The Meaning of Happiness

INDEX

abandonment, 131–32, 196, 218n3

abstinence, 41–43, 52

acceptance: Christianity vs. Oriental religion, 73–75; conscious relationship and, 84–86; defined, 88; of emotions, 117–18; of evil, 64–67; as fatalistic, 184; of God, 135–36; of Grace, 138–40, 141–42; of life, 61, 67–68, 184; modern man and, 76–77, 88; of the moment, 163–64; morality and, 71–73, 133–34; of oneself, 140–42, 178; of opposites, 194–95, 203–5, 211; in Oriental psychology, 105; partial vs. total, 68–71, 72, 132–34; spiritual freedom and, 189; St. Michael/Dragon myth and, 61–62, 72–73, 133–34; technique of, 125–26; total, x, 60, 135–36, 174, 203; of the unconscious, 113–16; vicious circle in, 134–35, 139

action, 27, 189

Acts of John (apocryphal text), 206, 221–22n4

Adam/Eve myth, 24–25, 137

Adler, Alfred W., 61

Advaita, 150

ahimsa, 76

allegory, 36, 103–4

Amitabha Buddha, 157

analytical psychology: aims of, 106; dangers of, 101–5; individuation in, 99–101, 200–203; language of, 98–99; modern man and, 142; Oriental psychology and, 95, 105–8; practical essentials, 108–11; re-creation of the individual in, 95–99; religion and, 143; self in, 96–98

anatta, 159

Andreyev, Leonid, 187

angels, 46–47, 79

Anglo-Saxons, 22

anicca, 159

anima, 98, 119–20, 134

animus, 98, 120–21, 134

Apostles’ Creed, 37

archetypes, 96, 98

Aristotelianism, ix

Arnold, Edwin, 130, 165

Artha, 30

arts, 42

asceticism, 39, 40–43, 166

“as if,” philosophy of, 23

Assagioli, Roberto, 95

association, 112

Athanasius, Saint, 191

Augustine, Saint, 126, 144, 205

avidya, 154

Bach, Johann Sebastian, 44

Bacon, Francis, 20, 161

Bailey, Alice, 29

balance, 200

Ballard, Guy and Edna, 29

beauty, 56–57

Beethoven, Ludwig van, 44

Berdyaev, Nikolai, 66, 73, 144, 190–91, 215n2 (ch. 2), 218n3

Berkeley, George, 86

Bible, 215n3 (ch. 3)

bodhisattvas, 82, 162

body: interconnections of, 25; resurrection of, 37; Taoist view of, 27

Brahman: as acceptance, x–xii, 69–70; action and, 27; Buddhism and, 159, 160; creative power of (maya), 214n7; nonduality and, 150–53; pantheism and, 149–50; as Self, 4–5, 26, 26–27, 159, 214n1; soul as, 69–70; as symbol of psychological experience, 86–87; union with, 39; Upanishads on, 69–70, 148–53, 160; Western intellectualism and, 184

Buchmanism, 29

Buddha: demonic counterparts of, 82; etymology of, 156; gratitude and Godlike level of, 207; Lao Tzu as contemporary of, 167; Mahayana Buddhism and, 161, 162, 165; psychological approach of, 145; on self-agency, 219–20n9; teachings of, 159–61

Buddhism, xix; acceptance in, 69, 124, 218n5; duality and, 136–37; early, 156–58; emotion and, 116–17; escape in, 38, 39; of Gautama Siddhartha, 159–61; gods/demons in, 82, 117; Hinayana, 38, 39, 116, 161, 162; iconography of, 117; individuation symbolism in, 202; Mahayana, 136–37, 147, 157, 161–66, 172; mandalas in, 217n5; morality in, 166; nature in, 19; as nontheistic, 207; object of, 77–78; as philosophy/psychology of the moment, 163–64; as psychological religion, 73; spiritual freedom in, 147; spiritual ideals of, 161; states of mind in, 73, 74, 75, 106; stories in, 49; Taoism and, 167, 172, 173; upaya in, xiii; Western converts to, 76, 77, 143; Zen, 117, 173–76

