The Lessons of History

69

Hammurabi, King of Babylonia (r. 1750?–?1708

B.C.

),

44

,

59

Haydn, Franz Joseph (1732–1809),

41

Hébert, Jacques René (1757–94),

49

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770–1831),

66

hell, disappearance of idea of,

47

–48

Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1056–1106),

45

Heracleitus (6th-5th century

B.C.

),

29

,

81

Hermes, statue of,

97

Herodotus (5th century

B.C.

),

100

Hiroshima,

85

Hitler, Adolf (1889–1945),

27

,

53

,

83

Hobbes, Thomas (1588–1679),

93

Holbein, Hans, the Younger (1497?–1543),

97

Holy Alliance of 1815,

85

Homer (9th century

B.C.

),

93

homosexualism,

40

Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus 65–8

B.C.

),

53

human nature,

11

,

32

–36,

88

,

95

hunting, a stage in economic history,

37

–38

Hut, Hans (fl. 1530),

65

Ikhnaton (Amenhotep IV), King of Egypt (r. 1380?–1362

B.C.

),

49

Ilium,

52

Incas,

28

,

63

–64

India,

15

,

27

,

28

–29,

49

,

53

,

84

Indians, North American,

25

,

26

Indians, South American,

64

see also

I

NCAS

Industrial Revolution,

39

,

48

,

52

,

65

,

66

,

industry, a stage in economic history,

37

–38,

39

,

47

,

88

inequality of men,

20

,

43

,

72

,

92

Innocent III (Giovanni Lotario de’ Conti), Pope (r. 1198–1216),

45

Inquisition,

45

international law,

81

,

83

,

86

Islam,

29

Isocrates (436–338

B.C.

),

75

,

100

Israel,

17

Italy,

15

,

23

,

27

,

28

,

30

, ioi

morals and religion,

40

,

41

,

48

Communist Party in,

84

Jackson, Andrew (1767–1845),

72

Jacqueries,

57

Japan,

16

,

53

,

84

Jefferson, Thomas (1743–1826),

77

Jesuits,

45

,

64

Jesus Christ,

12

,

15

,

26

,

28

,

46

,

48

Jews,

29

,

37

,

44

John of Leiden (1509–36),

65

Jutes,

30

Kant, Immanuel (1724–1804),

93

Kapital, Das

(Marx),

65

Keats, John (1795–1821),

53

Khmers,

29

Koran,

24

,

29

labor and unemployment,

60

,

62

,

63

laissez-faire,

30

,

63

Lane, Edward (1801–76),

97

language,

31

,

100

Latin America,

26

,

90

see also

S

OUTH

A

MERICA

law,

19

,

35

,

37

,

44

,

48

,

50

,

76

,

81

,

87

see also

I

NTERNATIONAL

L

AW

Lenin, Nikolai (1870–1924),

35

,

66

Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519),

101

Lesbos,

29

Levellers,

65

liberum veto,

68

Lincoln, Abraham (1809–65),

78

literature,

31

,

40

,

52

,

60

Greek,

41

,

73

,

97

and the Church,

49

and the aristocracy,

52

,

71

Litta, Conte Cavaliere Agostino (fl. 1755),

41

Liu family (fl.

A.U.

20

),

62

Lombards,

28

London,

53

,

54

Louis XIV, King of France (r. 1643–1715),

70

Lucretius (96?–55

B.C

),

43

Luther, Martin (1483–1546),

23

,

40

,

71

Lycurgus (9th century

B.C.

),

29

Macedonia,

27

,

75

machines and mechanization,

39

,

47

,

54

,

58

Madras,

29

Magna Carta,

76

Maistre, Comte Joseph de (1753–1821),

51

majorities and minorities,

35

,

55

,

70

,

92

Málaga, Greek colony at,

29

Malthus, Thomas Robert (1766–1834),

21

–22

Mandura,

29

Manichaean religion,

46

manners,

70

,

87

,

96

Mantua, Duke of (fl. c. 1520–50),

40

Mao Tse-tung (1893– ),

35

Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, Emperor of Rome (r. 161–180),

42

,

69

,

86

Marius, Caius (157–86

B.C.

