The Man Without a Face: The Unlikely Rise of Vladimir Putin

Index

Abramovich, Roman, 255–56

Activism

Leningrad, 77–79, 82, 83, 86–88

pro-democracy, 83, 84, 87

See also People’s Front

Albright, Madeleine, 35

Alexandrov, Alexander, 179

All-Russia State Television, 185

Angleterre Hotel (Leningrad), 72–73, 75–76, 77

Apartment-block bombings (1999), 23–25, 26, 36–42, 202, 203–4, 211, 216, 217, 218

Armenia, 3, 79, 81, 82, 84

Artemyev, Igor, 109

Assassinations, 219

FSB, 200, 201

Putin and, 226, 264

See also Murder; Poisoning

Aushev, Ruslan, 214, 215

Azerbaijan, 2, 79, 81, 102

Babitsky, Andrei, 32–36, 42, 161, 212

Baikalfinansgrup, 253, 254

Bakatin, Vadim, 93–94

Baku, 102

Baltic republics, 106, 133

Battle of the Angleterre, 76, 89

Belyaev, Alexander, 109

Berezovsky, Boris, 12, 26, 28–29, 41, 175, 188, 202, 209

Putin and, 15–21, 27, 31, 32, 42, 43, 131, 140, 171, 173–74, 182, 200–201, 257, 261

Berlin, 65, 67–68

Berzin, Yan, 53–54

Beslan school hostage incident, 189–90, 191–94, 212–17, 218, 221, 248–49

Bezrukov, Sergei, 97–98

Bills

lustration, 3, 4, 6

Putin and, 181, 182, 190

Bogdanov, Alexander, 135–36

Boldyrev, Yuri, 119, 121, 123–24, 136

Bolsheviks, 53, 178

Bombings

apartment-block (1999), 23–25, 26, 36–42, 202, 203–4, 211, 216, 217, 218

Leningrad, Angleterre Hotel (1987), 72–73, 75–76, 77

Bonner, Yelena, 174–75

Borisenko, Viktor, 48, 57

Browder, William, 233–34, 235, 243–47, 248

Buhre, Paul, 81

Bush, George W., 229

Buynaksk, 23

Bystritsky, Andrei, 187–88

Censorship, 73, 82. See also Journalism; Media

Channel One (Russian Public Television), 17, 27, 172, 174

Chechens, 25, 41, 146–51, 212, 213, 217, 224–25

Chechnya, 5, 17, 23, 107, 145, 154–55, 209, 213, 214, 217, 221, 226

Putin and, 208, 220, 224, 231–33

wars, 25–26, 28, 32–35, 36, 146–48, 149–51, 155, 208, 210, 214, 218, 220, 229, 231–32

Cherkesov, Viktor, 160

Chochiev, Alan, 195

Chubais, Anatoly, 12, 20, 21, 22, 28, 31

CNN, 173

Committee for Constitutional Oversight, 98

Committee 2008, 186

Communism, 132–33. See also Soviet Union

Communist Party, 3, 4, 6, 20–21, 22, 60, 73, 77, 80, 83, 84, 85, 86–87, 88, 89, 92, 97, 104, 118, 124, 133, 227, 242–43

Companies, 239

corruption of, 234, 241–42, 244–47, 248

Congress of People’s Deputies, 125–26

Constitution, Russian, 153, 154, 181

Corruption

of companies, 234, 241–42, 244–47, 248

in elections, 182–83, 184–85, 186–88, 228, 267–68

of Putin, 254, 256–57, 258, 259–60, 261, 266, 270

in Russia, 248, 255–56, 258, 264, 266, 270

Coup (1991), 105–6, 107–14, 115–18, 119, 235

Courtyards, of Soviet apartment buildings, 46, 48

Death of a Dissident: The Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko and the Return of the KGB (Goldfarb), 224

Decrees, 153–54, 181, 182

Democracy

Kasparov campaign to establish, 102, 190–91, 192–97

Putin and, 131, 132, 134, 181–82, 184, 187, 190–91

Russia and, 131, 132, 134, 181–89, 227–28

Democratic Russia, 5

Democrats (Russia), 110, 115, 126, 227

KGB and, 98

Detention cells/camps, 74, 149

Discussion groups, Leningrad, 76, 77, 80

Dissidents, 61, 72, 73, 126. See also “Informals”