Buddhist Bible, 220n12

Buddhist psychology, 157

Burma, 161

byodo, 218n5

Calvin, John, 143

Calvinism, 21–22, 23, 191

Canticle to the Sun (St. Francis), 128–29

Carlyle, Thomas, 61, 131

Catherine of Genoa, Saint, 150

Catholic Church, 28, 143, 191

Catholic philosophy, 19

causality, 23, 185–86, 192–93

center, 196–97, 202, 203

Ceylon, 161

Chandogya Upanishad, 149–50, 219n6

change, hatred of, 10–11

charity, 41

chastity, 42

Chen Wei-ming, 108

Chesterton, G. K., 129

China, 147, 173–76

Chinese Buddhism, 117, 157, 173–76

Chinese philosophy, 19, 27

Chinese proverbs, xxiv

Christianity, xxvi, xxviii; aim of, 74; converts to, 76; doctrines in, 73; duality and, 137–38; evil and, 66–67, 83, 130; Grace in, 165, 172; immortal soul in, 19; individuation symbolism in, 202; life after death in, 58; modern, 37, 83, 142; morality in, 71–73, 133–34, 137–38; nature as viewed in, 19; Oriental religion and, 73–75, 143–44; psychological approach to, 145; psychology of, 74–75; skepticism about, 29; spiritual freedom and, 190–92, 197–98; spiritual happiness in, 36–38; worship rituals in, 128

Christian mysticism, 74, 75, 78

Christian psychology, 62

Christian Science, 29, 64

Christian theology, xvii, 130

Chuang Tzu, 27, 107, 124, 167, 171

churches, 128

Ch’u Ta-kao, 167–68

civilization, 13–14, 28–29, 32, 40, 70, 122

clairvoyance, 46

commonplace, the, xxiv–xxv

Communism, 64

conflict: importance of, 14–18; internal, 91–93

Confucius, 167, 168, 176, 196

confusion, xxvi–xxvii

conscience, 72

consciousness: asceticism and refining/exaltation of, 42–43; Brahman and, 69–70, 154; conscious relationship, 84–86; ego as center of, 98; future evolution of, 109; gods/demons lost to, 90; “higher realms” of, 39, 52, 208; individual, x, xxviii–xxix, 8, 15–17, 78–79, 87, 122; life centered in, 100; mental processes and, 111–12; Oriental philosophy and, 38, 39; religious, 191; spiritual freedom and, 202; spirituality and, 35, 47–48, 51; in Vedanta, 153–54; Zen Buddhism and, 173, 178

conscious relationship, 84–86

contentment, 45

craving, 159

Cross, 202

Crowley, Aleister, 29

cults, 83–84. See also religious cults

dance analogy, 50–51, 128, 196–97, 206

Dante, 20, 211–12

death, 34; as complement of life, 5–6, 204; hatred of, 10–11; love of, 204; victory over, 6

demons, 46–47, 79–83, 89, 114. See also gods/demons

depravity, 194–95

depression, 113–16, 195

Descartes, René, 86

determinism, 21, 23, 184, 185–86, 190

Devil, 56, 63, 83

Dhammapada, 158

Dharma, 30, 108

Dhyani Buddhas, 157

disease, 63

divination, 168

dorje, 165–66, 202

dreams, 91–92, 96, 98, 105, 202–3

dualism, 69, 77, 136–38, 142, 203. See also nonduality

dukkha, 159

Dweller on the Threshold, 141

eating, 42

Eckhart, Meister, 78, 144, 191–92, 204–5, 221n2 (ch. 7)

ego: acceptance of life and, xxiv; Buddhism and, 159; conflict and, 17, 90–91, 92–93, 113, 114–15; individuation and, 203; inflated, 78–79; in Jungian psychology, 96–98; limitations of, xx–xxi; unconscious and, 26, 192, 203; unhappiness and, x; universe vs., 106–7

