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INDEX

The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. The link provided will take you to the beginning of that print page. You may need to scroll forward from that location to find the corresponding reference on your e-reader.

Page numbers in italics indicate maps, charts, and illustrations.

Abacha, Sani, 3, 444

Abbasid dynasty, 106, 111–12, 381

Abd al-Malik (ibn Marwan), Caliph, 106

Abdel-Hussein, Muhyi, 385–86

Abdülhamit II (Abdul Hamid), 439

Abe, Shinzo, 438

Abernathy, Ralph, 321–22

Absent Leviathan: and ancient Greece, 34–35; and Argentina, 340–41; and cage of norms, 18–19, 24; and Congolese Constitution, 2–3; and divergent effects of state power, 268, 268; and divergent impact of Soviet collapse, 290, 290; and economy inside corridor, 144; and factors affecting shape of corridor, 402, 452; and forms of social power, 57; and Icelandic politics, 185; and impact of structural factors, 301; and international human rights movement, 461; and Lebanon, 59–63; and legacy of colonization, 366–67; and modern states, 59; and Montenegro, 277; Paper Leviathan contrasted with, 367–68; and paths into corridor, 434, 435, 443, 450, 463; and Qing dynasty, 229; and Red Queen effect, 40; and structure of narrow corridor, 64, 64–66; and Tiv society, 53–56; and will to power, 94, 96

Abu Bakr, 106

Act of Settlement (1701), 195

Adi-Dravidas, 245

Adjara, 93

Ælfhere, Ealdorman of Mercia, 167

Ælfric of Eynsham, 164–65

Æthelred I, King of Wessex, 164, 169

Æthelstan, King, 167

Æthelwine, Ealdorman of East Anglia, 167

African National Congress (ANC), 427, 430–31, 433–34, 451–54

Afrikaners, 360, 427, 430–31, 433

Agrarian Party (Sweden), 469

Agricultural Adjustment Administration, 324, 472

Akan people, 18, 19–20

Al-Azhar University, 388

Al-Qaeda, 489

Albania, 35–36, 168, 267, 275, 277–78

Alessandri, Jorge, 407

Alexander, Keith, 336

Alfred (the Great), King of Wessex, 164–65, 166–71, 174, 276

Ali (Muhammad’s cousin), 106

Allegory of Good Government and Bad Government and Effects of Good Government, The (Lorenzetti), 126–27, 131, 134–35, 146–47

Allen, Adel, 331

Alliance for Progress, 408

Alonso X, King of Castile, 184

Altamirano, Carlos, 411

Althing, 185–86

Ambedkar, B. R., 241–43, 250

American Colonization Society (ACS), 360

American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA), 422

American Slavery, American Freedom (Morgan), 313

Amnesty International, 460

An Lushan rebellion, 209, 222

Analects (Confucius), 216

Andrew II, King of Hungary, 182

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 166

Anglo-Saxons, 164, 166–67, 169, 174, 177–78, 182

Anhui, China, merchants, 226

Anonymous Simple Societies, 352

apartheid, 430–31, 433, 452–53

Appiah, Kwame Anthony, 364

Arab conquests, 106, 109, 110, 280–81

Arab-Israeli conflict, 387

Arabian Peninsula, 75, 104

Archons, 34, 36–38, 42–43

Arendt, Hannah, 12–13

Areopagus, 37, 38, 39

Argentina, 338–44, 346

Aristides, 43

Aristotle, 34, 36, 37, 39, 43, 45

Arkwright, Richard, 197–98

Arogast, 162

Arthashastra (Kautilya), 237–38, 253, 255–56

Arthur, Chester, 457

Articles of the Barons, 174

Articles of Confederation, 46–47, 49, 50

artificial intelligence, 1, 233–34, 477, 481, 488

asabiyyah, 105, 107–8, 109

Asante Kingdom, 4, 19–20, 23, 366

Ashoka, 255, 256

assembly politics, 153–58, 170, 251–52, 256, 258–59, 261, 413–14

Assize of Clarendon, 172, 180

Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal, 439

Atharva Veda, 251

Athens, 33–34, 36, 40, 42, 44, 58, 94–95; constitution, 34, 45

Attica, 37–38, 43

Augustus (Octavian), Emperor of Rome, 158

autocracy, 418–21, 423–25, 463

automation, 476–77, 482, 486

Auyero, Javier, 338–40, 342–43, 344

Avignon, France, 141

Ayeh-Kumi, E., 363

Baath Party (Iraq), 385–86

Baden-Powell, B. H., 261

Báez, Ernesto, 354

Balcerowicz, Leszek, 283, 284

Banwala Jats, 237–39

Barco, Virgilio, 447

Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany, 423

basileus, 33, 38–39

Bates, Robert, 363–64

battle of Badr, 77–78

battle of Bu’ath, 76

battle of Edlington, 167

battle of Hastings, 169

battle of Jena, 279

battle of Krusi, 276

battle of Montaperti, 127

battle of Morgarten, 271

battle of Sabilla, 376

battle of Sempach, 271–72

battle of Uhud, 77

Bayeux Tapestry, 169–70

Beckett, Samuel, 348–49

Bedouins, 104–5, 111, 371, 374

Beer Hall Putsch, 396–97, 400, 404–5

Begin, Menachim, 388

Benjamin of Tudela, 131, 415

Berezovsky, Boris, 286–87

Berlin Conference (1884), 457

Béteille, André, 245

Beveridge Report, 191, 464, 466, 492

Bihar state, India, 252, 253, 262–64, 265

Bill of Rights (U.S.), 27, 46, 49, 51, 68, 307, 309–13, 310

bin Laden, Osama, 388–89

Birmingham, Alabama, 321–22

Bismarck, Otto von, 400, 402, 424

Black Death, 141, 178, 279

Black Economic Empowerment (BEE), 431–32, 452, 453–54

Blackhouse, Samuel, 180

Blackstone, William, 191

Bloch, Marc, 171–72

Blunt, E. A. H., 247–48

Boehm, Christopher, 277

Boer Wars, 427

Bogotá, Colombia, 447–50

Bohannan, Laura, 54, 102, 103

Bohannan, Paul, 54, 55–56, 102, 103

Bolívar, Simón, 354, 355–56, 357

Bolivia, 357–58

Bonaparte, Charles J., 333

Bonnat, Joseph-Marie, 18

Book of Lord Shang, The, 203

“Books of Punishment,” 215

Boule, 38, 39, 43–44

Bourlemont, Pica de, 135

Boyle, Robert, 196

Brahmans, 238–39, 241, 244–45, 248–52, 255, 257, 264–65

Brandenburg, 270, 273, 274. See also Prussia

Branting, Hjalmar, 468

Braudel, Fernand, 275

Brecht, Bertolt, 283

Brin, Sergei, 481

Britnell, Richard, 239

Brown, Michael, 304, 327, 329, 331

Brunel, Isambard Kingdom, 294

Brüning, Heinrich, 397

Buddhism, 252–54, 256

Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, 84

Buoso da Dovara, 418

Burckhardt, Johann Ludwig, 374

Burke, Tarana, 496

Bwanikwa, 21–22

Byrhtferth of Ramsey, 165–67

Byzantine Empire, 106, 110, 136, 186–88, 199

Caballero, Liliana, 449

caciques, 356, 357

Caesar, Julius, 156, 158, 185

Cagapisto, Girardo, 132

cage of norms, 18–23; and ancient Greece, 37; and consequences of war, 101; and decline of Weimar Republic, 394; and despotic growth, 113–15; and development of Leviathan types, 66; and economy inside corridor, 146; and Ghanaian culture, 364; and Hawaiian culture, 91; and Indian caste system, 240–41, 265; and Islamic extremism, 388–89; and legacy of colonization, 367; and ostracism in ancient Greece, 43, 45; and Saudi culture, 378–81, 384; and Shackled Leviathan, 26–27; and social mobility, 198; and taboos, 90–92; and Tajik culture, 288–89; and women’s rights, 24, 191–94; and Wyoming, 26; and Zulu state, 86

caged economy, 102–4, 125, 247–50, 364–65

caliphs/caliphates, 106–8, 110–12, 122, 125, 371, 381

Cambodia, 460

Campbell, Dugald, 20–21

Canary Islands, 140–43

cantons, 182, 269–72, 274

Cao Xueqin, 228–29

Capitano del Popolo, 416–17

Capuchins, Colombia, 348–49

Cardoso, Ciro, 296

Carloman II, King, 153–55

Carnegie, Andrew, 323

Caro, Miguel Antonio, 354–55

Carolingian Empire, 183, 187, 269, 276, 414, 417, 424

Carrera, Rafael, 298

Carrillo, Braulio, 297, 302–3

Carroll, Lewis, 40–41

Casement Report, 458–60

caste systems: in India, 237–50, 255–56, 262, 264–65, 356, 367; in Latin America, 356; under Yuan dynasty, 210

