Charles Duke Yonge. The Life of Marie Antoinette
Produced by Anne Soulard, Michigan University, Joshua Hutchinson and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team.
[Illustration: Marie Antoinette]
THE LIFE OF MARIE ANTOINETTE, QUEEN OF FRANCE.
BY CHARLES DUKE YONGE
1876
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- PREFACE.
- CHAPTER I. Importance of Marie Antoinette in the Revolution.-Value of her Correspondence as a Means of estimating her Character.-Her Birth, November 2d, 1755.-Epigram of Metastasio.-Habits of the Imperial Family.-Schoenbrunn.-Death of the Emperor.-Projects for the Marriage of the Archduchess.-Her Education.-The Abbe de Vermond.-Metastasio.- Gluck.
- CHAPTER II. Proposal for the Marriage of Marie Antoinette to the Dauphin.-Early Education of the Dauphin.-The Archduchess leaves Vienna in April, 1770.- Her Reception at Strasburg.-She meets the King at Compiegne.-The Marriage takes place May 16th, 1770.
- CHAPTER III. Feelings in Germany and France on the Subject of the Marriage.-Letter of Maria Teresa to the Dauphin-Characters of the Different Members of the Royal Family.-Difficulties which beset Marie Antoinette.-Maria Teresa's Letter of Advice.-The Comte de Mercy is sent as Embassador to France to act as the Adviser of the Dauphiness.-The Princesse de Lorraine at the State Ball.-A Great Disaster takes place at the Fire-works in Paris. -The Peasant at Fontainebleau.-Marie Antoinette pleases the King.- Description of her Personal Appearance.-Mercy's Report of the Impression she made on her First Arrival.
- CHAPTER IV. Marie Antoinette gives her Mother her First Impressions of the Court and of her own Position and Prospects.-Court Life at Versailles.-Marie Antoinette shows her Dislike of Etiquette.-Character of the Duc d'Aiguillon.-Cabals against the Dauphiness.-Jealousy of Mme. du Barri.- The Aunts, too, are Jealous of Her.-She becomes more and more Popular.- Parties for Donkey-riding.-Scantiness of the Dauphiness's Income.-Her Influence over the King.-The Duc de Choiseul is dismissed.-She begins to have Great Influence over the Dauphin.
- CHAPTER V. Mercy's Correspondence with Empress.-Distress and Discontent pervade France.-Goldsmith predicts a Revolution.-Apathy of the King.-The Aunts mislead Marie Antoinette.-Maria Teresa hears that the Dauphiness neglects her German Visitors.-Marriage of the Count de Provence.-Growing Preference of Louis XV. for the Dauphiness.-The Dauphiness applies herself to Study.-Marie Antoinette becomes a Horsewoman.-Her Kindness to all beneath her.-Cabals of the Adherents of the Mistress.-The Royal Family become united.-Concerts in the Apartments of the Dauphiness.
- CHAPTER VI. Marie Antoinette wishes to see Paris.-Intrigues of Madame Adelaide.- Characters of the Dauphin and the Count de Provence.-Grand Review at Fontainebleau.-Marie Antoinette ill the Hunting Field.-Letter from her to the Empress.-Mischievous Influence of the Dauphin's Aunts on her Character.-Letter of Marie Antoinette to the Empress.-Her Affection for her Old House.-The Princes are recalled from Exile.-Lord Stormont.- Great Fire at the Hotel-Dieu.-Liberality and Charity of Marie Antoinette.-She goes to the Bal d'Opera.--Her Feelings about the Partition of Poland.-The King discusses Politics with her, and thinks highly of her Ability.
- CHAPTER VII. Marie Antoinette is anxious for the Maintenance of the Alliance between France and Austria.-She, with the Dauphin, makes a State Entry into Paris.-The "Dames de la Halle."-She praises the Courtesy of the Dauphin.-Her Delight at the Enthusiasm of the Citizens.-She, with the Dauphin, goes to the Theatre, and to the Fair of St. Ovide, and to St. Cloud.-Is enthusiastically received everywhere.-She learns to drive.- She makes some Relaxations in Etiquette.-Marriage of the Comte d'Artois. -The King's Health grows Bad.-Visit of Marshal Lacy to Versailles.-The King catches the Small-pox.-Madame du Barri quits Versailles.-The King dies.
