87. Machiavelli, The Prince, ch. xxv.
88. Discourses, i, 3; Prince, iii.
89. Robertson, I, 374.
90. Discourses, i, 11.
91. I, 12.
92. I, 11–12.
93. I, 10.
94. II, 2; iii, i.
95. I, 12.
96. III, 1.
97. III, 41.
98. I, 9.
99. History, v, 2.
100. In Villari, II, 143.
101. Discourses, i, 9.
102. Prince, i.
103. Discourses, 1, 12.
104. In Villari, II, 151.
105. Prince, xi-xii; History, vi, 1.
106. In Pastor, V, 164.
107. Prince, xv.
108. Prince, xviii.
109. Ibid., xvii.
110. Discourses, iii, 19.
111. Ibid.1, 10.
112. Prince, xxi.
113. Ibid., viii.
114. XVIII.
115. Ibid.
116. VII, xvii.
117. XXVI.
118. Villari, II, 193; Treitschke, H. von, Lectures on Politics, 29.
119. Bacon, F., De augmentis scientiarum, vii, 2.
120. Hegel, Philosophy of History, in Symonds, Despots, 367.
CHAPTER XX
1. Burckhardt, 485.
2. Coulton, Medieval Panorama, 192.
3. Platina, Vitae, in Burckhardt, 501.
4. Sismondi, 468.
5. Pastor, V, 84.
6. Decameron, i, 2 and 7.
7. Symonds, Despots, 458n.
8. In Roeder, 512.
9. Pastor, I, 31.
10. Molmenti, Part I, Vol. II, 222.
11. Aretino, Dialogues, p. 82.
12. Guicciardini, Considerazione on Machiavelli’s Discourses (i, 12), in Villari, II, 151.
13. St. Catherine of Siena in Coulton, Five Centuries of Religion, II, 399.
14. Pastor, V, 171–3.
16. Robertson, I, 369.
17. Burckhardt, 502.
18. Robertson, I, 369.
19. Pastor, VI, 443.
20. Pastor, X, 457–76.
21. Bandello, Novels, Vol. I, Part I, Story I; Maulde, 178.
22. Ibid.
23. Pastor, V, 113.
24. Lea, Auricular Confession, III, 417.
25. Pastor, V, 133; Symonds, Despots, 477.
26. Pastor, V, 132.
27. Aretino, La cortigiana, Act. iii, p. 219 of Works.
28. Chubb, T. C, Aretino, 216.
29. Pastor, I, 26.
30. Molmenti, Part II, Vol. II, 239.
31. Ibid., 238.
32. Castiglioni, 464; Burckhardt, 400, who considers the estimate exaggerated.
33. Castiglioni, 464.
34. Molmenti, 250n.
35. Pastor, VIII, 121.
36. Gregorovius, Lucrezia, 96.
37. Symonds, Italian Lit., II, 225.
38. Maulde, 361.
39. Gregorovius, VIIIa, 306.
40. Lanciani, Golden Days, 67.
41. Ibid., 64.
42. Maulde, 360, 164.
43. Ibid., 27, 98.
44. Villari, I, 315.
45. Pastor, V, 105, 127.
46. Burckhardt, 416.
47. An example in Cartwright, Isabella, II, 288.
48. Maulde, 43.
49. Burckhardt, 456.
50. Maulde, 353; Sismondi, 747.
51. Ibid., 456.
52. Coulton, From St. Francis to Dante, 14.
53. In Symonds, Italian Lit., II, 86.
54. Burckhardt, 346.
55. Molmenti, II, II, 92.
56. Burckhardt, 374.
57. Molmenti, 94; Taylor, Leonardo, 484.
58. Ibid.
59. Sismondi, 452.
60. Addison, Julia, Development of Arts and Crafts in the Middle Ages, 192.
61. Cagnola in Noyes, Milan, 133.
62. Cartwright, Isabella, II, 115.
63. Maulde, 131.
64. Ibid., 70–1.
65. Cartwright, Beatrice, 172.
66. Pastor, V, 17–9.
67. Symonds, Despots, 240f.
68. In Burckhardt, 404.
69. Ibid.
70. Pastor, VIII, 124.
71. Pastor, V, 107.
72. Ashley, W. J., Introd. to English Economic History, 447.
73. Pastor, V, 106.
74. Cambridge Modern History, I, 250; Symonds, Despots, 474.
75. Taine: Rome and Naples, 172.
76. Chubb, 23.
77. Guicciardini, III, 59.
78. Ibid., VII, 69; Machiavelli, History, vi, 4.
79. Pastor, V, 134.
80. Sismondi, 456.
81. James, Bologna, 138.
82. Schevill, Siena, 223.
83. Robinson and Rolf, 123.
84. Cartwright, Isabella, II, 59.
85. Lanciani, 99.
86. Brinton, The Gonzaga Lords, 88.
87. Fattorusso, 247.
88. Thorndike, Science and Thought in the Fifteenth Century, 53; Burckhardt, 374.
89. Friedländer, II, 176.
90. Wright, T., Homes of Other Days, 462.
91. Molmenti, II, II, 162.
92. Decameron, i, 1.
93. Molmenti, 231.
94. Villari, Savonarola, 246.
95. Gibbon, VI, 562.
96. Symonds, Italian Lit., I, 307–8.
97. Vasari, II, 178–9, Fiero di Cosimo.
98. pastor, V, 48.
99. In Lang, P. H., Music in Western Civilization, 299.
100. Cellini, i, 32.
101. Lang, 302.
102. Castiglione, B., The Courtier, p. 76.
103. Ibid.; Oxford History of Music, Introd. Volume, 215; Lang, 300.
104. Oxford History, Introd., 188.
105. In Einstein, Alfred, The Italian Madrigal, I, 39.
106. Symonds, Ital. Lit., I, 217.
107. Einstein, 7.
108. Tr. Symonds, Sketches, II, 332.
109. Rabelais, Pantagruel, bk. iv, Prologue.
109a. Grove, Dictionary of Music, IV, 809.
110. Einstein, 6, 8.
111. Luther, in Gregorovius, VIIIa, 249.
112. Ascham, The Scholemaster, 87.
113. Machiavelli, Discourses, i, 12.
114. Guicciardini, VIII, 354.
115. Pastor, V, 181.
CHAPTER XXI
1. The phrase is from Michelet, Histoire de France, III, i, 2, p. 5.
2. Lacroix, Paul, Arts of the M.A., 99.
3. Guicciardini, I, 147.
4. Guizot, History of France, II, 554.
5. Cambridge Modern History, I, 240.
6. Roscoe, Leo X, I, 200–1.
7. Prescott, II, 307.
8. Guizot, II, 511; Sismondi, 676.
9. Lacroix, Prostitution, II, 1130.
10. Pastor, VII, 105.
11. Ibid., 141; Roscoe, Leo X, II, 39; Guicciardini, VI, 382, however, thought that Leo agreed.
12. De Grassis in Roscoe, Leo X, II, 40.
13. Pastor, VII, 139.
14. Beuf, 222.
15. Guicciardini, VII, 266.
16. Pastor, IX, 27.
17. Chubb, 76.
18. Symonds, Despots, 440.
19. Pastor, IX, 73.
20. Burckhardt, 162.
21. Pastor, IX, 91–113.
22. Ibid., 125.
23. Cartwright, Isabella, II, 232.
24. Tr. Symonds, Ital. Lit., II, 368.
25. Pastor, IX, 266.
26. Ibid., 271.
27. Guicciardini, VIII, 230f
28. Pastor, IX, 304.
29. Ibid., 328.
30. 331.
31. Sismondi, 687.
32. Young, 330.
33. In Cartwright, II, 272.
34. Guicciardini, IX, 98, 113.
35. Pastor, IX, 362.
36. Ibid., 390–405; Cartwright, II, 260.
37. Pastor, IX, 400, 413.
38. Guicciardini, IX, 305; Lanciani, 108.
39. Ibid., 107.
40. Guicciardini, IX, 307.
41. Pastor, IX, 400.
42. Symonds, Revival, 444–5.
43. Guicciardini, IX, 308; Pastor, IX, 413.
44. Symonds, Despots, 444; Job, x, 18.
45. Guicciardini, IX, 320–2; Pastor, IX, 424.
46. In Cartwright, Isabella, II, 270.
47. Burckhardt, 123; Symonds, Despots, 445:
48. Guicciardini, X, 139.
49. Sismondi, 729; Symonds, Despots, 446.
50. Fattorusso, Florence, 192.
51. Sismondi, 731.
52. Symonds, Michelangelo, 279.
53. Young, 351.
54. Pastor, X, 199.
55. Vasari, II, 295, Peruzzi.
56. Symonds, Michelangelo, 441.
57. Ibid., 372.
58. 255.
59. Vasari, IV, 119n.
60. Symonds, Michelangelo, 267.
61. Ibid., 282.
62. 324.
63. Cambridge Modern History, II, 67.
64. Pastor, X, 235.
65. Ibid., 322.
66. Letter of Gregorio da Casale, Oct., 1534, in Young, 358.
CHAPTER XXII
1. Burckhardt, Cicerone, in Vasari, IV, 320n.
2. Vasari, IV, 327.
3. Ibid., 329.
4. In Anderson, Architecture of the Renaissance in Italy, 145.
5. This section is especially indebted to Thomas Caldecott Chubb’s Aretino.
6. Chubb, 46.
7. Vasari, III, 77, Marcantonio Bolognese.
8. In Chubb, 117.
9. Symonds, Ital. Lit., II, 395.
10. Ariosto, Orlando furioso, xlvi, 14.
11. Maulde, 391.
12. Symonds, Lit., II, 399–400.
13. Ibid., 404.
14. Chubb, 205.
15. Aretino, Dialogues, p. 55.
16. Aretino, 108, 83.
17. Roeder, 498.
18. Ibid., 441.
19. Taine, Italy: Florence and Venice, 289.
20. In Gronau, Titian, 46.
21. Chubb, 437.
22. Vasari, IV, 286.
23. Ruskin, Stones of Venice, I, 10.
24. Vasari, IV, 298.
25. In Mather, Venetian Painters, 340.
26. Soulier, G., Le Tintoret, 12.
27. Ibid., 19; Mather, 342.
28. Soulier, 115.
29. Ruskin, Stones, III, 285.
30. Ibid., 295.
31. Symonds, Fine Arts, 377.
32. Soulier, 75–6.
33. Ruskin, Stones, II, 243.
34. Siviero, R., Catalogue of the Second National Exhibition of the Works of Art Recovered in Germany, 45.
35. Mather, Venetian Painters, 396.
36. Ibid., 168.
37. 416; Venturi and Skira-Venturi, Italian Painting: The Creators of the Renaissance, 164.
38. Ruskin, Stones, II, 10.
39. Quoted by E. Herriot in a lecture at Cannes, Jan., 1951.
CHAPTER XXIII
1. Thompson, J. W., 376.
2. Adams, Brooks, The New Empire, 90.
3. Cf. Barnes, H. E., History of Western Civilization, I, 867.
4. Robertson, J. M., I, 469.
5. Symonds, Catholic Reaction, I, 33.
6. Ibid., 38, 234–334; Sismondi, 763.
7. Symonds, Catholic Reaction, I, 273.
8. Coulton, Medieval Panorama, 679.
9. Ranke, History of the Popes, I, 181.
10. Guicciardini, X, 257.
11. Ibid., 258.
12. Cardan, Jerome, Book of My Life, ch. ii.
13. Ibid., ch. vi.
14. Hallam, H., Literature of Europe, I, 451–2.
15. Duhem, Leonardo, I, 229f Wolf, A., History of Science, Technology, and Philosophy in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, 537.
16. Cardan, ch. xiii.
17. Ch. xiv.
18. Prologue.
19. Walsh, The Popes and Science, 116.
20. Cornaro, 43–7.
21. Ibid., 66–72.
22. Ibid., 79, 92, 103.
23. Ibid., Introd., 31. Addison, in No. 195 of The Spectator, III, 328, makes good use of Cornaro’s treatise.
24. Hallam, II, 88.
25. Ibid., 119; Robertson, I, 470.
26. Hallam, II, 260.
27. Bandello, III, 123.
28. Holzknecht, Backgrounds of Shakespeare, 243.
29. Cambridge Modern History, III, 400–4.
30. Cellini, ii, 99.
31. Ibid., ii, 70.
32. James, Bologna, 317.
33. Vasari, III, 237. Pontormo.
34. Ibid., 245.
35. Cellini, i, 2.
36. Ibid., i, 14.
37. I, 26.
38. I, 52.
39. II, 33.
40. II, 50.
41. I, 51.
42. I, 73.
43. I, 64.
44. I, 55.
45. I,74.
46. II, 26.
47. II, 12.
48. II, 28.
49. Ibid.
50. II, 34–5.
51. II, 37.
52. Notes by Symonds, p. 415.
53. I, 58.
54. Symonds, Michelangelo, 484.
55. Vasari, IV, 134, Michelangelo.
56. Ibid., 140.
57. 148.
58. Symonds, Michelangelo, 501.
58a. Ellis, H., Studies in the Psychology of Sex, Vol. II, Sexual Inversion, 19.
59. Maulde, 182.
60. Symonds, 377; Taine, Italy: Rome and Naples, 188.
61. Symonds, 442.
62. Vasari, IV, 198.
63. Symonds, 490.
64. Vasari, IV, 219.
65. Ibid., 203.
66. Ruskin, Modern Painters, Part I, ch. ii, end.
67. Symonds, 372.
68. Balcarres, Lord, Evolution of Italian Sculpture, 271; Spengler, O., Decline of the West, I, 276.
Index
Most abbreviations are self-explanatory. A single date indicates a floruit or, at least, a focal point mentioned in the text; if two dates constitute a floruit, they are preceded by fl. A footnote is indicated by an asterisk (*). All dates of male rulers, lay and ecclesiastical, are regnal. The index is to be used in conjunction with the Table of Contents (xi-xiv), where discussions of the major arts are indicated by section.
A
Abbate, Niccolò dell’ (c. 1512–71), 258, 259
abbreviatores, 392
Abélard, Pierre (1079–1142), 537
Accademia della Crusca, 696
Accademia degli Umidi, 696, 700
Accolti, Bernardo (1465–1536), 345, 483
Achillini, Alessandro (1463–1512), 531, 536
Aconzio, Iacopo (c. 1492–1565), 695
Adagia (Erasmus), 316
Adrian VI (Adrian Dedel), Pope (1521–23), 266, 491, 621–624, 628, 654
Adriano da Corneto, see Castellesi, Adriano
adultery, 575, 578, 579–580
Aeneid (Virgil), 494
Africa (Petrarch), 9
Agnadello, battle of, 617
agriculture, 530
Alamagna, Giovanni d’ (d. 1450), 297
Alamanni, Luigi (1495–1556), 696
Albergad, Niccolò, Blessed (1357–1443), 377
Alberini, Marcello (b. 1511), 485
Albert of Saxony (d. 1390), 222, 223, 225
Alberti, Leon Battista (1404–72), 107–108, 120, 196, 223, 251, 240, 379, 450, 497, 601, 725
Albertinelli, Mariotto (1474–1515), 165
Albertini, Francesco (1521), 496
Albertus Magnus (c. 1193–1280), 222
Albigensians, 689
Albizzi, Rinaldo degli (d. 1442), 377
Albizzi family, 73, 74
Albornoz, Gil Alvarez Carrillo de (known in Italy as Cardinal Egidio: 1310–67), 20, 57–58, 59, 333, 408
Albret, Charlotte d’, Duchess of Valentinois (d. 1514), 419, 425
Albret, Jean d’, King of Navarre (d. 1516), 439
Aleandro, Girolamo (1480–1542), 488–489, 728
Alessi, Galeazzo (1512–72), 711
Alexander V (Petros Filargis), Pope (1409–10), 364
Alexander VI (Rodrigo Borgia), Pope (1492–1503), 123, 147, 152–155, 156,* 157, 158, 160, 161, 162, 189, 244, 264, 344, 355, 374, 380, 385, 393, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404–417, 418–420, 421, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426, 427, 428, 429–431, 432, 433–437, 440,* 441–442, 447, 449, 480, 481, 485, 487, 492, 517, 520, 535, 561, 562, 611, 612, 614, 615, 616, 690
Alexander of Aphrodisias (200), 539
Alfieri, Vittorio (1749–1803), 301
Alfonso XI, King of Castile (1312–50), 57
Alfonso I, King of Naples (1435–58), 83, 183, 184, 193, 349–35O, 351–352, 353, 575, 579, 610
Alfonso II, King of Naples (1494–95), 114, 184, 185, 188, 354, 355, 430
Alfonso, Duke of Bisceglie (d. 1500), 430–431, 439
Algeri da Nola, Filippo (1560), 538–539
Alidosi, Francesco (d. 1511), 444
Allegri, Lorenzo (d. 1527), 328
Altichiero da Zevio (c. 1330–85), 281, 324
Altoviti, Bindo (1491–1556), 462–463, 489, 704
Amadeo, Giovanni Antonio (c. 1447–1522), 179, 195, 197
Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy (1343–83), 41, 176
Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy (1416–34), 176; see also Felix V, Antipope
Amadigi di Gaula (Bernardo Tasso), 696
Amadori, Francesco degli (d. 1555), 501
Amboise, Charles d’ (1500), 213
Ambrogio, Teseo (1469–1540), 486
Ambrose, St. (c. 340–397), 183, 712
Ambrosians, 712
Amiens, treaty of, 634
Ammanati, Bartolommeo (1511–92), 701
Amorosa Visione (Boccaccio), 29
amusements, 290–291, 595–597
Anatomia (Luzzi), 531
anatomy, 531–532, 693
Andrea da Firenze (fl. 1343–77), 27–28
Andrea Pisano (c. 1270–1348), 24, 27, 35, 91
Angelico, Fra (Giovanni da Fiesole: 1387–1455), 26, 99, 101–104, 105, 134–135, 166, 234, 371–372, 380, 692
Coronation of the Virgin, 103
Last Judgment, 102
frescoes in San Marco, Florence, 102–103
animal pets, 257, 502
animals, exotic, 483, 502
Annals (Tacitus), 43, 78, 487
Anne of Brittany, Queen of France (1477–1514), 400, 419
Anselmi, Michelangelo (1491–1554), 258
Anti–Machiavel (Frederick II of Prussia), 564
Antonello da Messina (1430–79), 134, 297–298, 356
Antoninus, St. (Antonino Pierozzi: 1389–1459), 103, 570
Antonio di Girolamo (fl. 1526–30), 168
Antonio Veneziano (1314–83), 100
Apollo Belvedere, 450
Apollonius of Perga (3rd cent. B.C.), 692
Apologiae libri tres (Pomponazzi), 540
apothecaries, 532
aqueducts, 373, 379
Aquino da Colloredo (c. 1503), 426
Arcadelt, Jacob (c. 1514–after 1557), 603
Arcadia (Sannazaro), 304, 355–356
Arcadia (Sidney), 356
Archimedes (c. 287–212 B.C.), 692
architecture, 87–90
Archytas of Tarentum (1st half 4th cent. B.C.), 692
Aretino, Pietro (1492–1556), 83, 315, 321, 332, 376, 509, 528, 568, 572, 583, 590, 594, 598, 649, 650, 651, 653–661, 665–666, 668, 669, 670, 685, 697, 704, 723
Arezzo, 3, 230, 235
Piero della Francesco’s frescoes in San Francesco, 231–232
Argyropoulos, Joannes (c. 1416–c. 1486), 76, 79, 110, 123, 398, 538
Ariosto, Lodovico (1474–1533), 11, 128, 173, 255, 270, 271, 272–278, 279, 309, 440, 400, 491–492, 521, 571, 576, 598, 602, 656, 727
Aristotle (384–322 B.C.), 47, 79, 109, 314, 316, 317, 342, 378, 387, 537, 539–540, 544, 692, 695, 696
Armonio, Giovanni (d. 1528), 291
armor, 313
Arnold of Brescia (1100–55?), 381
Arnold of Villanova (c. 1235–c. 1311), 50
Arnolfo di Cambio (c. 1250–c. 1302), 27, 28
Arqua, 42
Arrabiati (anti–Savonarola faction), 151, 152, 155, 157
Ars amandi (Ovid), 10
Ars magna (Cardan), 692
ars nova, 601
art collecting, 700–701
Arte della guerra (Machiavelli), 552–553
Ascham, Roger (1515–68), 606
Asolani, Gli (Bembo), 318, 319
Asolo, 283, 584
assassination, 590