Castilla, Ramón, 358

Castro, Jaime, 448

Center Party (Germany), 397

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 327, 334–35, 412, 491

Cerna y Cerna, Vicente, 299

Cetshwayo, King, 81

chaebol, 456

Chamars, 249–50

Champagne fairs, 128, 135–36

Chandragupta Maurya, 237–38

Chang Shang, 212

Charlemagne, 154, 155, 163, 170, 199, 269, 417

Charles I, King of England, 188

Charles II, King of England, 280

Charles of Anjou, King of Sicily, 417

Chávez, Hugo, 422

Chechnya, 288

Cheney, Dick, 108–9

Cheyenne, Wyoming, 25–26, 317

Chikwiva, Chief, 21

Childe, V. Gordon, 58

Children’s Crusade, 322

Chile, 335, 359, 406–13, 419, 423–25

China: civil service in, 209–10, 215–19, 223, 226–27, 229; and civil society, 218–21; and communism, 14–17, 208, 229–36; Communist Party in, 14–17, 69–71, 208, 229–30, 232–33, 235, 443; and Confucian principles, 201–3, 207–9, 214, 216, 222, 224–25, 229–30, 233; Cultural Revolution, 17, 229, 231, 235; and development of Despotic Leviathan, 67; and economic impact of globalization, 476, 478; evolution of economy in, 221–29; Germany contrasted with, 424; and legalism, 203, 205, 207, 208–9, 211, 214, 229; and Mandate of Heaven, 203–6; and moral leadership, 230–34; and paths into corridor, 443; and Qing-era despotism, 214–18; and social monitoring, 236–63; and structure of narrow corridor, 64–65; and tonsure decree, 211–13; and well-field system, 206–11, 222–23, 229, 234

Chlodio, 157

Christian Democratic Party (Chile), 407–9, 411–12

Christianity, 60, 60, 62, 77–78, 160–61

Chubais, Anatoly, 285

Church Committee, 334

civil rights, 53, 312, 319, 321–24, 421

Civil Rights Act (1964), 319, 321–24

civil society, 218–21, 282, 284, 439, 456, 495

Civil War (U.S.), 52–53, 308, 310–11

clans, 74, 76, 84–85, 97–98, 237, 252, 256, 276, 289

Clayton Antitrust Act, 323

Cleisthenes, 43–45, 45–46, 58, 95, 399

Clovis, 157, 160, 163, 170–71, 187, 199, 276

Cnut (Canute), 169

coerced labor, 118–19, 296, 298–302, 450–55. See also debt peonage; slavery

coffee economy, 292–96, 300–303, 350

Cohong (trade monopoly), 224

COINTELPRO, 334

Cojico cult, 149–50

Cold War, 308–9, 327, 335, 444, 486

Colombia, 346–50, 347, 355–61, 447–50

Colson, Elizabeth, 97

Columbus, Christopher, 280, 357

“Coming Anarchy, The” (Kaplan), 1

commenda system, 138

Commentaries on the Laws of England (Blackstone), 191

Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice, 381

Committee of the Grand Ulama, 377, 383, 384

Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), 439

common law, 173, 183, 191, 319

communism, 208, 229–36, 395

Communist Party (Chile), 408

Communist Party (China). See under China

Communist Party (Germany), 391, 393, 395, 398, 400

Communist Party (Poland), 282

Communist Party (Soviet Union), 282

Community Action Agencies, 325

Confucianism, 201–3, 207–9, 214, 216, 222, 224, 225, 229–30, 233, 254

Congo, 3, 335. See also Democratic Republic of Congo

Congo Free State, 457, 458

Congo Reform Association, 458, 460

Conrad, Joseph, 458, 460

Constitution, U.S. See Bill of Rights; U.S. Constitution

Constitution of Hawaii (state), 115

Constitution of Medina, 76–77, 379, 382

Constitution of Missouri, 311

Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (UN), 460

Cook, James, 87, 116

corporatism, 470, 475

Correa, Rafael, 423

corruption: in Argentina, 341–44; bribery, 62, 70, 94, 122–24, 193, 293, 300, 351; in China, 70–72, 208, 217–18, 232–33; in Colombia, 448; and consequences of Paper Leviathans, 368; “gnocchi” (ghost workers), 341–45, 445, 448–49; in Russia, 285–86

Costa Rica, 269, 291, 294–98, 300–303, 453

Côte d’Ivoire, 18

Council of the Bell, 129

Creoles, 356, 357

criminal law and justice, 46–47, 121, 212–13, 312–13

Cruickshank, Brodie, 18

Cuban Revolution, 408

Cultura Ciudadana (Bogotá), 450

Cylon, 34

Dalits (“untouchables”), 238, 241–42, 244–47, 249, 265, 494

Dalton, George, 360–61

Danilo, Crown Prince of Montenegro, 277

Datini, Francesco di Marco, 140–44

Davis, Isaac, 89–90

Davis, W. H., 116

Davison, Emily, xvii

De Republica Anglorum (Smith), 180–81

Debray, Régis, 410–11

debt peonage, 37, 39–40, 299–300

Declaration of Independence, 313, 492, 494

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, 492

Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa, The (Otto of Freising), 128–29

Delhi Sultanate, 256

Democracy in America (Tocqueville), 51, 359

Democratic Republic of Congo, 2–3, 12, 20–21, 99–100

Deng Xiaoping, 17, 208, 230–31, 233

Denizens’ Defense Force, 396

Denmark, 166–67, 169, 182, 472, 486, 490–91

Despotic Leviathan: and American political development, 57; and American state building, 316; Argentine state contrasted with, 340–41, 344; and Brandenburg-Prussia, 275; and Byzantine state, 187, 199; and Chinese legalist-Confucian debate, 207; and Chinese well-field system, 210; and control of corruption, 71; and despotic growth, 113–15, 121, 124–25, 221–29, 231–32; and development of state capacity, 69; and divergent effects of state power, 268, 268, 280–81; and divergent impact of Soviet collapse, 281–82, 290, 290; and economic incentives, 104; and economy inside corridor, 144; and economy outside corridor, 124–25, 147; and evolution of Leviathan types, 65, 67; and factors affecting shape of corridor, 402; and Hayek’s economic theory, 466; and impact of structural factors, 301; and Islamic extremism, 389; Janus-faced nature of the state, 17–18, 27; and legacy of colonization, 366–67; and Nazi takeover of German state, 406; Paper Leviathan contrasted with, 367, 367–68; and paths into corridor, 434–35, 435, 443, 450, 463; and populist movements, 422; and Red Queen effect, 40; and return to corridor, 424; and South Africa, 430; and structure of narrow corridor, 64, 64; and Tajikistan, 288–89; and Turkey, 439; and will to power, 95–96

Devadasi system, 244

Development Economics in Action (Killick), 362

Devi, Rabri, 262

dharma, 254, 256

Dialogue Concerning the Exchequer, The (FitzNigel), 173

Dias, Bartolomeu, 280

Digha Nikaya, 254

digital dictatorship, 491

Dingiswayo, 83–84, 121

Diocletian, 158

“Directives for a Complete Purge of Hidden Counterrevolutionaries,” 16

District of Columbia v. Heller, 328

“divide and rule” strategy, 48, 94

divine authority, 76–77, 188

Djilas, Milovan, 267, 277

Dodd-Frank Act, 480

Dodge, Grenville M., 25

Doe, Samuel, 360

Domesday Book, 170

domination, 6–7, 9, 22, 64, 244–45

Dondi, Giovanni de (de’ Dondi dell’Orologio), 140

Donglin Academy, 210–11

Dougherty, Charles, 374

Doyle, Arthur Conan, 460

Draco’s laws, 34–35, 36, 38

Dream of the Red Chamber, The (Cao Xueqin), 228–29

Druze Muslims, 60–61

Dukagjini, Lekë, 35

Dunstan, Bishop, 166

Durham, Edith, 275

Duterte, Rodrigo, 425

East, Rupert, 56

East Anglia, 164, 167

East India Company (British), 190, 250, 257, 260

Eastern Roman Empire, 186. See also Byzantine Empire

Ebert, Friedrich, 393

Echandía, Dario, 355

Economist, The, 343

Ecuador, 423

Edgar (the Peaceful), King, 165–66, 169

education, 69–70, 139–40, 319–20, 470, 485

Edward the Confessor, 169–70

Edward the Elder, 167

Effects of Good Government, The (Lorenzetti). See Allegory of Good Government and Bad Government