Dorenko, Sergei, 171–73

Dozen Knives at My Back, A (Sobchak), 141

Drel, Anton, 240

Dresden, 62–64, 65–67, 68–69, 70

Dresden University of Technology, 64

Drozdov, Yuri, 97

Dubeykovskaya, Yana, 184, 186

Dubov, Yuli, 257

Duma, 6, 20, 22, 180, 203, 228. See also Parliament

Dzasokhov, Alexander, 214

Echo Moskvy, 1, 2, 204

Economic crisis (1998), 181, 236–37

Economy, 236

Illarionov and, 230–33

Putin and, 230, 231, 232, 233, 241, 253–54, 259

Russian, 255

St. Petersburg, 134–35, 139

Elections

corruption in, 182–83, 184–85, 186–88, 228, 267–68

journalism and, 228–29

1989, 83–84

parliamentary (2003), 227–28, 243

presidential (2000), 263

presidential (2004), 183–88, 263

presidential (2008), 263

Putin presidential candidacy, 19–22, 27, 28, 29, 30–31, 36, 41–42, 127, 142, 145, 147, 148–49, 150–51, 153, 183, 184–85, 186, 187–88, 263, 270

Putin’s changes to, 190

Estonia, 106, 133

Ethnic conflicts, 106. See also Armenia; Chechens; Chechnya

European Union, 133, 208

“Family” (around Yeltsin), 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 21, 29

Federal Security Service (FSB), 23, 38, 40, 209, 213, 214

apartment-block bombings (1999) and, 31, 38–42, 202, 203, 216, 217

assassinations, 200, 201

Putin and, 18, 39, 41, 42, 152–53, 160, 172, 200–201

terrorism and, 217

whistle-blowers, 199–204

Felshtinsky, Yuri, 202, 203

Flag

new Russia (1991), 114–15, 178

USSR, 114–15, 178

Foreign postings

Dresden, 62–64, 65–67, 68–69, 70

money and, 64–65

Foundation for Effective Politics, 27, 28, 131

FSB. See Federal Security Service

Gagry, 56

Gaidar, Yegor, 13, 127

Gazprom, 163, 164, 253

Georgia, 45, 56, 106

Germany, 44, 53, 133

East, 62–64, 65–66, 67–70

emigrants from East to West, 67

protests and unrest in East, 66, 67–69

reunification, 66, 68

West, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67–68

See also World War II

Gevorkyan, Natalia, 32, 33–34, 36, 45, 52, 93, 161

Gidaspov, Boris, 89

GKChP. See State Committee for the State of Emergency in the USSR

Glasnost (openness), 73

Glazyev, Sergei, 184–85, 186

Glinka, Mikhail, 179

Goldfarb, Alexander, 28, 182, 202, 223, 224–25

Gonchar, Nikolai, 115

Gorbachev, Mikhail, 4, 66, 73–74, 85–86, 93, 98, 164, 178

coup (1991) and, 106, 107, 108, 114, 115

Great Palace (Kremlin), 151

Great Terror, 79

Grozny, 25, 26, 146–50, 209

Gusinsky, Vladimir, 36, 41, 132, 155, 156, 159, 161, 162–64, 174, 175, 185, 188, 189