- CHAPTER VIII. The Court leaves Versailles for La Muette.-Feelings of the New Sovereigns.-Madame du Barri is sent to a Convent.-Marie Antoinette writes to Maria Teresa.-The Good Intentions of the New Sovereigns.- Madame Adelaide has the Small-pox.-Anxieties of Maria Teresa.- Mischievous Influence of the Aunts.-Position and Influence of the Count de Mercy.-Louis consults the Queen on Matters of Policy.-Her Prudence.- She begins to Purify the Court, and to relax the Rules of Etiquette.-Her Care of her Pages.-The King and the renounce the Gifts of Le Joyeux Avenement and La Ceinture de la Reine.--She procures the Pardon of the Due de Choiseul.
- CHAPTER IX. The Comte de Provence intrigues against the Queen.-The King gives her the Little Trianon,-She lays out an English Garden.-Maria Teresa cautions her against Expense.-The King and Queen abolish some of the Old Forms.- The Queen endeavors to establish Friendships with some of her Younger Ladies.-They abuse her Favor.-Her Eagerness for Amusement.-Louis enters into her Views.-Etiquette is abridged.-Private Parties at Choisy.- Supper Parties.-Opposition of the Princesses.-Some of the Courtiers are dissatisfied at the Relaxation of Etiquette.-Marie Antoinette is accused of Austrian Preferences.
- CHAPTER X. Settlement of the Queen's Allowance.-Character and Views of Turgot.-She induces Gluck to visit Paris.-Performance of his Opera of "Iphigenie en Aulide."-The First Encore.-Marie Antoinette advocates the Re-establishment of the Parliaments, and receives an Address from them.- English Visitors at the Court.-The King is compared to Louis XII. and Henri IV.-The Archduke Maximilian visits his Sister.-Factious Conduct of the Princes of the Blood.-Anti-Austrian Feeling in Paris.-The War of Grains.-The King is crowned at Rheims.-Feelings of Marie Antoinette.- Her Improvements at the Trianon.-Her Garden Parties there.-Description of her Beauty by Burke, and by Horace Walpole.
- CHAPTER XI. Tea is introduced.-Horse-racing of Count d'Artois.-Marie Antoinette goes to see it-The Queen's Submissiveness to the Reproofs of the Empress.- Birth of the Duc d'Angouleme.-She at times speaks lightly of the King.- The Emperor remonstrates with her.-Character of some of the Queen's Friends.-The Princess de Lamballe.-The Countess Jules de Polignac.- They set the Queen against Turgot.-She procures his Dismissal.-She gratifies Madame Polignac's Friends.-Her Regard for the French People.- Water Parties on the Seine.-Her Health is Delicate.-Gambling at the Palace.
- CHAPTER XII. Marie Antoinette finds herself in Debt.-Forgeries of her Name are committed.-The Queen devotes herself too much to Madame de Polignac and others.-Versailles is less frequented.-Remonstrances of the Empress.- Volatile Character of the Queen.-She goes to the Bals d'Opera at Paris.- She receives the Duke of Dorset and other English Nobles with Favor.- Grand Entertainment given her by the Count de Provence.-Character of the Emperor Joseph.-He visits Paris and Versailles.-His Feelings toward and Conversations with the King and Queen.-He goes to the Opera.-His Opinion of the Queen's Friends.-Marie Antoinette's Letter to the Empress on his Dep arture.-The Emperor leaves her a Letter of Advice.
- CHAPTER XIII. Impressions made on the Queen by the Emperor's Visit.-Mutual Jealousies of her Favorites.-The Story of the Chevalier d'Assas.-The Terrace Concerts at Versailles-More Inroads on Etiquette.-Insolence and Unpopularity of the Count d'Artois.-Marie Antoinette takes Interest in Politics.-France concludes an Alliance with the United States.-Affairs of Bavaria.-Character of the Queen's Letters on Politics.-The Queen expects to become a Mother.-Voltaire returns to Paris.-The Queen declines to receive him.-Misconduct of the Duke of Orleans in the Action off Ushant.-The Queen uses her Influence in his Favor.
- CHAPTER XIV. Birth of Madame Royale.-Festivities of Thanksgiving.-The Dames de la Halle at the Theatre.-Thanksgiving at Notre Dame.-The King goes to a Bal d'Opera.-The Queen's Carriage breaks down.-Marie Antoinette has the Measles.-Her Anxiety about the War.-Retrenchments of Expense.