egoism, 79, 155

Egyptian Mysteries, 82–83

Egyptians, ancient, 27, 114

elementals, 46–47, 79

emotion, xx, 110, 116–18

enlightenment, 106–7, 116, 154, 160–66

escape, 28–29, 31, 38, 61, 84, 133–34, 140–41

escapism, 68–69

eternity, 36

everyday life, 51–52

evil: acceptance of, 64–67; internal origins of, 64; morality by battle and, 61–62; pacifism toward, 67–68; problem of, 130; repressed, 137; resistance and, 63

evolution, 17, 22, 106–7, 109

faith, 130–32

Fascism, 64

fasting, 41, 42

fatalism, 183, 184–86, 192

fate vs. free will: fatalism and, 184–86; in Oriental wisdom, 183–84, 187–88; psychology and, 188; spiritual freedom and, 184–86, 188–89

fear, 34; fear of, 11–12, 13, 32, 63; love as opposite of, 9–10; opposites and, 9–12; original, 9–10

feeling, 98, 201–3

feminine principle, 122–24

flesh, mortification of, 41–42

forgiveness, 206

Fragment upon Nature (Goethe), 193–94

Francis, Saint, 128–29

freedom, xxiv, 13, 33–34, 49, 50–51, 155–56, 199. See also spiritual freedom

Freedom and the Spirit (Berdyaev), 66, 190–91, 215n2 (ch. 2)

free will, 184, 186, 189, 191, 192. See also fate vs. free will

French rationalism, 22

Freud, Sigmund, xix, xxiii, 23–25, 26, 61, 90

Galatians, Epistle to, 67

Gautama Siddhartha, 156, 157, 159–61

Geden, A. S., 148

genius, 94–95, 100

Gilbert, W. S., 136

gnana, 155

gnosis, 209

Gnosticism, 197–98, 209

God: abandonment to, 131–32, 218n3; acceptance of, 135–36; anthropomorphic conception of, 19; belief in, 28; conscious relationship with, 84–86; contemplation of, 73–74; cruelty of, 129–30; Devil created by, 83; fate/free will conundrum and, 186; forgiveness of, 206; Grace of, 24, 39, 41, 138–40, 141–42, 165, 172, 191; happiness as union with, ix; Kingdom of, 36–37; longing for, 126–29; love of, 55, 203–5, 211; nature of, 3; Oriental idea of, 136; spiritual freedom and, 190–92, 197–98, 199; substitutes for, 93; union with, 45, 49, 139–40, 191–92; as wholeness of life, 193–94; will of, xxvi, 54; wrath of, 72

Goddard, Dwight, 220n12

gods/demons: ego vs., 113; in emotions/moods, 110, 113–16; importance of, 79–83; modern blindness to, 93, 121; spiritual freedom and, 197; unconscious and, 81–82, 83–86, 87, 90, 113–16

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 193–94, 218n1

goose/golden eggs fable, 3–4

Graham Howe, E., 95, 218n4

gratitude, 205–9

Great Illumination, 208

Guild of Pastoral Psychologists, 216n3

Gurdjieff, G. I., 29

Hadfield, J. A., 95

happiness: books on, xv–xvi; dependent on external circumstances, 41; elusiveness of, xxiii–xxvi, 17, 32, 134, 141, 183; freedom of, 34; relaxation and, xxvi–xxvii; religion and, 32, 35; religious experience and, 43, 44–45; secret of, 183; spiritual, 36–39; superficial sense of, 127; unfortunate associations of, xxiii

harmony, xxiv, 15, 16

hatred, 63, 89

Hearn, Lafcadio, 100

heaven, 36

Hebraic tradition, 218n9

Hegel, G. W. F., 86

hell, 36

Heyer, Gustav, 95

Hinayana Buddhism, 38, 39, 116, 161, 162

Hindu Buddhism, 173

Hinduism, xix, 129; acceptance in, 69–70; decline of, 158; doctrines in, 148–53; duality and, 136–37; education in, 119; gods/demons in, 82; life stages in, 30; man’s evolution in, 16; nature in, 19; object of, 77–78; poetry, xviii; as psychological religion, 73; self as viewed in, 26–27, 33; spiritual freedom in, 147; spiritual happiness in, 38–39; states of mind in, 73, 74, 75, 153–56; union with life in, 50; Western converts to, 76, 143. See also Brahman; Vedanta