Assisi, 25–26, 241, 569
astrology and astrologers, 528
astronomy, 529
Atti, Isotta degli (1425–70), 339–340
Aubert, Ètienne (c. 1300–62), see Innocent VI, Pope
Aubusson, Pierre d’ (1423–1503), 400
Augurelli, Giovanni (1441–1524), 491
Augustine of Hippo, St. (354–430), 121, 384
Augustinians, 574
Aurelian (Lucius Domitius Aurelianus), Roman Emperor (270–275), 373
Aurispa, Giovanni (1369–1459), 78, 79, 334, 356, 377
Autobiography (Cellini), 690, 705–11 passim
Avalos, Ferrante d’, Marquis of Pescara (1489–1525), 579, 585, 621, 626, 627, 718
Averroes (1126–98), 47, 538, 539
Avicenna (980–1037), 537
Avignon, 7, 15, 37, 49–57
passim, 58, 59
Palace of the Popes, 52–53
Azzo I, Count of Canossa (961), 261
B
Babylonian Captivity (the Avignon Popes), 49–57
Baccio d’Agnolo (c. 1460–1543), 168, 499
bachelors, 578
Bachiacca (Francesco Ubertini: c. 1494–1557), 702
Bacon, Francis (1561–1626), 565, 695, 727, 728
Bacon, Roger (c. 1214–94), 222
Badile, Antonio (c. 1516–60), 678
Baglioni, Atalanta (c. 1500), 242–243, 457
Baglioni, Gianpaolo (d. 1520), 241, 242, 243, 421, 423, 442–443, 482, 518
Baglioni, Malatesta (d. 1531), 591, 637
Baglioni family, Perugia, 241–243
Bajazet II, Sultan of Turkey (1481–1512), 400, 409–410
Baldini, Baccio (1436?–87?), 107
Baldovinetti, Alesso (1427–99), 134–135, 136
Bale, John (1495–1563), 483
ballate, 600
ballet, 595
Banco, Nanni di (c. 1373–1421), 96
Bandello, Matteo (1480?–1562), 80, 255, 572, 697–699
Bandinelli, Baccio (1493–1560), 701–702, 705, 710
Bandini, Bernardo (d. 1479), 113
Bank of St. George, Genoa, 177
banks and banking, 40, 70–71, 177, 380, 507, 519, 520
banquets, 508, 594
Barbaro, Ermolao (1454–93), 314
Barbaro, Francesco (1398–1454), 378
Barbo, Pietro (1417–71), see Paul II, Pope
Barcelona, treaty of, 635
Barile, Antonio (1453–1516), 237
Barlaam of Seminara (1300–48), 43
Barletta, incident (1513) at, 615
Barnabites, 574
Baroncelli, Francesco (1353), 20
Baroncelli, Niccolò (d. 1453), 268
Bartoli, Taddeo (1363–1422), 238
Bartolommeo, Fra (Baccio della Porta: 1472–1517), 161–162, 165–166, 229, 454–455, 458, 502
Bartolus of Sassoferrato (1314–57), 4, 351, 592
Basaiti, Marco (d. after 1451), 302
Baseggio, Pietro (d. c. 1354), 293
Basel, Council of, 369, 370, 372, 378, 383
Bassano the Elder, Francesco (c. 1475–before 1541), 650
Bassano the Younger, Francesco (1549–92), 675
Bassano, Iacopo (c. 1515–92), 678, 681
Bassi, Matteo di (1495–1552), 575
bastards, 575–576
Battista da Vercelli, Leo X’s physician (d. 1517), 518
Bayard, Pierre du Terrail, Seigneur de (c. 1473–1524), 190, 606, 612, 619
Bayle, Pierre (1647–1706), 483
Beatific Vision, 51
Beccadelli, Antonio (1394–1471), 350, 351, 353, 354, 571
Beccafumi, Domenico (1486–1551), 237, 238–239
beggars, 592
Belfagor arcidiavolo (Machiavelli), 553
Bellano, Bartolommeo (c. 1430–98), 281
Belli, Valerio (1530), 638
Bellini, Gentile (1429–1507), 240, 298–299, 303, 306, 728
Miracle of the True Cross, 299
Bellini, Giovanni (1431–1516), 197, 258, 288, 295, 298, 299–301, 302, 303, 304, 306, 638, 650, 684
Feast of the Gods, 301
Pietà, 300
Bellini, Iacopo (1400–64), 252, 281, 298, 325
Bembo, Bernardo (d. 1519), 339, 509, 602
Bembo, Pietro (1470–1547), 255, 257, 260, 277, 317–321, 323, 345, 347, 440, 458, 483, 486, 489, 492, 515, 521, 522, 540, 594, 625, 666, 679, 708, 710
Benedetti, Alessandro (1460–1525), 531
Benedetto da Foiano (1530), 636, 637
Benedetto da Maiano (1442–97), 129–130, 230
Benedetto da Rovezzano (1474–1515), 168
Benedict XII (Jacques Fournier), Pope (334–42), 36, 51–52, 53, 57
Benedict XIII (Pedro de Luna), Antipope (1394–1423), 362, 363, 364, 365
Benedictines, 574
Benigno, Cornelio (1515), 508
Benivieni, Antonio (c. 1440–1502), 531–532
Bentivoglio, Giovanni II, lord of Bologna (1469–1506 d. 1508), 333–334, 336, 423, 443
Berengario da Carpi, Iacopo (1470–1530), 531
Berenson, Bernard (1865–$$$$), 455
Bergamo, 197–198, 312
Bernardino da Corte (1499), 190
Bernardino of Siena, St. (1380–1444), 64, 576, 582, 607
Bernardo da Rapallo (1451), 533–534
Berni, Francesco (1496–1535), 376, 623, 625, 654–655
Beroaldo, Filippo (1470–1518), 488
Berruguete, Alonso (1486–1561), 472
Berruguete, Pedro (d. 1503), 343
Bertoldo da Firenze (d. 1491), 95
Bessarion, Joannes (1403–72), 79, 315, 371, 387, 393–394, 538, 569
Biagio da Cesena (1541), 716
bianchi, 3, 229
Bianchi–Ferrari, Francesco de’ (1457–1510), 328
Bibbiena (Bernardo Dovizi: 1470–1521), 320, 344, 345, 477, 485, 489, 490, 510, 513, 515, 517, 540, 598, 701
Bibbiena, Maria (c. 1515), 513
Bible, 379
Bismarck, Otto von (1815–98), 549
Black Death, 28, 29, 30–31, 533
Blacks, see neri
blank verse, 696*
Blois, treaty of, 615–616
blood transfusion, 532
Boccaccini, Boccaccio (c. 1467–1525), 198
Boccaccini, Camillo (1501–46), 198
Boccaccio, Giovanni (1313–75), 10–11, 13, 23, 28–34, 42–44, 46–47, 78, 81, 222, 320, 384, 572, 599
Boccanera, Simone, Doge of Genoa (1339–44; 1356–63), 39
Bocciardo, Giorgio (1494), 409–410
Boiardo, Matteo Maria (1430–94), 11, 128, 270, 271–272, 274
Bologna, 4–5, 237, 333–331, 338, 443, 444–445, 713
Fontana di Nettuno, 713
San Petronio, 335–336, 473, 640
Bologna, Concordat of, 619, 620
Boltraffio, Giovanni (1467–1516), 228
Bombasi, Paolo (1527), 632
Bonfigli, Benedetto (1420–96), 244, 245, 380
Boniface VIII (Benedetto Caetani), Pope (1294–1303), 49, 50, 51, 52, 62, 408–409
Boniface IX (Piero Tomacelli), Pope (1389–1404), 362–363, 364
Bonifazio Veronese de’ Pitati (1487–1553), 311, 669
Bono, Pietro (d. c. 1505), 605
Bonsignori, Francesco (c. 1453–1519), 325
Book of Loves, A (Marquis of Pescara), 585
Book of My Own Life, A (Cardan), 691, 692–693
book collecting, 488, 489
bookkeeping, 71
Bordone, Paris (1500–71), 321, 678, 728
Borgia, Angela, Countess of Sassuolo (1506), 265
Borgia, Caesar (1475–1507), 209–210, 216, 256–257, 286, 343, 344, 355, 396, 405, 407, 408, 411, 412, 413, 414–415, 416–417, 411–428, 430, 431, 432, 433, 436, 437–440, 442, 447, 466, 535, 548–549, 552, 560, 561, 563, 569, 611, 614, 615, 616
Borgia, Giofre (b. 1481), 405, 412
Borgia, Giovanni, Duke of Gandia (d. 1497), 405, 411, 412, 416–417, 418, 429, 439
Borgia, Girolama (d. 1483), 404
Borgia, Lucrezia (1480–1519), 264, 265, 270, 309, 318, 319, 405, 411, 412, 416, 425, 427, 428–433, 436, 438, 439, 440, 444, 584
Borgia, Pedro Luis (d. 1485), 404, 416
Borgia, Rodrigo (1431–1503), see Alexander VI, Pope
Borgo San Sepolcro, 230
Borgognone, Ambrogio (c. 1455–1523), 197
Borromeo, Carlo, St. (1538–84), 711–712
Bosch, Hieronymus (Hieronymus van Aeken: c. 1450–1516), 544
botany, 700
Botticelli, Sandro (1444–1510), 76, 115, 130, 131, 136–139, 140, 162, 397, 468
Birth of Venus, 137–138, 139
Nativity, 139
Primavera, 138, 139
Calumny, 139
Boucher, François (1703–70), 683
Bourbon, Charles, Duke of (1490–1527), 629, 630, 708
Bourbon, Peter II, Duke of (d. 1503), 612
Bourges, Pragmatic Sanction of, 369, 388, 620
Braccio da Montone (c. 1370–1424), 367
Bracciolini, Poggio (1380–1459), 78, 79, 82–84, 129, 193, 350, 367, 371, 377, 378, 387, 495, 526, 571, 572
Bramante (Donato d’Agnolo: 1444–1514), 27, 195–196, 197, 203, 334, 341, 441, 449–450, 451, 457, 459, 460, 497, 503, 505, 507, 651, 720
Brancacci, Rinaldo (d. 1423), 356
Brandano (Bartolommeo Carosi: fl. 1527–29), 630
Brantôme, Pierre de Bourdeilles, Seigneur de (c. 1535–1614), 609, 619
Brancacci Chapel, Florence, 100–101, 140
bravi, 590
Bregno, Andrea (1421–1506), 238, 397
Brescia, 198, 712
bribery, 592
Bridget of Sweden, St. (c. 1303–73), 59
Briosco, Andrea (1470–1532), see Riccio
Briosco, Benedetto (1490), 179
Broke, Arthur (d. 1563), 699*
Bronzino (Agnolo di Cosimo: 1502–72), 656, 703
Brunellesco, Filippo (1377–1446), 28, 87–89, 90, 91, 99, 182, 371, 497, 533, 719
dome of Florence duomo, 88, 371, 719
Bruni, Leonardo (1369–1444), 79, 81–82, 83, 84, 96, 350, 351, 371, 377, 579
Bruno, Giordano (1548?–1600), 537, 538, 695, 727
Brusasorci (Domenico del Riccio: 1494–1567), 325, 678
Bucentaur, 290
bullfights, 417–418, 595
Buon the Elder, Bartolommeo (d. c. 1464), 293
Buon the Younger, Bartolommeo (c. 1450–1529), 293
Buon, Giovanni (d. c. 1442), 293
Buoncompagni, Ugo (1502–85), see Gregory XIII, Pope
Buondelmonti, Zanobi (1513), 551
Burchard, Johann (fl. 1481–1513), 408, 427–428
Burckhardt, Jacob (1818–97), 426
Buridan, Jean (d. c. 1359), 223, 225
burning of the vanities (Savonarola), 156–157, 158
business, 282, 590, 649
Byron, George Gordon, 6th Baron (1788–1824), 125, 315
C
Caccia, La (Ercole Strozzi), 270
Caesar, Gaius Julius (100–44 B.C.), 42, 439, 606
Caetani, Benedetto (c. 1235–1303), see Boniface VIII, Pope
Cahors, 51
Calandra (Bibbiena), 344, 490, 598, 639
Caldara da Caravaggio, Polidoro (c. 1495–c. 1543), 505
Calepino, Ambrogio (1435–1511), 333
Caliari, Carlo (1570–96), 680
Caliari, Gabriele (1568–1631), 680
Calixtus III (Alfonso Borgia), Pope (1455–58), 353, 382–383, 404, 409
calligraphy, 168, 314, 317, 357, 379
Calvin, Jean (1509–64), 279
Calvinists, 711
Calvo, Fabio (1515), 496, 507
Cambrai, League of (1508), 288, 292, 443, 616–619
Cambrai, treaty of, 635
Campanella, Tommaso (1568–1639), 695
Campano, Giovanni, 588
Campi, Antonio (d. c. 1591?), 198
Campi, Bernardino (1522–c. 1590), 198
Campi, Galeazzo (c. 1477–1536), 198
Campi, Giulio (c. 1502–72), 198
Campi, Vincenzo (1536–91), 712
Campo Morto, battle of, 396, 398–399
Canisio, Egidio. (1470–1532), 489, 574
Canova, Antonio (1757–1822), 295
cantarella, 427
Canterbury Tales, The (Chaucer), 34
Canti carnascialeschi (Lorenzo de’ Medici), 119
Canzoni (Molza), 492
Canzoniere (Petrarch), 6–7, 9, 36, 492, 602–603
Capello, Paolo (1500), 427
Capistrano, Giovanni, St. (1386–1456), 607
capitula, 368–369
Capponi, Piero (d. 1496), 149
Capranica, Domenico (1400–58), 368, 383
Caprarola, 714
Capua, 174
Capuchins, 574–575
Capulets and Montagues, 15, 698–699
Cara, Marchetto (d. c. 1535), 600
Caradosso (Ambrogio Foppa: c. 1452–1526), 196, 457, 502, 637
Caraffa, Giovanni Pietro (1476–1559), see Paul IV, Pope
Caraffa, Oliviero (1487), 140
Cardano, Geronimo (Jérôme Cardan: 1501–76), 217, 221, 691–693
cardinals, 376, 414, 477*, 485, 519, 571, 622, 623, 630, 631–632, 634, 706
cardplaying, 595
Careggi, 89, 530
Carmagnola (Francesco Bussone: c. 1390–1432), 285–286
carnival, 596–597, 650
Caroto, Giovanni (1488–1566), 325–326, 678
Caroto, Gianfrancesco (c. 1470–1546), 325
Carpaccio, Vittore (c. 1455 –c. 1526), 302–303, 304
Carpi, 333
Carrara, da, see Francesco I da Carrara, Francesco II, Iacopo I, Iacopo II
Casa, Francesco della (1500), 548
Casanuova, Iacopo (1503), 437
Casola, Pietro (1494), 281
Cassaria (Ariosto), 273
Castagno, Andrea del (1423–1457), 106, 380
Castellesi, Adriano (Adriano da Corneto), 433
Castiglione, Baldassare (1478–1529), 319, 342, 345–348, 419, 452, 483, 486, 489, 492, 493, 496, 503, 520, 522, 593, 599, 727
Catanei, Vanozza de’ (1442–1518), 404–405, 412, 413, 416, 418, 428, 432, 436
Catena, Vincenzo (c. 1470–1531), 301
Catherine of Aragon, Queen of England (1485–1536), 634
Catherine of Siena, St. (1347–80), 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62–64, 362, 572–573
Catullus, Gaius Valerius (c. 84–54 B.C.), 15
Cavalieri, Tommaso (c. 1532), 717, 719
Cavallini, Pietro (c. 1250–c. 1330), 12, 25
Cavazzolo (Paolo Morando: 1486–1522), 325
Cavino, Giovanni dal (1500–70), 536
Cavour, Camillo Benso di (1810–61), 564
Celestine V, St., Pope (1294), 62
Cellini, Benvenuto (1500–71), 45, 133, 178, 196, 217, 226, 463, 464, 472, 473, 568, 576, 599, 605, 631, 665, 700, 701, 702, 705–711, 728
Perseus, 473, 510
Celsi, Lorenzo, Doge of Venice (1361–65), 40
Cennini, Bernardo (1471), 315
Cennini, Cennino (c. 1370–c. 1440), 99
Cerignola, battle of, 615
Cernobbio, 712
Certosa di Pavia, 178–179, 180, 190, 195
Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de (1547–1616), 128
Cesare da Sesto (1477–1523), 228
Cesarini, Giuliano (1398–1444), 368, 370, 371
Chalcondyles, Demetrius (1424–1511), 79, 120, 280, 477, 480
charity, 592–593
Charlemagne (Charles I the Great), King of the Franks (768–814), Emperor of the West (800–814), 261, 271, 374, 450
Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor (1347–78), 19, 46, 59, 229, 636
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1519–56), 163, 177, 237, 259, 279, 311, 330, 332, 335, 348, 545, 554, 564, 620–621, 622, 623–624, 625, 626–628, 629, 633, 634, 635–636, 642, 644, 645, 657, 661–662, 663, 664*, 686, 690, 711, 712, 713
Charles I, King of England (1625–49), 254, 506
Charles VI, King of France (1380–1422), 362, 363
Charles VII, King of France (1422–61), 369
Charles VIII, King of France (1483–98), 143, 148, 151, 153, 169, 189, 190, 244, 256, 271, 272, 400, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 419, 491, 610–613, 614
Charles of Durazzo, see Charles III of Naples
Charles I, King of Naples (1266–85), 356, 610
Charles III, King of Naples (1382–86), 349
Chaucer, Geoffrey (c. 1340–1400), 11
chastity, 575
Chateaubriant, Françoise de Foix, Comtesse de (1495–1537), 621
chess, 595
Chevreul, Michel (1786–1889), 223
Chigi, Agostino (1465–1520), 238, 239, 481, 489, 507–509, 509–510, 511, 515, 577, 638, 639, 653
Chigi, Lorenzo (1553), 509
children, 586, 587
Chioggia, battle of, 41, 176
choirs, 600, 601, 602
Christ, 63, 573
Christiad (Vida), 494
Christianity, 557–558, 559
Chrysoloras, John (1420), 192
Chrysoloras, Manuel (1355?–1415), 79, 82, 180
Chrysopoeia (Augurelli), 491
Church reform, 417, 623
Cibò, Francescotto, 400, 401, 403, 409
Cibò, Giovanni Battista (1432–92), see Innocent VIII, Pope
Cicero, Marcus Tullius (106–43 B.C.), 15, 78, 320, 351, 386, 489
Cima da Conegliano, Giovanni Battista (1459–1518), 302, 638
Cimabue (c. 1240–c. 1302), 297
Cinò da Pistoia (1270–1337), 592
Cione, Benci di (1376), 90
Cione, Nardo di (fl. 1350–before 1366), 27
Civerchio, Vincenzo (d. after 1539), 198
Civitali, Matteo (1436–1501), 178, 229
Clarence, Lionel, Duke of (1338–68), 38
classic art, recovery of, 495–497
Claude Lorrain (1600–82), 683
clavichord, 604
Clement V (Bertrand de Got), Pope (1305–14), 49, 50, 51, 55, 62, 261
Clement VI (Pierre Roger), Pope (1342–52), 14, 15, 16, 18–19, 20, 37, 38, 52–55, 57, 531
Clement VII (Giulio de’ Medici), Pope (1523–34), 163, 259, 348, 355, 375, 407, 480, 491, 494, 499, 502, 505, 507, 513, 517, 545, 554, 574, 576, 593, 624–628, 629, 630, 631, 632–633, 634–636, 637, 638, 639, 640–641, 642, 643, 644–645, 654, 655, 656, 659, 686, 687, 600, 699, 701, 706, 708, 710, 713, 714, 715
Clement VII (Robert of Geneva), Antipope (1378–94), 60, 362
clergy, 571–575
Clovio, Giulio (1498–1578), 713
clowns, 650
Cognac, League of, 627, 630
coins, 336
Colet, John (c. 1467–1519), 728
Colle, Raffaello dal (c. 1490–1566), 638
Colleoni, Bartolommeo (1400–75), equestrian statue of (Verrocchio), 132–133
Colleoni Chapel, Bergamo, 197
Colocci, Angelo (d. 1549), 491, 632
Colombo, Realdo (c. 1516–59), 649, 693
Colonna, Fabrizio (d. 1520), 396, 446, 584
Colonna, Giacomo (d. 1341), 7
Colonna, Giovanni (d. 1348), 7
Colonna, Giovanni (d. 1413), 363
Colonna, Lorenzo Oddone (d. 1484), 396
Colonna, Oddone (1368–1431), see Martin V, Pope