- CHAPTER XV. Anglomania in Paris.-The Winter at Versailles.-Hunting.-Private Theatricals.-Death of Prince Charles of Lorraine.-Successes of the English in America.-Education of the Duc d'Angouleme.-Libelous Attacks on the Queen.-Death of the Empress.-Favor shown to some of the Swedish Nobles.-The Count de Fersen.-Necker retires from Office.-His Character.
- CHAPTER XVI. The Queen expects to be confined again.-Increasing Unpopularity of the King's Brothers.-Birth of the Dauphin.-Festivities.-Deputations from the Different Trades.-Songs of the Dames de la Halle.-Ball given by the Body-guard.-Unwavering Fidelity of the Regiment.-The Queen offers up her Thanksgiving at Notre Dame.-Banquet at the Hotel de Ville.-Rejoicing in Paris.
- CHAPTER XVII. Madame de Guimenee resigns the Office of Governess of the Royal Children. -Madame de Polignac succeeds her.-Marie Antoinette's Views of Education.-Character of Madame Royale.-The Grand Duke Paul and his Grand Duchess visit the French Court.-Their Characters.-Entertainments given in their Honor.-Insolence of the Cardinal de Rohan.-His Character and previous Life.-Grand Festivities at Chantilly.-Events of the War.- Rodney defeats de Grasse.-The Siege of Gilbralter fails.-M. de Suffrein fights five Drawn Battles with Sir E. Hughes in the Indian Seas.-The Queen receives him with great Honor on his Return.
- CHAPTER XVIII. Peace is re-established.-Embarrassments of the Ministry.-Distress of the Kingdom.-M. de Calonne becomes Finance Minister.-The Winter of 1783-'84 is very Severe.-The Queen devotes Large Sums to Charity.-Her Political Influence increases-Correspondence between the Emperor and her on European Politics.-The State of France.-The Baron de Breteuil.-Her Description of the Character of the King.
- CHAPTER XIX. "The Marriage of Figaro"-Previous History and Character of Beaumarchais. -The Performance of the Play is forbidden.-It is said to be a little altered.-It is licensed.-Displeasure of the Queen.-Visit of Gustavus III. of Sweden.-Fete at the Trianon.-Balloon Ascent.
- CHAPTER XX. St. Cloud is purchased for the Queen.-Libelous Attacks on her.-Birth of the Duc de Normandie.-Joseph presses her to support his Views in the Low Countries.--The Affair of the Necklace.-Share which the Cardinal de Rohan had in it.-The Queen's Indignation at his Acquittal.-Subsequent Career of the Cardinal.
- CHAPTER XXI. The King visits Cherbourg.-Rarity of Royal Journeys.-The Princess Christine visits the Queen-Hostility of the Duc d'Orleans to the Queen.- Libels on her.-She is called Madame Deficit.-She has a Second Daughter, who dies.-Ill Health of the Dauphin.-Unskillfulness and Extravagance of Calonne's System of Finance.-Distress of the Kingdom.-He assembles the Notables.-They oppose his Plans.-Letters of Marie Antoinette on the Subject.-Her Ideas of the English Parliament.-Dismissal of Calonne.- Character of Archbishop Lomenie de Brienne.-Obstinacy of Necker.-The Archbishop is appointed Minister.-The Distress increases.-The Notables are dissolved.-Violent Opposition of the Parliament-Resemblance of the French Revolution to the English Rebellion of 1642.-Arrest of d'Espremesnil and Montsabert.
- CHAPTER XXII. Formidable Riots take place in some Provinces.-The Archbishop invites Necker to join his Ministry.-Letter of Marie Antoinette describing her Interview with the Archbishop, and her Views.-Necker refuses.-The Queen sends Messages to Necker.-The Archbishop resigns, and Necker becomes Minister.-The Queen's View of his Character.-General Rejoicing.-Defects in Necker's Character.-He recalls the Parliament.-Riots in Paris.- Severe Winter.-General Distress.-Charities of the King and Queen.- Gratitude of the Citizens.-The Princes are concerned in the Libels published against the Queen.-Preparations for the Meeting of the States- general.-Long Disuse of that Assembly.-Need of Reform.-Vices Of the Old Feudal System.-Necker's Blunders in the Arrangements for the Meeting of the States.-An Edict of the King concedes the Chief Demands of the Commons.-Views of the Queen.
- CHAPTER XXIII. The Reveillon Riot.-Opening of the States-general.-The Queen is insulted by the Partisans of the Duc d'Orleans.-Discussions as to the Number of Chambers.-Career and Character of Mirabeau.-Necker rejects his Support. -He determines to revenge himself.-Death of the Dauphin.