Hinkle, Beatrice, 95

Hokoji, 180

homosexuality, 94

hsiang, 202

Huai-nan Tzu, 167

Hui-neng, 108, 175

Humanism, 20–21, 22, 24

humor, 105

Iamblichos, 82–83

I Ching, 168, 171, 172, 202

iconoclasm, 207

identity, personal, 9, 41–42

ignorance, 155

illusion, 77, 151, 214n7

impermanence, 39, 40, 56–57

India, 147, 148, 173

individual, re-creation of, 95–99

individuality, x, 7, 33

individuation: in Jungian psychology, 95–99; meaning of, 99–101; spiritual freedom and, 200–203; symbols of, 107, 202

infantile sexuality, 94

inferior functions, 98

insecurity, 63

insomnia, 115

inspiration, 43–44, 48

intellect, 24, 98, 136, 137, 201–3

intuition, 98, 201–3

irritation, 116

Isa Upanishad, 153

Japanese Buddhism, 117, 217n5

Jesus Christ, 74, 75, 117, 167, 191

Jewish law, 21

Jewish morality, 142–43

Jewish tradition, 218n9

John, Gospel of, 215n3 (ch. 3)

Joshu, 179

joy, xxiv, 45, 155

Judaism, 218n9

jujitsu, 68

Jung, Carl G.: analytical psychology of, 61, 95–99, 102, 200, 203 (see also analytical psychology; unconscious); on Christianity as theology, 144; followers of, 95; as mystic, xxii, 25, 26, 214n6; Oriental philosophy and, xxiii; scientific method used by, 214n6; synchronicity principle of, 167, 168; unconscious theory of, 25–26; Western influence of, xix

Kakuan, 180

Kali Yuga, 16

Kama, 30

Kama Sutra, 119

Katha Upanishad, 148–49

key dreams, 96, 98

Keyserling, Hermann von, 9

Khayyám, Omar, 183

knowledge, 155

Knox, John, 143

Krishnamurti, Jiddu, 29

Kwaido, 175–76

Lamaist Buddhism, 217n5

Lankavatara Sutra, 162–63, 164, 172, 220n12

Lao Tzu: duality and, 137–38; on feminine principle, 122–24; on self-justification, 130; spirituality of, 47; on Tao, 140, 171–72, 197; Tao as concept preceding, 167; Tao Te Ching and, 220n15

Lear, Edward, 115

legalism, 142–43

Legge, James, 168, 172

Leonardo da Vinci, 20, 48, 94

libertinism, 194–95

Lieh Tzu, 114, 167

life, xxiv; acceptance of, 61, 67–68, 184; beauty of, 56–57; dark side of, 59–60, 71; death as complement of, 5–6, 155, 204; ego vs., 17; everyday, 51–52, 58–59, 189–90; as expression of gratitude, 208; Hindu views of, 30; meaningless, 188; opposites in, 4; religion and, 36–39, 199; spirituality as union with, 48–51; stages of, 30; union with, 59–60; use of term, 213n2; wholeness in, 3–5

life after death, 54–55, 58; ignorance of, 53

lila, 129

logic, 20, 80, 83–84

love, xxvii, 51; acceptance and, 60; fear as opposite of, 9–10; of God, 55, 203–5, 211