Colonna, Pompeo (d. 1532), 445
Colonna, Prospero (d. 1463), 368
Colonna, Prospero (1452–1523), 396, 621
Colonna, Stefano (d. 1348), 12, 18
Colonna, Vittoria (1492?–1547), 319, 544, 577, 579, 582, 584–585, 658, 7 18, 721
Colonna family, 363, 369, 371, 374, 396, 399, 415, 423, 434, 437, 442, 627, 628, 629
Coltivazione, La (Alamanni), 696
Columbus, Christopher (1446?–1506), 178, 385, 530, 534, 535
Columella, Lucius Junius Moderatus (A.D. 36), 393
Comines, Philippe de (c. 1447–c. 1511), 281, 282
Commandments, the Ten, 570
commedia dell arte, 598
Comrnentarii (Pius II), 385
Como, 197
concerts, 604–605
Concilium pacis (Heinrich von Langen–stein), 364
Condivi, Ascanio (b. c. 1520–after 1564), 464, 467, 500
Condolmieri, Gabriele (1383–1447), see Eu–genius IV, Pope
condottieri, 284–285, 543, 560, 591, 610
confiscation and expropriation, 414–415
confraternities, 593
Congregation of the Index, 689
Congress of Mantua, 389–300, 618
Considerazioni intorno ai Discorsi di Machi–avelli (Guicciardini), 560*
Constance, Council of, 365–367
Constantine the Great, Roman Emperor (306–337), 352
Constantinople, 177, 283, 284, 371, 381
Constitutum Constantini, 352
Contarini, Andrea, Doge of Venice (1368-82), 41
Contarini, Marino (1422), 294
Conti, Bernardino de’ (c. 1450–1525), 228
Conti, Lotario de’ (1161–1216), see Innocent III, Pope
conversation, 594–595
Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473–1543), 529, 536, 693
Corbaccio (Boccaccio), 34
Corbizzi, Filippo (1496), 151
Cordier, B. (fl. 1474–85), 600
Corio, Bernardino (1459–1503), 188
Cornaro, Caterina (1454–1510), 283, 319, 584, 679
Cornaro, Luigi (1467?–1566), 322, 323, 649, 674, 693–695, 706
Coro, Domenico del (1420), 237
Correggio (town), 327
Correggio (Antonio Allegri: 1494–1534), 173, 212, 321–332, 511*, 665, 680, 683, 727
frescoes in duomo, Parma, 329
frescoes in San Giovanni Evangelista, Parma, 329, 331
frescoes in San Paolo convent, Parma, 329
Il Giorno, 330
La Notte, 330, 511*
Jupiter and Antiope, 330
Correr, Angelo (c. 1327–1417), see Gregory XII, Pope
corsets, 584
Corsignano, see Pienza
Cortese, Gregorio (1483–1548), 574
Cortigiana, La (Aretino), 658
cortigiane oneste, 577–578
Coryat, Thomas (1577?–1617), 593–594
cosmetics, 583
Cossa, Baldassare (c. 1360–1415), see John XXIII, Pope
Cossa, Francesco (c. 1435–80), 266, 267, 335
Costa, Lorenzo (c. 1460–1535), 258, 267, 328, 333–334, 335–336, 452
costume, 287, 583–584, 593
councils: Basel, 369, 370, 372, 378, 383
Constance, 365–367
Ferrara–Florence, 69, 79, 83, 231, 370–371, 387
Lateran (Rome), 445, 446, 481, 540, 589
Pavia, 368
Pisa, 363–364
Pisa–Milan, 445–446, 480, 481
Siena, 368
Trent, 69, 529, 598, 645, 683, 689, 690–691
Vienne, 50, 55
Counter Reformation, 529, 576, 683, 688–691
Courtier, The (Castiglione), 196, 319, 342, 346–347, 452, 513
Cowper, 3rd Earl (1738–89), 456
Credi, Lorenzo di (1459–1537), 131, 133, 165
Creighton, Mandell (1843–1901), 411*–412*, 435
Cremona, 198, 712
Crescenzi, Pietro de’ (1306), 530
Crivelli, Carlo (1440–93), 302
Crivelli, Lucrezia (1496), 189, 204
Cronaca, Il, see Pollaiuolo, Simone
Croniche Fiorentine (Villani), 29, 75
Cros, Jean de, Cardinal of Limoges (1378), 361
Cross, True, 402
cruelty, 591
crusades, 381, 382, 386, 389–391, 392, 519, 627–628
Cugnatis, Imperia de (1485–1511), 488, 577
Cyprus, 283
Cyropaedia (Xenophon), 83, 350
D
Damiano, Fra (d. 1549), 334
dancing, 595
Dandolo, Andrea, Doge of Venice (1343–54), 533
Daniele da Volterra (Daniele Ricciarelli: 1509–56), 716, 721
Dante, Girolamo (fl. 1550–80), 668
Dante Alighieri (1265–1321), 3, 5–6, 9, 13, 15, 25, 28, 33, 44, 48, 80, 84, 120, 138, 272, 295, 339, 543, 564, 636, 715
Darwin, Charles (1809–82), 558
De anima (Aristotle), 538, 543
De casibus virorum illustribus (Boccaccio), 43
De claris mulieribus (Boccaccio), 43
De contagione (Fracastoro), 536
De contemptu mundi (Petrarch), 9
De divina proportione (Pacioli), 225
De fato (Pomponazzi), 541–542
De genealogiis deorum (Boccaccio), 44
De hominis dignitate (Pico della Mirandola), 122
De immortalitate animae (Pomponazzi), 540
De incantatione (Pomponazzi), 540–541
De intellectu et daemonibus (Nifo), 539
De mente humana (Porzio), 543
De methodo (Aconzio), 695
De miseriis humanae conditionis (Poggio Bracciolini), 84
De montibus, etc. (Boccaccio), 43–44
De officio et virtutibus imperatoris (Petrarch), 42
De otio religiosorum (Petrarch), 37
De re anatomica (Colombo), 693
De remediis utriusque fortunae (Petrarch), 42
De republica optime administranda (Petrarch), 42
De rerum natura (Telesio), 695
De rerum varietate (Cardan), 692
De stratagematibus Satanae (Aconzio), 695
De subtilitate rerum (Cardan), 692
De viris illustribus (Petrarch), 42
De vita solitaria (Petrarch), 37
Decameron (Boccaccio), 28, 29–34, 42, 599, 696
décolletage, 584
Dedel, Adrian (1459–1523), see Adrian VI, Pope
Deprès, Josquin (1450?–1521), 600
Descartes, René (1596–1650), 692, 695, 727
Desiderio da Settignano (1428–64), 82, 96, 109, 131
despots, 174–176
Deux, Bertrand de (1347), 18–19
devils, 526–527
Diane de Poitiers (1499–1566), 606
Dianti, Laura (fl. 1520–1534), 279, 309
Diario della città di Roma (Infessura), 396*
Diarium (Burchard), 408, 413, 427–428
Diaz de l’Isla, Ruy (1504), 535
dice, 595
Diderot, Denis (1713–84), 558
Diodorus Siculus (1st cent, B.C.), 378
diplomacy, 287, 517, 563
Discorsi della vita sobria (Cornaro), 694
Discourses on the First Ten Books of Livy (Machiavelli), 551, 562, 565
diseases, 534–537
Disputationes Camaldulenses (Landino), 120
dissection of corpses, 531
Divine Comedy, The (Dante), 191, 210–211, 251, 673, 715
divozioni, 597
Djem, Turkish prince (1459–95), 400, 403, 409, 410, 611
doge, 285, 287
Dolci, Giovannino de’ (d. 1486), 397
Dolcino of Novara (c. 1303), 61–62
Domenichino (Domenico Zampieri: 1581–1641), 332
Domenico da Pescia (d. 1498), 155–156, 158–159, 160, 161
Domenico Veneziano (1400–61), 106, 244
Domenico di Bartolo (1440), 238
domestic life, 586–588
Dominic, St. (1170–1221), 558
Dominicans, 574
Domitian, Roman Emperor (81–96), 12
Donatello (Donato di Niccolò di Betti Bardi: 1386–1466), 84, 87–88, 90, 91, 92–95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 131, 132, 156, 251, 252, 281, 324–325, 356, 497, 586, 722, 725
Crucifixion, 94, 95
David, 92, 93
duomo, Florence, 93, 95
Gattamelata, 94, 206
Judith, 93
St. George, 93
St. Mark, 92–93
Niccolò da Uzzano, 93
Donati, Lucrezia (fl. 1467–69), 111
Donation of Constantine, 352, 374
Doni, Antonfrancesco (1513–74), 697
Doria, Andrea (1468–1560), 177, 178, 711
Doria, Luciano (1379), 41
Doria, Pietro (d. 1380), 41
Dossi, Dosso (1479–1541), 264, 267, 270
dowries, 578, 579–580
drama, 597–598
Dresden Gallery, 511*
dresses, 583
Duccio, Agostino di (1418–81), 243–244, 340
Duccio di Buoninsegna (c. 1255–1319), 35
Duchess of Malfi, The (Webster), 698
dueling, 590
Dufay, Guillaume (c. 1400–74), 600
Duns Scotus, John (c. 1265–1308), 692
Durand, Guillaume, Bishop of Mende (d. 1330), 53
Dürer, Albrecht (1471–1528), 304, 337–338, 702
dwarfs, 257
dyes, 314, 300
E
eating utensils, 593–594
Ecerinis (Albertino Mussato), 22
education, 529
Edward III, king of England (1327–77), 54, 71, 75
Edward IV, king of England (1461–70), 75
Egidian Constitutions, 58
Eleonora of Aragon, Duchess of Ferrara (d. 1493), 255, 263, 264, 395
Eleonora of Austria, Queen of France (1408–1558), 627
Elegantiae linguae Latinae (Valla), 351
Emilia, 327*
Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy (1553–80), 711
encyclopedia, 711
Encyclopédie (Diderot, d’Alembert, et al.), 67*
engraving, 107, 337–338
Enneads (Plotinus), 538
Epicurus (c. 340–270 B.C.), 14, 568
Epistola ad posteros (Petrarch), 42
Epistulae (Pliny the Younger), 78
Erasmus, Desiderius (c.1466? –1536), 13, 316, 317, 351, 486, 489, 520–521, 521–522, 544, 572, 633, 689, 726–727, 728
Este (seat of family), 261
Este, Alfonso I d’, Duke of Ferrara and Modena (1505–34), 264–266, 267, 268, 272, 276, 279, 301, 309, 427, 428, 431, 432, 433, 438, 440, 444, 445, 446, 481, 507, 520, 566, 604, 623, 629, 632, 636, 642, 643
Este, Alfonso II d’, Duke of Ferrara and Modena (1558–97), 265, 712
Este, Azzo VI d’, Lord of Ferrara (1208–12), 261
Este, Beatrice d’, Duchess of Milan (1475–97), 179, 186–188, 189, 190, 191–192, 196, 203, 204, 255, 256, 264, 290–291, 327, 568, 584, 587, 600, 697
Este, Borso d’, Marquis of Ferrara (1450–70), Duke of Modena (1452–71), and Duke of Ferrara (1470–71), 193, 262–263, 266, 269, 270
Este, Ercole I d’, Duke of Ferrara and Modena (1471–1505), 255, 263, 264, 269–270, 273, 395, 427, 431, 432, 611
Este, Ercole II d’, Duke of Ferrara and Modena (1534–58), 279, 321, 712
Este, Ferrante d’ (d. 1540), 265
Este, Giulio d’ (d. 1558), 265, 273
Este, Ippolito d’ (1479–1520), 264, 265, 273, 276, 277, 408
Este, Ippolito d’ (d. 1572), 714
Este, Isabella d’, Marchioness of Mantua (1474–1539), 187, 190, 106, 207, 208, 213, 254, 255–260, 264, 273, 310–311, 327, 343, 344, 346, 422, 423, 424, 427, 438, 466, 485, 489, 517, 568, 584, 631, 697
Este, Leonello d’, Marquis of Ferrara (144150), 262, 268–269, 575
Este, Niccolò III d’, Marquis of Ferrara (1393–1441), 143, 262, 266, 268, 575
Este, Sigismondo, Marquis of San Martino (d. 1507), 266
Este, Villa d’, 712, 714
Estouteville, Guillaume d’ (1403–83), 130, 385, 393, 406
Étampes, Anne de Pisseleu, Duchesse d’ (1508–80), 708–709
Etruscan art, 700
Euclid (c. 300 B.C.), 692
Eugenius IV (Gabriele Condolmieri), Pope (1431–47), 83, 351, 352, 353, 368–372, 374, 377, 383, 385, 387
Euse, Jacques d’ (1249–1334), see John XXII, Pope
Eustachio, Fra (1473–1555)”, 168
Eustachio, Bartolommeo (c. 1524–71), 691, 693
Execrabilis (Pius II), 389
Eyck, Jan van (1370?–1440), 258, 726
Adoration of the Lamb, 726
Ezzolino IV da Romano (1194–1259), 21
F
Faenza, 338, 421
faience, 338
Falconetto, Giovanmaria (1458–1534), 323
Faliero, Marino, Doge of Venice (1354–55), 285
Fallopio, Gabriele (1522–62), 691, 693
families, size of, 586
Fancelli, Luca (1430–95), 90
farces, 597–598
farming, experimental, 185–186
Farnese, Alessandro (1468–1549), see Paul III, Pope
Farnese, Alessandro (d. 1589), 509, 704, 713
Farnese, Giulia (d. 1524), 355, 407, 408, 412–413, 428, 429, 436, 457, 690
Farnese, Ottavio, Duke of Parma (1547–86), 663, 691, 713
Farnese, Pierluigi, Duke of Parma (154547), 691, 708
Farnese, Ranuccio (1542), 289
Favola di Orfeo, La (Politian), 125
Favorinus (Varino Camerti: d. 1537), 487
Fazio, Bartolommeo (d. 1457), 350
Fedeli, Cassandra (d. 1558), 582
Federighi, Antonio (c. 1420–90), 237
Federigo III, King of Naples (1496–1501), 418, 419, 430, 613, 614, 615
Federigo da Montefeltro, Duke of Urbino (1444–82), 119, 168, 232, 250, 341–343, 585, 600
fees, medical, 532
Felix V (Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy), Antipope (1439–49), 176, 369, 378
Ferdinand I, King of Naples (1458–94), 114, 115, 129, 142, 184, 255, 353–354, 395, 397, 409, 449, 575
Ferdinand the Catholic, King of Sicily (1468–1516), Castile (1474–1516), Aragon (1479–1516), and Naples (1504–16), 174, 407, 409, 435, 438–439, 482, 516, 545, 563, 574, 610, 612, 615, 616, 617, 618, 620, 621
Ferramolo, Floriano (d. 1528), 198
Ferrante, Duke of Calabria (d. 1559), 615
Ferrante of Naples, see Ferdinand I of Naples
Ferrara, 261–279, 318, 444, 616, 617, 635, 712
Castello, 261, 263–264
Palazzo di Schifanoia, 266, 267
town planning in, 263
Ferrara–Florence, Council of, 69, 79, 83, 231, 370–371, 387
Ferrari, Defendente (c. 1495–after 1535), 176, 283
Ferrari, Gaudenzio (c. 1484–1546), 228
Ferrari, Giambattista (d. 1502), 423
Ferrucci, Francesco (1530), 636–637
Festa, Costanzo (c. 1490–1545), 603
festivals, 290–291, 569, 596–597
feuds, family, 500
Fiammetta, see Maria d’Aquino
Fiammetta (Boccaccio), 29
Ficino, Marsilio (1433–99), 80, 109, 110, 115, 120–121, 123, 464, 477, 526, 528, 538, 543, 544, 571
Fiesole, 129
Filarete (Antonio Averlino: c. 1400–69), 87, 91, 195, 372
Filargis, Petros (c. 1340–1410), see Alexander V, Pope
Filelfo, Francesco (1398–1481), 78, 79, 80, 83, 184, 185, 192–194, 262, 334, 377, 378, 379, 383, 398, 571
Filioque clause, 370
Filocopo (Boccaccio), 11, 222
Filostrato (Boccaccio), 11
Finiguerra, Tommaso (1426–64), 107, 338
Fioravante, Neri di (1345), 28
Fiorenzo di Lorenzo (c. 1445–1525), 244
Firenzuola, Agnolo (c. 1493–1545), 582–583, 697
Flaminio, Marcantonio (1498–1550), 492–494
Flaubert, Gustave (1821–80), 728
Flavio Biondo (1388–1463), 84, 217, 371, 386–387, 495
Florence, 3–4, 23, 29, 45, 59–60, 61, 67–169
passim, 422, 423, 593, 596, 611, 633, 636–637, 642, 686, 609–705
Annunziata, 166, 167, 208
Baptistery, 24, 91
Boboli Gardens, 701
Brancacci Chapel, Carmine, 140
Campanile, 24, 198
duomo, 27–28, 88, 97, 371
Laurentian Library, 119, 488, 705
Loggia dei Lanzi, 90
Medici tombs, 499, 636, 641–644
Ognissanti, 129
Or San Mi–chele, 92, 93*, 132
Palazzo Medici–Ric–cardi, 89, 97, 134
Palazzo Pandolfini, 163
Palazzo Pitti, 90, 129, 701, 705
Palazzo Vecchio, 28, 89, 129, 132, 135, 149, 166, 210–211, 470, 637, 704
Ponte Vecchio, 28
San Lorenzo, 88, 94–95, 109, 129, 132, 163, 499, 641, 703, 718
San Marco, 102, 147
San Miniato, 90, 97
Santa Croce, 28, 88, 555, 721
Santa Maria Novella, 135–136, 140
Santa Trinità, 135
Santo Spirito, 89, 164
Scalzo, 167
Uffizi, 129, 705
La Vacca, 637
Foix, Gaston de (1489–1512), 446, 606, 618
Foix, Germaine de, Queen of Aragon and Naples (1488–1538), 616
Folengo, Girolamo (1491–1544), 278–279, 572
folk song, 599
Fontainebleau, 259
food, 594
Foppa, Vincenzo (1427–92), 184, 197, 198
forgeries, pious, attack on, 352
forks, 593–594
Forli, 338, 395, 420
Fornovo, battle of, 189, 256, 612–613
Foscari, Francesco, Doge of Venice, (1423–57), 283, 287–288, 293, 295
Foscari, Iacopo (d. 1456), 287
Four Books of Architecture (Palladio), 652
Fournier, Jacques (c. 1280–1342), see Benedict XII, Pope
Fracastoro, Girolamo (1483–1533), 492, 535–536
Fragonard, Jean Honoré (1732–1806), 683
France, Anatole (1844–1924), 728
Francesco di Giorgio Martini (1439–1502), 238
Francesco da Bologna (1501), 317
Francesca da Rimini (d. 1285), 339
Francesco I da Carrara (1350–89), 21, 22, 42, 280
Francesco II da Carrara (1389–1405), 280
franchise, 72–73
Francia (Francesco Raibolini: 1450–1517), 310, 328, 334, 336–338, 452, 501, 512
Franciabigio, Marcantonio (1482–1525), 166, 168
Francis I, King of France (1515–47), 176, 204, 212–213, 214, 226–227, 259, 410, 467, 400, 505, 513, 517, 518, 554, 619, 620, 621, 624, 625, 626, 627, 628, 629, 633, 634, 635, 638, 642, 643, 645, 657, 665, 678, 686, 690, 701, 708–709, 710
Francis II, King of France (1559–60), 627
Francis of Assisi, St. (1182–1226), 25–26, 558, 574
Franciscans, 574, 589
Frederick, Archduke of Austria (d. 1439), 365
Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (1215–50), 47, 349, 375, 594
Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor (1440–93), 183, 263, 383, 384, 385, 389
Frederic II the Great, King of Prussia (1740–86), 266, 564
Frederick Augustus II, Elector of Saxony (1733–63), 511*
Fregoso, Federigo (c. 1460–1541), 345