Hamzat (Chechen man), 148–49

Hermitage Fund, 234, 244

Hostage incidents, 218

Beslan school, 189–90, 191–94, 212–17, 218, 221, 248–49

Moscow theater, 204–8, 209, 210–11, 213, 217, 218

House of culture, Kasparov at, 191–92

“Hyde Park” (Mikhailov Gardens, Leningrad), 77–78

Illarionov, Andrei, 230–33, 235, 243, 248, 249, 259

Independent Press Center, 137, 138

“Informals,” 74–76, 92, 93

Information Point, 76, 77

Interregional Group, 3

Itogi, 1–2, 164

Ivanov, Igor, 35

Journalism, 137, 138

elections and, 228–29

investigative, 144, 211–13, 221

Putin coverage in U.S., 229–30, 233, 248

Russia coverage in U.S., 228–30, 233, 248

Kadyrov, Ramzan, 224–25

Kartofelnikov, Alexei, 37, 38, 40

Kasparov, Garry, 102, 190–91, 192–97, 218, 267

Kasyanov, Mikhail, 153, 154, 163, 164, 242, 249–51

Kazansky Cathedral (Leningrad), 78

KGB, 3, 8, 137, 162

active reserve, 93–94, 95, 136

bloating (1970s) of, 60, 63

coup (1991) and, 66, 99, 108, 110, 115, 117

democrats and, 98

directorates, 64

dismantling of, 114

dissidents and, 61

drafting of undercover agents, 64, 66

Dresden outpost, 62–64, 65–67, 68–69, 70

ideology of, 60, 63

illegal intelligence directorate, 64, 97

image of, 52

officer school, 61

Putin and, 17, 18, 28, 32, 36, 50–51, 52–53, 54, 55, 56–57, 59–64, 65–67, 68–69, 70, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98–99, 117, 118, 133, 134, 136, 181, 260

spy school, 62

Khakamada, Irina, 186, 187, 188

Khodorkovsky, Mikhail, 131–32, 213, 235–43, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252–53, 254, 259–60

Khramtsov, Viktor, 109

Khrushchev, Nikita, 179

Klebanov, Ilya, 169–70

Knowledge Day, 188–89

Kolesnikov, Sergei, 254–55, 256–57, 258

Kommersant, 152, 182

Komsomol, 235

Kontinent, 118, 119

Kovalev, Alexei, 75, 89, 180

Kovtun, Dmitry, 225, 226

Kraft, Robert, 258

Kremlin, 16, 141, 151, 211, 219

television and, 167–68

Kryuchkov, Vladimir, 117, 118, 152

Kuroyedov, Vladimir, 169

Kursk disaster, 164–72, 173, 206

Larry King Live, 173

Latvia, 106

Lebedev, Platon, 238, 240, 242, 250, 252

Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, 235–36

Leningrad, 61, 70, 107, 119, 120

activism, 77–79, 82, 83, 84, 86–88

Angleterre Hotel bombing (1987), 72–73, 75–76, 77

Committee for Foreign Relations, 121

commodity exports, 121–24

food imports, 121–22, 123–24

meat imports, 104–5, 118–19

postwar, 72

Putin as deputy mayor of, 107, 119, 120–23

rationing and protests (1989–1990), 102–4

Siege of, 43–45, 46, 71–72, 102

television station, 110, 112

See also St. Petersburg

Leningrad city council, 92–93, 102, 103, 114, 125

coup (1991) and, 109–11, 112

Putin in, 95–99

Salye on, 88, 89, 91, 104–5, 109, 110, 112, 118, 119, 121, 122–23, 124

See also St. Petersburg city council

Leningrad State University, 54, 55, 59, 94–95, 96

Lesin, Mikhail, 163

Liberal Democratic Party, 227

Liberals, 186–87, 227, 230

Linkov, Ruslan, 7

Lithuania, 106

Litvinenko, Alexander, 199–203, 209–10, 220

poisoning of, 221–26, 260

Litvinovich, Marina, 27–28, 167, 168, 186, 187, 200–202, 213, 214, 215, 216, 218–19, 222–23, 224, 239, 240

