The Origins of Rus', Kievan Rus' and Rus' principalities from Cambridge history of Russia, volume 1

1

Povest' vremennykh let (hereafter PVL), ed. V P. Adrianova-Peretts and D. S. Likhachev with revisions by M. B. Sverdlov 2nd edn (St Petersburg: Nauka, 1996), p. 13. 'Varangians' overseas can, in this context, only have meant Scandinavians.

2

G. Schramm, Altrusslands Anfang. Historische Schliisse aus Namen, Wortern und Texten zum 9. undio.]ahrhundert (Freiburgim Breisgau: Rombach, 2002), pp. 265-6. Names preceded by asterisks are the hypothetical Scandinavian forms from which the Slavonic names derive.

3

PVL, pp. 13, 22-7.

4

Annales Bertiniani, ed. F. Grat, J. Vielliard and S. Clemencet (Societe de l'histoire de France 470) (Paris: C. Klincksieck, 1964), pp. 30-1.

5

E. A. Mel'nikova, Skandinavskierunicheskienadpisi. Novyenakhodki i interpretatsii (Moscow: Vostochnaia Literatura, 2001), pp. 107,115-19.

6

'chaganum... Northmannorum': Louis II, EpistolaadBasiliuml., MonumentaGermaniae Historica, Epistolae Karolini Aevi, V (Berlin: Weidmann, 1928), p. 388.

7

Ibn Rusta, Kitab al-Ahak an-nafisa, ed. T. Lewicki, Zrodla arabskie do dziejow stowianszczyzny, vol. 11.2 (Wroclaw, Warsaw, Cracow, and Gdansk: Polska Akademia Nauk, 1977), pp. 38-41.

8

Theophanes Continuatus, ed. I. Bekker (Corpus scriptorum historiae byzantinae) (Bonn: E. Weber, 1838), pp. 196, 342-3.

9

Ibn Fadlan, Risala, ed. T. Lewicki, Zrodla arabskie do dziejow dowianszczyzny, vol. 111 (Wroclaw, Warsaw, Cracow, Gdansk, and Lodz: Polska Akademia Nauk, 1985), pp. 75-6. See also J. E. Montgomery, 'Ibn Fadlan and the Rusiyyah', Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies 3 (2000): 21-2.

10

P. K. Kokovtsov Evreisko-khazarskaia perepiska v X veke (Leningrad: AN SSSR, 1932), p. 98 and n. 4; Constantine VII, Deadministrando imperio, ed. and trans. G. Moravcsik and R.J. H.Jenkins (Corpus fontium historiae byzantinae 1) (Washington: Dumbarton Oaks, 2nd edn., 1967), ch. 9, pp. 56-7.

11

N. Golb and O. Pritsak, Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1982), pp. 118-19.

12

Novgorodskaia pervaia letopis' starshego i mladshego izvodov, ed. A. N. Nasonov (Moscow and Leningrad: AN SSSR, 1950), pp. 107-8.

13

Constantine VII, De cerimoniis aulae byzantinae, 11.15, ed. J. J. Reiske, vol. 1 (Corpus scrip- torum historiae byzantinae) (Bonn: E. Weber, 1829), pp. 594-5.

14

Adalbert, Continuatio Reginonis, ed. A. Bauer and R. Rau, in Quellen zur Geschichte der sOchsischen Kaiserzeit (reprinted Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2002), pp. 214-19.

15

Constantine VII, De a^ministrando imperio, ch. 9, pp. 62-3.

16

PVL, p. 32.

17

PVL, p. 31.

18

V Minorsky, Sharafal-Zaman TahirMarvazion China, the Turks andlndia(James G. Forlong Fund 22) (London: Royal Asiatic Society 1942), p. 36; PVL, pp. 48-9.

19

See A. Poppe, 'The Political Background to the Baptism of Rus', Dumbarton Oaks Papers

20

(1976), 197-244; reprintedin his The Rise of Christian Russia (London: Variorum Reprints, 1982), no. 2.