Fregoso, Ottaviano, Doge of Genoa (1513–22), 345
Freud, Sigmund (1856–1939), 692
Frundsberg, Georg von (1473–1528), 626, 628–629, 630, 655
Fulvio, Andrea (1515), 496
Fust, Johann (c. 1400–66), 315
G
Gabriele da Salò (1497), 529, 573
Gabrieli, Andrea (1510–86), 649
Gaddi, Agnolo (1343–96), 99
Gaddi, Gaddo (c. 1260–c. 1333), 99
Gaddi, Taddeo (1300–66), 26, 99
Gaeta, siege of, 615
Gaetano, St. (Gaetano de Thiene: 1480–1547), 574
Gaffuri, Franchino (1442–1522), 600
Galen (Claudius Galenus: c. 129–200), 531, 532, 537
Galileo (Galileo Galilei: 1564–1642), 530
Gallerani, Cecilia (fl. 1490–95), 186–187, 192, 204
Gallio, Tolomeo (1527–1607), 712
Gallipoli, battle of (1416), 284
Gallo, Iacopo (1498), 466
Gambara, Veronica (1485–1550), 327, 582, 584
gambling, 595
games, 290
Garigliano, battle of the, 615
garlic, 594
Garnett, Richard (1835–1906), 427*, 435–436
Garofalo (Benvenuto Tisi: 1481–1559), 267–268, 712
Gattamelata (Erasmo da Narni: c. 1370–1443), 94, 285
Gaza, Theodoras (c. 1400–75), 79, 262, 316, 378, 538
Gebir (Jabir: fl. 721–776), 692
Gemistos Pletho, Georgios (c. 1356–1450), 79, 80, 341, 387, 538
Gennadius (Georgios Scolarios), Patriarch of Constantinople (1453–58), 371
Genoa, 39, 41, 173, 176–178, 182, 280, 711
Via Balbi, 711
Gentile, da Fabriano (1360–1427), 240–241, 297, 367, 650
gentleman, 347, 543, 599
geography, 530
George of Trebizond (1396–1486), 379
George Poděbrad, King of Bohemia (1459–71), 388
Georgics (Virgil), 536, 606
German mercenaries, 628, 629–632
Gerson, Jean (1362?–1428), 364, 375
Gerusalemne liberata (Tasso), 712
Gharingello, 290
Gherardo, Maffeo (d. 1493), 406
Ghibellines, 3, 12, 45
Ghiberti, Lorenzo (1378–1455), 88, 90–92, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 335, 372, 497
Ghini, Luca (c. 1500–56), 530
Ghirlandaio, Benedetto (1458–97), 397
Ghirlandaio, Davide (1452–1525), 136, 468
Ghirlandaio, Domenico (1449–94), 135–136, 200, 230, 397, 464, 702
Ghirlandaio, Ridolfo (1483–1561), 168, 702
Ghislieri, Michele (1504–72), see Pius V, St., Pope
Gibbon, Edward (1737–94), 28, 728
Giberti, Gian Matteo (1495–1543), 574, 625, 654, 655
Giocondo, Fra (c. 1433–1514), 322, 323, 496, 497, 498, 522
Giorgio da Novara (1500), 573–574
Giorgione da Castelfranco (Giorgio Bar–barelli: c. 1476–1510), 301, 303, 304–306, 307, 308, 321, 511*, 638, 650, 662, 670, 673, 683
The Concert, 306, 599
Fête champêtre, 305–306
Gypsy and Soldier, 304–305
Madonna of Castelfranco, 305
Sleeping Venus, 305, 511*
Giostra, La (Politian), 510
Giotteschi, the, 26
Giotto di Bondone (c. 1276–c. 1337), 22, 23–26, 27, 48, 52, 97, 98, 99, 101, 103, 281, 722
Arena Chapel, Padua, frescoes, 22, 25, 26, 281
Assisi frescoes, 25–26, 36
Bardi Chapel, Santa Croce, Florence, frescoes, 25
Campanile, Florence, 24
Navicella, 24–25
Peruzzi Chapel, Santa Croce, Florence, 25
Giovanna da Piacenza (1518), 328
Giovanni da Bologna (1529–1608), 701, 702, 713
Giovanni da Legnano (d. 1383), 592
Giovanni da Monte Corvino (d. 1328), 62
Giovanni da Montorsoli (1507–63), 178, 713
Giovanni da Udine (Giovanni Ricamatore: 1494–1561), 505, 507, 511, 512, 713, 714
Giovanni da Verona (c. 1457–1525), 322, 325, 457
Giovanni da Vigo (1460–1525), 533
Giovanni Pisano (c. 1250–1320), 35
Giovio, Paolo (1483–1552), 424, 485, 491, 509, 520, 556
Girolamo da Carpi (1501–56), 712
Girolamo dai Libri (1474–1556), 325
Giuliano da Maiano (1432–90), 129, 341
Giulio Romano (Giulio Pippi de’ Jannuzzi: (1492–1546), 258, 348, 449, 505, 507, 508, 511, 638, 654, 656, 704, 714
Giustiniani, Antonio (fl. 1502–05), 414, 415, 420, 426, 433, 435
Giustiniani, Bernardo (1408–89), 287
Giustiniani, Lorenzo, St. (1381–1456), 298
glass, 313, 649, 657
Goering, Hermann (1893–1946), 678*
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749–1832), 307, 545, 728
Golden Legend (Iacopo da Voragine), 669
Goldoni, Carlo (1707–93), 291, 683
goldsmithery, 706, 707, 710–711
Gonzaga, Eleanora, Duchess of Urbino (d. 1543), 662
Gonzaga, Elisabetta, Duchess of Urbino (1472–1526), 196, 256, 286, 325, 343–344, 345, 346, 421, 422, 517, 568, 579, 584
Gonzaga, Ercole (d. 1563), 259, 542
Gonzaga, Federigo I, Marquis of Mantua (1478–84), 253, 255
Gonzaga, Federigo II, Marquis (1519) and Duke of Mantua (1530–40), 259, 260, 330, 346, 447*, 460, 654, 655, 661, 662
Gonzaga, Ferrante, Prince of Molfetta (1506–57), 712
Gonzaga, Francesco (d. 1483), 253, 392
Gonzaga, Gianfrancesco I, Marquis of Mantua (1432–44), 249, 250
Gonzaga, Gianfrancesco II, Marquis of Mantua (1484–1519), 190–191, 253, 254, 345, 422, 612
Gonzaga, Guglielmo, Duke of Mantua (1550–87), 674
Gonzaga, Lodovico, Marquis of Mantua (1444–78), 251, 253, 258, 592–593
Gonzaga, Luigi (1328), 249
Gonzaga, Taddea, Countess of Scandiano (d. after 1504), 271
Gonzalo de Córdoba (1453–1515), 438, 613, 615, 617
Got, Bertrand de (1264 –1314), see Clement V, Pope
government: in Florence, 72–73, 74, 116, 149–150
in Milan, 183
in Rome, 12, 17, 374–376
in Siena, 35
Gozzoli, Benozzo (1424–98), 76, 89, 134, 230, 244
Granacci, Francesco (1469–1544), 464, 596–597
Grassis, Paris de (d. 1528), 484, 506
Greco, El (Domenico Theotocopuli: c. 1541–1613), 103, 666, 727
Greek Academy, 486, 487
Greek studies, 43–44, 78–80
Gregory I the Great, St., Pope (590–604), 380
Gregory VII (Hildebrand), St., Pope (1073–85), 413
Gregory XI (Pierre Roger), Pope (1370–78), 54, 56, 57, 59–61 64, 361
Gregory XII (Angelo Correr), Pope (1406–15), 363, 364, 365, 366
Gregory XIII (Ugo Buoncompagni), Pope (1572–85), 692
Gregory III, Patriarch of Constantinople (1443–50), 371
Greuze, Jean Baptiste (1725–1805), 683
Grimani, Antonio, Doge of Venice (1521–23), 665
Grimani, Domenico (1461–1523), 315, 489
Grimani, Marino (d. 1546), 289
Grimoard, Guillaume de (1310–70), see Urban V, Pope
Gritti, Andrea, Doge of Venice (1523–1538), 656, 665
Grocyn, William (c. 1445–1519), 123
Grotius, Hugo (1583–1645), 592
Guariento (d. before 1378), 675, 682
Guarini, Giovanni Battista (1537–1612), 602, 712
Guarino da Verona (1374–1460), 80, 84, 262, 268, 269, 270, 315, 334, 353, 378
Guelfs, 3, 12, 45
Guicciardini, Francesco (1483–1540), 109, 117, 161, 185, 375, 412, 414, 417, 434, 445, 447, 480, 517, 520, 528, 544–547, 560*, 572, 591, 607, 613, 621, 630, 633, 660, 690, 699
Guidacerio, Agacio (1513), 486
Guidobaldo I da Montefeltro, Duke of Urbino (1482–1508), 286, 325, 346, 420, 421–422, 423, 424, 438, 442, 454, 466, 579
guilds, 23, 71–72, 282, 398, 590
Gusnasco, Lorenzo (1503), 600
H
Hagia Sophia, Constantinople, 371, 381
hair, 583
Halley’s comet, 530
harpsichord, 604
Hawkwood, Sir John de (c. 1340–94), 58, 60, 100, 175
headgear, 584, 593
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770–1831), 538, 565
Heine, Heinrich (1797–1856), 728
Heinrich von Langenstein (c. 1325–97), 363–364
Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor (1308–13), 3, 4, 37, 636
Henry VII, King of England (1485–1509), 164, 343, 610, 611
Henry VIII, King of England (1509–47), 414, 624, 628, 633, 634, 645, 686
Henry II, King of France (1547–59), 645
Henry III, King of France (1574–89), 564, 627, 674
Henry IV, King of France (1589–1610), 564
heresy, 61–62, 64, 147, 154, 402, 539–540
Hermaphroditus (Beccadelli), 353
Hero and Leander (Musaeus), 316
Herodotus (5th cent, B.C.), 399
Hildebrand, St. (c. 1020–85), see Gregory VII, Pope
Hippocrates (c. 460–355 B.C.), 531, 532, 537
Hippolytus (Seneca), 488
Historiae (Tacitus), 43
Historiae sui temporis (Giovio), 491
Historiarum ab inclinatione Romanorum (Flavio Biondo), 387
History of Florence (Bruni), 81, 82
History of the Italian Republics (Sismondi), 230
Hoby, Sir Thomas (1530–66), 347
Hollanda, Francisco (1517–84), 721
Holy Office, the, see Inquisition, the
Homer, 8, 43, 120, 378, 386
homosexuality, 200, 215, 576
Honestis (Leo X), 527–528
Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus: 65–8 B.C.), 123, 277
horse racing, 595
hospitals, 533–534, 571–572, 592–593, 631
Hugo, Victor (1802–85), 728
Huhn, Ulrich (fl. 1470–76), 600
humanism and humanists, 77–86, 119–125, 314–321, 342–343, 350–353, 376, 377, 378–379, 486–491, 525–526, 537, 571, 576, 622–623
Humbert I, Count of Savoy (d. 1048), 176
Humboldt, Alexander von (1769–1859), 225
Hunter, William (1718–83), 225
hunting, 484, 562
Hunyadi Janos (c. 1387–1456), 371
Huss, John (c. 1370–1415), 388, 566
I
Iacopo I da Carrara (1318–24), 21
Iacopo II da Carrara (1345–49), 21
Iacopo da Empoli (Iacopo Chimenti: 1554–1640), 168
Iacopo da Volterra (1486), 405–406
Iacopo da Voragine (1290), 699
illumination of manuscripts, 168, 325, 342–343, 357
Imitation of Christ, The (Thomas à Kempis), 102
Imola, 112, 338, 395
Imperia, see Cugnatis, Imperia de
In vitas summorum pontificum (Platina), 393
Index librorum prohibitorum, 689
industry, 589–590, 699
Infessura, Stefano (1490), 376, 396, 401, 403, 406, 412, 415, 420, 576
Inghirami, Tommaso (1470–1516), 458, 488
Innocent III (Lotario de’ Conti), Pope (1198–1216), 375, 594
Innocent VI (Etienne Aubert), Pope (1352–62), 37, 54, 57, 58
Innocent VII (Cosimo de’ Migliorati), Pope (1404–06), 363
Innocent VIII (Giovanni Battista Cibò), Pope (1484–92), 116, 122, 130, 148, 174, 244, 254, 399–403, 405, 407, 408, 409, 450, 484*, 527, 532, 595, 611
Innocenzo da Imola (c. 1490–c. 1547), 338
inns, 174
Inquisition, the, 61, 62, 483, 527–528, 539, 542, 573–574, 683, 689, 711
Institutiones (Quintilian)., 78
intarsia, 129–130
interest, 589
Invective against a Physician (Petrarch), 37
Ipocrita (Aretino), 658, 659
irreligion, popular, 543, 544, 570–571
Isabella of Aragon, Duchess of Milan (fl. 1481–94), 185, 188
Isabella the Catholic (1451–1504), Queen of Castile (1474–1504), 407, 409, 610, 615
Isabella of Portugal, Holy Roman Empress (1503–39), 663
Isotta, see Atti, Isotta degli
Italia mia! (Petrarch), 45–46
Italy, unity of, 45–46, 559–561, 563–564
J
Januarius, St. (d. c. 305), 350, 356
Jayme, Cardinal of Portugal (d. 1459), 96, 382
Jenson, Nicolas (d. c. 1480), 316
jesters and buffoons, 483–484
Jesuits, see Society of Jesus
jewelry, 287, 502, 638
Jews, 589
Joachim of Flora (c. 1145–c. 1202), 145
Joanna I, Queen of Naples (1343–80
d. 1382), 14–15, 349
Joanna II, Queen of Naples (1414–35), 182, 349, 353, 610
Johann Friedrich, Elector of Saxony (d. 1554), 663
John XXII (Jacques d’Euse), Pope (1316–34), 50–51, 53, 56, 262, 602
John XXIII (Baldassare Cossa), Pope (1410–15), 94, 364–366
John VIII Palaeologus, Byzantine Emperor (1425–48), 370, 371
John II, King of France (1350–64), 54
John II the Perfect, King of Portugal (1481–95), 164
John of Speyer (1469), 316
John Zápolya, King of Hungary (1526–40), 321
Jones, Inigo (1573–1652), 653
Joseph II, Patriarch of Constantinople (1416–39),370
jubilee year, 379–380, 414
Julius II (Giuliano della Rovere), Pope (1503–13), 153, 211, 235, 238–239, 243, 247, 265, 292, 312, 334, 336, 339, 344, 348, 376, 380, 396, 398, 399, 400, 402, 403, 406, 408, 410, 415, 419, 426, 436, 437, 438, 439, 440*, 441–447, 448, 449, 450–451, 457–458, 459, 460, 461, 462, 463, 470–473, 474, 476, 480, 484, 485, 487, 490, 492, 496, 498–409, 504, 507, 515, 517, 521, 528, 533, 535, 549, 576, 592, 601, 611, 616, 617–618, 620, 714, 715
Julius III (Giammaria Ciocchi del Monte), Pope (1550–55), 661, 712–713, 714, 719
Justus van Ghent (fl, 1460–80), 343
K
Keats, John (1795–1821), 456
Khwarizmi, al–(780–c.850), 692
Kindi, al–(c. 850), 692
Knights of Rhodes, 400
L
La Ramée, Pierre (1515–72), 695
La Tour d’Auvergne, Madeleine de (d. 1519), 518
labor troubles, 35, 71–72
Ladislaus VII, King of Hungary (1490–1516), 414
Ladislaus III, King of Poland (1434–44), 371
Laetus, Julius Pomponius (1428–98), 392–393, 495–496, 690
Landi, Amadeo de’ (1440), 529, 573
Landino, Cristoforo (1424–1504), 115, 120, 123
Landino, Francesco (1325–97), 40, 602
Landriani, Gherardo (1422), 78
Landsknechte, 628, 629
Lannoy, Charles de (d. 1527), 626, 627, 629, 630
Laocoön, 496, 651, 701
Lasca (Antonio Francesco Grazzini: 1503–83), 697
Lascaris, Constantine (1434–1501), 79, 316, 318
Lascaris, John (c. 1445–1535), 119, 486, 522
Lateran (Rome) Council, 445, 446, 481, 540, 589
Laura, see Sade, Laura de Laurana, Luciano (c. 1420–79), 342
Laureti, Tommaso (1530–1602), 713
Lautrec, Odet de Foix, Vicomte de (1485–1528), 621, 634–635
law, 286, 592
League of Holy Union, 618
Lebrun, Charles (1619–90), 332, 683
Leo X (Giovanni de’ Medici), Pope (1513–21), 78, 115, 148, 163, 164, 214, 239, 243, 265–266, 273, 277, 318, 319, 335, 346, 348, 376, 401, 405, 406, 448, 451, 463, 477–488, 489, 490, 491, 492, 493, 494, 496, 497, 498, 499, 501–502, 504, 505, 506, 507, 508, 509, 515, 516–521, 527–528, 540, 545, 553–554, 561, 563, 564, 595, 596, 602, 619–621, 622, 623, 625, 628, 639, 641, 654, 701
Leo XIII (Gioacchino Pecci), Pope (1878–1903), 407
Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519), 101, 108, 131, 133, 135, 139, 140, 149, 165, 166, 173, 185, 187, 195, 197, 199–228, 232, 233, 238, 258, 304, 328, 340, 417, 421, 425, 452, 454, 468, 470, 472, 516, 519, 529, 530, 600, 665, 667, 692, 697, 702, 717, 718, 722, 728
Adoration of the Magi, 201
Annunciation, 199, 200
as inventor, 209, 213, 216, 219–221
as philosopher, 225–226
as scientist, 221–225
as writer, 217–218
Codice Atlantico, 218
drawings, 218–219
Last Supper, 204–206, 227, 697
Mona Lisa, 204, 211–213, 454
Palazzo Vecchio, Florence, frescoes, 210–211
St. John, 214
statue of Francesco Sforza, 206–207, 227
Virgin, Child, and St. Anne, 208–209
Virgin, Child, St. Anne, and St. John, 208–209, 218, 227
Virgin of the Rocks, 197, 204
Leoni, Leone (1509–90), 178, 711
Leopardi, Alessandro (d. c. 1522), 132, 281, 293, 295
Lepanto, battle of, 650, 675
Letters (Aretino), 658–659
Liber facetiarum (Poggio Bracciolini), 83
Liberale da Verona (1451–1536), 325
liberty, 546–547
libraries, 76–77, 119, 342–343, 377, 379, 387, 488–489
Libro dell’ arte (Cennini), 99
Libro d’oro (Venice), 285
Ligorio, Pirro (c. 1510–83), 714
Liguria, 176
Linacre, Thomas (1460?-1524), 123, 317, 529, 728
Lippi, Filippino (1457–1504), 105, 137, 139–140, 200, 201, 208, 247, 386, 468, 706
Lippi, Fra Filippo (c. 1406–69), 104–106, 137, 138
Livy (Titus Livius: 59 B.C.-A.D. 17), 350, 487, 491, 547, 551
Lomazzo, Giovanni Paolo (1538-c. 1600), 206
Lombardi, Alfonso (1463–1536), 335
Lombardo, Antonio (c. 1458-c. 1516), 281, 295
Lombardo, Moro (1481), 295
Lombardo, Pietro (c. 1435–1515), 281, 293, 295, 339
Lombardo, Sante (fl. 1524–27), 295
Lombardo, Tullio (c. 1455–1532), 281, 295
Loredano, Giacomo (1527), 595
Loredano, Leonardo, Doge of Venice (1501–21), 288, 300–301
Loredano, Pietro, Doge of Venice (1567–70), 665
Lorenzetti, Ambrogio (fl. 1324–48), 36–37
Lorenzetti, Pietro (fl. 1305–48), 36–37
Lorenzo Monaco (c. 1370–1425), 99, 101
Lorenzo Veneziano (fl. 1356–72), 40
Loreto, 164, 234, 312, 341, 569
Lotti, Lorenzetto (1490–1541), 507
Lotto, Lorenzo (1480–1556), 311–313, 321, 684
Louis IV of Bavaria, Holy Roman Emperor (1314–47), 57
Louis XI, King of France (1461–83), 184, 388, 609, 610
Louis XII, King of France (1498–1515), 177, 178, 189, 190, 191, 207, 213, 257, 417, 419, 420, 421, 422, 424, 425, 430, 435, 516, 542, 613, 614, 615–617, 618–619