Lucifer, 83

Lucretius, 43

lunacy, 90

Luther, Martin, 143

Lutheranism, 21

machine, 20–21, 24

Maha-Parinibbana Sutta, 220n9

Mahayana Buddhism, 136–37, 147, 157, 161–66, 172

Mahayana Canon, 166

man: civilized, unhappiness of, 14; faculties/functions of, 201–3; impotence of, and vicious circle, 184; modern, and conscious relationship, 84–86; modern, and Oriental philosophy, 76–77; modern, ego of, 78–79; primitive vs. civilized, 13–14; religious problem of, 142–45; salvation of, 19 (see also salvation); separateness of, 151–52; unconscious goal of, 23–24; universe in, 12, 26

Mana-Personality, 90

mandala, 98, 107, 202

Mandukya Upanishad, 153–54, 160

man vs. nature, 32; civilization and, 13–14, 70, 218n1; ego and, 78; as evolutionary stage, 16–18; historical background of, 19–23; Prodigal Son parable and, 14–16; unconscious and, 108–9

Marx, Karl, 21

masculinity, false, 118–20, 121

materialism, 36

Matthew, Gospel of, 62

maya, 26, 77, 151–52, 187, 214n7

McDougall, William, 213n2

meaning, 188

means, 132–34

meditation, 76, 77, 155, 219n6

Meher Baba, 29

men: feminine spirit in (anima), 98, 119–20; women misunderstood by, 118–19

mental heredity, 111

mental processes, 111–12

mental vitality, 111

metaphysics, 86–87, 162

Methodism, 21

Michael, Saint, 61–62, 67, 72–73, 133–34

Middle Ages, 19

mind: health of, 32; mechanical aspect of, 20–21; processes of, 111–12; unconscious, 25–26

mind reading, 46

Mitrinović, Dimitrije, 209

Modern Man in Search of a Soul (Jung), 144

moksha, ix, xiii

moment, the, 163–64, 170, 174, 177–78

Monoimus the Gnostic, 197–98

moods, 89, 90, 110, 195

moralism, 142–43

morality: acceptance and, 71–73, 133–34; by battle, 61–62; evil and, 65–66; as expression of love, 54; gratitude and, 207; by law, 137–38; reason and, 21–22; religion and, 43, 45–46, 54

mortification, 41–42

Mumon, 180

Mu-mon-kwan (Zen text), 178–79

Mundaka Upanishad, 149

Myanmar, 161

mystery, 209–12

mysticism: Jung and, xxii, 25, 26, 214n6; mystery and, 209–10; union with God in, 45; Western converts to, xxi; wholeness and, 193. See also Christian mysticism

naturalism, 176–77

natural law, 17

nature: acceptance of, 32–33; conscious relationship with, 84–86; dark side of, and ego, 17; everyday experiences of, 64; “getting back to,” 13; harmony with, 15, 16; Oriental vs. Western conceptions of, 19–23; as unforgiving, 206; wholeness in, 193–94. See also man vs. nature

“nature-in-man,” xx–xxi

Nazism, 64, 83–84

neti/neti, 154

neurosis, 94–95, 100

New Testament, 66

Nilambara-Vajrapani (Buddhist deity), 82

nirvana, x, xiii, 160–66, 174–75, 207

No-Gate Barrier, 178–79

nonduality, 150, 154, 160–61, 162, 174

no-self, 159

no-thing-ness, 218n5

occultism, xxi, 46–48

Oedipus Complex, 90

opposites: acceptance of, 194–95, 203–5, 211; in life, 4; love/fear, 9–10; merging of, 39, 77; problem of, 5–9, 32; reason for existence of, 204; tension of, 10–12

optimism, 23

Orientalists, xvi–xvii, 167

Oriental mysticism, 84

Oriental philosophy: acceptance in, 69; Christianity and, 73–75, 143–44; doctrines in, 147–48; duality and, 136–37; English language and, xvi; fate/free will conundrum and, 183–84, 187–88; gods/demons in, 79–82; happiness in, ix–x; modern man and, 76–77, 142; nature as viewed in, 19; object of, 77–78, 86; psychology vs. metaphysics in, 86–87; scientific psychology and, xx–xxiv; states of mind in, 73, 105; unhappiness in, x; Western converts to, 76; Western influence of, xix–xx; Zen and, 182. See also Buddhism; Hinduism; Taoism