Egypt, 112, 374–75, 388

Eichmann, Adolf, 12–13

Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals, 330

Eisenhower, Dwight, 335

Ekklesia, 37–39

Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 181

Elliot, Hugh, 275

Ellsberg, Daniel, 490

Ely, James, 119

Ember, Carol, 8

emigrants, 78–79

Enabling Act (Nazi Germany), 391, 392, 399

encomienda system, 299, 356–57

“end of history” thesis, 1, 454

Engerman, Stanley, 454

England and Great Britain: British colonialism, 250, 257; British East India Company, 260–61; British mandate, 384; and Champagne fairs, 136; and civic participation, 178–81; English Civil War, 9, 188, 195, 280; and feudal system, 169–74; and indirect rule, 54–55; and Industrial Revolution, 195; and Magna Carta, 174–78; ninth-century kingdoms of, 164–69, 165; parliaments, 176–77, 182–85, 188–89; social order and hierarchy in, 54–55; and Swallowfield constitution, 188; women’s rights in, xvii, 191–94

English Laws for Women (Norton), 192

Enkidu, xv, 68

Epic of Gilgamesh, xiv. See also Gilgamesh problem

equal-field system, 209, 222

Equal Pay Act, 194

Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip, 425, 440, 442

Eric Bloodaxe, 167

Estates General (France), 182

European Court of Justice, 490

European Union (EU), 284, 439, 441–42, 490

Evans, Richard, 397, 400

extractive growth, 114–15, 118–19

extraordinary rendition, 335, 491

Fahd, King (Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud), 378, 380

Faisal, King (Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud), 376–78, 380, 385

famine, 14–15, 224, 229

fascism, 405, 420

Fashola, Babatunde Raji, 445–46

Fatimid dynasty, 111–12

fatwas, 372, 374–80, 382–84, 388–89

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 333–35, 491

Federal Housing Authority (FHA), 329–30

Federal Republic of Central America, 295, 302

Federal Reserve System, 480

Federalist Papers, 48–49

Federalists, 47–51, 297, 315–16. See also Bill of Rights; U.S. Constitution; and specific amendments

Fellers, Bonner F., 436, 437

Ferguson, Missouri, 304–6, 309–11, 313, 327–29

Fernández de Kirchner, Cristina, 343, 344

feudalism, 169–73, 175, 177–78, 181, 184, 266, 271, 278–79, 414, 416–17, 455, 500

feuds, 35–36, 162, 168, 267, 276–78, 415

Fibonacci, Leonardo, 138–39

Field, Stephen, 311

Fifteenth Amendment, 52

Fifth Amendment, 312

Figueres, José, 297, 303

Finer, Herman, 405

Finley, Moses, 454

firearms, 89–90, 94

First Amendment, 305, 310, 490

First and Second Congo Wars, 99

First Crusade, 188

First Reform Act, 190

FitzNigel, Richard, 173

Flanders, 136

Florence, Italy, 139–40, 141

Florentine Catasto of 1427, 139–40

Flores, Juan José, 355

Flynn, Henry, 84

Fogel, Robert, 454

Force Publique (Belgian Congo), 457

Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Courts, 491

Fornander, Abraham, 116–17

Foster, Augustus John, 315

“Four Clean-ups” campaign, 17

“Four Freedoms” speech, 493–94

Fourteenth Amendment, 52, 310–11

Fourth Amendment, 305, 310, 312, 490

Fourth Crusade, 188

Francis of Assisi, Saint, 135–40, 143–44

Franklin, Benjamin, 495

Franks, 154, 154–57, 160–64, 167, 170, 213

Frederick Barbarossa, 127–28, 142, 417

Frederick I, King of Prussia, 274

Frederick II (the Great), King of Prussia, 274–75

Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, 182

Frederick William I (the Great Elector), King of Prussia, 273–74, 275

Free Corps, 393, 395

Free Officers Movement, 385

Frei, Eduardo, 408

Fritzsche, Peter, 393–94

FSB (Federal Security Bureau, Russia), 286, 287

Fujimori, Alberto, 422

Fukuyama, Francis, 1–2

Gaidar, Yegor, 285

Galileo Galilei, 196

Gamsakhurdia, Zviad, 92–93

gana-sanghas, 252, 253–54

Gandhi, Mahatma, 261

Gaozu, Emperor, 207

García Granados, Miguel, 299

Gaviria, César, 448

Gebusi of Papua New Guinea, 8, 59

generational theory of Ibn Khaldun, 104–14, 116, 122, 125, 373, 387

Geneva Convention, 460

Genoa, Italy, 139

Georg Wilhelm, elector of Brandenburg, 273

Georgia (republic), 92–94, 121–24

German National People’s Party, 397

German Workers’ Party, 396

Germania, The (Tacitus), 155–56

Germanic tribes, 155–56, 160, 182, 185, 199, 270

Germany: and decline of Weimar Republic, 390–96; and Great Depression, 467; and Nazi takeover of German state, 404–6; and Prussian bureaucracy, 12; recovery from autocracy, 423–25; Red Queen dynamics of, 399–404, 405–6; and rise of Nazism, 396–99; welfare state development, 472