- CHAPTER XXIV. Troops are brought up from the Frontier.-The Assembly petitions the King to withdraw them.-He refuses.-He dismisses Necker.--The Baron de Breteuil is appointed Prime Minister.-Terrible Riots in Paris.-The Tri-color Flag is adopted.-Storming of the Bastile and Murder of the Governor.-The Count d'Artois and other Princes fly from the Kingdom.-The King recalls Necker.-Withdraws the Soldiers and visits Paris.-Formation of the National Guard.-Insolence of La Fayette and Bailly.-Madame de Tourzel becomes Governess of the Royal Children-Letters of Marie Antoinette on their Character, and on her own Views of Education.
- CHAPTER XXV. Necker resumes Office.-Outrages in the Provinces.-Pusillanimity of the Body of the Nation.-Parties in the Assembly.-Views of the Constitutionalists or "Plain."-Barnave makes Overtures to the Court.-The Queen rejects them.-The Assembly abolishes all Privileges, August 4th.- Debates on the Veto.-An Attack on Versailles is threatened.-Great Scarcity in Paris.-The King sends his Plate to be melted down.-The Regiment of Flanders is brought up to Versailles.-A Military Banquet is held in the Opera-house.-October 5th, a Mob from Paris marches on Versailles.-Blunders of La Fayette-Ferocity of the Mob on the 5th.- Attack on the Palace on the 6th.-Danger and Heroism of the Queen.-The Royal Family remove to Paris.-Their Reception at the Barrier and at the Hotel de Ville.-Shabbiness of the Tuileries.-The King fixes his Residence there.
- CHAPTER XXVI. Feelings of Marie Antoinette on coming to the Tuileries.-Her Tact in winning the Hearts of the Common People.-Mirabeau changes his Views.- Quarrel between La Fayette and the Duc d'Orleans.-Mirabeau desires to offer his Services to the Queen.-Riots in Paris.-Murder of Francois.- The Assembly pass a Vote prohibiting any Member from taking Office.-The Emigration.-Death of the Emperor Joseph II.-Investigation into the Riots of October.-The Queen refuses to give Evidence.-Violent Proceedings in the Assembly.-Execution of the Marquis de Favras.
- CHAPTER XXVII. The King accepts the Constitution so far as it has been settled.-The Queen makes a Speech to the Deputies.-She is well received at the Theatre.-Negotiations with Mirabeau.-The Queen's Views of the Position of Affairs.-The Jacobin Club denounces Mirabeau.-Deputation of Anacharsis Clootz.-Demolition of the Statue of Louis XIV.-Abolition of Titles of Honor.-The Queen admits Mirabeau to an Audience.-His Admiration of her Courage and Talents.-Anniversary of the Capture of the Bastile.-Fete of the Champ de Mars.-Presence of Mind of the Queen.
- CHAPTER XXVIII. Great Tumults in the Provinces.-Mutiny in the Marquis de Bouille's Army. -Disorder of the Assembly.-Difficulty of managing Mirabeau.-Mercy is removed to The Hague.-Marie Antoinette sees constant Changes in the Aspect of Affairs.-Marat denounces Her.-Attempts are made to assassinate Her.-Resignation of Mirabeau.-Misconduct of the Emigrant Princes.
- CHAPTER XXIX. Louis and Marie Antoinette contemplate Foreign Intervention.-The Assembly passes Laws to subordinate the Church to the Civil Power.-Insolence of La Fayette.-Marie Antoinette refuses to quit France by Herself.-The Jacobins and La Fayette try to revive the Story of the Necklace.-Marie Antoinette with her Family.-Flight from Paris is decided on.-The Queen's Preparations and Views.-An Oath to observe the new Ecclesiastical Constitution is imposed on the Clergy.-The King's Aunts leave France.
- CHAPTER XXX. The Mob attacks the Castle at Vincennes.-La Fayette saves it.-He insults the Nobles who come to protect the King.-Perverseness of the Count d'Artois and the Emigrants.-Mirabeau dies.-General Sorrow for his death.-He would probably not have been able to arrest the Revolution.- The Mob prevent the King from visiting St. Cloud.-The Assembly passes a Vote to forbid him to go more than twenty Leagues from Paris.
