246

birth/death rates 5, 6–7, 16, 21, 33, 94–5, 145–6, 154, 165, 206, 209, 216

death, causes of 5, 93, 94; of children 16–17, 22, 95, 99–100; hunger 27–8; violence 5, 17, 94, 99

depopulation 5, 18, 24, 48–9, 58, 64, 156, 189, 203, 216, 241

life expectancy 5, 6–7, 93–4, 99, 165, 206, 246; of women 5

pensioners, number of 189

population levels 5, 12, 24, 49, 56, 203, 216

in Moscow 203

Potanin, Vladimir 210

Powers, Gary 6

prices 33, 55–6

propaganda

German, during occupation of Russia 30, 122, 123–4

Soviet 41–2, 101, 114–15; Father Dmitry’s recantation as 176, 177

Western 81

protest see dissidents

The Protocols of the Elders of Zion 208, 224

see also Jews

psychiatric assessment/treatment of dissidents, by KGB 116–19, 127

public opinion/polls 10–11, 229–30

publishing, as state controlled 7, 114

see also Russian literature; samizdat

Punin, Nikolai (husband of Anna Akhmatova) 60–61, 70

Two Years in Abez 168

Pussy Riot 232–3, 234

Putin, Vladimir 51, 204, 216, 228–33

opposition to 229

as prime minister 229

re-election as president (2012) 229–30

Russian Orthodox Church and 232, 235–6

his United Russia party 229–30, 238

railway travel 4–5, 35, 37–8, 48, 49, 51, 66, 67, 77, 92, 96, 141–2, 146, 154, 156–8

accidents 127

Trans-Siberian railway 236–7

Regelson, Lev 101–2, 105

religion 8, 15, 23, 29, 81–2, 87, 117–18

atheism 82, 85, 86, 88, 90, 96–7

the Bible 242, 243

Catholicism 210

Evangelical 130–31

in gulag camps 56, 242, 243

Lenin on 44

Muslims 92, 93, 135, 210, 211

see also Jews; Russian Orthodox Church

religious freedom 15, 17, 101

religious relics 235–6

Richards, Keith 170, 171, 172

Russian army 94

Russian history 5, 6, 7, 9, 17, 121, 168

Holy Fools (Yurodivie) 239–40

Soviet Union, collapse of 207, 208–10, 215, 225

teaching of 239–40

see also World War II

Russian identity 197, 210, 211

Russian literature 7, 77

by dissidents 7–8, 73; see also samizdat

see also individual authors

Russian Orthodox Church 8–9, 21, 23, 32, 40, 82–6, 155–6, 204–5, 213–14

as anti-Semitic 223, 224

church buildings 84–5, 107–8

church/state relationship 9, 32, 36, 44–5, 72, 82–3, 90, 105, 181, 185, 218, 235–6

churches, Khrushchev’s closure of 82, 94

as conservative 85

Father Dmitry, action against 90–91, 98, 100–102, 109, 198, 206; see also Grebnevo and Kabanovo

importance of 9, 32, 211–12

KGB and 45, 222–5

monasteries 37, 38–41, 44, 204–5

Old Believers 84

priests 82, 83, 100; as KGB informers 222–4; training of 36–7, 38–41, 123; see also individual priests

Pussy Riot case and 232–3

Putin and 232, 235–6

resurgence of 85–6, 123

services 107–8, 251–2; christenings 104–5, 126

Stalin and 32, 36–7, 44–6, 51–2

young people and 82–3, 87, 108, 126, 179

see also religion

Saint Petersburg 231–2

Sakharov, Andrei 73, 130, 131, 135, 136, 140, 171, 172, 200, 207

on the birth rate 99

hunger strike 243

his Nobel Peace prize 112

samizdat (underground publications) 8, 73, 87–8, 93, 104

Chronicle of Current Events (newspaper) 113, 139, 242

see also dissidents

Sedov, Father Vladimir 103, 104, 115–16, 120–21, 225

Father Dmitry and 104–11, 116, 119–20, 133, 134, 251, 252; on his arrest/recantation 116, 119, 126, 173, 178

Semyonov, Father Alexander 108–11, 133–4, 202

arrest 134

Father Dmitry and 251, 251; on his arrest/recantation 180–81, 202

Semyonova, Zoya (I) (wife of Alexander Semyonov) 108, 109, 111, 115–16, 119, 133, 134

Semyonova, Zoya (II) (daughter of Alexander Semyonov) (goddaughter of Father Dmitry) 108, 109, 115, 133, 202–4