Lugovoy, Andrei, 225, 226

Lustration, 70

bill, 3, 4, 6

Luzhkov, Yuri, 20, 21, 27, 111, 161

Magnitsky, Sergei, 245, 246–48

Maksimov, Vladimir, 137

Maksimova, Tamara, 137

Man with a Ruble (Khodorkovsky and Nevzlin), 235–36, 238

Mariinsky Palace (Leningrad), 89, 90, 109, 111, 112

Maskhadov, Aslan, 214, 215

Mayakovsky Square rally (Moscow, 1991), 4–5

Meat imports, 102

Leningrad and, 104–5, 118–19

Media, 14, 162

police special forces and, 155–56

Putin and, 163–64

Media-Most, 155–56, 159

Medved (The Bear), 29

Medvedev, Dmitry, 263–64, 265–66, 270

Meri, Lennart, 133

Merkel, Angela, 220

Mikhailov Gardens (Leningrad), 77–78

Mikhalkov, Sergei, 179

Military, and Putin, 153–54

Moscow, 16, 27, 69, 71, 102, 106, 107, 119, 123, 140, 181

apartment-block bombings, 23, 24–25, 37–38, 203

coup (1991) and, 110, 111, 113–14, 115

theater hostage incident, 204–8, 209, 210–11, 213, 217, 218

Mothers of Beslan, 192, 193

Murder. See Assassinations; Poisoning

Murder of Politkovskaya, 219–21, 224–25

Nagorno-Karabakh, 2–3, 81–82

Narusova, Ludmila, 135–36, 140, 141

National anthem

Russian, 179, 180

Soviet Union, 179–80

Navalny, Alexey, 266–67

Nevsky Prospekt (Leningrad), 103, 114, 115, 136

Nevzlin, Leonid, 235–36, 238–39, 242, 253

New Cemetery (Beslan), 191

Nikolayev, Nikolai, 40, 41

NKVD, 53, 54

North Ossetia, 189, 194, 195, 212, 214

Novaya Gazeta, 203, 211

NTV, 36, 40, 41, 156, 164, 185, 188

Oil, 236, 238, 241, 253–54

Oreshkina, Darya, 183

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), 227, 228

Otechestvo—Vsya Rossiya (Fatherland—All Russia), 15

Otkrytaya Rossiya (Open Russia), 237–38

Padva, Genrikh, 252

Parliament, 178, 179

elections (2003), 227–28, 243

Putin and, 180, 181, 182, 190, 228

See also Duma

“Patriotic Song, The,” 179

Patrushev, Nikolai, 39, 42

Pavlov, Valentin, 118, 119

People’s deputies, 84–85, 91, 126

People’s Front, 79–80, 86–87, 88

Perestroika, 73, 79

Petrograd, 71. See also Leningrad; St. Petersburg

Podoltseva, Ekaterina, 78, 82

Poisoning, 199, 212

Litvinenko, 221–26, 260

Police, secret, 197

Beslan school hostage incident and, 216, 217

Moscow theater hostage incident and, 209, 210–11

See also Federal Security Service

Police special forces, 103, 110, 206–7

media and, 155–56

Politburo, 73

Political analysts, on Putin’s Russia, 177–78

Politkovskaya, Anna, 210–11, 212–13, 214, 216

murder of, 219–21, 224–25, 226

Popov, Gavriil, 111

Primakov, Yevgeny, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 27, 41

Privatization, 14, 135, 164, 236

Prokhorov, Mikhail, 132, 267, 268–70

Propaganda, 187–88, 213

Protests

Battle of the Angleterre, 76

in East Germany, 66, 67–69

Leningrad rationing and, 102–4

in Soviet Union, 76

See also “Informals”

Putin, Vladimir (father), 44–45, 47, 48, 52, 53, 54, 55–56

Putin, Vladimir Vladimirovich, 128, 158

as acting president, 29, 30–31, 35, 151–52, 153–55, 160, 167, 172–74, 177–78, 179

ambition of, 60

assassinations and, 226, 264

authoritarianism of, 261–62, 265

Babitsky and, 32–34, 35, 36

Berezovsky and, 15–21, 27, 31, 32, 42, 43, 131, 140, 171, 173–74, 182, 200, 257, 261

Beslan school hostage incident and, 189–90, 191, 214, 216–17, 249

bills and, 181, 182, 190

biography of, 31–32, 33, 36, 43, 45–46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 57, 58, 59, 69, 93, 116, 117, 120, 131, 145, 169, 170

Chechnya and, 208, 220, 224, 231–33

communism and, 132–33

constitution and, 153, 154, 181

corruption of, 254, 256–57, 258, 259–60, 261, 266, 270

coup (1991) and, 112, 116–17, 118, 119

decrees of, 153–54, 181, 182

democracy and, 131, 132, 134, 181–82, 184, 187, 190–91

and destruction of public space, 262

at Dresden KGB outpost, 62–64, 65–67, 68–69, 70

early education of, 47–48, 49, 50, 54–55

early life, 44–50, 51–53, 54–56

economy and, 230, 231, 232, 233, 241, 253–54, 259

election changes by, 190

envoys of, 181–82

FSB and, 18, 39, 41, 42, 152–53, 160, 172, 200–201

gait of, 151

higher education of, 54–56

Illarionov and, 230–33

inauguration, 151–52, 181, 259

Kasyanov and, 153, 242, 249–51

KGB and, 17, 18, 28, 32, 36, 50–51, 52–53, 54, 55, 56–57, 59–64, 65–67, 68–69, 70, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98–99, 117, 118, 133, 134, 136, 181, 260