Oriental psychology, 95, 105–8, 116

Original Fear, 9–10

original sin, 23–25

Ouspensky, P. D., 29

pacifism, 64, 67–68, 76

pain, 11, 116; evil and, 63; problem of, 58–60

Pali Canon, 157, 160–61, 219n8

pantheism, 149–50

paradox, 185

participation mystique, 70

passivity, 189

Pastoral Psychologists, 95, 216n3

Patanjali, 33

Paul, Saint, 66–67, 137–38, 167

personality, fulfillment of, 95–99, 200–203. See also individuation

pessimism, 187

Pharisees, 117

philosophy, popular, xxiv–xxv

phobias, 90, 116

physics, 50

pleasure-pain principle, 9, 155

pleasures, worldly, 39, 40–43

Pomp, Cornelius, 127–28

possession, 89, 117–18

pralaya, 153

prayer, 41, 128

predestination, 21–22

pride, 138, 189

Prinzhorn, Hans, 95

problems, facing, 105

Prodigal Son parable, 14–16, 70

progress, 37

Protestantism, 21–22, 143

Psalms, Book of, 48

“psychic science,” 46–47

psychism, 54

psychologists, xvi–xvii

psychology: aim of, 90; Christian, 62, 74–75; fate/free will conundrum and, 188; of Oriental religion, 86–87; of religion, 75; religion and, 216n3; scientific theories and, 80–81

psychology, modern, xvi; devotees of, 31; Oriental philosophy and, xx–xxiv; Western influence of, xix. See also analytical psychology

psychosis, 90

psychotherapy, 216n3

Puritan tradition, 21, 22

Pythagoreans, 140

rationalism, 22–24, 55, 144, 186–87

rationalization, 83–84

reason, 39; freedom through, 33; limitations of, 121; man/nature division and, 13, 33; morality and, 21–22; nature and, 20–21; unconscious and, xx

regression, 92–93, 218n4

relaxation, xxvi–xxvii, 40, 56, 68

religion: ascetic, 40–43; as denial of life, 36–39; as entrance to life, 199; essential function of, 54; everyday life and, 58–59; happiness and, 32, 35; “higher sensuality” in, 56–57; individuation symbols in, 202; modern man and, 142–45; nonessentials of, 52–55; occultist, 46–48; psychology of, xxiv, 75; psychotherapy and, 216n3; science vs., 52–53, 55; spirituality in, 35–36, 54–55; substitutes for, 93; women and, 29–30. See also specific religion; spirituality

religious cults, xxi, 29

religious experience, 43–46, 48

Renaissance, 19–20

repression, 32, 64

resistance, 63

resurrection, 37

Rhys Davids, Mrs. C. A. F., 158, 219n8

Richard II (Shakespeare), 101

Rinzai, 176–77

Romans, Epistle to, 66–67

Rosicrucianism, 29

salvation: in Christian doctrine, 19, 62, 75, 138–39; of human mind, 24; morality and, 37; religion and, 31, 55, 206; search for, 31–32, 77; spirituality and, 35–36

sangha, 157

sangsara, 160, 161, 162–63, 174

Saptasatika, 165, 221n4 (ch. 7)

Sasaki, Sokei-an, 220n19

Satan, 63

science: gods/demons and, 80; human anatomy discoveries in, 3; psychology and, 80–81; rationalist, 55; religion vs., 52–53, 55

self, xx; Hindu views of, 33; in Jungian psychology, 96–98, 203; multiplicity of, and universe, 6–7