serfs/serfdom see peasant class

Sergei, Patriarch 36–7

St Sergei 39

Shabalkin, Colonel Ilya 3

Shafarevich, Igor 101

Shcharansky, Natan 130, 131, 139

Shchelkovo (town) 107

Shchipkova, Tatyana 135

Shimanov, Gennady 117–18

Shmurov, Viktor 245–6

Siberia 27, 76, 80, 154

Sinyavsky, Andrei 8, 79, 170, 233–4

smoking 100

Sobchak, Ksenia 232

Sokolov, Sergei (KGB agent) 196–7, 198

Solovetsky Islands gulag camp (Solovki) 49, 50, 138

Solovov, Mikhail 135

Solzhenitsyn, Alexander 87, 140, 200

in exile 129

The Gulag Archipelago 50, 51

One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich 75

Sonin, Konstantin 233–4

Sorokin, Vladimir (KGB interrogator) 181, 193, 194–5, 196

Soviet Union, collapse of 207, 208–10, 215, 225

see also Russian history

space travel 6, 76

Spodin, Sergei 241–2, 244–5

Sretenka monastery, Moscow 204–5

Stalin, Joseph 5, 7, 9, 23–4, 25, 28, 59–60, 73–4, 151

his great purges (1937–8) 73, 74

Hitler and 59

Khrushchev’s criticism of 74–5, 82, 86

Russian Orthodox Church and 32, 36–7, 44–6, 51–2

death 43, 74

starvation

deaths from 27–8; of children 22

in gulag camps 49, 152

see also famine

state control 9, 23–4, 73–4, 87, 121, 167, 169–72, 187

bureaucracy 79–80, 149–51, 160

children, enforced removal from parents 245

church/state relationship 9, 32, 36, 44–5, 72, 82–3, 90, 105, 181, 185, 218, 235–6

collectivization see collectivization

election fraud (2011–12) 229–30, 246–7

of publishing 7, 114

see also political issues

state corruption 7, 8, 10, 80, 232

police 75, 237–8

state pensions 5–6, 63, 191, 209, 230

number of pensioners 189

storks 24

Sukhanov, Oleg 39, 41

taxation 17, 22, 23

alcohol duty 92–3, 95, 207

terrorism 144–5

Tian-Shanskaia, Olga Semyonova 17, 26

Time (magazine) 130

The Times 135

Tomorrow (newspaper) (continuation of Day) 209

trains see railway travel

Transparency International 10

transport/travel 14, 21, 34, 35, 98, 182

of goods/supplies 49, 67

cars 106–7, 153, 187, 203

railways see railway travel

Trofimov, Anatoly (KGB) agent 194–6

Tula region 182, 189, 191, 192, 203

Ukraine 27, 28, 51, 53, 64, 67, 69, 70, 113, 135, 152, 245

Unecha (town) 20, 22, 31, 34, 35, 211–12, 213

unemployment see labour market

United Nations (U N) 207

United Russia party (of Vladimir Putin) 229–30, 238

United States (US) 79, 111–12, 129, 130

Jackson–Vanik Act 1974, on Russian trade 131

Olympic Games (1980), boycott of 136

Vadim, Father (of Berezina) 211, 212, 213–16

Vaneyev, A. A.: Two Years in Abez (ms memoir) 58–9, 60

Vasily, Russian Orthodox Bishop of Brussels 180

Vasilyevna, Anna 15, 16, 17

VGIK (Soviet film school) 80–81

Vinogradovo (village) church, Father Dmitry at (post-recantation) 198, 202–4, 206

vodka 2, 3–4, 7, 92, 95

see also drinking

Volkov, Oleg 58

Vorkuta gulag camp/town 47, 50, 51, 153, 154

Votyakov, Sasha 78

wages 33, 49, 56, 76, 93, 209, 210, 230

Washington Post 174

West Germany 6

see also Germany

Western culture, in Russia 169–70, 171

Western media

BBC 82, 88, 102, 110, 114

dissidents, reports on 129, 130, 171, 172; on prisoners 242, 243

Father Dmitry, reports on 100–101, 102, 110, 114, 115, 134–5, 136, 174, 179

women 33

abortions 85, 95, 99

birth control 99

drinking by 2, 4–5, 167, 216

in gulag camps 160–61

life expectancy 5

as mothers 5, 6–7, 235–6

women workers 33

World Christian Council 101

World War II (1939–45) 9, 15, 36, 51, 73, 74, 94, 152, 208

German occupation of Russia see German occupation…

Jews, treatment of 30–31

Yakir, Pyotr 139, 140

Yakunin, Gleb 85, 101, 102, 105, 129, 131, 218, 221–2, 223–5, 228, 230, 236

his Christian Committee… 125–6, 218

defrocking/excommunication of 223–4, 234

Father Dmitry and 218–19, 224–5

on Pussy Riot 234

in Russian parliament 222

trial/imprisonment: I (1987) in Yakuta 195, 200, 217, 219–20, 222; release 207; II (1981) in Perm 236–7, 241–3; hunger strike 242–3

Yakunin, Ira (wife of Gleb Yakunin) 195

Yakunin, Vladimir 235

Yeltsin, Boris 209, 210, 211

Yerofeyev, Venedikt: Moscow-Petushki 93

Yevtushenko, Yevgeny 240

Young Communist League (Komsomol) 32, 67, 74–5, 77–8, 79, 80

young people 76, 77–9, 104, 108, 166, 167, 169, 170–72, 188, 202–3

future for 228–49

in gulag camps 152

Jewish 89, 190

Pussy Riot 232–3, 234

Russian Orthodox Church and 82–3, 87, 108, 126, 170

see also children; dissidents; education

Yuvenali, Metropolitan (KGB codename ADAMANT) 222

Zagorsk (Sergiev Posad) seminary 37, 38–41, 43, 44

Assumption Cathedral 38, 39, 44

Zhirinovsky, Vladimir 207–8

Zyuganov, Vladimir 210, 211