Ghana, 18, 20, 362–63, 364, 366

Ghazali, Abu Hamid al-, 379

Ghibellines, 417

Giele, Enno, 206

Gilgamesh problem, xiii–xv, 18, 47, 68, 153, 297

Glass-Steagall Act, 478

globalization, 269, 420, 455–57, 476–78, 482, 486

Glorious Revolution, 188, 189, 195, 280

Gluckman, Max, 120–21

“gnocchi” (ghost workers), 341–44, 345, 445, 448, 449

Godric of Finchale (later Saint Godric), 143

Godwinson, Harold, 169

Goebbels, Joseph, 392, 404

Goi, 20–21

Golden Bull (document), 182

Gorbachev, Mikhail, 93, 282, 285, 288

Göring, Hermann, 392

Goths, 185

Govindan, Thillai, 245

Gram Sadak Yojana, 262–63

Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, 479

Great Britain. See England and Great Britain

Great Depression, 324, 391, 467–70, 479, 483

“Great Heathen Army,” 166–67

Great Leap Forward, 15, 16–17, 229

Great Mahele of 1848, 119–20

Great Panathenaea festival, 42

Great Society program, 324, 325, 327

Great War of Africa, 2–3, 99

Greek city-states, 202. See also specific places

Greek Dark Ages, 33, 34, 94

Greek Orthodox Church, 60, 61

Green, Victor, 69

Gregory of Tours, 156–57, 160–61

Gretsky, Sergei, 289

Griffith, James, 464

Grimbald of Saint-Bertin, 166

Gropius, Walter, 394

“Grumbling Hive, The” (Mandeville), 178

Guardia, Tomás, 297

Guatemala, 269, 291–93, 295, 298, 300–303, 335, 453

Guelfs, 417

Guesclin, Bernard du, 141

Gülen movement, 442–43

Gumbel, Emil Julius, 400

guns and gun violence, 89, 327–28

Gusinsky, Vladimir, 286

Guthrum, King, 167

Gwembe Tonga people, 97–99

Habsburgs, 271–72, 281

hadiths, 378, 379, 384, 386

Hague Conventions, 460

Hai-yin (monk), 212–13

Hamilton, Alexander, 46–48, 51–52, 149

Han dynasty, 22, 207–9, 214, 222

Handy, Edward, 90–91

Hankou, China, 218–19

Hanseatic League, 184

Hansson, Per Albin, 468–69

Harari, Yuval Noah, 1–2, 491

Harrison, John, 196

Harrison, William Henry, 26

Hashim clan, 74, 76

Havel, Václav, 281–82

Hawaii, 80, 87–92, 88, 94, 115–20

Hayek, Friedrich von, 465–67, 471, 473–75, 483, 485

Hayes, Rutherford, 311

Heart of Darkness (Conrad), 458

Hegira, 76, 77

Heidegger, Martin, 13

Henry II, King of England, 170, 172–73, 174, 178, 179

Hepburn Act, 323

Hermandad General, 184

Herrmann, Elsa, 394

Heshen, 217–18

Hesse Diet (assembly), 183–84

Hezbollah, 61, 62

High Albania (Durham), 275

Hijaz (Hejaz), Saudi Arabia, 370–71, 373, 375–76, 381

Himmler, Heinrich, 390–91

Hincmar of Reims, 153–56

Hindemith, Paul, 394

Hindenburg, Paul von, 397–99, 401

Hindu Swaraj (Indian Home Rule), 261

Hinduism, 238, 242–44, 247, 251, 261

Hipparchus, 43

Hippias, 43

Hirohito, Emperor, 436, 437

History of the Franks (Gregory of Tours), 156

Hitler, Adolf, 13, 390–92, 396–97, 399, 400, 403, 404

Hobbes, Thomas, 8–11, 16, 47, 63, 78, 99–101, 124–25, 204, 379, 462

Hogarth, William, 196

Hohenzollerns, 273

Holloway Commission, 429

Holy Roman Empire, 127, 182, 184, 269, 271–73, 275, 357, 417

Homer, 251

Hong Kong, 220, 235

Hongwu, Emperor, 210

Hoover, J. Edgar, 333, 334

housing discrimination, 329–31

Huaidian People’s Commune, China, 15–16

Hubris Law, 39, 40, 45, 95, 132

human rights, 457–61, 462–63, 492–96

Human Rights Watch, 241, 244, 245, 246, 247, 383, 460

Humbaba (Sumerian mythology), xv

Hungary, 280, 282, 425

Hussein, Saddam, 377–78, 384, 385

Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca, 375–76, 384

Ibn Khaldun, 104–14, 116, 122, 125, 373, 387

Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt, 375

Iceland, 185–86, 199

Igboland, 55

Ikeda, Hayato, 438

Ikhwan, 375–76, 380

Iliad (Homer), 251

INCORA (Instituto Colombiano de Reforma Agraria), 352

indentured servitude, 314. See also debt peonage; slavery

India, 241–42, 253, 367, 494

Indicopleustes, Cosmas, 186

indigenous populations, 291, 299, 313–14, 348, 359

Indigo Growers Society, 298

indirect rule, 54, 357, 365–66

Indo-European languages, 185

Industrial Revolution, 194–98, 199–200, 234, 281

Infant and Custody of Infants Act, 191–92

innovation: and American state building, 325, 332; in ancient Greek politics, 42; and Chinese Communist state, 232, 233–34; and Chinese legalism, 203, 206; and coalition-building efforts, 485, 488; and Colombian governance reforms, 448; commercial revolution of Middle Ages, 136–39; and despotic growth, 114, 223–24, 226; and economic impact of globalization, 482; and economy inside corridor, 144, 145; and economy outside corridor, 125; and English political development, 199; and firearms, 87; and impact of structural factors, 302; and Indian caste system, 240; and Industrial Revolution, 194–98; and Islamic caliphates, 110; military innovations of the Zulu, 82–83; and Mughal Empire, 259–60; and ostracism in ancient Greece, 45; and Saudi cage of norms, 378; and social mobility, 142–43; and Swedish economy and welfare state, 470, 473; and women’s suffrage in Weimar Germany, 394

inquilinos, 406–13

Integrated Child Development Scheme, 263

Integration of the Regional Infrastructure of South America, 349

International Monetary Fund (IMF), 343

international state system, 366, 462

Interstate Commerce Act, 323

Ioseliani, Dzhaba, 92, 93

Iran, 335, 380

Iran-Iraq War, 386

Iraq War, 327, 377–78, 384–87

iron cage, 342–44, 435–38

irrigation, 110–11, 113, 151, 223, 258

Isagoras, 43

Isaza, Ramón, 352–54

Islam: and Arabian desert interior, 370–71; and Arabian peninsula, 75; birth of, 74–78; and despotic rule, 387; and Ibn Khaldun’s theory of political development, 104, 105; Islamic law, 371–72, 377–78; Islamic Revolution (Iran), 380; and jihad, 372, 373, 375; and political hierarchy, 79–80; and Saudi cage of norms, 378–81; schools of jurisprudence, 372

Israel, 387

Italian communes, 126–27, 127–33, 128, 413–18, 419

Jacquerie of 1358, 184

Jajmani system, 250

James II, King of England, 280

Japan, 435–38, 441, 494

Jaruzelski, Wojciech, 282–84

jatis, 237–39, 242, 245, 248–49, 264

Jay, John, 48

Jefferson, Thomas, 48, 50, 149, 313, 320, 492

Jewish clans, 76, 77–78

Jim Crow laws, 311, 494

Jiménez, Jesús, 297

Jin dynasty, 210

John, King of England, 174

John Lydus (the Lydian), 158–60, 186

Johnson, Lyndon B., 308, 322–23, 324

José Luis Zuluaga Front (FJLZ), 353

Judd, Ashley, 496

judicial systems: and American state building, 319; and ancient Greece, 37–38; and Champagne fairs, 136; in Chile, 410; and Chinese legal codes, 215–16; in Colombia, 354; and Industrial Revolution, 195; and Italian communes, 129; and legal reforms of Henry II, 172–74; of Licchavi state, 253; and Magna Carta, 175; and norms against political hierarchy, 57; and Roman influences in Europe, 159; and Swedish bureaucracy, 471. See also laws and legal systems

Jumblat, Walid, 62

jury trials, 172–73, 312–13

Justice and Development Party (Turkey; AKP), 440–42

Justinian, 158

Kaaba, 74–75, 78, 372

Kalani‘ōpu‘u, 88–89

Kallas, 245

Kamakau, Samuel, 117

Kamehameha I, 80, 89–92, 94, 115–18

Kamehameha II (Liholiho), 91

Kamehameha III, 117, 119–20

Kandinsky, Wassily, 394

Kangxi, Emperor, 214, 217

Kanun, 35–36, 168

Kaplan, Robert, 1–2, 9, 26, 444

kapu (tapu; taboo) regulations, 90–92, 95, 116

Katumba, 21–22

Kautilya, 237–39, 241, 253–56

Keeley, Lawrence, 8

Kennedy, John F., 322, 408, 412

Kennedy, Robert F., 321

Kepelino, 91

KGB, 286, 288

Kgobadi (farmer), 428–29

Khadija, 76

Khan, Zorina, 318

Khujand region, 289

Killick, Tony, 362–63

“Kingdom of the Western Sea,” 214

kinship ties: and caged economy, 103; in Chinese culture, 220–21; in Ghanaian culture, 364; and Indian caste system, 237; in Liberian culture, 361, 361–62; in Montenegrin culture, 276; native-place associations, 218–19; and norms guarding against political hierarchy, 58–59, 95; and ostracism in ancient Greece, 43; and political hierarchy, 80; in Polynesian culture, 87; and Prussian bureaucracy, 278; and Vedic period of India, 252; in Zulu culture, 84–85

Kishi, Nobusuke, 437–38

Kitab al-Ibar (“Book of Lessons”), 104

Kitovani, Tengiz, 92–93, 94

Kivus, Congo, 99–100

Klee, Paul, 394

Kleve-Mark, 274

Komnenos, Alexios, 187–88

Kshatriyas, 238–39, 249

Ku Klux Klan, 53

Kuroń, Jacek, 284

KwaZulu-Natal, 82, 87, 120–21

labor organizations, 283–84, 488. See also trade unions

Labour Party (Britain), 464

Laffer curve, 108–12, 113, 114

Lagos, Nigeria, 3–7, 12, 26, 444–47

Lagos State Internal Revenue Service (LIRS), 445

Lagos State Registration Agency, 446

Land Ordinance of 1758, 320

Lang, Fritz, 394

Latin America, 356, 359, 494. See also specific countries

Law and Justice Party (Poland), 284

Lawes Resolutions of Womens Rights, The (Edgar), 191

laws and legal systems: in Argentina, 341, 346; Chinese legal codes, 215; and commercial revolution of Middle Ages, 138; and despotic growth, 113; and economy of narrow corridor, 144–45; and Hawaiian culture, 115–16; impact of Norman conquest, 169–74; and Italian communes, 130–33; and King Alfred’s law, 167–69; Laws of Manu, 243–44; and Roman influences in Europe, 161–64; and state-society relations in England, 178–81. See also judicial systems