Louis XIV, King of France (1643–1715), 506*
Louis I, King of Hungary (1342–82), 15
Louis Allemand, Blessed (c. 1380–1450), 368
Louis of Canossa (d. 1532), 345
Louise of Savoy, Countess of Angoulême (1476–1531), 431, 621, 629, 635
Lourdes (Zola), 673
Loyola, Ignatius, St. (1491–1556), 689
Lucca, 229
Lucretius Carus, Titus (96?-55 B.C.), 41, 536
Luini, Bernardino (1470–1533), 228
Lully, Raymond (c. 1235–1315), 692
Luna, Pedro de (1328–1423), see Benedict XIII, Antipope
lute, 604
Luther, Martin (1483–1546), 13, 161, 352, 370, 388, 486, 489, 519, 533–534, 543, 546, 572, 606, 622, 626, 628, 631, 645, 686, 688
Lutherans, 635
Luzzi, Mondino de’ (c. 1270–1326), 531
M
Macaulay, Thomas Babington, Baron (1800–59), 565
Macer, 679, 682
Machiavelli, Niccolò (1469–1527), 109, 110, 161, 162, 180, 210, 276, 354, 375, 408, 417, 420, 422, 424, 434, 439, 443, 490, 517, 521, 526, 545, 546, 547–567, 568, 570, 579, 598, 606–607, 619, 657, 727
Madrid, treaty of, 627
madrigals, 602, 603–604
Magliana, Villa, 484
Maitani, Lorenzo (before 1275–1330), 35
Malatesta, Carlo (c. 1364–1429), 339
Malatesta, Giovanni (d. 1304), 339
Malatesta, Pandolfo (1377–1427), 240
Malatesta, Pandolfo (1475–1534), 419, 421
Malatesta, Paolo (d. 1285), 339
Malatesta, Parisina, Marchioness of Ferrara (d. 1425), 262
Malatesta, Roberto (d. 1482), 396
Malatesta, Sigismondo Pandolfo (1417–68), 231, 339–341, 342
Malevolti, Orlando, 237
malfeasance, 592
Malory, Sir Thomas (fl. 1444–71), 271
Mancini, Faustina (d. c. 1520), 492, 577
Mancione, Geronimo (1501), 415
Mandragola (Machiavelli), 553–554, 598
Manetti, Giannozzo (1396–1459), 79, 82, 84, 350, 377, 379
Manetti, Latino (1535), 690
Manfredi, Astorre (d. 1502), 420, 421
manners, 593–594, 606
Mantegazza, Cristoforo (d. 1482), 179
Mantegna, Andrea (1431–1506), 22, 251–255, 258, 298, 301, 328, 336, 400
Ducal Palace frescoes, Mantua, 252
Eremitani frescoes, Padua, 252, 267
Parnassus, 254
Triumph of Caesar, 253–254, 259
Verona polyptych, 253
Mantua, 108, 196, 249–260
Palazzo del Te, 259
Reggia, 257–258
Mantua, Congress of, 389–390, 618
Manutius, Aldus I (1450–1515), 257, 315–318, 338, 375, 440, 480, 486, 487, 508–509, 571
Manutius, Aldus II (1547–97), 317
Maramaldi, Fabrizio (1530), 636–637
Marcello, Cristoforo (1527), 632
Marches, the, 327*
Marcillat, Guillaume de (1467–1529), 448
Marcio, Galeotto (1478), 573
Marco d’Oggiono (c. 1475-c. 1530), 206, 228
Maremma, drainage of the, 700
Margani, Pietro (d. 1480), 396
Margaret of Austria, Regent of the Netherlands (1480–1530), 635
Margaret of France, Duchess of Savoy (1532–74), 711
Maria d’Aquino, 10–11, 29–30
Maria of Savoy, Duchess of Milan (married 1427), 182
Mariano, Lorenzo di (1476–1534), 237, 238
Marignano, battle of, 613, 619, 629
Mariolatry, 569
Marone, Andrea (1527), 632
Marot, Clément (c. 1495–1544), 488
marriage, 578–579, 582, 588
Marsilius of Padua (c. 1290?-1343), 363, 538
Marsuppini, Carlo (c. 1399–1453), 79, 82, 96, 377
Martin V (Oddone Colonna), Pope (1417–31), 83, 240, 366, 367–368, 369, 370
Martini, Simone (1283–1344), 5, 13, 35–36, 53
Maestà (Siena), 35–36
Mary, the Virgin, 86
Masaccio (Tommaso Guidi: 1401-c. 1429), 100–101, 104, 135, 140, 231, 245, 454, 672, 722
Masolino da Panicale (1383–1447), 100, 101
Mass, the, 543, 544
Masuccio (Tommaso de’ Guardati: 1476), 572, 697, 699*
Massimi, Domenico (1527), 631
Matarezzo, Francesco (1500), 241–242, 243, 412, 427
mathematics, 692
Matilda of Tuscany, Countess (1046–1115), 375
Matteo di Giovanni (1435–95), 237, 238
Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary (1458–90), 119, 130, 132, 390–391
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (1493–1519), 189, 190, 191, 534, 611, 612, 613–614, 616, 617, 618, 619, 620
Mazochi, Iacopo (1521), 496
Mazzoni, Guido (1450–1518), 333
medals, 324
Medici, Alessandro de’, Duke of Florence (1531–37), 545, 637, 643, 699, 701, 703, 704, 717
Medici, Averardo de’ (1314), 73
Medici, Carlo de’ (d. 1492), 105
Medici, Caterina de’, see Médicis, Catherine de, Queen of France
Medici, Cosimo de’, Pater Patriae (1389–1464), 69, 74–77, 80, 81, 82, 85–86, 89, 90, 93, 94, 95, 97, 103, 104, 107, 109, 110, 111, 113, 119, 128, 143, 169, 184, 193, 231, 353, 366, 370, 371, 377, 554, 699, 703, 726
Medici, Cosimo I de’, Duke of Florence (1537–69), Grand Duke of Tuscany (1569–74), 90, 468, 545, 583, 699–701, 702, 703, 704, 705, 710, 719
Medici, Ferdinando I de’, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1587–1609), 699
Medici, Ferdinando II de’, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1620–70), 455
Medici, Francesco de’, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1574–87), 700, 702
Medici, Giovanni de’ (1475–1521), see Leo X, Pope
Medici, Giovanni Angelo de’ (1499–1565), see Pius IV, Pope
Medici, Giovanni (“delle Bande Nere”) de’ (1498–1526), 554, 628, 629, 655, 660, 699, 703
Medici, Giovanni di Bicci de’ (1360–1429), 73, 88
Medici, Giuliano de’ (1453–78), 111, 113, 124, 125, 137, 138, 593, 624, 641
Medici, Giuliano de’, Duke of Nemours (1479–1516), 141, 163, 214, 319, 341, 345, 481, 551, 581, 641, 642
Medici, Giulio de’ (1478–1534), see Clement VII, Pope
Medici, Ippolito (1511–35), 335, 492, 530, 665, 703, 704
Medici, Lorenzino de’ (1514–48), 699
Medici, Lorenzo de’ (the Elder: 1395–1440), 143, 699
Medici, Lorenzo de’ (the Magnificent—il magnifico: 1449–92), 76, 89, 97, 110–120, 121, 123, 125, 126, 128–129, 130, 131, 137, 138, 240–142, 143, 145, 146, 147, 148, 164, 189, 194, 262, 322, 342, 354, 356, 395, 400, 401, 464, 465, 467, 477, 478–480, 490, 528, 530, 538, 543, 554, 593, 596, 597, 601, 602, 622, 624–625, 641, 644, 726
Medici, Lorenzo de’, Duke of Urbino (1516–19), 163, 518, 551, 561, 563, 564, 641, 642
Medici, Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de’ (1463–1507), 465
Medici, Maddalena de’ (1472–1519), 400
Medici, Piero de’ (il Gottoso: 1414–69), 90, 97, 105, 110, 111, 112, 128, 131, 132, 134, 137
Medici, Piero de’ (1471–1503), 123, 141, 143, 147, 148, 465, 480, 611
Medici, Salvestro de’ (1378), 73–74
Medici family, origin of name, 73*
Medici tombs (Michelangelo), 499, 636, 641–644, 722, 723
medicine, 486, 530–537, 693
Médicis, Catherine de, Queen of France (1519–89), 518, 564, 638, 645, 703
Mellon, Andrew W. (1855–1937), 456–457
Melozzo da Forli (1438–94), 233, 338, 343, 398, 599
Melzi, Francesco (1492-c. 1570), 226, 227, 228
Menaechmi (Plautus), 269, 598
mercenaries, 437, 560, 591, 596, 613, 628, 629–632
Merino, Gabriele (c. 1513), 483
metalwork, 314
Metamorphoses (Apuleius), 510
Meteorology (Aristotle), 543
Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475–1564), 88, 92–93, 98, 128, 133, 135–136, 139, 149, 162, 163–164, 165, 166, 168, 210–211, 215, 233, 234, 236, 237, 247, 258, 309, 329, 331, 332, 335, 418, 441, 443, 448, 457, 461, 463–476, 495, 497, 498–501, 503, 504, 506, 507, 509–510, 512, 515–516, 521, 522, 576, 577, 578, 580, 581, 585, 636, 638, 640–644, 650, 651, 659, 663, 667, 668, 669, 674, 677, 696, 700, 701, 702, 703, 704, 706, 713, 714–723, 725, 727
as a poet, 717–718
Bacchus, 466
Battle of Pisa, 470, 472, 706
Brutus, 93, 497, 716–717
David, 467–469, 476, 701, 710
“Doni” Madonna, 469–470
Last Judgment, 236, 465, 470, 581, 659, 672, 715–716, 721
Leda and the Swan, 642–643
Madonna (Bruges), 469
Madonna de’ Medici, 643
Moses, 498–499
Pietà, 466–467, 476, 580
Pietà (late), 717
Sistine Chapel ceiling, 473–476, 504, 506, 515, 706, 715
Sleeping Cupid, 256, 466–466
Statue of Julius II, 443, 445, 473, 715
tomb of Julius II, 470–472, 473, 498–499, 643
tombs of the Medici, 499, 636, 641–644, 722, 723
work on the Capitoline Hill, 718–719
Michelozzo di Bartolommeo (1396–1472), 89–90, 91, 94, 356, 728
Michiel, Giovanni (d. 1503), 415, 426
Migliorati, Cosimo de’ (c. 1336–1406), see Innocent VII, Pope
Migliorotti, Atalante (1482), 600
Mignaud, Pierre (1610–95), 332
Mila, Adriana de (b. c. 1455), 428–429
Mila, Luis Juan de (b. c. 1430), 382
Milan, 37–39, 173, 176–177, 178, 179–198, 613–614, 629, 711–712
Castello Sforzesco, 183, 187, 204
duomo, 194–195
Ospedale Maggiore, 183–184, 185, 195, 533
Santa Maria delle Grazie, 196, 204, 348
San Satiro, 196
mines, 390
Mini, Antonio (1550), 717
miniature painting, 343, 357; see also illumination of manuscripts
Mino da Fiesole (1431–84), 130–131, 386, 397
miracles, 541, 569
Mocenigo, Alvise I, Doge of Venice (1570–77), 674
Mocenigo, Tommaso, Doge of Venice (1414–23), 283, 287
Mohacs, battle of, 627
Mohammed II, Sultan of Turkey (1451–81), 115, 299, 371, 390
Molière (Jean Baptiste Poquelin: 1622–73), 594, 658
Molmenti, Pompeo (1852–1928), 303
Molza, Francesco Maria (1489–1544), 492
monasteries, 574
Moncada, Hugo de (c. 1466–1528), 627, 628
money, lust for, 588–589
monks, 33–34, 572–573, 574
Montagna, Bartolommeo (c. 1450–1523), 302, 314, 321–322
Montaigne, Michel Eyquem de (1533–92), 599, 692
Monte, Giammaria Ciocchi del (1487–1555), see Julius III, Pope
Montelupo, Raffaello da (1505–67), 713
Monteverdi, Claudio (1567–1643), 713
monti di pietà, 589, 595
Montpensier, Gilbert, Count of (d. 1496), 612
morals, 568–605 passim, 605–607
Morandi, Antonio (d. 1568), 713
More, Sir Thomas, St. (1478–1535), 79
Moretto da Brescia (Alessandro Bonvicino: c. 1498–1554), 198, 578, 712
Morgante maggiore (Pulci), 125–128, 156
Morone, Andrea (1502), 281
Morone, Domenico (1442-c. 1509), 325
Morone, Francesco (1473–1529), 325
Morone, Girolamo (c. 1450–1529), 627
Moroni, Giambattista (c. 1525–78), 712
Müller, Johann, see Regiomontanus
Murad II, Sultan of Turkey (1421–51), 371
Murano, 313, 657
Murillo, Bartolomé Esteban (1617–82), 727
Musaeus (late 5th cent, B.C.), 316
music, 290, 483, 598–605, 649
music schools, 600
musical instruments, 483, 604
Mussato, Albertino (1314), 22
Musurus, Marcus (c. 1470–1517), 317, 486, 487
N
Naples, 9–10, 40, 173, 349–351, 574, 611–612, 686
Napoleon I, Emperor of the French (1805–14; 1815), 195, 411, 545
Nardini, Michèle (1513), 502
Navagero, Andrea (1483–1529), 318, 492
Naviglio Grande, 181
navy, 284
Neapolitan Academy, 354, 355, 606
Nelli, Ottaviano (c. 1370-c. 1445), 241
Nepos, Cornelius (1st cent, B.C.), 78
nepotism, 382, 394–395, 396, 411–412, 416, 417, 418, 442, 519, 623, 691
neri, 3, 229
New Academy (Neacademia), 317, 318, 696
Niccoli, Niccolò de’ (1364–1437), 76, 77, 79, 81, 82, 89, 351
Niccolò da Correggio (fl. 1510), 255, 327
Niccolò di Liberatore da Foligno (1430–1502), 241
Niccolò Pisano (c. 1201–78), 24, 25
Nicholas V (Tommaso Parentucelli), Pope (1447–55), 75, 83, 96, 103, 108, 193, 352, 373, 374, 375, 377–382, 386, 387, 405, 448, 450, 457, 484
Nicholas of Cusa (1401–64), 222, 352, 370, 388, 529
Nietzsche, Friedrich (1844–1900), 548, 565
Nifo, Agostino (1473?-1538), 539, 540
Ninfa Tiberina, La (Molza), 492
Ninfale Fiesolano (Boccaccio), 29
Nizzoli, Mario (1498–1576), 695
Notes on the New Testament (Valla), 351
Novara, battle of, 618–619
Novella d’Andrea (d. 1366), 4
novelle, 696–699
nuns, 572–573, 632
O
Oblates of St. Ambrose, see Ambrosians
Obrecht, Jakob (c. 1430-c. 1505), 638
Observantines, 64
occultism, 525–528, 538, 707
Ochis, Andreolo de (15th cent.), 79
Oddi family, Perugia, 241–242
Oderic of Pordenone (1286–1331), 62, 530
Odes (Pindar), 508–509
Oeconomicus (Xenophon), 587
Olgiati, Girolamo (d. 1476), 184
Oliverotto, tyrant of Fermo (d. 1502), 423, 424
On the… Donation of Constantine (Valla), 352
On the Infinity of Love (Tullia d’Aragona), 578
On the Lamentation of the Church (Alvaro Pelayo), 54
On the Memorable Words and Deeds of King Alfonso (Beccadelli), 353
On Pleasure and the True Good (Valla), 351
On Several Hidden and Wonderful Causes of Disease and Cure (Benivieni), 532
On the Virgin Birth (Sannazaro), 355
Orange, Philibert de Chalon, Prince of (1502–30), 632, 636
Oratory of the Divine Love, 574
Orcagna (Andrea di Cione: fl. 1344–68), 27, 36
Orfeo (Politian), 597
organ, 604
Organon (Aristotle), 538
Orlandino (Folengo), 278, 572
Orlando furioso (Ariosto), 273–276, 277, 278, 577, 656
Orlando inamorato (Boiardo), 271–272, 274
Orléans, Charles, Duke of (1391–1465), 184, 610
Orléans, Louis, Duke of (d. 1407), 610
Louis, Duke of Orleans (1462–98), see Louis XII, King of France
Orley, Bernaert van (1492?-1542), 506
Orsini, Alfonsina (1472–1519), 141, 143
Orsini, Battista (d. 1503), 406, 424
Orsini, Clarice (1453–87), 111, 250, 579
Orsini, Francesco, Duke of Gravina (d. 1502), 423, 424
Orsini, Giulio (1503), 424–425
Orsini, Iacopo (d. 1379), 361
Orsini, Laura (b. 1492), 413
Orsini, Napoleone (1263–1342), 54
Orsini, Orsino, 413
Orsini, Paolo (d. 1503), 420–421, 423, 424
Orsini, Virginio (d. 1497), 409, 410, 411
Orsini family, 374, 396, 416, 423, 424–425, 434, 437, 442
Orvieto, 634
duomo, 27, 35, 376
Signorelli’s frescoes in the duomo, 234–235, 236
Otho I, Holy Roman Emperor (936–73), 261
Otho III, Holy Roman Emperor (983–1002), 339
Ottoman Turks, 283, 284
Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso: 43 B.C.-A.D. 17), 10
P
Pacioli, Luca (c. 1450-c. 1520), 196, 222, 225
Padua, 21–23, 280–281
Arena Chapel, 22;
Eremitani, 22
Reggia, 22
Salone, 21–22
II Santo, 21
Padua, siege of, 617
Pageant of Popes, The (John Bale), 483
pageants, 117–118
Pagnini, Sante (c. 1470-c. 1538), 486
Paine, Thomas (1737–1809), 558
Painter, William (c. 1540–94), 699*
Palace of Pleasure (Painter), 699*
Palestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi da (1526–94), 320, 601, 603, 713
Palla, Battista della (1530), 642, 643
Palladio, Andrea (1518–80), 322, 497, 649, 650, 652–653, 679, 713, 714
Palma Giovane (Iacopo Palma: 1544–1628), 650
Palma Vecchio (Iacopo de Antonio de Negreto: 1480–1528), 311
Palmezzano, Marco (c. 1456-c. 1543), 338
Pandects (Justinian the Great), 123
Pandolfini, Agnolo (1360–1446), 587–588
Pannartz, Arnold (1465), 315
Pantaléon, Jacques (c. 1200–64), see Urban IV, Pope
Papal States, 49*, 58, 180, 375, 422, 425, 434, 436–437, 442, 521, 617, 619, 621, 634, 686, 713
Parentucelli, Tommaso (c, 1397–1455), see Nicholas V, Pope
parish priests, 571
Parma, 328, 329, 712–713
duomo, 329
Parmigianino (Francesco Mazzuoli: 1504–40), 332–333
Pascal, Blaise (1623–62), 224
Pasquino (statue in Rome), 374, 414, 519, 622, 654
Passerini, Silvio (fl. 1514–27), 703
Pastor, Ludwig von (1854–1928), 402, 412*, 413*, 426, 434, 435, 573, 645
Pastor fido (Guarini), 712
Paul II (Pietro Barbo), Pope (1464–71), 130, 262, 391–393, 396, 397, 495
Paul III (Alessandro Farnese), Pope (1534–49), 243, 321, 408, 413, 489, 528, 536, 640, 652, 662–663, 690–691, 708, 712, 713, 714–715, 716, 718, 719, 722–723
Paul IV (Giovanni Pietro Caraffa), Pope (1555–59), 574, 689, 719
Pavia, 178–179, 180, 219, 626; Certosa, see Certosa di Pavia
Pavia, battle of, 554, 585, 626
Pavia, Council of, 368
Pazzi, Iacopo de’ (d. 1478), 113, 114
Pazzi conspiracy, 97, 113–114, 200, 395, 526
Pecci, Gioacchino (1810–1903), see Leo XIII, Pope
Pelayo, Alvaro (1330), 54
Pelligrini, 593, 696
Pellegrino da Modena (1483–1523), 333
Penni, Giovanni Francesco (II Fattore: 1488–1528), 504, 505, 511, 512, 638