),

39

,

56

,

69

Marseilles, Greek colony at,

29

Marx, Karl (1818–83),

35

,

52

,

53

,

65

,

66

,

77

Mayan culture,

28

Medici, house of,

53

,

54

medicine,

96

Mediterranean peoples,

27

,

28

,

75

Mediterranean Sea,

16

,

27

,

29

,

75

Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure

(Cleland),

40

Menés, King of Egypt (r. c. 3500

B.C.

),

44

Mesopotamia,

15

Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475–1564),

48

Middle Ages,

44

,

95

Milan,

28

Miletus,

29

Moguls,

53

Mohammed (570–632),

29

,

35

Mohammedans (Moslems),

24

,

29

,

53

,

83

Molière (Jean Baptiste Poquelin; 1622–1673).

100

Monaco, Greek colony at,

29

monarchy,

68

–70,

75

,

76

money,

54

,

71

,

72

,

74

,

76

,

91

Mongols,

53

,

83

monogamy,

38

Montaigne, Michel Eyquem de (1533–1592),

40

Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brede et de (1689–1755),

5

Moors,

53

morals,

31

,

35

,

37

–42,

60

,

70

and religion,

43

–51,

93

,

96

contemporary relaxation of,

42

,

52

,

88

,

95

,

96

,

99

and the state,

81

,

87

Morgans of New York,

54

Morse, Samuel F. B. (1791–1872),

35

Moses,

44

Moslems,

see

M

OHAMMEDANS

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus (1756–91),

41

Münster, Westphalia,

65

Münzer, Thomas (1489?–1525),

64

–65

music,

64

,

97

Mycenaea,

29

Mytilene,

75

Naples, Greek colony at,

29

Napoleon I, Emperor of the French (r. 1804–14, 1815),

35

,

43

,

49

,

90

Napoleonic Wars,

28

nationalism,

45

,

53

,

82

Negroes,

30

Neolithic Age,

38

Nero, Emperor of Rome (r. 54–68),

69

Nerva, Marcus Cocceius, Emperor of Rome (r. 96–98),

69

Netherlands, the,

84

New England,

31

New Zealand,

84

Nice, Greek colony at,

29

Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm (1844–1900),

23

,

88

,

93

Nineveh,

40

Nordic race,

27

–28

Normans,

27

–28,

30

North America,

22

,

25

,

28

,

30

,

84

Norway,

79

Notre Dame de Paris,

100

Numa Pompilius, legendary King of Rome (r. 715–673

B.C.

),

44

Nuremberg,

53

Octavius,

see

A

UGUSTUS

oligarchy,

70

,

73

,

74

,

75

Oscans,

27

“Ozymandias” (Shelley),

87

Pacific Ocean,

16

paganism,

50

painting,

97

see also

ART

Palestine,

29

Palestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi da (1526?–1594),

97

Palmyra,

16

pantheism,

47

Paris,

49

,

54

and French Revolution,

47

,

53

,

72

,

73

Parthenon,

52

,

97

,

100

Pascal, Blaise (1623–62),

14

Passing of the Great Race, The

(Grant),

27

Pasteur, Louis (1822–95),

35

Paul, Saint (d. 67?),

26

Pax Romana,

57

,

69

Péguy, Charles Pierre (1873–1914),

12

Peloponnesian War,

27

,

39

,

73

Pentateuch,

60

Pericles (495?–429

B.C.

),

73

,

100

,

101

Persepolis,

97

Persia,

27

,

53

Peru,

63

–64

Petra,

16

Petronius, Caius (d. 66?),

43

Philip II, King of Macedon (r. 350–336

B.C.