30 Ilarion, 'Slovo o zakone i blagodati', in D. S. Likhachev et al. (eds.), Biblioteka literatury drevnei Rusi, vol. 1 (St Petersburg: Nauka, 1997), p. 52; PVL, p. 58.

21

PVL, p. 81.

22

PVL, p. 53; Ilarion, 'Slovo o zakone i blagodati', p. 44.

23

PVL, pp. 49-50.

24

PVL, p. 53.

25

PVL, p. 56.

26

PVL, p. 56.

27

PVL, p. 58.

28

PVL, p. 58.

29

On this as the 'Golden Age' see e.g. Boris Rybakov, Kievan Rus (Moscow: Progress Pub­lishers, 1984), pp. 153-241. Other general accounts of the period: George Vernadsky, Kievan Russia, 7th printing (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1972); Simon Franklin and Jonathan Shepard, The Emergence of Rus 750-1200 (London andNew York: Longman, 1996), pp. 183-277.

30

On written sources see Simon Franklin, Writing, Society and Culture in Early Rus c. 900-1300 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).

31

See e.g. William Craft Brumfield, AHistory ofRussian Architecture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 9-33.

32

On the political conventions of the dynasty see Nancy Shields Kollmann, 'Collateral Succession in Kievan Rus", HUS 14 (1990): 377-87; Janet Martin, Medieval Russia 980-1584 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 21-35; Franklin and Shepard, The Emergence of Rus, pp. 245-77.

33

On the early cult see Gail Lenhoff,The Martyred Princes Boris and Gleb: A Socio-Cultural Study of the Cult and the Texts (Columbus, Oh.: Slavica, 1989); Paul Hollingsworth, The Hagiography of Kievan Rus' (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992), pp. xxvi- lvii.

34

Franklin and Shepard, The Emergence of Rus, pp. 265-77; cf. Martin Dimnik, The Dynasty of Chernigov 1054-1146 (Toronto: Pontifical Institute ofMediaeval Studies, 1994), pp. 191-223.

35

PVL, vol. I, pp. 158, 162.

36

PVL, vol. I, pp. 90-1.

37

See e.g. PVL, vol. I, p. 86.

38

See Uwe Halbach, DerrussischeFiirstenhofvor demi6.Jahrhundert: einevergleichende Unter- suchung zur politischen Lexikologie und Verfassungsgeschichte der alten Rus' (Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte des ostlichen Europa, 23; Stuttgart: Steiner Verlag, 1985), pp. 94-113; A. A. Gorskii, Drevnerusskaia druzhina. K istorii genezisa klassovogo obshchestva i gosudarstvanaRusi (Moscow: Prometei, 1989).

39

See V L. Ianin, U istokov novgorodskoi gosudarstvennosti (Novgorod: Novgorodskii gosu- darstvennyi universitet, 2001).

40

See A. P. Tolochko, Kniaz' v Drevnei Rusi: vlast', sobstvennost', ideologiia (Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1992).

41

PVL, vol. I, p. 90.

42

PVL, vol. I, p. 99.

43

PVL, vol. I, pp. 115, 116.

44

PVL, vol. I, p. 182.

45

PVL, vol. I, p. 196.

46

In the period covered by this chapter it was not unusual for the prince of Kiev to appoint his eldest son to Novgorod while still a child: obviously not as direct ruler but as an emblem of the princely connection to Kiev, while day-to-day authority was vested in an appointed governor (posadnik). In the twelfth century the Novgorodposadnik became an elected officer, disengaged from Kiev.

47

PVL, vol. I, p. 15.

48

RZ, 9 vols. (Moscow: Iuridicheskaia literatura, 1984-94), vol. i: Zakonodatel'stvo Drevnei Rusi, ed. V L. Ianin (1984), p. 47; cf.Daniel H. Kaiser (ed. and trans.), The Laws of Rus' - Tenth to Fifteenth Centuries (The Laws of Russia. Series I, Vol. 1; Salt Lake City, Oh.: Charles Schlacks, 1992), p. 15.