Pepi, Francesco (1501), 428
Pepin the Short, King of the Franks (751–68), 374
perfumes, 583
Perotti, Niccolò (1430–80), 80, 378
Perugia, 241–243, 452, 453
Perugino’s frescoes in the Cambio, 246–247
Perugino (Pietro Vannucci: 1446–1523), 131, 133, 173, 207, 208, 235, 240, 243–248, 397, 450, 452, 453, 454, 457, 458, 468, 501
Peruzzi, Baldassare (1481–1535), 239, 333, 449, 457, 508, 586, 639–640
Pescara, Marquis of, see Avalos, Ferrante d’
Petracco dell’ Ancisa (d. 1326), 3, 4, 5, 23
Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca: 1304–74), 315, 16, 19–20, 21, 22–23, 24, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39–40, 41–42, 43, 44, 45–47, 48, 55–58, 78, 81, 118,. 128, 176, 178, 291, 315, 319, 320, 354, 384, 439, 489, 530–531, 543, 564, 566, 572, 584, 602, 603, 636
Petrucci, Alfonso (d. 1517), 518
Petrucci, Cesare (1478), 113
Petrucci, Ottaviano de’ (1466–1539), 600
Petrucci, Pandolfo, despot of Siena (14971512), 234, 236–237, 423
Philiberte of Savoy, Duchess of Nemours (1498–1524), 141
Philip IV, King of France (1285–1314), 49, 50, 686
Philip VI, King of France (1328–50), 51, 54
Philip II, King of Spain (1556–98), 657, 663, 664, 680
Philip IV, King of Spain (1621–65), 512
Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy (1419–67), 389, 390, 606
Philodoxus (Alberti), 108
philosophy, 14, 22–23, 80, 537–544
physicians, 530–531
Piagnoni (pro-Savonarola faction), 151, 152, 160, 161
Piccinino, Francesco (d. 1463), 114
Piccolomini, Aeneas Sylvius (1405–64), see Pius II, Pope
Piccolomini, Francesco Todeschini (1459–1503), see Pius III, Pope
Pico della Mirandola, Antonio (d. 1501), 416
Pico della Mirandola, Caterina (1495), 315
Pico della Mirandola, Gianfrancesco (1470–1533), 142
Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni (1463–94), 115, 120, 121–123, 125, 142, 145, 315, 464, 526, 528, 581
Pienza, 386
Piero della Francesca (c. 1416–92), 106, 108, 230–233, 244, 340, 343, 398, 452, 702
portraits of Federigo da Montefeltro and Battista Sforza, 232
True Cross series, Arezzo, 231–232
Piero di Cosimo (1462–1521), 165, 166, 397, 468, 596–597
Pietro di Murrone (1215–96), see Celestine V, St., Pope
piety, 569
Piissimi, Vittoria (1576), 649
Pilatus, Leon (ft. 1360–66), 43
pilgrimages, 569
Pintor, Alexander VI’s physician (1493), 535
Pinturicchio (Bernardino Betti: 1454–1513), 235, 237, 238, 244–245, 397, 407, 428, 450, 453, 639
Pio, Alberto (1475–1531, 315, 317
Pio da Carpi, Emilia (d. 1528), 345, 584
Pio, Lionello (d. 1535), 315
piracy, 637
Pisa, 3–4, 229–230, 549
Campo Santo, 4, 36–37, 230
Pisa, Council of, 363–364
Pisa-Milan, Council of, 445–446, 480, 481
Pisanello (Antonio Pisano: c. 1397–1455), 182, 281, 297, 324, 367
Pisani, Vittore (d. 1380), 41
Pisano: see Andrea Pisano, Giovanni Pisano, Niccolò Pisano
Pistoia, 97, 229
Pitti, Luca (c. 1395-c. 1470), 90, 109, 701
Pius II (Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini), Pope (1458–64), 105, 244, 284, 340, 353, 374, 383–391, 404, 405, 436, 437, 453, 495, 569, 570–571, 574, 575, 691
Pius III (Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini), Pope (1503), 238, 437, 453
Pius IV (Giovanni Angelo de’ Medici), Pope (1559–65), 711 712, 719–720
Pius V, St. (Michele Ghislieri), Pope (1566–72), 699
Pizzolo, Niccolò (1421–53), 252
plague, 633–634
Platina (Bartolommeo de’ Sacchi: c. 1421–81), 385, 386, 387, 391, 392, 393, 398, 570
Plato (c. 427–347 B.C.), 79, 80, 84, 85, 109, 120–121, 122, 222, 378, 387, 487, 537, 538
Platonic Academy (1445), 80, 120, 696
Plautus, Titus Maccius (c. 255–184 B.C.), 269–270, 291, 598
Pliny the Elder (Gaius Plinius Secundus: 23–79 A.D.), 406, 531
Pliny the Younger (Caius Plinius Caecilius Secundus: 61–113 A.D.), 78
Plotinus (c. 205–270), 80, 538
plumbatores, 401
Plutarch (c. 46-c. 120), 705
Poggio a Caiano, 129
poisoning, 415, 427, 590
Pole, Reginald (1500–58), 493
Politian (Angelo Poliziano: 1454–94), 80, 115, 118, 119, 120, 123–125, 138, 142, 250, 315, 319, 351, 355, 399, 464, 480, 521, 526, 543, 576, 581, 597
political theory, 555–564 passim
Pollaiuolo, Antonio (1429–98), 91, 130, 131, 164, 400, 403
Pollaiuolo, Simone (Il Cronaca: 1454-c. 1508), 129, 130, 149
Polo, Marco (c. 1254–1324), 313, 530
Polybius (c. 205-c. 125 B.C.), 378, 551
Pomponazzi, Pietro (1462–1525), 278, 318, 334, 536, 537, 539–543, 545, 570, 727
Pontano, Giovanni (1426–1503), 353, 354, 355, 696
Ponte, Giovanni da (1512–97), 650
Pontelli, Baccio (c. 1450–1492), 342, 397
Pontine swamps, 397
Pontormo (Iacopo Carrucci: 1494–1556), 76, 702–705
Ponzetti, Ferdinando (c. 1437–1527), 519
popes, temporal power of the, 374–376, 420
population statistics, 576
Porcaro, Stefano (d. 1453), 381, 382
Pordenone (Giovanni Antonio de’ Sacchi: 1483–1539), 198, 321, 650
Porta, Giacomo della (1539–1602), 713, 719, 720
Porta, Guglielmo della (c. 1516–77), 722–723
Porzio, Simone (1497–1454), 543
postal service, 286
Poussin, Nicolas (1594–1665), 683
Practica medicinae (Savonarola), 532
Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, 369, 388, 620
Prato, 90, 105, 130
preciosity, 594
Predis, Ambrogio de (c. 1450–1520), 197
Previtali, Andrea (c. 1480–1528), 198
Priapus (Bembo), 319
Prignano, Bartolommeo (1318–89), see Urban VI, Pope
Primaticcio, Francesco (1504–70), 258, 259, 728
Prince, The (Machiavelli), 180, 339, 354, 550–552, 561–564, 564–566
printing and publishing, 315–318
Pro Archia (Cicero), 15
procession of the Holy Ghost, 370
prostitution, 576–578
Protestant Reformation, 521, 645, 684, 688
publishing, 696
Pucci, Lorenzo (d. 1531), 512, 520
Pulci, Luigi (1432–84), 11, 115, 125–128, 464, 543, 597
punishments, legal, 286, 376, 592, 690
Pythagoras (6th cent, B.C.), 539
Q
quacks, 532
quarantine, 533
Quercia, Iacopo della (c. 1371–1438), 91, 229, 237, 335, 465, 475, 722
Quintilian (Marcus Fabius Quintilianus: c. 40-c. 100), 78, 351
R
Rabelais, François (1494–1553), 279, 603
Ragionamenti (Aretino), 657–658
Raimondi, Marcantonio (1487–1539), 328, 337, 338, 461, 632, 654
Rambouillet, 594
rape, 575, 632
Raphael (Raffaello Sanzio: 1483–1520), 135, 163, 165, 214, 235, 239, 244–245, 247–248, 259, 278, 312, 319, 320, 322, 328, 331, 332, 336–337, 338, 345, 380, 441, 448, 449, 450, 451–463, 472, 483, 484, 490, 496–497, 498, 501, 502–507, 508, 509–516, 521, 522, 577, 578, 581, 593, 632, 638, 639, 667, 677, 706, 717, 722, 727
Bindo Altoviti, 462–463
La Belle Jardinière, 455
Baldassare Castiglione, 512–513
“Colonna” Madonna, 456
La Disputa, 458–459, 461, 503
La donna velata, 513
Entombment of Christ, 457
Expulsion of Heliodorus, 461
Farnesina frescoes, 510–511
La Fornarina, 512, 513
Julius II, 463, 516, 618, 662, 663, 726
Leo X, 482
Madonna del Cardellino, 455
Madonna della Casa Alba, 462
Madonna del Granduca, 455
Madonna délie Pesce, 462
Madonna della Sedia, 511–512
Mass of Bolsena, 454, 461–462
“Niccolini-Cowper” Madonna, 456–457
Palazzo Pandolfini, Florence, 507
Parnassus, 278, 460, 577
“Pearl” Madonna, 511, 516
St. Cecilia, 337, 512, 513
St. George, 454, 456
Santa Maria della Pace frescoes, 509
School of Athens, 215, 459–460, 461, 475
self-portrait, 452, 456, 460, 461
Sistine frescoes, 454, 511, 513
Lo Spasimo di Sicilia, 512
Sposalizio, 453
tapestry cartoons, 506
Transfiguration, 513–514
Vatican loggie, 505–506, 507
Vatican stanze, 457–462, 463, 475, 504–505
Ravenna, 339
Ravenna, battle of, 446, 618
Reggio Emilia, 333
Regiomontanus (Johann Müller: 1436–76), 398, 529
relics, 526, 569
religion, 291, 556–558
Rembrandt Harmensz van Rijn (1606–69), 677, 726
Renaissance, 46–47, 48, 67–69
Renaissance man, 580–581
Renan, Ernest (1823–92), 558
Renée, Duke of Anjou (1434–80), 349, 353, 610
Renée of France, Duchess of Ferrara (1510–75), 279
Reni, Guido (1575–1642), 332
Republic (Plato), 605
Reuchlin, Johann (1455–1522), 123, 398, 728
Rhodes, 624
Rhymed Chronicle of Urbino (Santi), 452
Riario, Girolamo (d. 1488), 113, 338, 395, 396, 397, 398, 399
Riario, Ottaviano (late 15th cent.), 337–339, 419
Riario, Pietro (1446–74), 394–395, 396, 397
Riario, Raffaelle (d. 1521), 401, 418, 462, 466, 595
Ribera, José (1588–1652), 727
Riccio (Andrea Briosco: c. 1470–1532), 281
Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal de (1585–1642), 564
Ridolfo, Carlo (c, 1598–1650), 668, 669
Rienzo, Cola di (1313–54), 16–21, 46, 52, 381, 445
Rime (Michelangelo), 717–718
Rimini, 108, 339–341, 725
Tempio Malatestiano (San Francesco, later Santa Colomba), 340, 725
Rizzo, Antonio (c. 1430–08), 293–294, 295
Robbia, Andrea della (1435–1525), 164–165, 533
Robbia, Giovanni della (1469–1529), 164–165, 229, 533
Robbia, Luca della (1397–1482), 24, 97, 164, 233, 586
Robert of Geneva (c. 1342–94), see Clement VII, Antipope
Robert the Wise, King of Naples (1309–43), 9–10, 14, 24, 51, 356
Roberti, Ercole de’ (c, 1450–96), 267
Roberto da Lecce (d. 1483), 607
Rodin, Auguste (1840–1917), 469
Rodrigo d’Aragona, Duke of Sermoneta (1499–1512), 430
Roger, Pierre (1291–1352), see Clement VI, Pope
Roger de Beaufort, Pierre (1331–78), see Gregory XI, Pope
Roman Academy, 393, 696
Roman ethic, 558–559
Romanino (Girolamo Romani: 1485–1559), 198
Romano, Gian Cristoforo (c. 1465–1512), 179, 187, 106, 345
Rome, 7, 12, 16–21, 58–59, 68, 108, 173, 347–348, 361–522
passim, 576, 577, 595, 622, 624, 625, 628–634, 637–640, 690, 713–714, 715–716, 718–719, 720
aqueducts, 373, 379
Aracoeli, 397
Campo Vaccino, 495
Castel Sant’ Angelo, 379, 407, 633, 714
Colosseum, 376, 595
Corso, 690
Farnesina (Villa Chigi-Farnese), 239, 508, 509, 586, 638, 639
Gesù, 714
palaces, 448–449, 485
Palazzo della Cancelleria, 401, 631
Palazzo Colonna, 631
Palazzo Farnese, 449, 713, 718
Palazzo Massimi delle Colonne, 586, 640
Palazzo Venezia, 376, 392
Pasquino, 374, 414, 622, 654
Piazza del Campidoglio (Capitoline Hill), 718–719
Sapienza, 486, 632, 637
San Giovanni in Laterano, 380
San Lorenzo fuori, 380
San Paolo fuori, 380
Santa Maria Maggiore, 373, 380, 407, 449, 495
Santa Maria del Popolo, 164, 397, 448, 470–471, 507
Santa Maria sopra Minerva, 135
Santi Apostoli, 398
seven hills, 373
Tempietto (San Pietro in Montorio), 450
Villa Madama, 507
Villa di Papa Giulio, 714; see also Vatican (for the Vatican Palace)
Rome, sack of, 347–348, 628–633
Rome, spoliation of ancient, 376, 495
Romeo and Juliet, story of, 698–699
Romeus and Juliet (Broke), 699*
Rondinelli, Giuliano (1498), 159
Rosamunda (Rucellai), 598
Roscoe, William (1753–1831), 405*, 435, 483
Roselli, Cosimo (1439–1507), 135, 165, 397, 468
Rossellino, Antonio (1427–79), 96, 131, 586
Rossellino, Bernardo (1400–61), 82, 96, 237, 380, 386, 450
Rossetti, Biagio (1495), 266
Rossi, Properzia de’ (c. 1400–1530), 335
Rosso (Giovanni de’ Rosso: 1494–1540), 708
Rousseau, Jean Jacques (1712–78), 8
Rovere, Francesco Maria della, Duke of Urbino (1508–16), 344, 457, 482, 517–518, 520, 591, 623, 628, 629, 630, 632, 636, 662, 714
Rovere, Giovanni della (d. 1501), 395, 308, 410
Rovere, Giuliano della (1443–1513), see Julius II, Pope
Rovere, Guidobaldo II della, Duke of Urbino (1538–74), 662
Rovere, Leonardo della (d. 1475), 395
Rubens, Peter Paul (1577–1640), 259, 308, 677, 683
Rucellai, Cosimo (1513), 551
Rucellai, Giovanni (1460), 587
Rucellai, Giovanni (1475–1526), 508, 696
Ruralia commoda (Crescenzi), 530
Ruskin, John (1819–1900), 314, 516, 672, 684
Rutilius Namatianus (416), 491
S
Sabba, Santi di Cola (fl. early 16th cent.), 502
Sabellicus (Marcantonio Coccio: 1436–1506), 318
Sacchetti, Franco (c. 1335–1400), 80, 584, 592, 697
sacre rappresentazioni, 597
Sacrosancta (Council of Constance), 365–366
Sade, Donatien, Comte (better known as the Marquis) de (1740–1814), 5
Sade, Laura de (d. 1348), 5, 6–7, 8, 10, 21, 36, 38, 47
Sadoleto, Iacopo (1477–1547), 320, 458, 489, 490, 493, 574, 577, 633
St. Peter’s (San Pietro in Vaticano), Rome, 195, 372, 379, 380, 441, 448, 449, 450–451, 472, 497–498, 502, 503, 639–640, 641, 719–720, 722
dome, 719, 722
Salaino, Andrea (fl. 1490–1520), 228
Salutati, Coluccio de’ (1330–1406), 78, 81, 82
Salviati, Francesco (d. 1478), 113, 468
Salviati, Giovanni (1517), 520
Salviati, Maria (1509), 544, 579
San Gimignano, 130, 134, 135, 250
San Marino, 339
San Quentin, battle of, 711
Sangallo the Elder, Antonio da (1455–1534), 449, 468, 652
Sangallo the Younger, Antonio da (c. 1483–1546), 449, 498, 713–714, 716, 718
Sangallo, Aristotele da (1500), 163
Sangallo, Giovanni Francesco da (1500), 163
Sangallo, Giuliano da (1445–1516), 129, 322, 341, 449, 468, 496, 497, 498, 499, 651
sanitation, 286, 533
Sanmicheli, Michèle (1484–1559), 323–324
Sannazaro, Iacopo (1458–1530), 304, 355–356, 415, 602, 727
Sano di Matteo (1420), 237
Sano di Pietro (1405–81), 238, 357
Sansovino (Andrea di Domenico Contucci: 1460–1529), 164, 294, 341, 470–471, 499, 650, 701
Sansovino (Iacopo Tatti: 1486–1570), 178, 315, 324, 472, 499, 501, 649, 650–652, 656, 659, 674
Santa Croce, Francesco di (d. 1484), 396
Santi, Giovanni (c. 1445–94), 267, 343, 452
Santo, Mariano (b. c. 1490), 533
Sanudo, Marino (1466–1535), 318, 412, 576
Sarto, Andrea del (1487–1531), 165, 166–168, 169, 472, 650–651, 702, 703
Madonna of the Harpies, 167
Sarton, George (1884-), 535*
Sassetta (Stefano di Giovanni: 1392–1450), 238
Savelli, Giambattista (d. 1498), 406
Savelli, Silvio (1501), 415
Savoldo, Giovanni Girolamo (c. 1480–1549),
Savonarola, Girolamo (1452–98), 95, 121, 123, 138, 139, 142, 143–162, 165, 166, 169, 187, 402, 411, 419, 465, 480, 544, 581, 595, 597, 607, 611, 715
Savonarola, Michele (1384–1464), 143, 532
Savoy, 176, 711
Scala, Alberto della, despot of Verona (12771301), 15
Scala, Can Grande I della, despot of Verona (1311–29), 15–16, 322
Scala, Can Grande II della, despot of Verona (1351–59), 16
Scala, Cansignorio della, despot of Verona (1359–75), 16
Scala, Mastino I della, despot of Verona (1260–77), 15
Scala, Mastino II della, despot of Verona (1329–51), 16
Scala Santa, Rome, 569
Scaliger, Julius Caesar (1484–1558), 322, 695, 728
Scaligeri, see Scala, della
Scarpagnino (Antonio Abbondi: d. 1549), 650
Schiavone (Andrea Meldalla: c. 1522–82), 671, 677–678
Schinner, Matthaeus (c. 1470–1522), 462
Schism, the Great, 361–367, 543
scholars and scholarship, 486–491, 582, 695–696; see also humanism and humanists
Scholasticism, 80, 121, 537–538
Schönberg, Nikolaus von (d. 1537), 625
science, 528–530, 692
Scolastica (Ariosto), 273
Scrovegni, Enrico (1300 f.), 22
seals, 706
Sebastiano del Piombo (Sebastiano Luciani: 1485–1547), 306, 449, 462, 499, 502, 508, 513, 522, 599, 638–639, 656
Clement VII, 625
Three Ages of Man, 509, 637, 638
Selim I, Sultan of Turkey (1512–20), 519
Seneca, Lucius Annaeus (4 B.C.-A.D. 65), 488
Senigallia, tragedy of, 424, 548, 560
Serlio, Sebastiano (1475–1554), 713
servants, 587
Sforza (Muzio Attendolo: 1369–1424), 182
Sforza, Ascanio (d. 1505), 164, 402, 406, 408, 410, 430, 470–471
Sforza, Battista, Duchess of Urbino (d. 1472), 232
Sforza, Bianca Maria, wife of Maximilian I, 188, 207, 614
Sforza, Caterina (1463–1509), 338–339, 419, 420, 548, 584, 699
Sforza, Francesco, Duke of Milan (1450–66), 76, 177, 182–184, 193, 389, 390, 533, 610