Le Pen, Marine, 425

League of Zurich, 271

Lebanon, 59–63, 60, 63–64, 405

legalism, 203, 205, 207–9, 211, 214, 229

Leopold II, Duke of Austria, 271

Leopold II, King of Belgium, 457–60

Leviathan (Hobbes), 8–9

Lewis, Arthur, 362–63

Li Keqiang, 71–72

Li Si, 206

Li Zicheng, 211

Liberal Democratic Party (Japan), 438, 441

Liberia, 360–61, 365, 368

Licchavi state, 252–53, 253

Liebknecht, Karl, 393

Liholiho (Kamehameha II), 91

Lincoln, Abraham, 52, 317

literacy, 139–40, 291

“Little Constitution” (Poland), 284

Little Red Book (Mao), 14

Litvinenko, Alexander, 286

Liu Bang, 207

Liu Zhijun, 71

Lleras Camargo, Alberto, 349–50, 447

Lloyd George, David, xvii

“loans for shares” deal, 285–86, 288

Locke, John, xi, xiii, 7, 492

Lok Sabha, 259

Lombard Kingdom, 154, 183, 414

London School of Economics (LSE), 464–65

longitude problem, 196

Lopez, Robert, 186

Lorenzetti, Ambrogio, 126–27, 130

Lü K’o-hsing, 212

Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, 158

Lugard, Frederick, 54–55, 365

Luo Hongshan, 16–17

Luxembourg, 357

Luxemburg, Rosa, 393

Ma, Jack, 231, 233

Ma Ch’ao-chu conspiracy, 214

Ma Longshan, 14, 15

MacArthur, Douglas, 436, 437, 441

Macedonian Empire, 152

Machiavelli, Niccolò, 266, 419, 423

Macri, Mauricio, 343, 345

Madison, James, xv, 46–49, 51–52, 68, 149, 313, 399

Maduro, Nicolás, 422

Magna Carta, 174–77, 182

Mahabharata, 251

Maine, Henry Sumner, 261

majlis (council), 373–74, 379

Major, Ernest, 220

makaainanas (ordinary people), 88, 118

Makhkamov, Kakhar, 288

Maktoum, Mohammed bin Rashid Al, xvi–xvii

Malo, David, 87–88, 117

mana (power), 90–91

Manchukuo regime, 437

Manchuria, 436, 437

Manchus, 211–12

mandamiento, 299

Mandarin’s Life Preserver, 228–29

Mandate of Heaven, 203–6, 229

Mandela, Nelson, 431, 433, 450–51, 453–54

Mandeville, Bernard, 178

manzanillo, 447

Mao Zedong, 14–15, 229–31, 235, 344

Mapp, Dollree, 312

markets and market forces, 104, 222, 282, 283, 472–76

Markets and States in Tropical Africa (Bates), 363–64

Marmont, Auguste, 276

Maronite Christians, 60, 61

Married Women’s Property Act, 192

Marroquín, José Manuel, 355

Martel, Charles, 154

Marwick, John, 180

Marxism, 229–30, 402, 413, 447–48

marshrutkas (taxi buses), 121–22

Masters and Servants Acts, 455

Matabeleland, 461

Mathison, Gilbert, 119

Matrimonial Causes Act, 192

Matthai, John, 261

Mauryan Empire, 237–38, 255–56

Mazowiecki, Tadeusz, 283

mbatsav (witches), 55–56

Mbeki, Moeletsi, 432

Mbeki, Thabo, 432

Mbuti Pygmies, 18

Mecca, 74–78, 75, 80, 95, 110, 236, 370, 372–73, 375–76, 378, 380–81, 384–85

Medicare/Medicaid, 325, 327

Medina, 74–79, 75, 95, 107, 111, 113, 370–72, 375

Mein Kampf (Hitler), 397

Menchú, Rigoberta, 291–94, 298–99

Mengzi (Mencius), 201–2, 207, 216

mercantile insurance, 138

merchants, 135–43, 209, 218–19, 221, 223–24, 226–27, 227, 232, 280

Mercia, 164, 167

meritocracy, 70, 85, 209–10, 215–17, 274, 278, 345, 351

Merovingian Empire, 154, 161, 187

Mesopotamia, 112

mestizos, 291

metadata collection, 489–90

Metcalfe, Charles, 260–61

Mexico, 147–51

Middle Ages: and Byzantine coins, 186; and Champagne fairs, 135–36; and German universities, 400; influences on European political development, 29, 454; and Islamic norms and law, 372, 381; and Italian communes, 143, 413; and seeds of Industrial Revolution, 195, 198

Middle East, 23, 379, 387. See also specific countries

Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, 394

Mikati, Najib, 61

Milan, Italy, 139

Milano, Alyssa, 496

Mill, John Stuart, 193–94

Ming dynasty, 210–11, 214, 221, 223–24, 227, 232

Ming-yuan (monk), 213

minimum wage, 464, 486

Minxin Pei, 70

Mkhedrioni, 92, 94

Mockus, Antanas, 448–49

modernization, 15, 233, 380, 382, 439–40

Monaldeschi, Ermanno, 418

moneylending, 137

Mongols, 210, 212

monopoly power, 223–24, 227–28, 298, 323, 473

Monté Albán, 148, 149–51

Montealegre family, 296

Montenegro, 267–68, 268, 270, 275–78

Montfort, Simon de, 176

Montgomery, Alabama, 322

Mora, Juan Rafael, 296

moral leadership, 230–34

Morel, Edmund, 458

Moreno, Iván and Samuel, 351, 355, 450

Morgan, Edmund, 313

Morse, H. B., 225

Motlana, Nthato, 431

Moukheiber, Ghassan, 62

Mthethwa, 83, 84

Muawiya, 106

Mugabe, Robert, 453, 461–62

Mughal Empire, 250, 256, 257, 259–60

Muhammad (prophet), 74–80, 90, 94, 104–7, 109, 111–13, 345, 370–72, 380, 382, 384, 388

Muhammad Ali (ruler of Egypt), 374–75

Muhammad bin Salman (Saudi crown prince), 384

Muhammad ibn Ibrahim, Sheikh (Grand Mufti), 377

muhtasib, 374, 381

Muqaddasi, al-, 109–10

Murugesan, 246–47

Mussolini, Benito, 405

mutaween (religious police), 381

Nabiev, Rahmon, 289

nadus (collectives), 259

Nahuatl, 148

Najd, Saudia Arabia, 370–73, 375, 376

Nanjing, China, 223

National Dairy Producers Corporation, 326

National Federation of Coffee Growers, 350

National Front agreement (Colombia), 447

National Guard (Georgia), 92

National Housing Act, 329

National Industrial Recovery Act, 472

National Institute for Agrarian Transformation, 293

National Insurance (UK), 464

National Labor Relations Act (U.S.), 324, 475

National Pact (Lebanon), 60, 63

National Party (South Africa), 430

National Rifle Association, 328

National School Lunch Act, 320

National Security Agency (NSA), 309, 327, 335–36, 489–90

National Socialist German Workers’ (Nazi) Party, 12–13, 390–92, 395, 396–99, 400–402, 404–5, 421, 423–24, 465

nationalization of industries, 471

Native Land Act (South Africa), 428, 430

native-place associations, 218–19

Navalny, Alexei, 287

Navigation Acts, 196

Negro Motorist Green-Book, The (Green), 69

Netherlands, 280

New Deal, 325, 329

New Territories, 221

Newcomen, Thomas, 194, 196

Newton, Isaac, 196

Nicaragua, 303

Niccolò di Bernardo, 141

Niemöller, Martin, 495

Nietzsche, Friedrich, 79–80

Nigeria, 3–7, 12, 53–56, 365, 444–47

Nine (Sienese body of electors), 129–30, 131

1984 (Orwell), 235

Nixon, Richard, 412

Njegoš (Peter II, Prince-Bishop of Montenegro), 277

Nkrumah, Kwame, 362–63, 364, 366

Nobela (witch doctor), 86

nomadic tribes, 74–75, 77, 104–5

Norman conquest, 169–71

North Korea, 234, 455, 456

Northcote-Trevelyan Report, 190

Northern Europe, 152, 153, 209

Northern Wei dynasty, 209

Northumbria, 164, 165, 167

Northwest Ordinance, 296

Norton, Caroline, 191–92, 194

Norton, George, 191

Norway, 472

Nuestras Familias, 338–40

Nyambua cult, 55–56

Oaxaca Valley, Mexico, 147, 152

Obamacare, 332

Obasanjo, Olusegun, 444

Obizzo, Lord, 413–14, 418

Odyssey (Homer), 38, 251

Offa, King of Mercia, 164

Office of Strategic Services, 334. See also Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

Ogletree, Virgil, 312

oligarchy, 36, 131, 261, 286–87

Olimova, Saodot, 288–89

On the Governance of the Palace (Hincmar), 153–54

On the Magistracies of the Roman State (John Lydus), 159

Operation Desert Storm, 386

Oracle of Delphi, 33

Orange Free State, 428

Orbán, Viktor, 425

Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 331–32

Origin and Growth of Village Communities in India, The (Baden-Powell), 261

Orthodox Christians, 60–61

Orwell, George, 235

ostracism, in ancient Greece, 45

Otaybi, Juhayman al-, 380

Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor, 417

Otto of Freising, Bishop, 128–29, 142

Ottoman Empire, 60, 276, 371, 373, 375–76, 385, 387, 439

Pacific Railroad Act, 24–25, 317

Pacto de la Concordia, 295–96

Page, Larry, 481

Palestine, 376

Pallavicino, Uberto, 418

Palmer raids, 333

Panchayati Raj Act, 261

panchayats, 245–47, 256, 261, 265

Papen, Franz von, 398

Paper Leviathan: and African nations, 360–65; and Argentinian bureaucracy, 338–41, 344–46; and Colombia, 346–50, 351–55; consequences of, 367–69; and Latin America, 355–59; mechanics of, 344–46; and paths into corridor, 434, 443–44, 450; and postcolonial world, 365–67; and social power, 367