Self, 49; Brahman as, 4–5, 214n1; Buddhism and, 159; of the universe, God as, 136; of the universe, union with, 74, 77–78; of the Upanishads, 220n9

self-abandonment, 196

self-agency, 219–20n9

self-consciousness, xxviii, 15–16, 78–79, 84, 87, 122

self-deception, 11, 24, 141

selfishness, 159

self-knowledge, 140

self-tension, xiii

self-will, xxvi

sensation, 98, 201–3

senses: religious antipathy toward, 41–43, 56; use of, in Hinduism, 119

sensuality, “higher,” 56–57

Senzaki, Nyogen, 178

separateness, 151–52

Sermon on the Mount, 143

serpent, 61–62

sex, 42, 52, 94, 119–20

shabetsu, 218n5

Shadow, 90

Shakespeare, William, 20, 94, 101

Shakti and Shakta (Woodroffe), 151

Shaw, George Bernard, 81

Shingon sect, 217n5

Shiva (Hindu deity), 50

Siam, 161

sin, 205

sorrow, xxiv, 34, 155

soul: Christian concept of, 19; departed, 46–47; isolation from nature, 13; longing for God in, 126–29; multiplicity of, 100–101, 111; opposites in, 32; powers of, 89; salvation of, 62; World Soul, 214n1

spirit, flesh as incarnation of, 215n2 (ch. 2)

Spirit of Zen, The (Watts), ix

spiritual freedom: through abandonment, 218n3; acceptance and, 189; dance analogy, 196–97; defined, 132; depravity and, 194–95; faith as key to, 130; fate/free will conundrum and, 184–86, 188–89; God and, 190–92, 197–98, 199; gratitude and, 205–9; individuation and, 200–203; joy of, 128–29; mystery and, 209–12; in Oriental wisdom, 147, 163; psychological symbols of, 202–3; snags in quest for, 125–26, 132–34; unconscious and, 108–9; as unlimited, 135–36; wholeness and, 189–94; wonder and, 208–9; in Zen Buddhism, 178–82

spiritual genius, 44–46

spiritual happiness, 36–39

Spiritualism, 29

spirituality: acceptance and, 70–71; allegories of, 103–4; awakening, 47–48, 54–55; defined, 58; of everyday life, 51–52, 58–59; occultism vs., 46–47; pain and, 58–60; in religion, 35–36, 54–55; religious experience vs., 48–49; suffering and, 116; unconscious and, 104–5; as union with life, 48–51. See also religion

Sri Lanka, 161

Stoicism, 118

Suchness, 215n5 (ch. 3)

suffering: happiness unaffected by, xxiv; knowledge of, 221–22n4; love of, 205; man’s conflict with universe and, 7–9; scientific measures for removing, 7; spiritual reason for, 116; unhappiness vs., 14

Sung dynasty, 173

sunyata, 124, 218n5

supernaturalism, 54, 55

superstition, 80

Suzuki, D. T., 175–76, 218n5

swastika, 202

synchronicity, 167, 168

tamas, 92

T’ang dynasty, 173

tanha, 159, 160

Tao: body as image of, 27; ego and, 114; elements of, 168–72; happiness as harmony with, ix; inexhaustibility of, 197; as reality, 174–75; release from self-tension as meaning of, xiii; synchronistic aspect of, 168; translations of, 167; universe as, xi; use of term, 213n2

Taoism: Buddhism and, 167, 172, 173; duality and, 136–37; fundamental principles of, 167–72; individuation symbolism in, 202; morality in, 137–38; object of, 77–78; as psychological religion, 73; scriptures in, 166–67, 220n15; spiritual freedom in, 147; states of mind in, 73, 74, 75, 106; unconscious and, 27; Western converts to, 76; Western influence of, xix

Taoist psychology, 171

Tao Te Ching, 137–38, 167–68, 220n15

Tao-wu, 174

Tathata, 69, 215n5 (ch. 3)