),

75

Philippines,

84

philosophy,

39

,

62

,

88

,

94

,

97

history and,

12

–13

and religion,

45

,

46

,

49

,

93

Phoenicia,

29

Phrygians,

27

Pisa,

16

,

92

Pitt, William (The Elder),

see

Earl of C

HATHAM

Pius VII (Luigi Barnaba Chiaramonti), Pope (r. 1800–23),

49

Pizarro, Francisco (1471–1541),

64

Plato (427?–347

B.C.

),

16

,

34

,

48

,

93

,

94

political views,

73

–76

Plutarch (46?–?120),

55

Poland,

68

Pombal, Sebastião José de Carvalho e Mello, Marqués de (1699–1782),

64

Pompey the Great (106–48

B.C.

),

39

,

76

Pope, Alexander (1688–1744),

68

population,

21

–22,

66

Portugal,

64

Presbyterians,

47

–48

prices and price control,

59

–61

progress,

95

–102

definition of,

97

–98

proletariat,

76

prostitution,

40

Protagoras (5th century

B.C.

),

93

Protestantism,

76

Protestant Reformation,

see

R

EFORMATION

Protestant sects,

47

Ptolemies,

59

–60

Puchberg, Michael (fl. 1788),

41

puritanism,

50

race,

25

–31,

79

Reformation, Protestant,

24

,

47

,

49

,

57

,

64

Reggio Calabria, Greek colony at,

29

religion,

31

,

43

–51,

51

,

93

,

95

,

96

,

99

Religious Wars, French,

45

,

82

Renaissance,

16

,

28

,

40

,

53

,

95

,

101

Renan, Ernest (1823–92),

50

,

69

Republic

(Plato),

73

–74

Restoration England,

40

,

65

revolution,

54

,

71

,

72

,

74

,

75

Richelieu, Armand-Jean du Plessis de, Cardinal (1585–1642),

68

Robespierre, Maximilien de (1758–94),

49

Roman Catholic Church,

23

,

46

,

49

,

57

,

71

,

89

,

96

in the U.S.,

23

,

48

and the state,

44

,

45

in France,

47

,

50

Rome (empire),

23

,

39

,

40

,

44

,

75

,

76

,

99

fall of,

21

,

27

,

42

,

54

civilization of,

28

,

29

,

79

,

94

morals in,

40

,

41

,

76

conquest of Egypt,

52

–53,

60

class strife in,

55

–57,

69

socialism in,

60

–61

and the Pax Romana,

69

,

86

conquest of Greece,

73

Rosenberg, Alfred (1893–1946),

26

Rothschild family,

54

Rousseau, Jean Jacques (1712–78),

49

,

53

,

70

,

77

,

93

Russia,

16

,

53

,

65

,

66

,

71

,

98

Communist society,

20

,

51

early history,

27

–28

industrialization of,

83

Russian Revolution,

53

,

65

,

66

,

71

Sahara,

15

Saint-Simon, Claude-Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de (1760–1825),

89

–90

Salamis, Battle of (480

B.C.

),

16

Sanskrit,

27

Sappho (b. 612?

B.C.

),

29

Saxons,

27

,

30

Scandinavia,

27

,

84

Scarlatti, Domenico (1685–1757),

41

science,

12

,

60

,

62

,

99

and religion,

39

,

47

and war,

49

,

82

,

95

–96

sculpture,

97

Scythians,

27

Semites,

29

September Massacres (1792),

53

,

72

serfdom,

61

,

65

Seven Years’ War,

82

sex,

22

,

35

,

36

,

38

,

39

,

42

,

88

,

96

Shakespeare, William (1564–1616),

100

Shamash,

44

Shelley, Percy Bysshe (1792–1822),

87

Sheridan, Richard Brinsley (1751–1816),

100

Sicily,

28

Sistine Chapel,

48

slavery,

44

,

45

,

54

,

62

,

72

,

76

,

92

social contract,

90

socialism,

52

,

58

–67,

88

,

89

,

90

Socrates (470?–399

B.C.

),

39

,

73

Solon (638?–?558

B.C.