Papin, Denis, 196

paramilitaries, 354, 395, 409

Park Chung-hee, 456

Parma, Italy, 417

Pashtuns, 7, 23–24

Pastrana, Andrés, 448

patents, 318–19

pawns (pledges), 22–23, 37, 39–40, 45

Peace of Constance, 127

Peasant Self-Defense Forces of the Middle Magdalena, 353

peasantry, 271, 279–80

Peasants into Frenchmen (Weber), 346

Peasants’ Revolt, 184

Peisistratos, 42–43

pensions, 190–91, 325–26, 332

People’s Daily (China), 230

People’s Party (U.S.), 419

perestroika, 282

Periphetes, 33–34

Peronist Party (Argentina), 343

Peru, 349, 358, 422

Peter I, King of Aragon, 182

Peter I, Prince-Bishop of Montenegro, 276

Pettit, Philip, 6–7, 9

Philippines, 425

Phillips, David Graham, 324

Phipps, John, 180

phratry/phratries, 35, 45, 58

Piacenza, Italy, 136, 418

Pienaar, François, 433–34

Pinker, Steven, 8

Pinkerton National Detective Agency, 333

Pinochet, Augusto, 406, 423

Pistoia, Italy, 415

Plaatje, Sol, 427–29

Platteau, Jean-Philippe, 388–89

Pledge of Good Pleasure, 78–79

Plutarch, 33–34, 36

Podestà (magistrate), 129–31, 133, 413, 414–18

Poland, 280, 282, 283–84, 290, 290–91

polarization, 66, 403, 421

poletai, 38

police forces, 304–6, 309–12, 327–29

Polynesian society, 87–88, 90–92

Poor Laws, 181

Popolo, 416–18

Popular Action Front (Chile; FRAP), 407–8

Popular Contention in Great Britain, 1758–1834 (Tilly), 188–89

Popular Unity (Chile; U.P.), 407–8

populism, 39, 419–23

Portales, Diego, 359

Portuguese monarchies, 281

postal service, 318, 319

postcolonial societies, 269, 294, 365–67

Potanin, Vladimir, 286

poverty, 240–41, 262, 264–65, 291–93, 308, 327, 446

Power of the Powerless, The (Havel), 281–82

praetorian prefects (Roman Empire), 158–59

Prague Spring, 282

Prajapati, 252

Prato, Italy, 140

premodern societies, 7–8, 64

presidential power, 63, 357–58

prestige goods, 103, 120

Prince, The (Machiavelli), 266, 419

pristine state formation, 79, 80, 87, 148

privatization, 123, 285–86

Procrustes, 34

Progressive era, 323–27

property rights, 99, 113, 114, 121, 138, 144, 232–33

prostrating taboo, 91

Prussia, 12–13, 266–68, 268, 270, 273–75, 277–79, 297, 393, 395, 398–402, 404, 424, 484

public education, 139–40, 190–91, 368–69, 381

public-private partnerships, 307–8, 317–21, 324–27, 331–32, 333, 337, 485–86

Puna Coast, 88, 115

Putin, Vladimir, 286, 287–88

Putumayo, Colombia, 346–49, 347

qadis, 375

Qasim, Abd Al-Karim, 385

Qianlong emperor, 212–14, 217

Qin dynasty, 203–5, 206–9, 215, 218, 222, 229, 345

Qin Shi Huang, 206

Qing dynasty, 211–18, 224–27, 229, 233

Qubilai Khan (Kublai Khan), 210

qui tam provision, 319

Quiché people (Guatemala), 291, 293

Quran, 75–76, 371–72, 377, 379, 384, 386

Quraysh tribe, 74

racism and racial discrimination, 68–69, 304–6, 321, 326–32

railroads, 24–25, 225, 317

Rajadhiraja II, 259

Rake’s Progress, The (Hogarth), 196

Ramaphosa, Cyril, 431–32

Ramayana, 243, 251

Rashtriya Garima Abhiyan, 244

Rashtriya Sam Vikas Yojana, 262

Rathenau, Walther, 396

Rattray, Robert, 19–20, 23

Rauschning, Hermann, 390

RCD-Goma, 99

Reagan, Ronald, 108, 325

Reconstruction and Development Programme, 431

Reconstruction era (U.S.), 52–53, 311

Record of Ten Days in Yangzhou, A (Wang Xiuchu), 213

Red Queen effect: and American exceptionalism, 307; and American state building, 45–46, 49–50, 52–53, 316–17, 320–21; and ancient Greece, 40–42; and Argentina, 344–45; and development of Leviathan types, 66, 69–70; and divergent effects of state power, 281; and economy inside corridor, 146; and English political development, 180–81, 188, 190; and European political development, 153, 184; and failings of Indian state, 264–65; and fostering of Shackled Leviathan, 72–73; and Hayek’s economic theory, 466–67; and impact of structural factors, 301; and Indian caste system, 240, 244, 250, 255, 262; and Industrial Revolution, 195; and legal reforms of Henry II, 172–73; and Magna Carta, 177; and norms against political hierarchy, 57; and paradox of American Leviathan, 336–37; and Polish civil society, 284

Red Turban rebellion, 211

Redemption period (U.S.), 53, 311, 312

redistribution of wealth, 316, 451, 456, 461, 467, 473–76, 484, 486–87

redlining, 329–30

Reginald of Durham, 143

Regulation Q, 478

Rehn-Meidner model, 470

Reichstag, 390, 396, 398–99, 424

Report of the Indian Famine Commission (1880), 261

Representation of the People Act, 176

Republican People’s Party (Turkey; CHP), 439–40

Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government (Pettit), 6–7

research and development, investment in, 486–87, 488

Restoration Society (Fushe), 211

Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), 353

Revolutionary Command Council (Iraq), 385

Reyes, Rafael, 348

Rhee, Syngman, 456

Rhenish League, 184

Rhodesia, 357

Ricardo, David, 407

Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act, 479

Rig Veda, 251, 252

Riopaila Castilla, 352

Ritter von Kahr, Gustav, 396

road construction projects, 346–50, 353–55, 356

Road to Serfdom, The (Hayek), 465, 473

Roberts, William, 119

Rock Edicts of Ashoka, 255

Röhm, Ernst, 395

Rojas Pinilla, Gustavo, 351

Rolfe, John, 314

Roman Empire: and European political development, 153, 158–60, 182, 183, 199; fiscal systems, 187; and Frankish society, 154, 156–57; and Icelandic politics, 185; and Italian communes, 414

Roman Republic, 158. See also Roman Empire

Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare), 415

Rommel, Erwin, 370

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 324–26, 472, 493–95

Roosevelt, Theodore, 323, 333

Rose Revolution, 124

Round Table–Free Georgia coalition, 92

Rufino Barrios, Justo, 299

Rugby World Cup, 1995, 433

rule of law, 131, 144–45

Rumsfeld, Donald, 108–9

Russell, Bertrand, 460

Russia, 281–82, 284–88, 290, 290, 302. See also Soviet Union

Russian-American Company, 118

Rwanda, 460

Saakashvili, Mikheil, 123–24

sabhas, 251, 257–59

Sadat, Anwar, 388

Saint Helena Act, 190

Sakya, 253

Sala dei Nove (Palazzo Pubblico, Siena), 146

Salegast, 162

Salian Franks, 161

Salic Law, 161–64

salt merchants, China, 209, 218–19, 221, 223–24, 226–27, 227, 232

Saltsjöbaden, 469, 471

Samarqand, 110

samiti, 251

Samtskhe-Javaketi, 93

San José Mogote, Mexico, 147, 149, 150

Sarmiento, Domingo, 295

Sarmiento, Luis Carlos, 352

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, 262

Sassanid Empire, 106, 110

Saud, Abd al-Aziz Muhammad, 374, 375, 376, 379–80, 381

Saud, Muhammad ibn, 371, 374, 375, 378, 380

Saudi Arabia, 75, 357, 370–89

Savory, Thomas, 196

Saxon Peasants party (Germany), 396

Saxons, 164, 166–69

Scandinavians, 166, 185, 473

Scheduled Castes, 238. See also Dalits (“untouchables”)