Sforza, Francesco Maria, Duke of Milan (1522–35), 621, 626, 627, 636, 645, 711
Sforza, Galeazzo Maria, Duke of Milan (1466–76), 111–112, 177, 179, 184, 206, 338, 600
Sforza, Giangaleazzo, Duke of Milan (147681), 184, 185, 188–189
Sforza, Giovanni (d. 1510), 416, 420, 421, 429, 442
Sforza, Lodovico (1451–1508), Duke of Milan (1481–99), 173, 179, 184–191, 192, 197, 202, 203, 204, 206–207, 219, 257, 266, 200, 338, 345, 419, 429, 430, 457, 591, 600, 611, 612, 613–614
Sforza, Massimiliano, Duke of Milan (1512–15), 188, 214, 618, 619
Shakespeare, William (1564–1616), 15, 47, 272, 280, 455, 698, 699*, 726
shoes, 583–584
Sidney, Sir Philip (1554–86), 356, 727
Siena, 34–37, 236–240
church of Fontegiusta, 640
duomo, 27, 35, 237
Fonte Gaia, 237;
Palazzo Pubblico, 35, 36
Torre di Mangia, 35
Siena, Council of, 368
Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor (1411–37), 353, 364–365, 366, 367, 370
Signorelli, Luca (1441–1524), 173, 233–236, 245, 397, 450, 457, 458, 475, 498, 703, 722
Holy Family (Uffizi), 234
Orvieto frescoes, 234–235, 475, 722
School of Pan, 234
silk industry, 186
Silvestri, Guido Postumo (1479–1521), 492
Simonetta, see Vespucci, Simonetta
simony, 53–54, 154, 400–401, 408, 414, 442, 519, 589, 623, 637
singing and singers, 600, 601, 602
Sismondi, Simonde de (1773–1842), 230
Sixtus IV (Francesco della Rovere), Pope (1471–84), 112–113, 114–115, 130, 138, 165, 234, 245, 263, 292, 343, 374, 393–399, 400, 405, 418, 441, 477, 484, 495, 526, 528, 529, 573, 601, 602, 610, 689
Skanderbeg (George Castriota: c. 1400–68), 390
skepticism, 539, 540–544, 569
slavery, 174, 591, 592, 690
Society of Jesus, 689, 691, 714
Soderini, Francesco (1453–1524), 472, 624
Soderini, Pietro (c. 1450–1513), 149, 162, 163, 210, 213, 469, 470, 472, 547, 549
Soderini, Vittorio (1503), 426
Sodoma (Giovanni Antonio Bazzi: 1477–1549), 214, 228, 233, 235, 238–239, 457, 458, 461, 502, 508, 639
sodomy, 576
Solari, Andrea (fl. 1493–1515 or 1520), 228, 295
Solari, Cristoforo (c. 1450-c. 1500), 187, 190, 196, 197, 295
Solari family, see also Lombardo
Sophinisba (Trissino), 598
Soppositi, I (Ariosto), 273, 490
Sopra la bellezza delle donne (Firenzuola), 582
Soranus of Ephesus (c. 100), 532
Sorel, Agnès (c. 1422–50), 606
Sorte, Cristoforo (1577), 650
Spagno, Lo (Giovanni di Pietro: c. 1470–1528) 484*
Sposalizio del Mare, Venice, 290
Spencer, Herbert (1820–1903), 558
Spenser, Edmund (c. 1552–99), 356, 727
spices, 594
Spilimbergo, Irene da (1530), 314–315
Spinello Aretino (c. 1346–1410), 230
Spinoza, Baruch (1632–77), 538, 728
Spoleto, 106
sports, 595
spy system, 699
Squarcialupi, Antonio (d. c. 1475), 115, 601, 602
Squarcione, Francesco (1394–1474), 251, 252, 280–281, 298, 302
Stamina, Gherardo (c. 1354-c. 1408), 100
state as god, 565–566
States of the Church, see Papal States
Stefaneschi, Iacopo Caetani (c. 1270–1343), 25–26
Stefano da Zevio (c. 1374-c. 1439), 324–325
Stephanium (Armonio), 291
Storia Florentina (Guicciardini), 544–545
Storia d’Italia (Guicciardini), 545–547
Storie Florentine (Machiavelli), 545, 554
Strabo (c. 60 B.C.-c. A.D. 25), 378
Strozzi, Alessandra (fl. 1447–65), 568, 578
Strozzi, Ercole (1471–1508), 270, 440
Strozzi, Filippo (1426–91), 129, 130, 140, 576
Strozzi, Giambattista (1530), 644
Strozzi, Lorenzo (1519), 577–578
Strozzi, Palla (1372–1462), 77, 79, 377
Strozzi, Tito Vespasiano (c. 1422-c. 1506), 270, 276, 440
Stuart, Bernard, Seigneur d’Aubigny (c. 1447–1508), 615
Suleiman I the Magnificent, Sultan of Turkey (1520–66), 527
Summis desiderantes (Innocent VIII), 527
surgery, 532–533
Sweynheim, Conrad (1465), 315
Swineshead, Richard (1337), 692
Swiss mercenaries, 613, 618, 619, 621
Sylvae (Politian), 123
Sylvester I, Pope (314–35), 352, 450
Symonds, John Addington (1840–93), 639–640, 673
syphilis, 441, 534–536, 537
Syphilis (Fracastoro), 536
T
Table Talk (Luther), 533–534
Tacitus, Cornelius (c. 55-after 117), 43, 78, 488
Tafi, Andrea (c. 1250–1320), 91
Taine, Hippolyte Adolphe (1828–93), 728
Talanta (Aretino), 658
Talenti, Francesco (14th cent.), 24
Talleyrand-Périgord, Hélie de (1301–64), 37
tapestries, designed by Raphael, 506
Tarralba, Eugenio (1528), 543–544
Tartaglia, Niccolò (c. 1500–47), 691
Tartuffe (Molière), 658
Tasso, Bernardo (1493–1569), 255, 606
Tasso, Giambattista (1540), 706
Tasso, Torquato (1544–95), 602, 606, 712
taxation, 263, 637
Tebaldeo, Antonio (1463–1537), 440, 492
Telesio, Bernardino (1500–88), 695, 727
Tenda, Beatrice, Duchess of Milan (d. 1415), 182
Teogenio (Alberti), 108
Terence (Publius Terentius Afer: c. 190–159 B.C.), 169, 291, 598
Tertullian (c. 160-c. 230), 378
Teseide (Boccaccio), 11
Theodoric, King of the Ostrogoths (474–526), 554
Theologia platonica (Ficino), 538
Thomas Aquinas, St. (c. 1225–74), 143, 537, 538, 539
Thomas of Sarzana, see Nicholas V, Pope
Thucydides (c. 470-c. 400 B.C.), 378
Tibaldi, Pellegrino (1527–96), 712
Tiepolo, Bajamente (d. c. 1329), 285
Tiepolo, Ginevra, 3rd wife of Giovanni Sforza, 429
Tiepolo, Giovanni Battista (1696–1770), 683
Tintoretta (Marietta Robusti: 1560–90), 675, 676
Tintoretto (Domenico Robusti: 1565–1637), 675–676
Tintoretto (Iacopo Robusti: 1518–94), 295, 649, 650, 656, 668–677, 681, 682, 694
Bacchus and Ariadne, 673
Crucifixion, 672
Doges’ Palace frescoes, 675–676, 677
Glory of Paradise (Doges’ Palace), 675–676
Origin of the Milky Way, 673
portraits, 674
religious subjects in categories, 670*-671*
Scuola di San Marco frescoes, 669–670
Scuola di San Rocco frescoes, 671–673, 677
Tiraboschi, Girolamo (1731–94), 191
Titian (Tiziano Vecelli: 1477–1576), 198, 259, 295, 301, 305, 306–311, 312–313, 321. 331, 335, 501, 594, 651, 659, 661–668, 669, 670, 673, 677, 678, 679, 681, 684, 685, 722
Alfonso I d’Esté, 501
Pietro Aretino, 659, 666
l’Assunta, 310
Bacchus and Ariadne, 309
La Bella, 662
Burial of Christ, 661
Charles V, 661–662
doges’ portraits, 665
Francis I, 665
Isabella of Portugal, 663
Lavinia, 666
Man with a Glove, 665
Martyrdom of St. Lawrence, 664
mythological subjects, 664–665
Paul III, 662–663
Pesaro Family Madonna, 310
Philip II, 663
Presentation in the Temple, 663*
Ippolito Riminaldi (“Duke of Norfolk”), 666
Sacred and Profane Love, 308–309
self-portrait, 666
Supper at Emmaus, 664*
Tribute Money, 309
Venus of Pardo, 664
Venus of Urbino, 662
Tivoli, 714
Tomacelli, Pietro (c. 1335–1404), see Boniface IX, Pope
Tolstoi, Count Lev Nikolaevich (1828–1910), 220
Torbido, Francesco (c. 1483–1561), 325
Torelli, Barbara (1508), 270
Torelli, Ippolita (d. 1520), 346
Tornabuoni, Giovanni (1485), 135, 136
Tornabuoni, Lucrezia (1425–82), 585
Torre, Marcantonio della (1478–1511), 214, 222, 531
Torresano, Andrea (1479), 316, 317
Torrigiano, Pietro (1472–1522), 163–164, 464–465
Torriti, Iacopo (late 13th cent.), 91
Toscanelli, Paolo (1397–1482), 530
tournaments, 593, 595
town and country, 588
town planning, 263
Tractatus de bello (Giovanni da Legnano), 592
trade, 282, 283
trade routes, 686–687, 688
Traini, Francesco (14th cent.), 36
Trattato del governo della famiglia (Pandolfini), 587–588
Trattato della famiglia (Alberti), 587
Trattato… dell’ Orificeria (Cellini), 710
Traversari, Ambrogio (1386–1438), 78, 82, 84, 571
treachery, 591
Trent, Council of, 69, 529, 598, 645, 683, 689, 690–691
Treviso, 321
trionfi, 596
Trionfi (Petrarch), 38
Trissino, Gian (1478–1550), 508, 696*
Trivulzio, Gian Giacomo (1441–1518), 190, 214
Tromboncino, Bartolommeo (d. after 1550), 600–601
Tron, Niccolò, Doge of Venice (1462–71), 295
Tullia d’Aragona (1537), 577–578
Tura, Cosimo (1430–95), 266–267, 452
Turin, 711
Turner, J. M. W. (1775–1851), 659
type design, 316–317
typhus, 534
U
Ubaldi, Baldo degli (c. 1327–1400), 592
Uccello, Paolo (1397–1475), 91, 99–100, 343
union of the Latin and Greek Churches, 370–371
universities, 4–5, 47, 50, 51, 85, 120, 145, 186, 262, 268–269, 334, 397, 407, 486, 531, 538, 539, 543, 600, 692, 711, 713
Urban IV (Jacques Pantaléon), Pope (1261–64), 51, 461–462, 610
Urban V (Guillaume de Grimoard), Pope (1362–70), 42, 52, 54, 57, 58–59, 64
Urban VI (Bartolommeo Prignano), Pope (1378–89), 15, 61, 64, 361–362
Urban VIII (Maffeo Barberini), Pope (1623–44), 339
Urbino, 319, 341–345, 452, 518, 594
V
Vaga, Perino del (1501–47), 178, 472, 505, 632, 713, 714
Valla, Lorenzo (1406–57), 79, 80, 83, 103–104, 350–352, 353, 374, 378, 382, 387, 392, 537, 571
Valori, Francesco (1439–98), 152, 160
Valori, Niccolò (1492), 128
Vanini, Giulio Cesare (1585–1619), 539
Varano, Costanza (d. 1447), 582
Varano, Giulio Cesare (d. 1502), 419–420, 439
Varchi, Benedetto (1503–65), 77, 119
Varna, battle of, 371
Varoli, Costanzo (1543–75), 691, 693
Varro, Marcus Terentius (116–27 B.C.), 393
Vasari, Giorgio (1511–74), 25, 36, 67*, 87, 89, 96, 101, 104, 105, 106, 108, 128–129, 131, 132, 134, 135, 137, 139–140, 164, 199, 204, 205*, 206, 208, 214–215, 219, 225, 226, 227, 230, 232, 235, 239, 241, 246, 305, 322, 323, 325, 331, 336, 337, 398, 407, 468, 469, 499, 500, 503, 512, 513, 514–515, 640, 650, 654, 656, 663, 667, 700, 702, 703–705, 711, 712, 714, 716, 718, 720, 721
Vatican, 380, 622, 628
Appartamento Borgia, 380, 407
Belvedere, 450, 622
Library, 343, 377, 379, 393, 397, 488, 632
Museum, 406
Pauline Chapel, 714, 716
Sala Regia, 719
Sistine Chapel, 165, 234, 244, 245, 329, 397, 473–476, 601, 641; see also Michelangelo (Last Judgment; Sistine ceiling); St. Peter’s, Rome
Vaucluse, 7–8
Vecchietta (Lorenzo di Pietro: c. 1412–80), 237, 238
Velásquez, Diego Rodríguez de Silva y (1599–1660), 727
Vellano da Pádova (1488), 132
Vendramin, Andrea, Doge of Venice (1476–78), 295, 299
venereal disease, 441, 446
Venice, 39–41, 173, 263, 280, 423, 438, 443–444, 576, 577, 593, 614, 616–619, 633, 649–650, 651, 655, 656, 657, 658–83
passim, 684–685, 687–688
Ca d’Oro, 294
cathedral (former), 204
Frari, 40, 294–295, 310, 667–668
Grand Canal, 40, 289, 294, 649, 678
Libreria Vecchia, 315, 651, 652, 679
Log-getta, 651
Madonna dell’ Orto, 669
Marcian Library, 387
Palace of the Doges (Palazzo Ducale), 293–294, 650, 651, 675–676, 679, 680, 682
Palazzo Foscari, 294
Piazza di San Marco, 40, 292–293, 651
Rialto, 282
San Giovanni e Paolo, 294, 295
San Sebastiano, 682
Scuola di San Marco, 669–670
Zecca, 651
Ventoux, Mt., 8
Verdelot, Philippe (d. before 1567), 603, 638
Vernias, Nicoletto (1480), 539
Verona, 15–16, 322–326
Palazzo del Consiglio, 322
Scaliger tombs, 322
Veronese (Paolo Caliari: 1528–88), 295, 324, 649, 650, 672, 678–683
Doges’ Palace frescoes, 682
Feast in the House of Levi, 681, 683
Family of Darius before Alexander, 681–682
frescoes in the Villa Barbaro, Macer, 679, 682
legends of the saints, 681
Marriage at Cana, 681
portraits, 679
Rape of Europa, 680
religious subjects, 680*
Triumph of Venice (Doges’ Palace), 682
Veronese, Carlo, see Caliari, Carlo
Veronese, Gabriele, see Caliari, Gabriele
Verrocchio (Andrea de’ Cioni: 1432–88), 131–133, 165, 197, 199–200, 204, 245
Colleoni, 132–133, 206
Vesalius, Andreas (1514–64), 529, 693
Vespasiano da Bisticci (c. 1421–98), 77, 83, 343, 377, 378
Vespucci, Amerigo (1451–1512), 135, 530
Vespucci, Simonetta (d. 1476), 124, 137
Vettori, Francesco (1513), 550, 568
Vicenza, 321–322, 652
Basilica Palladiana, 652
Victoria, Tomas Luis de (1540?-1611), 601
Vida, Marco Girolamo (1490–1566), 494
Vienne, Council of, 50, 55
Vigevano, 185–186
Vignola (Giacomo Barozzi: 1507–73), 713, 714, 719
Villani, Giovanni (1275–1348), 28–29
Villani, Matteo (d. c. 1363), 29, 30
Villiers de la Groslaye, Jean (1430–99), 466
Vincent Ferrer, St. (1350–1419), 362
violin, 604
viols, 604
Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro: 70–19 B.C.), 5, 8, 9, 354, 355, 494–495, 696
virtù, 556, 559
Visconti, Bernabò lord of Milan (1355–85), 38, 57, 58, 61, 180
Visconti, Bianca Maria, Duchess of Milan (1423–68), 182, 183, 184, 185, 584, 610
Visconti, Filippo Maria, Duke of Milan (1412–47), 181–182, 183, 283, 349–350, 610
Visconti, Galeazzo II, lord of Milan (1355–78), 38, 42, 178, 179
Visconti, Gasparo (1461–99), 192
Visconti, Giangaleazzo, lord of Milan (1378–95) and Duke of Milan (1395–1402), 81, 178, 179–181, 186, 194–195, 280, 610
Visconti, Gianmaria, Duke of Milan (1402–12), 181
Visconti, Giovanni, lord of Milan (1349–54), 38, 39
Visconti, Matteo I, lord of Milan (1311–22), 37
Visconti, Matteo II, lord of Milan (1354–55), 38
Visconti, Valentina, Duchess of Orléans (1370–1409), 610, 614
Visconti, Violante, Duchess of Clarence (d. 1382), 38
Vite (Vasari), 67*, 704–705
Vitelleschi, Giovanni (d. 1440), 371
Vitelli, Vitellozzo (d. 1502), 421, 422, 423, 424, 569
Viti, Timoteo (1467–1523), 336, 452
Vitruvius Pollio (c. 25 B.C.), 129, 507
Vittoria, Alessandro (1525–1608), 650, 656, 679
Vittorino da Feltre (1378–1446), 84, 249–251, 262, 269, 341, 571, 581, 600
Vivarini, Alvise (c. 1447-c. 1504), 302
Vivarini, Antonio (1415–70), 297
Vivarini, Bartolommeo (c. 1432-c. 1500), 301–302
Voltaire (François Marie Arouet: 1694–1778), 33, 558, 657
Volterra, 112
Volterra, Cardinal of, see Soderini, Francesco
voyages of discovery, 686, 688
Vulgate, 351
W
Wagner, Richard (1813–83), 295
Waldensians, 147
Waldseemiiller, Martin (c. 1470–1518), 530
war, 559, 562, 591
Watteau, Antoine (1684–1721), 683
wealth, 568
Webster, John (c. 1580-c. 1625), 698
wedding ceremonies, 579
Wenceslaus, Holy Roman Emperor (1378–1400), 181
Weyden, Rogier van der (1399?-1464), 134, 231, 241, 266
Whites, see bianchi
wife-beating, 582
Willaert, Adrian (1480–1562), 290, 601, 603
William III, King of England (1688–1702), 564
William of Occam (c. 1300–49), 363
Windsor, Treaty of, 624
witchcraft and witches, 526–527
Wittenberg, 688
Wolsey, Thomas (c. 1475–1530), 634
women, 568, 581–586
woodcarving, 314, 322
Wordsworth, William (1770–1850), 456
X
Xenophon (c. 435-c. 355 B.C.), 587
Ximenes (Francesco Jiménez de Cisneros: 1437–1517), 621
Y
Ysaac, Heinrich (c. 1450–1517), 602
Z
Zacearía, Antonio Maria, St. (1502–39), 574
Zenale, Bernardino (1436–1526), 205
Zeno, Battista (d. 1501), 429
Zuccaro, Taddeo (1529–66), 714
Zuccaro, Teberigo (1543–1609), 714
Zuccato, Sebastiano (15th cent.), 306
Zurbarán, Francisco de (1598–1664), 727
About the Authors
WILL DURANT was born in North Adams, Massachusetts, on November 5, 1885. He was educated in the Catholic parochial schools there and in Kearny, New Jersey, and thereafter in St. Peter’s (Jesuit) College, Jersey City, New Jersey, and Columbia University. New York. For a summer he served as a cub reporter on the New York Journal, in 1907, but finding the work too strenuous for his temperament;, he settled down at Seton Hall College, South Orange, New Jersey, to teach Latin, French, English, and geometry (1907–11). He entered the seminary at Seton Hall in 1909, but withdrew in 1911 for reasons he has described in his book Transition. He passed from this quiet seminary to the most radical circles in New York, and became (1911–13) the teacher of the Ferrer Modern School, an experiment in libertarian education. In 1912 he toured Europe at the invitation and expense of Alden Freeman, who had befriended him and now undertook to broaden his borders.