at Kremlin, 141, 142, 151

Kursk disaster and, 167, 168, 169, 170–72, 173

in Leningrad city council, 95–99

as Leningrad deputy mayor, 107, 119, 120–23

Litvinenko poisoning and, 225–26, 260

marriage of, 59, 62–63

media and, 163–64

Medvedev and, 263, 264, 265, 266, 270

military and, 153–54

as Moscow deputy head of presidential property management, 140

Moscow theater hostage incident and, 208

mythology of, 46

parliament and, 179, 181, 182, 190, 228

political analysts on Russia of, 177–78

Politkovskaya murder and, 220–21, 225

popularity of, 27, 29

as president, 127, 129, 227

as presidential candidate, 19–22, 27, 28, 29, 30–31, 36, 41–42, 127, 142, 145, 147, 148–49, 150–51, 153, 270

as prime minister, 22, 26–27, 172, 263

reelection (2000) of, 263

reelection candidacy (2004) of, 183, 184–85, 186, 187–88, 263

relationships of, 58–59

Rozhdestvensky and, 159–61

Sobchak and, 95–99, 117, 123, 124, 125, 131, 132, 134, 136, 137, 138, 140, 142–44, 184

Soviet Union and, 133–34, 182, 270

as St. Petersburg deputy mayor, 134

as St. Petersburg political aide, 15–16, 21–22

television and, 171–72, 173–74, 187–88, 228

terrorism and, 217–18

as thug and fighter, 48–49, 50–52, 145, 242, 265

U.S. journalism on, 229–30, 233, 248

vertical power strengthening of, 181–82

vulgarisms of, 264–65

wealth of, 254, 256–57, 258–59

Yeltsin and, 19–20, 21, 22, 26, 27, 29, 30–31, 35

Putina, Ekaterina (daughter), 63, 69

Putina, Ludmila Alexandrovna (wife), 58–59, 63, 69, 70, 119–20, 140

Putina, Maria (daughter), 59, 63

Putina, Maria Ivanovna (mother), 44, 45, 47, 52, 55–56

Radio Liberty / Radio Free Europe, 32, 34, 36

Red Army Faction (RAF), 65

Revenko, Yevgeniy, 185, 188

Revolutions, Russian, 53, 71, 178, 180

Rodina (Motherland), 227

Roginsky, Arseniy, 117

Roldugin, Sergei, 57–58, 70

Rosinvest, 256

Rosneft, 241, 253, 254

Rostov, 196, 212

Rozhdestvensky, Dmitry, 156–61

Rushailo, Vladimir, 39

Russia

authoritarianism of, 261–62

constitution, 153, 154, 181

corruption in, 248, 255–56, 258, 264, 266, 270

crime, 2, 155, 169, 246. See also Corruption

democracy and, 131, 132, 134, 181–89, 227–28

economic crisis (1998), 181, 236–37

economy of, 255

legislature, 125–26

national anthem, 179, 180

new flag (1991), 114–15, 178

new government (1990s), 114–15, 124, 125–26, 131–32, 138

political analysts on Putin’s, 177–78

privatization, 14, 135, 164, 236

regions of, 181

revolutions, 53, 71, 178, 180

state seal, 179

U.S. journalism on, 228–30, 233, 248

wealth and property redistribution, 124–25, 131

wealth disparity, 134–35

Russian Federation, 179, 181. See also Russia

Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, 179

Russian Union of Journalists, 188

Russkoye Video, 156–61, 162

Rutskoy, Alexander, 112–13

Ryazan, 24, 36–40, 41, 202, 203

Rybakov, Yuli, 82, 103, 180, 203

Sakharov, Andrei, 3, 28, 73, 82–83, 84, 85–86, 88, 174

Salye, Marina, 80–81, 83, 86, 87, 101–2, 125, 127–28, 136, 209, 258

coup (1991) and, 109, 110, 112, 115

on Leningrad city council, 88, 89, 91, 104–5, 109, 110, 112, 118, 119, 121, 122–23, 124