49

Iaroslav's pravda and that ofhis sons are combined as the 'short' version in the surviving texts: RZ, vol. I, pp. 7-9; Vladimir Monomakh's additions are incorporated into the 'expanded' version, which also included later accretions: RZ, vol. I, pp. 64-73. Cf. the English translations in Kaiser, The Laws ofRus', pp. 15-34.

50

RZ, vol. I, p. 48; cf. Kaiser, The Laws of Rus', p. 17.

51

See, over a longer period, Daniel H. Kaiser, The Growth of the Law in Medieval Russia (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980).

52

PVL, vol. I, p. 16.

53

The 'canonical responses' ofIoann ii: Slavonic text inRusskaiaistoricheskaiahihlioteka, vol. vi (St Petersburg: Arkheograficheskaia Kommissiia, 1908), cols. 1-20; Greek version ed. A. S. Pavlov, 'Otryvki grecheskogo teksta kanonicheskikh otvetov russkogo mitropolita Ioanna ii', Zapiski Imperatorskoi Akademii nauk 22 (1873): Appendix 5.

54

RZ, vol. I, pp. 139-40; cf.Kaiser, The Laws of Rus', pp. 42-4.

55

See RZ, vol. I,pp. 168-70 ('short' version); cf.Kaiser, TheLawsofRus', pp. 45-50 ('expanded' version).

56

See Franklin, Writing, Society and Culture, pp. 129-86.

57

For a history of the debates in Russia see M. B. Sverdlov Obshchestvennyi stroi Drevnei Rusi v russkoi istoricheskoi nauke XVIII-XXvv. (St Petersburg: Dmitrii Bulanin, 1996); also Vernadsky, Kievan Russia, pp. 143-51.

58

See A. V Nazarenko, 'O russko-datskom soiuze v pervoi chetverti XI v.', Drevneishie gosudarstva na territorii SSSR. Materialy i issledovaniia. 1990 god (Moscow: Nauka, 1991), pp. 167-90.

59

H. R. Ellis Davidson, The Viking Road to Byzantium (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1976), pp. 158-73; Henrik Birnbaum, 'Iaroslav's Varangian Connection', Scandoslavica 24 (1978): 5-25. For an array of sources see T. N. Dzhakson, Islandskie korolevskie sagi o vostochnoi Evrope (seredina XI-seredina XIII v.) (teksty, perevod, kommentarii) (Moscow: Ladomir, 2000).

60

PVL, vol. I, pp. 56, 95, 97.

61

PVL, vol. I, pp. 117-19,158; Gail Lenhoff, 'Canonization and Princely Power in Northeast Rus': The Cult of LeontijRostovskij', Die Welt der Slaven, nf, 16 (1992), 359-80.

62

See R. M. Mavrodina, KievskaiaRus' i kochevniki (pechenegi, torki, polovtsy). Istoriografich- eskii ocherk (Leningrad: Nauka, 1983); S. A. Pletneva, Polovtsy (Moscow: Nauka, 1990); T. S. Noonan, 'Rus', Pechenegs and Polovtsy', RH19 (1992): 300-26.

63

PVL, vol. I, pp. 101-2,148.

64

PVL, vol. I, p. 149.

65

PVL, vol. I, pp. 187,190-2, 201.

66

PVL, vol. I, pp. 187, 202.

67

T. S. Noonan, 'The Monetary History of Kiev in the Pre-Mongol Period', HUS 11 (1987): 384-443.

68

On these and other reported marriages see Alexander Kazhdan, 'Rus'-Byzantine Princely Marriages in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries', HUS 12/13 (1988/9 [pub. 1990]): 414­29. Kazhdan stresses that, apart from the marriage of Vladimir Sviatoslavich to the emperor's sister Anna, none of the reported marriages are likely to have been with top-rank Byzantine princes or princesses.