),

29

,

55

–56,

57

,

73

Sophists,

41

,

49

South America,

30

,

53

,

84

Spain,

24

,

53

,

64

,

83

Spanish Armada,

16

Sparta,

27

,

29

Spencer, Herbert (1820–1903),

93

Spengler, Oswald (1880–1936),

89

–90,

91

states, rise of,

90

–91

Study of History, A

(Toynbee),

69

*

Sulla, Lucius Cornelius (138–78

B.C.

),

39

Sumeria,

13

,

59

Sweden,

79

Switzerland,

23

,

79

Sylvester I, Pope (r. 314–335),

45

Syracuse, Greek colony at,

29

Syria,

29

Szuma Ch’ien (

B.C.

145

B.C.

),

61

Taine, Hippolyte Adolphe (1828–93),

72

*

Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles-Maurice de (1754–1838),

90

Taranto, Greek colony at,

29

Tatars,

83

taxation,

56

,

59

–63,

66

,

92

Ten Commandments,

40

,

44

Teutons,

26

,

30

Thales of Miletus (fl. 600

B.C.

),

29

Thirty Years’ War,

28

,

45

Thrasymachus (fl. 5th century

B.C.

),

39

,

93

Thucydides (471?–?400

B.C.

),

73

,

100

Tiberius, Emperor of Rome (r. 14–37),

84

Tours, battle of (732),

24

,

83

Toynbee, Arnold J. (1889– ),

69

*

trade routes,

15

,

16

,

53

,

92

Trajan, Emperor of Rome (r. 98–117),

69

Treitschke, Heinrich von (1834–96),

26

Trichinopoly,

29

Trotsky, Leon (1877–1940),

66

Umbrians,

27

United States of America,

20

,

21

,

26

,

30

,

31

,

42

,

71

,

100

industrial development,

16

,

39

,

40

agriculture and food supply,

22

morals and religion,

39

,

40

,

48

,

50

,

51

,

96

concentration of wealth in,

55

,

57

democracy in,

68

,

76

,

79

,

91

,

94

,

96

,

99

and Western civilization,

83

,

84

,

85

,

91

,

94

,

97

Vandals,

27

Varangians,

28

Venice,

16

,

92

Vico, Giovanni Battista (1668–1744),

88

Vinci, Leonardo da,

see

L

EONARDO DA

V

INCI

Virgil (70–19

B.C.

),

53

,

87

Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet; 1694–1778),

23

,

40

,

49

,

53

,

77

,

92

,

100

,

101

Wagner, Richard (1813–83),

26

Wang An-shih (premier 1068–85),

62

–63

Wang Mang, Emperor of China (r. 923),

62

war,

18

–22

passim,

55

,

60

,

61

,

66

,

70

,

76

,

77

,

79

,

81

–86,

93

air power in,

16

and morals and religion,

23

,

24

,

39

,

40

,

42

,

44

,

47

,

49

causes of,

53

,

81

,

82

and science,

82

,

95

Watt, James (1736–1819),

41

wealth, concentration of,

55

–58,

70

,

72

,

77

,

92

West, the,

53

,

67

,

96

,

100

decline of,

16

Western Europe,

29

,

40

,

45

,

84

civilization of

28

–30,

49

,

83

,

94

,

97

U. S. and,

77

,

83

West Germany,

84

Westminster Confession,

48

Westphalia,

65

Wittenberg, University of,

40

women,

38

,

39

,

40

,

65

,

72

World War I,

28

Wright brothers,

35

Wu Ti, Emperor of China (r. 140–87

B.C.

),

61

–62

Zoroastrianism,

46

Simon & Schuster Paperbacks

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Durant, Will.

Lessons of history / Will & Ariel Durant.

p. cm.

Originally published: 1968.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

1. History—Philosophy. I. Durant, Ariel. II. Title.

D16.8.D84 2010

901—dc22 2009016081

ISBN 978-1-4391-4995-9

ISBN 978-1-4391-7019-9 (ebook)