- CHAPTER XXXI. Plans for the Escape of the Royal Family.-Dangers of Discovery.- Resolution of the Queen.-The Royal Family leave the Palace.-They are recognized at Ste. Menehould.-Are arrested at Varennes.-Tumult in the City, and in the Assembly.-The King and Queen are brought back to Paris.
- CHAPTER XXXII. Marie Antoinette's Feelings on her Return.-She sees Hopes of Improvement.-The 17th of July.-The Assembly inquire into the King's Conduct on leaving Paris.-They resolve that there is no Reason for taking Proceedings.-Excitement in Foreign Countries.-The Assembly proceeds to complete the Constitution.-It declares all the Members Incapable of Election to the New Assembly.-Letters of Marie Antoinette to the Emperor and to Mercy.-The Declaration of Pilnitz.-The King accepts the Constitution.-Insults offered to him at the Festival of the Champ de Mars.-And to the Queen at the Theatre.-The First or Constituent Assembly is dissolved.
- CHAPTER XXXIII. Composition of the New Assembly.-Rise of the Girondins,-Their Corruption and Eventual Fate.-Vergniaud's Motions against the King.-Favorable Reception of the King at the Assembly, and at the Opera.-Changes in the Ministry.-The King's and Queen's Language to M. Bertrand de Moleville.- The Count de Narbonne.-Petion is elected Mayor of Paris.-Scarcity of Money, and Great Hardships of the Royal Family.-Presents arrive from Tippoo Sahib.-The Dauphin.-The Assembly passes Decrees against the Priests and the Emigrants.-Misconduct of the Emigrants.-Louis refuses his Assent to the Decrees.-He issues a Circular condemning Emigration.
- CHAPTER XXXIV. Death of Leopold.-Murder of Gustavus of Sweden.-Violence of Vergniaud. -The Ministers resign.-A Girondin Ministry is appointed.-Character of Dumouriez.-Origin of the Name Sans-culottes.-Union of Different Parties against the Queen.-War is declared against the Empire.-Operations in the Netherlands.-Unskillfulness of La Fayette.-The King falls into a State of Torpor.-Fresh Libels on the Queen.-Barnave's Advice.-Dumouriez has an Audience of the Queen.-Dissolution of the Constitutional Guard.- formation of a Camp near Paris.-Louis adheres to his Refusal to assent to the Decree against the Priests.-Dumouriez resigns his Office, and takes command of the Army.
- CHAPTER XXXV. The Insurrection of June 20th.
- CHAPTER XXXVI. Feelings of Marie Antoinette.-Different Plans are formed for her Escape. -She hopes for Aid from Austria and Prussia.-La Fayette comes to Paris. -His Mismanagement.-An Attempt is made to assassinate the Queen.-The Motion of Bishop Lamourette.-The Feast of the Federation.-La Fayette proposes a Plan for the King's Escape.-Bertrand proposes Another.-Both are rejected by the Queen.
- CHAPTER XXXVII. Preparation for a New Insurrection.-Barbarous brings up a Gang from Marseilles.-The King's last Levee.-The Assembly rejects a Motion for the Impeachment of La Fayette.-It removes some Regiments from Paris.- Preparations of the Court for Defense.-The 10th of August.-The City is in Insurrection.-Murder of Mandat.-Louis reviews the Guards.-He takes Refuge with the Assembly.-Massacre of the Swiss Guards.-Sack of the Tuileries.-Discussions in the Assembly.-The Royal Authority is suspended.
- CHAPTER XXXVIII. Indignities to which the Royal Family are subjected.-They are removed to the Temple.-Divisions in the Assembly.-Flight of La Fayette.-Advance of the Prussians.-Lady Sutherland supplies the Dauphin with Clothes.-Mode of Life in the Temple.-The Massacres of September.-The Death of the Princess de Lamballe.-Insults are heaped on the King and Queen.-The Trial of the King.-His Last Interview with his Family.-His Death.
- CHAPTER XXXIX. The Queen is refused Leave to see Clery.-Madame Royale is taken Ill.- Plans are formed for the Queen's Escape by MM. Jarjayes, Toulan, and by the Baron de Batz.-Marie Antoinette refuses to leave her Son.-Illness of the young King.-Overthrow of the Girondins.-Insanity of the Woman Tison.-Kindness of the Queen to her.-Her Son is taken from her, and intrusted to Simon.-His Ill-treatment.-The Queen is removed to the Conciergerie.-She is tried before the Revolutionary Tribunal.-She is condemned.-Her last Letter to the Princess Elizabeth.-Her Death and Character.
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