69

See the works attributed to Leo of Pereiaslavl', Ioann II and Nikofor I: Sophia Senyk, A History of the Church in Ukraine, vol. i: To the End of the Thirteenth Century (Orientalia christiana analecta 243; Rome: Pontificio Istituto Orientale, 1993), pp. 316-21; Gerhard Podskalsky, Christentum und theologische Literatur in der Kiever Rus' (988-1237) (Munich: C. H. Beck, 1982), pp. 170-84.

70

On the pilgrimage of Daniil in this respect see Senyk, A History, pp. 314-15. More broadly on attitudes to 'Latins' see John Fennell, A History of the Russian Church to 1448 (London and New York: Longman, 1995), pp. 96-104.

71

Franklin and Shepard, The Emergence of Rus, pp. 269-70.

72

See the brief biographies by AndrzejPoppe in Podskalsky, Christentum, pp. 282-6.

73

See AndrzejPoppe, 'Werdegang der Diozesanstruktur der Kiever Metropolitankirche in den ersten Jahrhunderten der Christianisierung der Ostslaven', in K. C. Felmy et al. (eds.), Tausend Jahre Christentum in Russland. Zum Millennium der Taufe der Kiever Rus' (Gottingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 1988), pp. 251-90; J.-P. Arrignon, 'La Creation

74

For chronological tables of masonry churches see P. A. Rappoport, Drevnerusskaia arkhitektura (St Petersburg: Stroiizdat, 1993), pp. 255-72.

75

See Ia. N. Shchapov, Gosudarstvo i tserkov' Drevnei Rusi X-XIII vv. (Moscow: Nauka, 1989), pp. 85-7; B. N. Floria, Otnosheniia gosudarstva i tserkvi u vostochnykh i zapadnykh slavian (Moscow: Institut slavianovedeniia i balkanistiki RAN, 1992), pp. 5-20.

76

See V N. Lazarev, Old Russian Murals and Mosaics (London: Phaidon, 1966).

77

Simon Franklin, Sermons andRhetoric ofKievanRus' (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univer­sity Press, 1991), pp. xvi-xliv, 3-29.

78

Ostromirovo Evangelie. Faksimil'noe vosproizvedenie (Leningrad: Aurora, 1988).

79

See Podskalsky, Christentum, p. 281.

80

Biblioteka literatury Drevnei Rusi. Tom I: XI-XII veka (St Petersburg: Nauka, 1997), pp. 352-432; Hollingsworth, Hagiography, pp. lviii-lxviii, 33-95.

81

Chronicles and charters are the main sources ofinformation for the political, ecclesiastical and cultural history of this period. Archaeological, architectural, artistic, sphragistic and numismatic data also give useful information, especially concerning commerce, trades and culture.

82

Martin Dimnik, 'Succession and Inheritance in Rus' before 1054', Mediaeval Studies 58 (1996): 87-117.

83

Concerning Iaroslav's family, see N. de Baumgarten, Genealogies et mariages occidentaux des Rurikides russes du Xe au Xllle siecle (Orientalia Christiana) (Rome: Pont. Institutum Orientalium Studiorum, 1927), vol. ix, no. 35, table 1.

84

Concerning the controversy over Iaroslav's system of succession, see Martin Dimnik, 'The "Testament" of Iaroslav "The Wise": A Re-examination', Canadian Slavonic Papers 29 (1987): 369-86.

85

For Sviatoslav's descendants, see Baumgarten, Genealogies et mariages, table iv.

86

For Monomakh's descendants, see Baumgarten, Genealogies etmariages, table v.

87

For a detailed examination of the Liubech agreement and for Monomakh's pact with the Kievans, see Martin Dimnik, The Dynasty of Chernigov 1054-1146 (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1994), pp. 207-23, 271-2, 277, 305-8, 324-5.