Schleicher, Kurt von, 398, 404

Schneider, René, 412

Scholars, The (Wu Jingzi), 228

Schönberg, Arnold, 394

Scott, James, 59–60

Scott, Tom, 266

scutage, 175

sea bans, 210, 214, 223–25

Second Amendment, 328

Second Reform Act, 190

secret ballots, 406–7

sedentary culture, 111

segregation, 248, 321, 382. See also caste systems

Select Committee of Native Affairs of the Cape Colony, 429

Selma, Alabama, 322

Senate Select Committee on Intelligence Activities, 412

Separation of Mother and Child by the Laws of Custody of Infants Considered, The (Norton), 191

separation of powers, 316, 358

September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, 389, 489

serfdom, 175, 177, 279–80, 406, 451, 454–55, 467, 483

Seventeenth Amendment, 324

sexual harassment and violence, 3, 247, 496

Shackled Leviathan, 26–27; and American exceptionalism, 308; and American state building, 24–26; and ancient Greece, 36, 45–46; and Argentina, 340–41, 344; benefits of, 27–28; and decline of Weimar Republic, 401; and despotic growth in China, 223; and development of Leviathan types, 64; and development of state capacity, 69; and divergent effects of state power, 268, 268; and divergent impact of Soviet collapse, 288, 290; and diversity of European systems, 185; and economy inside corridor, 143–46, 151; and economy outside corridor, 125; and effect of war on state power, 275; and English political development, 199; and European political development, 152–53; and evolution of Leviathan types, 66; and factors affecting shape of corridor, 402, 451, 453–55; and forms of social power, 57; and Hayek’s economic theory, 467; and impact of structural factors, 301, 303; and Industrial Revolution, 194, 198; and influence of elite interests, 419; and international human rights movement, 461; and Italian communes, 130, 413–14; and Nazi takeover of German state, 405, 406; and Nigerian governance reforms, 447; Paper Leviathan contrasted with, 367, 367; and paths into corridor, 434, 435, 450, 463; and populist movements, 422; and protection of rights, 49; and Red Queen effect, 40–42, 72–73; and return to corridor, 425; and Roman influences in Europe, 163; and security threats, 491, 492; and smallholder coffee economy, 298; and social mobilization in Germany, 404; and structure of narrow corridor, 63–64, 64; Swedish example, 484; and trust in institutions, 482; and “trust and verify” strategy, 72–73; and will to power, 94–95; and Zapotec culture, 147

Shaka Zulu, 80–81, 83–87, 90, 94, 120–21, 148, 220

Shakespeare, William, 414–15

Shang Yang, 203, 205–12, 215, 222, 226, 229–30, 234, 253, 345

Sharia law, 371–74, 379–82, 384, 386, 388–89

Shaw, Flora, 54

sheikhs, 373–74

Shemelin, F. I., 118

Shenbao (Hankou), 220

Sheridan, Caroline, 191

Sherman Antitrust Act, 323

Shevardnadze, Eduard, 93–94, 121–24, 125

Shia Muslims, 60, 60–61, 63

Shotgunners, 352–53

Shudras, 238, 239, 243–45, 249, 264

Shura Council, 379

Sibundoy Valley, Colombia, 356–57

Siena, Italy, 126–27, 129–34, 139, 258

Sierra Leone, 22

Sima Qian, 209

Sixteenth Amendment, 323

Sixth Amendment, 312

Skinner, Quentin, 131

slander laws, 162

slavery: and Athenian society, 44; and cage of norms, 21–22; and factors affecting shape of corridor, 451; and founding of Liberia, 365; and Frankish society, 164; and Japanese militarism, 438; in the U.S., 52–53, 307, 308, 310, 313–16, 359; and Zulu state, 120

smallholder society, 57–58, 296, 298, 301–3, 453

Smeaton, John, 196

Smith, Adam, 101

Smith, Edward W., 25

Smith, Thomas, 180–81

Smith-Dorian, Horace, 81–83

Snowden, Edward, 309, 327, 489–91

social contract, 10, 208, 366, 446–47

Social Democratic Party (Germany), 390–91, 393, 395, 397, 400–404, 424

Social Insurance and Allied Services (Beveridge), 464–65

social safety nets, 51–52, 181, 190–91, 308, 464–65, 467, 472, 485

Social Security, 324–26, 329

Socialist Party (Chile), 407, 411

Soldiers and Workers Councils (Germany), 392

Solidarity labor union, 283, 284

Solon, 36–40, 41–42, 45–46, 58, 95, 399

Somalia, 462

Song dynasty, 209–10, 215, 221, 222–23, 234

South Africa, 427–34, 450–54

South African Native National Congress (SANNC), 427

South Korea, 455–56, 476

South Manchuria Railway, 437

southern Africa, 82

Soviet Union, 92, 114–15, 234, 269, 281–82, 288–91. See also Russia

Soweto uprising, 453

Soyinka, Wole, 3–5, 4, 9, 26, 444

Spanish colonialism, 291, 301, 355–57

Spanish Empire, 296, 301

Spilsbury, F. B., 22

Srinivas, M. N., 245

St. Louis, Missouri, 328

Stanley, Lord, 406–7

State Council (Georgia), 93

state legislatures, 46–47, 50, 57, 306, 311, 324

stateless societies: archaeological and anthropological sources on, 7–8; and cage of norms, 20; and consequences of war, 101–2; Gwembe Tonga culture, 97; and nature of narrow corridor, 66–67; and norms against political hierarchy, 58; relevance to modern societies, 59; and rise of Islam, 74, 77, 79–80; and structure of narrow corridor, 64; Tiv culture, 54–55; and violence-control mechanisms, 11–12. See also Absent Leviathan

states’ rights, 68, 306–7

Statute of the Monopolies, 195

steam power, 194, 196, 198, 294

Stenton, Frank, 169

Strategic Service Unit, 334

“structural factors,” 267–69, 268, 278, 301–2, 401–4, 402, 413

Stuart dynasty, 188

Sturmabteilung (SA), 13

Subbarayalu, Y., 259

Subjection of Women, The (Mill), 193–94

sub-Saharan Africa, 359

subsidies, 326, 350, 364, 486

subsistence agriculture, 101, 103

Sudan, 460

Sui dynasty, 209

Sulpicius, 156

sundown towns, 69, 321, 328–29

Sunna, 378

Sunni Muslims, 60, 60, 61, 379, 388

Supreme Soviet, 284–85

surveillance, 309, 327, 332–36, 489–90

Swallowfield constitution, 178–80, 188

Sweden, 467–74, 483, 486

Swedish Workers Party (SAP), 468–71

Swiss Confederation, 182, 266, 270–71

Switzerland, 154, 182, 268, 268, 269–72, 270, 275–79

Syria, xii–xiii, 376

taboos, 90–92

Tabuk, 78, 79

Tacitus, 155–57, 185, 252

Taft, William H., 323

Taif Agreement, 63

Taiping Rebellion, 218

Taiwan, 235, 476

Tajikistan, 288–90, 290

Tallensi people, 366

Talleyrand, Charles-Maurice, 2

Tamil Nadu, India, 245–47, 253, 257–59, 262

T’an-ch’eng County, China, 211, 216

Tang legal code of 653, 215

Tang dynasty, 209, 215, 220–22

taxation: and African economics, 363–64; and American exceptionalism, 307; and American Leviathan, 48; and American state building, 317, 320; and ancient Greece, 33, 43; and Byzantine state, 187; and Champagne fairs, 136; and Chinese civil service, 217; and Chinese Communist state, 233; and Chinese legal codes, 215; and Chinese social organization, 219; and Chinese well-field system, 207–8; and Colombian governance reforms, 448, 449; and despotic growth, 114, 221–22; and divergent impact of Soviet collapse, 282; and English political development, 191; and European parliaments, 184; and Hawaiian state, 117–18; and Islam, 77, 372, 374; and Islamic caliphates, 106–7, 108–12; and Italian communes, 133; and legacy of colonization, 365; and Magna Carta, 174–76; and market reforms in Russia, 286; and Montenegro, 277; and Mughal Empire, 259–60; and Nigerian governance reforms, 445–47; and Progressive era, 323; and Prussia, 273–74, 279; and Qing dynasty, 225; and self-defense forces in Colombia, 353; and social tensions, 309; and Zulu state, 84, 85

technology companies, 480–82

Tenth Amendment, 320

Teotihuacán, 150

terrorism, 308–9, 335, 388, 389

Themistocles, 45

Theodosius, 158

Theseus, 33–36

Thevars, 245–47

Thibault II, Count of Champagne, 135–36

things (assemblies), 185–86

Third Reform Act, 190

Thirteenth Amendment, 52

Thirty Years War, 273

This Is the New Woman (Herrmann), 394

Thomas Aquinas, Saint, 138

Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There (Carroll), 40–41

Tiananmen Square protests, 233, 235, 443

Tilly, Charles, 188–89, 269, 271–72, 349

Time of Troubles (Georgia), 93

Time on the Cross (Engerman and Fogel), 454

Tinubu, Bola Ahmed, 444–46

Tivland and Tiv culture, 4, 42, 54–59, 63–66, 64, 86, 91, 95, 102–4, 434

Tlaxcalan, 150

tobacco, 295, 314–15

Tocqueville, Alexis de, 51, 318, 359, 403

Tojo, Hideki, 437–38

Tombstone (Yang), 14–15

Tonga society, 97–98, 100–101, 104, 277–78

tonsure decree, 212–13

Toro di Berto, 141

Township Village Enterprises (TVEs), 232

trade unions, 283, 470–71, 473–75

traffic safety, 446, 449

transcontinental railway (U.S.), 317–18

Treaty of Basel, 271

Treaty of Versailles, 376, 400

trial rights, 46–47, 172–73

Triana, Miguel, 348

Triana, Victor, 348

tribal groups, 8, 38, 43, 78–79, 252, 276, 371, 373–74. See also clans; kinship ties