Te, 170–71

telepathy, 46

Ten Commandments, 143

Ten Oxherding Pictures, 103–4

Terrible Mother, 90, 92

Thailand, 161

theology, 45–46; speculative, 54

theosophy, xxi, 29, 77, 143

Thomism, ix

“Three in the Morning” (Chuang Tzu), 171

thunderbolt, 165–66

Tibetan Buddhism, 117

“To a Common Prostitute” (poem; Whitman), 194–95

Tozan, 124

unconscious: acceptance of, 113–16; analytical psychology and, 93–94; causality in, 192; dark side of, 113; ego and, 192, 203; evil in, 137; gods/demons and, 81–82, 83–86, 87, 90, 113–16; as irrational, 121; Jungian concept of, 25–26; language of, 98–99; Oriental philosophy and, xx–xxi; proving existence of, 112–13; psychology of, xx, 90, 95, 95–99, 142 (see also analytical psychology); spiritual freedom and exploration of, 108–9; spirituality and, 104–5; symbols of, 91–92, 105–6; as working hypothesis, 214n5

unhappiness: civilization and, 13–14; of civilized man, 14; defined, 188; ego and, x; longing for God and, 127; man’s conflict with universe and, 7–9; root of, 8, 88; suffering vs., 14

union, xxiv

United States, 118–19

universe, xi; asceticism as abolishment of, 40–43; bodily connections with, 25; conflict with, 88; ego vs., 106–7; God as Self of, 136; inner, 90, 109–11; in man, 12, 26; man’s conflict with, 7–9; multitude of selves in, 6–7; reason for existence of, 129; Self of, union with, 74, 77–78; union with, 49

Upanishads, 38–39, 69–70, 148–56, 160, 219n6, 220n9

upaya (awakening tool), xiii

utopia, 36

Vaihinger, Hans, 23

Vedanta: Brahman in, x–xii, 38–39, 160; Buddhism and, 163; duality and, 136–37; fate/free will conundrum and, 187; meaning of, 153; as psychological religion, 73; spiritual freedom in, 147; states of mind in, 74; Upanishads as teachings of, 38–39, 148

Vedas, 27, 148

vicious circle: acceptance and, 134–35, 139; duality and, 136–38; fatalism and, 184; as impotence of man, 184; motivating power of, 138; reason for existence of, 140–41; sangsara and, 160

vidya, 154

Vishvasara Tantra, 152–53

visions, 46–47

Walley, Arthur, 220n15

war, 63, 89

War Dance (Graham Howe), 218n4

Way and Its Power (Walley), 220n15

Wells, H. G., 21

Wesley, John, 143

Western civilization: Oriental philosophy and, xix–xx; psychology and, xix

Wheel of Birth and Death, 160. See also sangsara

Whitman, Walt, 194–95

wholeness, 3–5, 127, 155; acceptance and, 68–71; of life, God as, 193–94; in nature, 193–94; spiritual freedom and, 189–94; symbols of, 98

Wieger, Georges Frederic Leon, 179, 180

Wilde, Oscar, 43

Wilhelm, Richard, 167

wisdom: as acceptance, x; defined, 54; religion and, 53–54; unconscious exploration and, 107

Wise Old Man, 90

women: masculine spirit in (animus), 98, 120–21; men’s misunderstanding of, 118–19; religion and, 29–30

women’s clubs, 119

wonder, sense of, 208–9

Woodroffe, John, 151, 152–53, 155

World Soul, 214n1

World War I, 24–25, 30

World War II, ix

worship, 128, 203, 206–7

wu-wei, 87, 171–72

Yajnavalkya, 148

yathabhutam, 164

yin/yang binary, 168

yoga, 76

yogis, 39

Yuan dynasty, 173

Zen Buddhism, 117; in China, 173–76; fundamental principles of, 173–75; as naturalistic, 176–77; spiritual freedom in, 178–82; teaching methods in, 175–76; temple rituals in, 207

Zen masters, 179–80

Zen poetry, 180–82