88

PSRL, vol. ii: Ipat'evskaia letopis', 2nd edn (St Petersburg: Tipografiia M.A. Aleksan- drova, 1908; photoreproduction, Moscow: Izdatel'stvo vostochnoi literatury, 1962), cols. 290-2; PSRL, vol. i: Lavrent'evskaia letopis', 2nd edn (Leningrad: Postoiannaia Istoriko- Arkheograficheskaia Kommissiia AN SSSR, 1926; photoreproduction, Moscow: Izda­tel'stvo vostochnoi literatury, 1962), cols. 296-7. For the correct dating in these chronicles, see N. G. Berezhkov, Khronologiiarusskogo letopisaniia (Moscow: AN SSSR, 1963).

89

PSRL, vol. xxv: Moskovskii letopisnyi svod kontsa XV veka (Moscow and Leningrad: AN SSSR, I949), p. 3I.

90

On Polotsk, see L. V Alekseev, Polotskaiazemlia(Ocherki istorii severnoi Belorusii) v IX-XIII vv. (Moscow: Nauka, 1966).

91

John Fennell, The Crisis of Medieval Russia 1200-1304 (London and New York: Longman,

1983), pp. 10,119.

92

PSRL, vol. xxv, p. 31.

93

PSRL, vol. ii, col. 294.

94

Dimnik, The Dynasty of Chernigov 1054-1146, pp. 324-48.

95

PSRL, vol. ii, cols. 302-3.

96

For church building and culture, see S. Franklin and J. Shepard, The Emergence of Rus 750-1200 (London and New York: Longman, 1996), pp. 352-63.

97

On Iurii, see A. M. Ianovskii, Iurii Dolgorukii (Moscow: Moskovskii rabochii, 1955); V A. Kuchkin, Formirovaniegosudarstvennoi territoriisevero-vostochnoiRusivX-XIVvv. (Moscow: Nauka, 1984), pp. 3-92; and Iu. A. Limonov, Vladimiro-Suzdal'skaiaRus': Ocherki sotsial'no- politicheskoi istorii, ed. B. A. Rybakov (Leningrad: Nauka, 1987), pp. 27-37.

98

On the controversy over Klim's appointment, see Dimitri Obolensky, 'Byzantium, Kiev and Moscow: A Study in Ecclesiastical Relations', in his Byzantium and the Slavs (Crestwood, N.Y.: St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1994), pp. 142-9; Simon Franklin (trans. and intro.), Sermons and Rhetoric ofKievan Rus' (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991), pp. xlv-lviii.

99

PSRL, vol. ii, cols. 347-54.

100

PSRL, vol. ii, cols. 417-18.

101

PSRL, vol. ii, cols. 468-9; Novgorodskaia pervaia letopis' starshego i mladshego izvodov, ed. A. N. Nasonov (Moscow and Leningrad: AN SSSR, 1950), pp. 215-16.

102

Novgorodskaiapervaialetopis', pp. 29, 216.

103

On Turov, see P. F. Lysenko, 'Kiev i Turovskaia zemlia', in L. D. Pobol' et al. (eds.), Kiev i zapadnye zemli Rusi v IX-XIII vv. (Minsk: Nauka i Tekhnika, 1982), pp. 81-108. On Cyril of Turov, see Franklin (trans. and intro.), Sermons and Rhetoric, pp. lxxv-xciv.

104

PSRL, vol. II, col. 490.

105

PSRL, vol. II, cols. 517-18.

106

For Iurii's descendants, see Baumgarten, Genealogies etmariages, table vi.

107

PSRL, vol. II, col. 504.

108

On Smolensk, see L. V Alekseev, Smolenskaia zemlia v IX-XIII vv. Ocherki istorii Smolen- shchiny i Vostochnoi Belorussii (Moscow: Nauka, 1980). For Rostislav's charter, see Ia. N. Shchapov, Kniazheskie ustavy i tserkov' v drevnei Rusi XI-XIVvv. (Moscow: Nauka, 1972), pp. 136-50. For Avramii, see P. Hollingsworth (trans. andintro.), The Hagiography ofKievan Rus' (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992), pp. lxix-lxxx.