True Whig Party (Liberia; TWP), 360

Trump, Donald J., 330, 420, 425–26

Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 433

Ts’ao family, 226–27, 227

Tubman, William, 361, 362

Tuchinat, 184

Turkey, 376, 425, 439–43

Tutu, Desmond, 431

Twain, Mark, 323, 460

“Twenty-Four Crimes” memorial, 210–11

Ubaydid dynasty, 111–12

Uberto de Iniquitate, 418

Uighurs, 235–36

Ukraine, 282

ulama, 375–79, 381, 385, 388

Umar, 106

Umayyad dynasty, 106, 109, 112

Umkosi, 85

Union of South Africa, 429

Union Pacific railway, 317

United Arab Emirates, xvi

United as One Family campaign, 235–36

United Nations, 3, 11, 63, 460, 462

United States: and civil rights, 309–13, 321–23; and coalition-building efforts, 484–85, 487–88; and effects of American exceptionalism, 306–9, 316, 337; and effects of social polarization, 425–26; and federal police powers, 332–36; impact of Great Depression in, 467; and legacy of slave economy, 313–16; and norms against political hierarchy, 57; and paradox of American Leviathan, 336–37; and police violence, 304–6; and Progressive era, 323–27; and protection of rights, 46–53; and racial/social inequalities, 327–32; Revolutionary War, 47, 49, 51, 322, 358; and state-building dynamics, 316–21; and trade unions, 475. See also United States and U.S. entries

United States Agency for International Development (USAID), 360

United States Public Land Commission, 25

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 460, 492–93, 495

“untouchability,” 241, 382

urbanization, 139, 150, 223

Uribe, Álvaro, 349, 354

URPO, 286–87

Uruk, xiv–xv, 68, 75, 153

U.S. Congress, 316, 318, 319, 333

U.S. Constitution: and American exceptionalism, 306–7; and checks and balances, 68; and evolution of police powers, 333; and gun rights, 328; and NSA data collection, 336; and protection of rights, 46–47, 48, 49, 53; and ratification negotiations, 148; and representation mechanisms, 59; and Shackled Leviathan, 27; and slavery, 315; and state building, 316–17. See also Bill of Rights and specific amendments

U.S. Department of Justice, 304, 309, 311, 321–22, 333

U.S. House of Representatives, 59, 333

U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, 318

U.S. Post Office, 318–19

U.S. Supreme Court, 310, 328, 330

U.S. Treasury Department, 332

Uthman, 106

Uzbekistan, 455

Vaishyas, 238–39

van der Lubbe, Marinus, 399

Vancouver, George, 116

Vargas, Getúlio, 346

Vargas Llosa, Mario, 422

varna (caste) system, 238, 242, 244–45, 252, 255, 264

vassalage, 170, 175, 414, 417

Vedas, 244, 251–52

Venerable Bede, 164

Venezuela, 422, 425

Venice, Italy, 139–40, 418

Verano, Bernard de, 129

Vereinsmeierei (“associational mania”), 393

Versailles peace treaty, 376, 400

vidatha, 251–52

Vietnam War, 334

vigilante justice, 25

Vikings (Norse), 185

Village Communities in the East and West (Maine), 261

villeins, 175, 177–78

Vindication of the Rights of Woman, A (Wollstonecraft), 192–93

Virginia, 49, 313–15

Virginia Plan, 68

Visconti family, 416

Visigoths, 154, 280

Voltaire, 266–67

voting rights, 26, 190, 194, 321–23

wage policies, 468–71, 474–77, 482

Wahhab, Muhammad ibn Abd al-, 371–75, 377, 388

Wahhabism, 372–76, 378, 380–81

Waldo, George E., 333

Wales, 165, 172

Wałeşa, Lech, 283, 284

Wang Mang, 209

Wang Xiuchu, 213

Wanniski, Jude, 108–9

War of Independence (American Revolution), 47, 49, 51, 322, 358

War on Poverty, 308, 324–25

War on Terror, 335, 489–91

Warren, Earl, 312

Warring States period (China), 203, 204, 206, 221, 345

Washington, Booker T., 460

Washington, George, 46, 48–49, 149, 313, 317, 399

Watt, James, 194, 196, 198

wealth inequality, 331–32, 476–78

Webber, John, 89

Weber, Eugen, 346

Weber, Max, 12, 341–45, 352

Weimar Republic, 391–405, 413, 419–20, 424, 426, 483

Weinstein, Harvey, 496

welfare state, 324–25, 464–67, 470, 472

well-field system, 206–11, 222–23, 229, 234

Wels, Otto, 390–91

Wenham, George, 179–80

Wenzhou, China, 230–31

wergeld, 168

Wessex, 164, 165, 166, 167

Western Roman Empire, 136, 153, 164, 186, 199

Whiskey Rebellion, 48, 317

White Lotus sect, 218

“white” Turks, 440–41

Why I Am a Liberal (Beveridge), 492

Why Nations Fail (Acemoglu and Robinson), 114, 145–46, 278–79, 281

Widogast, 162

Wiene, Robert, 394

Wilberforce, William, 198

Wilhelm II, Kaiser, 392–93

“will to power,” 79–80, 86–87, 94–96, 107, 127, 151, 344

William the Conqueror, 169–71

Williams, George Washington, 458

Wilson, Darren, 304

Wilson, Woodrow, 323

wiretapping, 334, 335–36

Wiser, William, 248, 249–50

Wisogast, 162

witan (assembly), 164–69, 174

witches and witchcraft, 55–59, 80, 86, 95

Wollstonecraft, Mary, 192–93

women’s rights and gender norms: in Colombia, 449; in Congo, 100; in England, xvii, 191–94; female suffrage, xvii, 26, 194, 394; and international human rights movement, 461; in Muslim countries, xvi–xvii, 381–84, 387, 388; and Pashtunwali system, 23–24; in Polynesian cultures, 91–92

Women’s Social and Political Union, xvii

Woodward, Ralph Lee, 298

World Bank, 263

World Economic Forum, 383

World Health Organization (WHO), 461

World War I, 60, 375, 387, 394, 439

World War II, 327, 334, 436, 441, 464

Wu, Emperor, 209

Wu Jingzi, 228

Wu San-kuei, 214

Wulfhelm, Archbishop, 167

Wyoming, 24–26

Xi Jinping, 17, 233

Xiao, Lord, 203

Xinjiang Province, China, 235–36

Xiushui market, Beijing, 232

Xu Shexin, 70–71

Xunzi, 202, 204

Yadav, Lalu Prasad, 262, 264

Yang Jisheng, 14–16

Yathrib, 77

Yeltsin, Boris, 284–87

Yorubaland, 4, 53–54

Yoshida, Shigeru, 438

Young, John, 89–90

Young Turks, 439

Yuan dynasty, 210, 223

Yung-ch’ang County, China, 212

Zaid ibn al-Kattab, 372

zakat, 372, 374

Zambia, 97

zamindars, 259–60

Zapotec civilization, 147, 149–52

Zhang Fuhong, 14

Zhang Guiyi, 70–71

Zhao Hua, 70

Zhao Ziyang, 443

Zhu Yuanzhang, 210

Zichan, 202

Zimbabwe, 357, 453–54, 462

Zoticus, 158–60

Zulu nation, 80–83, 83–87, 120–21

Zuluaga, Luis Eduardo, 353

Zuo Zhuan, 201–2

Zviadists, 93

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Daron Acemoglu is an Institute Professor at MIT. In 2005 he received the John Bates Clark Medal, given to economists under age forty judged to have made the most significant contribution to economic thought and knowledge; in 2012 he was awarded the Erwin Plein Nemmers Prize in Economics for work of lasting significance; and in 2016 he received the BBVA Frontiers of Knowledge Award in Economics, Finance, and Management for his lifetime contributions.

James A. Robinson, a political scientist and economist, is one of nine University Professors at the University of Chicago. Focused on Latin America and Africa, he is currently conducting research in Bolivia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sierra Leone, Haiti, and Colombia, where he has taught for many years during the summer at the University of the Andes in Bogotá.

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