Sambo (Soviet martial art), 51–52, 55

Samodurov, Yuri, 175

Samsonov, Viktor, 109, 111, 112–13

Sarovoitova, Galina, 84

Sergeyev, Igor, 35

Sharogradskaya, Anna, 136–37, 138

Shchekochikhim, Yuri, 211, 212, 226

Shcherbakov, Vyacheslav, 92, 113, 116

Shevchenko, Yuri, 141, 143

Shield and the Sword, The, 52

Shuvalov, Igor, 251

Skoybeda, Vitaly, 109, 114, 140, 141, 143

Sobchak, Anatoly Alexandrovich, 15, 21, 84, 91–92, 103, 105, 107, 127, 135, 141, 157, 158, 159, 254, 255

coup (1991) and, 109–11, 112, 113, 116–17, 118

death of, 143–44, 226

investigation of, 139, 140

Putin and, 95–99, 117, 123, 124, 125, 131, 132, 134, 136, 137, 138, 140, 142–44, 184

unpopularity of, 137, 138–39

Soshnikov, Ivan, 77–78

Soviet-Finnish War, 71

Soviet-German war, 44–46

Soviet military intelligence, 53

Soviet republics, 106–7

Soviet Union (USSR), 185–86

changes (1985), 66

changes (1987–1989), 77–88

collapse, 2, 5, 14, 22, 29, 73–74, 81, 85, 102, 106–7, 114–15, 165

flag, 114–15, 178

national anthem, 179–80

protests in Leningrad, 75–76

Putin and, 133–34, 182, 270

St. Isaac’s Square (Leningrad), 72, 76, 89

St. Petersburg, 8–9, 15–16, 21–22, 43, 46, 73, 81, 92, 93, 123, 124, 133, 136, 158, 184

economic problems, 134–35, 139

history of, 71

politics, 138–39

television, 136, 137

See also Leningrad

St. Petersburg city council, 127. See also Leningrad city council

St. Petersburg University, 138

Stalin, Joseph, 53, 66, 79

Stalin era, 60

Starovoitova, Galina, 2, 3–4, 5–6, 7–8, 9, 82, 106, 156

Stasi, 63, 65, 68, 69

State Committee for the State of Emergency in the USSR (GKChP), 108, 109, 111, 112, 113, 119

State racketeering, 164. See also Corruption

State seal, 179

Supreme Court (USSR), 79

Supreme Soviet, 3, 114, 119, 126–27

Surkov, Vladislav, 269–70

Television

Kremlin and, 167–68

Leningrad station, 110, 112

Putin and, 171–72, 173–74, 187–88, 228

Television (cont.)

St. Petersburg, 136, 137

state, 185, 187–88

See also Channel One; Echo Moskvy; Russkoye Video

Terkibaev, Khanpash, 209, 210–11, 220, 221

Terrorism, 189, 208

FSB and, 217

Putin and, 217–18

See also Bombings; Hostage incidents

Trepashkin, Mikhail, 203–4

Tsipko, Alexander, 178

Ukraine, 107

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). See Soviet Union

United Russia, 227, 267, 270

United States, media coverage on Putin and Russia, 228–30, 233, 248

U.S. News & World Report, 162, 164, 228

USSR. See Soviet Union

Vaksberg, Arkady, 142, 144

Vanyushin, Yuri, 160, 161, 162

Vidyayevo, 168–69, 171, 172, 173

Vinnikov, Alexander, 75

Vladikavkaz, 194

Volgodonsk, 24, 203

Voloshin, Alexander, 12, 20, 167, 168, 173–74

Wealth

disparity in Russia, 134–35

of Putin, 254, 256–57, 258–59

Russian property redistribution and, 124–25, 131

Whistle-blowers, 199–204

World War II, 53, 71, 133

Siege of Leningrad, 43–45, 46, 71–72, 102

Yakovlev, Vladimir, 139, 158

Yedinstvo (Unity), 29

Yeltsin, Boris Nikolayevich, 3–5, 17, 18, 84, 98, 106, 107, 118, 119, 123, 145, 151, 153, 164, 178, 179, 182, 230

accomplishments of, 13–14

Congress of People’s Deputies and, 125–26

coup (1991) and, 110, 111, 112, 113, 115

disillusionment with, 11–15

and dissolution of Supreme Soviet, 126–27

Putin and, 19–20, 21, 22, 26, 27, 29, 30–31, 35

Yesenin, Sergei, 72

Young Pioneers, 49, 50

Yuganskneftegaz, 253

Yukos, 236, 238, 240, 242, 251–54

Yumashev, Valentin, 12, 18, 20

Yumasheva, Tatyana, 12, 20

Yuriev, Alexander, 138

Yushenkov, Sergei, 127–28, 129, 209–10, 226

Zakaev, Ahmed, 209, 211, 212, 214, 217

Zelinskaya, Yelena, 74, 76, 114