109

PSRL, vol. ii, cols. 528-32.

110

For Rostislav's descendants, see Baumgarten, Genealogies et manages, table ix.

111

PSRL, vol. ii, col. 535. For Vladimir and Mstislav, see Baumgarten, Genealogies etmariages, table v, 30 and 36.

112

PSRL, vol. ii, cols. 538-43.

113

PSRL, vol. II, cols. 543-4.

114

Historians do not agree whether or not Kiev lost its pre-eminence in Rus' after Andrei's alliance sackedit. For the discussions, see P. P. Tolochko, DrevniaiaRus', Ocherki sotsial'no- politicheskoi istorii (Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1987), pp. 138-42; Franklin and Shepard, The Emergence of Rus, pp. 323-4; Fennell, Crisis, p. 6.

115

PSRL, vol. II, cols. 544-5.

116

Novgorodskaiapervaialetopis', pp. 221-2.

117

PSRL, vol. ii, cols. 569-70.

118

PSRL, vol. ii, cols. 570-1.

119

PSRL, vol. ii, cols. 572-8.

120

PSRL, vol. ii, cols. 580-95. Concerning Andrei's career, see E. S. Hurwitz, Prince Andrej Bogoljubskij: The Man and the Myth, Studia historica et philologica 12, sectio slavica 4 (Florence: Licosa Editrice, 1980); and Limonov, Vladimiro-Suzdal'skaiaRus', pp. 38-98.

121

PSRL, vol. i, cols. 379-82.

122

Novgorodskaiapervaialetopis', p. 223.

123

PSRL, vol. ii, cols. 603-5.

commanded by his son Gleb to Riazan'.⁵¹ Vsevolod, however, captured the princeling. In his anger, Sviatoslav sought to avenge himself against the House of Monomakh by taking David Rostislavich of Vyshgorod captive while the latter was hunting. After failing to do so, he abandoned Kiev and David's brother Riurik occupied it. Sviatoslav's campaign to free Gleb from Vsevolod was also a fiasco. He therefore joined his son Vladimir in Novgorod and became the town's prince.⁵² (See Table 5.6: The House of Chernigov.)

In 1181 he marched south against Riurik and was joined by his brother Iaroslav of Chernigov and his cousin Igor' Sviatoslavich with numerous Polovtsy. Riurik prudently vacated Kiev and allowed Sviatoslav to occupy it uncontested. In the meantime, while Igor', Khan Konchak, and their troops

124

PSRL, vol. ii, cols. 621-4.

125

PSRL, vol. ii, cols. 656-7.

126

For Iaroslav's family, see Baumgarten, Genealogies etmariages, table iii, 13.

127

For the history of Galicia, see V T. Pashuto, Ocherki po istorii Galitsko-Volynskoi Rusi (Moscow: AN SSSR, 1950).

128

PSRL, vol. ii, cols. 662-3.

129

PSRL, vol. 11, cols. 666-7.

130

Dimnik, The Dynasty of Chernigov 1146-1246, pp. 193-5.

131

S. A. Pletneva, Polovtsy (Moscow: Nauka, 1990), p. 146; see also Janet Martin, Medieval Russia 980-1584 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 129-32.

132

PSRL, vol. 11, cols. 630-3.

133

PSRL, vol. 11, cols. 637-44; see also Martin Dimnik, 'Igor's Defeat at the Kayala: the Chronicle Evidence', Mediaeval Studies 63 (2001), 245-82.

134

John Fennell and Dimitri Obolensky (eds.), 'The Lay of Igor's Campaign', in A Historical Russian Reader: A Selection of Texts from the Xlth to the XVth Centuries (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969), pp. 63-72.

135

PSRL, vol. 11, col. 680.

136

B. A. Rybakov, 'Drevnosti Chernigova', in N. N. Voronin (ed.), Materialy i issledovaniia po arkheologii drevnerusskikhgorodov, vol. I (= Materialy i issledovaniiapo arkheologii SSSR, no. 11, 1949), pp. 90-3.

137

Specialists have estimated that, at its zenith in the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries, Chernigov covered an area of some 400 to 450 hectares and was arguably the largest town in Rus'. Kiev encompassed some 360-80 hectares; see Volodymyr I. Mezentsev 'The Territorial and Demographic Development of Medieval Kiev and Other Major Cities of Rus': A Comparative Analysis Based on Recent Archaeological Research', RR 48 (1989): 161-9.

138

PSRL, vol. II, col. 680. Concerning Sviatoslav, see Dimnik, The Dynasty of Chernigov 1146-1246, pp. 135-212.

139

PSRL, vol. ii, cols. 707-8; concerning Iaroslav's career, see Dimnik, The Dynasty of Chernigov 1146-1246, pp. 214-32.

140

PSRL, vol. I, cols. 417-18.

141

PSRL, vol. I, col. 418.

142

PSRL, vol. xxv, p. 101.

143

PSRL, vol. I, cols. 425-6.

144

Fennell, Crisis, p. 24.

145

For Roman's family, see Baumgarten, Genealogies et mariages, table xi.

146

For Vsevolod, see Fennell, Crisis; Limonov Vladimiro-Suzdal'skaiaRus'; D. Worn, 'Stu- dien zur Herrschaftsideologie des Grossfursten Vsevolod III "Bol'shoe gnezdo" von Vladimir,' JGO 27 (1979): 1-40. For chronicle writing, see Iu. A. Limonov, Letopisanie Vladimiro-Suzdal'skoi Rusi (Leningrad: Nauka, I967).

147

PSRL, vol. i, cols. 426-8.

148

For Pereiaslavl', see V G. Liaskoronskii, Istoriia Pereiaslavskoi zemli s drevneishikh vremen dopoloviny XIIIstoletiia (Kiev 1897); M. P. Kuchera, 'Pereiaslavskoe kniazhestvo', in L. G. Beskrovnyi (ed.), Drevnerusskie kniazhestva X-XIII vv. (Moscow: Nauka, 1975), pp. 118-43.

149

Concerning different views on the date of Riurik's death, see Martin Dimnik, 'The Place of Ryurik Rostislavich's Death: Kiev or Chernigov?', Mediaeval Studies 44 (1982): 371-93; John Fennell, 'The Last Years of Riurik Rostislavich', in D. C. Waugh (ed.), Essays in Honor of A. A. Zimin (Columbus, Oh.: Slavica, 1985), pp. 159-66; O. P. Tolochko, 'Shche raz pro mistse smerti Riuryka Rostyslavycha', in V P. Kovalenko et al. (eds.), Sviatyi kniaz' Mykhailo chernihivs'kyi ta ioho doba (Chernihiv: Siverians'ka Dumka, 1996), pp. 75-6.

150

PSRL, vol. I, col. 435.

151

PSRL, vol. II, cols. 723-7. Concerning the controversy over the identities of the three princes, see Dimnik, The Dynasty of Chernigov 1146-1246, pp. 272-5.

152

PSRL, vol. I, cols. 436-7.

153

For Mikhail's career, see Martin Dimnik, Mikhail, Prince of Chernigov and Grand Prince of Kiev, 1224-1246 (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1981).

154

PSRL, vol. 11, cols. 753-4.

155

Novgorodskaiapervaialetopis', pp. 74, 285.

156

For the Tatar invasion, see Fennell, Crisis, pp. 76-90.

157

PSRL, vol. I, col. 470.

158

PSRL, vol. ii, cols. 805-8; Pashuto, Ocherki, pp. 220-34.

159

Novgorodskaiapervaialetopis', pp. 298-303; Dimnik,Mikhail, pp. 130-5.