Returning to the Ferrer School, he fell in love with one of his pupils—who had been born Ida Kaufman in Russia on May 10, 1898—resigned his position, and married her (1913). For four years he took graduate work at Columbia University, specializing in biology under Morgan and Calkins and in philosophy under Wood-bridge and Dewey. He received the doctorate in philosophy in 1917, and taught philosophy at Columbia University for one year. In 1914, in a Presbyterian church in New York, he began those lectures on history, literature, and philosophy that, continuing twice weekly for thirteen years, provided the initial material for his later works.
The unexpected success of The Story of Philosophy (1926) enabled him to retire from teaching in 1927. Thenceforth, except for some incidental essays Mr. and Mrs. Durant gave nearly all their working hours (eight to fourteen daily) to The Story of Civilization. To better prepare themselves they toured Europe in 1927, went around the world in 1930 to study Egypt, the Near East, India, China, and Japan, and toured the globe again in 1932 to visit Japan, Manchuria, Siberia, Russia, and Poland. These travels provided the background for Our Oriental Heritage (1935) as the first volume in The Story of Civilization. Several further visits to Europe prepared for Volume 2, The Life of Greece (1939), and Volume 3, Caesar and Christ (1944). In 1948, six months in Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Egypt, and Europe provided perspective for Volume 4, The Age of Faith (1950). In 1951 Mr. and Mrs. Durant returned to Italy to add to a lifetime of gleanings for Volume 5, The Renaissance (1953); and in 1954 further studies in Italy, Switzerland, Germany, France, and England opened new vistas for Volume 6, The Reformation (1957).
Mrs. Durant’s share in the preparation of these volumes became more and more substantial with each year, until in the case of Volume 7, The Age of Reason Begins (1961), it was so great that justice required the union of both names on the title page. And so it was on The Age of Louis XIV (1963), The Age of Voltaire (1965), and Rousseau and Revolution (winner of the Pulitzer Prize in 1968).
The publication of Volume 11, The Age of Napoleon, in 1975 concluded five decades of achievement. Ariel Durant died on October 25, 1981, at the age of 83 Will Durant died 13 days later, on November 7, aged 96. Their last published work was A Dual Autobiography (1977).
*An excellent translation by Joseph Auslander:
In what bright realm, what sphere of radiant thought
Did Nature find the model whence she drew
That delicate dazzling image where we view
Here on this earth what she in heaven wrought?
What fountain-haunting nymph, what dryad sought
In groves, such golden tresses ever threw
Upon the gust? What heart such virtues knew? —
Though her chief virtue with my death is fraught.
He looks in vain for heavenly beauty, he
Who never looked upon her perfect eyes,
The vivid blue orbs burning brilliantly—
He does not know how Love yields and denies;
He only knows who knows how sweetly she
Can talk and laugh, the sweetness of her sighs.5
*“A young woman is flighty, eager for many lovers; she rates her beauty beyond what the mirror shows; and is proud…. She knows neither virtue nor intelligence, always giddy like a leaf in the wind.”
*The term medieval is used in these volumes as denoting European history and civilization between A.D. 325 and 1492—between Constantine and Columbus.
*The Italians call the fourteenth century trecento, three hundred; the fifteenth century quattrocento, four hundred; the sixteenth century cinquecento, etc.
*The revolt of the Sienese workers in 1371, the Ciompi revolt in Florence in 1378, the almost simultaneous rebellion of Wat Tyler in England, and the uprisings in France about 1380 suggest a Continental wave of revolution, and a greater measure of intercommunication and mutual influence, among the working classes in Western Europe, than has generally been supposed.
*All three of these coins, prior to 1490, will be loosely reckoned in this volume as having the purchasing power of $25 in the currency of the United States of America in 1952; after 1490 at $12.50. A slow inflation cut the value of Italian currencies by approximately fifty per cent between 1400 and 1580.54a
* The Papal States may be listed under four provinces:
I. LATIUM, containing the cities of Tivoli, Civita Castellana, Subiaco, Viterbo, Anagni, Ostia, and Rome;
II. UMBRIA, with Narni, Spoleto, Foligno, Assisi, Perugia, and Gubbio;
III. THE MARCHES, with Ascoli, Loreto, Ancona, Senigallia, Urbino, Camerino, Fabriano, and Pesaro; and
IV. THE ROMAGNA, with Rimini, Cesena, Forlì, Faenza, Ravenna, Imola, Bologna, and Ferrara.
* Since 1274 it had been the custom to lock up the cardinals when they met in conclave (con clave, with a key) to choose a pope.
* Vasari, in his Vite de’ più eccelenti architetti, pittori, e scultori Italiam (1550), established the term Rinascita, and the French Encyclopédie of 1751–72 first definitely used the word Renaissance, to denote the flowering of letters and arts in the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries.
* The origin of their name is a mystery. There is no evidence that they were physicians, though they may at one time have joined a medical guild in the loose way of Florentine guild demarcations. Nor do we know the meaning of their famous emblem, the six red balls (palle) on a field of gold. These balls, reduced to three, became the insignia of pawnbrokers in later times.
* Or San Michele, erected by Francesco and Simone Talenti and Benci di Cione (1337–1404), was the religious shrine of the Greater Guilds. Each guild was represented by a statue placed in a niche on the outer walls. Figures were contributed to this series by Ghiberti, Verrocchio, Nanni di Banco, and Gian Bologna.
* Cf. his busts of Marietta Strozzi in the Morgan Library, New York, and in the National Gallery at Washington.
* E.g., the Annunciation in San Lorenzo at Florence—a peasant girl in modest deprecation; the Virgin Adoring the Child (Berlin), rich in the blue of the Virgin’s gown and the green bed of flowers beneath the Child; a Madonna in the Uffizi, with grave blonde face, flowing veil, and beautifully drawn robe; the Madonna of the Pitti Gallery; the Madonna and Child of the Medici Palace; the Virgin and Child Between Saints Frediano and Augustine, in the Louvre; the Coronation of the Virgin, in the Vatican Pinacoteca; and the Coronation in the Uffizi, with its graceful auxiliary figures, and Filippo himself, kneeling in prayer, penitent at last.
* Pulci published first the cantos referring to Morgante; the completed poem was called Morgante maggiore—The Greater Morgante.
* Called II Cronaca from the lively record he wrote of his travels and studies.
* Crowe and Cavalcaselle have labored to restore Filippino’s legitimacy, but their argument reduces itself to a gallant wish.33
* The Church, to check false prophets, had pronounced such claims to be heretical.
* Such bonfires of vanities were an old custom with mission friars,
† A reference to Alexander VI’s candor about his children.
* So named from the avenging fates represented on the pedestal.
* Giangaleazzo, who had prayed to the Virgin for a son, was so grateful for his success in begetting one that he vowed that all his progeny should bear her name.
* A precious but untranslatable sample by Poggio about Filelfo: Itaque Chrysoloras, moerore corrfectus, compulsus precibus, malo coactus, filiam tibi nuptui dedit a te corruptam, quae si extitisset integra, ne pilum quidem tibi abrasum ab illius natibus ostendisset.23
* This portrait is by some students ascribed to Leonardo da Vinci, and may represent Franchino Gaffuri, a musician at Lodovico’s court.
* “And they will go wild for the things that are most beautiful to seek after, to possess and make use of their vilest parts….3 The act of procreation and the members employed therein are so repulsive that if it were not for the beauty of the faces, and the adornment of the actors, and the pent-up impulse, nature would lose the human species.”4
* The story may be a legend; we have only Vasari’s evidence for it. There is no evidence I against it except a tradition which reports that The Last Supper contained no likenesses of I living men.7
* In 1797 the lower panels were appropriated by French conquerors; the Garden of Olives and the Resurrection are in Tours, the Crucifixion is in the Louvre; good copies have replaced these originals in the Verona polyptych.
* The derivation and significance of this word are uncertain.
* Would that my fire might warm this frigid ice,
And turn, with tears, this dust to living flesh,
And give to thee anew the joy of life!
Then would I boldly, ardently, confront
The man who snapped our dearest bond, and cry,
“O cruel monster! See what love can do!”
* O God Redeemer! even while I sing
I see all Italy in flame and fire,
Brough by these Gauls who, spurred with courage high,
Advance to make a desert everywhere.
* Called “Door of the Paper” because on a bulletin board near it the Signory posted its decrees.
* Cf. the seed-sower on the title page of this volume.
* Cf. the honest portrait of Leonello d’Este (Bergamo); the pensive Princess of the House of Este (Louvre), in a pretty entourage of flowers and shells; the Profile of a Lady (Washington); an impressive fresco, St. George, in St. Anastasia, Verona; and a striking study in light and shade, St. Eustachius (London).
* All these, with Ferrara and Ravenna, constitute the modern compartimento of Emilia. Southeast of Rimini are the Marches, or frontier provinces, of Pesaro and Urbino, Ancona, Macerata, and Ascoli Piceno.
* Says the judicious Roscoe: “His attachment to Vanozza appears to have been sincere and uniform; and although his connexion was necessarily disavowed, he regarded her as a legitimate wife.”6
* Cf. the admirable Creighton: “In the precarious condition of Italian politics allies were not to be trusted unless their fidelity was secured by interested motives; so Alexander VI used the marriage connections of his family as a means to secure for himself a strong political party. He had no one whom he could trust save his own children, whom he regarded as instruments for his own plans.”—M. Creighton, History of the Papacy During the Period of the Reformation, III, 263. The impartiality and learning of the Anglican bishop is matched in this field only by the scholarship and honesty of the Catholic Ludwig von Pastor’s History of the Popes. The existence of these two remarkable histories should long since have dissipated the mist of legend cast by partisan pamphleteering around the Renaissance popes.
* Pastor (V, 417n) accepts the evidence as conclusive of Alexander’s guilt; but the Pope’s character was so blackened by hostile gossip that charity may still suspend judgment.
* “The general tendency of investigation, while utterly shattering all idle attempts to represent Alexander as a model pope, has been to relieve him of the most odious imputations against his character. There remains the charge of secret poisoning from motives of cupidity, which indeed appears established, or nearly so, only in a single instance; but this may imply others.”—Richard Garnett in The Cambridge Modern History, I, 242.
* Cf. Cambridge Modern History, I, 239: “Nothing could be less like the real Lucrezia than the Lucrezia of the dramatists and romancers.”
* “These nations”—France, Spain, England, Hungary—“had now become great military monarchies, for which” Italy’s “loose bundle of petty states was no match. A Cesare Borgia might possibly have saved her if he had wrought at the beginning of the fifteenth century instead of the end…. The only considerable approach to consolidation was the establishment of the Papal Temporal Power, of which Alexander and Julius were the chief architects. While the means employed in its creation were often most condemnable, the creation itself was justified by the helpless condition of the Papacy without it, and by the useful end it was to serve when it became the only vestige of dignity and independence left to Italy.”—Cam-bridge Modern History, I, 252.
* Rejecting as legend the alleged foundation of the Japanese imperial dynasty in 660 B.C.
* Pius IV presented it to Venice; hence its later name of Palazzo Venezia. It was the official headquarters of Benito Mussolini during the Fascist regime.
* Stefano Infessura composed a Diario delia città di Roma, a history of fifteenth-century Rome from family records and personal observation. He was an ardent republican who looked upon the popes as despots; he was also a partisan of the Colonna; he cannot be trusted when he retails stories, not elsewhere confirmed, about the wickedness of the popes.46
* In a consistory of June, 1486, Cardinal Borgia reproached Cardinal Balue for being drunk; to which Balue responded by calling the future Alexander VI “son of a whore.”57a
* Cf. his fondness for Federigo, son of Isabella d’Este. Gossip did not scruple to put the vilest interpretation on this affection.15
* Which should be the Hermes of Praxiteles but more probably is the Statue of Liberty in the harbor of New York.
* It should be recalled that one might become a cardinal without being a priest, and that cardinals were chosen for their political ability and connections rather than for religious qualities.
* On these hunts Leo’s favorite retreat was the Villa Magliana. Built for Sixtus IV, enlarged by Innocent VIII and Julius II, it was adorned for Julius with frescoes of Apollo and the Muses by the Umbrian Giovanni di Pietro (Lo Spagna). For its chapel Raphael (between 1513 and 1520) designed three frescoes, of which two survive in the Louvre; probably they were painted by Lo Spagna from Raphael’s cartoons.21
* At Leo’s death the tapestries were pawned to ease the papal insolvency; at the sack of Rome they were seriously injured; one was cut into fragments, and two were sold to Constantinople. All were restored to the Sistine Chapel by 1554; and every year, on the feast of Corpus Christi, they were exhibited to the people in the Piazza di San Pietro. Louis XIV had them copied in oils. Seized by the French in 1798, they were again returned to the Vatican in 1808. They are now displayed there in a hall of their own, the Galleria degli Arazzi, or Hall of the Arrases.
* The picture was bought in 1753 for Frederick Augustus II of Saxony at a price of 60,000 thalers ($450,000?), and for almost two centuries it remained the chief treasure of the Dresden Gallery. Along with Correggio’s Holy Night, Giorgione’s Venus, and some 920,000 other art objects, it was taken from Germany by the victorious Russians after the Second World War.85
* Another and finer Fornarina, in the Uffizi, is by Sebastiano del Piombo.
* Sarton concludes: “As to syphilis, I have been thus far unable to discover a single description of it anterior to those which appeared in quick succession in 1495 and following years. In spite of frequent reaffirmations in recent years of the pre-Columbian antiquity of European syphilis, I remain unconvinced.”37
* Marsilius of Padua belongs rather to the Reformation than to the Renaissance, and consideration of him is deferred accordingly.
*Guicciardini wrote an important comment on this passage: “It is true that the Church has prevented the union of Italy in a single state; but I do not know whether this be a good or an evil. A single republic might certainly have made the name of Italy glorious, and been of the utmost profit to the capital city; but it would have proved the ruin of every other city. It is true that our divisions have brought many calamities upon us, although it should be remembered that the invasions of the barbarians began at the time of the Romans, precisely when Italy was united. And divided Italy has succeeded in having so many free cities that I believe a single republic would have caused her more misery than happiness…. This land has always desired liberty, and therefore has never been able to unite under one rule.”—Considerazioni interno di Discorsi di Machiavelli, i, 12.104
* This term arose about 1300 as punctum contra punctum— point counter point, note against note; notes being then indicated by points.
* E.g., The Fall of Man (c. 1570, Prado)—a frank apotheosis of the human form; The Annunciation (c. 1545, Scuola di San Rocco, Venice; still another in San Salvatore, Venice); The Gypsy Madonna (1510, Vienna); Mater Dolorosa (1554, Prado); The Presentation (1538, Venice)—a vast panorama (twenty-six by eleven and a half feet) of mountainous landscape, majestic architecture, and colorful figures, with Mary pictured as a girl diffidently ascending the Temple steps, two of Titian’s loveliest women at the base, against the wall an old woman realer than life, selling eggs; this is one of Titian’s finest religious pictures. He painted Mary again in The Virgin with the Rabbit (c. 1530, Louvre). The Transfiguration (c. 1560, San Salvatore, Venice), the work of a man of eighty-three, is a vigorous conception of the astonished Apostles, with a glowing representation of the illuminated Christ. In The Last Supper (1564 Escorial) every figure is masterly except that of Christ—where Leonardo also failed; and in Christ Crowned with Thorns (1542, Louvre), Jesus, as in Michelangelo, is a gladiator rather than a saint. The Ecce Homo of the Vienna Gallery (c. 1543) still leaves Christ a massive and muscular divinity, whom Pilate (a humorous portrait of Aretino) offers to a crowd not of Jerusalem’s rabble, but of such distinguished personalities as Charles V, Suleiman the Magnificent, Titian’s daughter Lavinia, and Titian himself. A Crucifixion in Ancona (c. 1560) reduces the suffering Christ to more credible proportions; and another in the Escorial (c. 1565) effectively pictures the darkness, at the final hour, enveloping hills and sky and cross and the watchers at its foot. Twice—in 1529 (in the Louvre) and thirty years later (in the Prado)—Titian pictured The Burial of Christ; in the later—perhaps also in the earlier—painting he portrayed himself as Joseph of Arimathea. At an uncertain date he represented The Supper at Emmaus (Louvre), exquisite but too refined; Rembrandt would more successfully convey the awe felt in that moment of incredulous recognition. For Charles V Titian painted (1554) a picture variously called The Trinity or The Last Judgment, and labeled La Gloria in the Prado: a confusing mass of heads and legs, and, in a cloud, the First and Second Persons of the Trinity, with the Holy Ghost taking the form of light. It seems a little absurd, but the Emperor took it with him when he retired to a convent in 1557, and ordered it placed above the high altar after his death.
* A selection from Tintoretto’s religious paintings, excluding those at the Scuola di San Rocco (the churches named being all in Venice):
I. OLD TESTAMENT SCENES: Creation of the Animals (Venice); Adam and Eve (Venice)—a uniquely illumined landscape; Cain and Abel (Venice); Abraham’s Sacrifice (Uffizi); Joseph and Fotiphar’s Wife (Prado); Finding of Moses (Escorial); Golden Calf (Madonna dell’ Orto); Gathering of the Manna (San Giorgio Maggiore)—a remarkable mingling of nature, men, women, and animals.
II. MADONNAS: Birth of the Virgin (Mantua)—almost as gracious as a Correggio; Annunciation (Berlin); Visitation (Bologna); Madonna and Child (Cleveland); Madonna and Saints (Ferrara)—splendid, but the saints are Michelangelesque octogenarian gladiators; Assumption (I Gesuiti)—weak and pale compared with Titian’s masterpiece in the Frari.
III. FROM THE LIFE OF CHRIST: Circumcision (Santa Maria del Carmine); Baptism (San Silvestro; a variant in the Prado); Jesus in the House of Martha (Munich)—exceptionally beautiful; Marriage at Cana (Madonna della Salute); Christ at the Sea of Galilee (Washington)—an almost impressionistic study in blue and green; Woman Taken in Adultery (Rome, Galleria Nazionale)—a pretty sinner in a too theatrical picture; Christ Washing the Apostles’ Feet (Escorial); Raising of Lazarus (Leipzig); Miracle of the Loaves and Fishes (New York); Christ and the Samaritan Woman (Uffizi); Last Supper (San Trovaso; another in San Stefano and in San Giorgio Maggiore, and a magnificent drawing in the Uffizi); Crucifixion (San Cassiano); Deposition (Venice, Parma, Milan, Pitti Gallery); Burial of Christ (San Giorgio Maggiore); Descent into Limbo (San Cassiano); Resurrection (Farrer Collection); Last Judgment (Madonna dell’ Orto)—a vain attempt to exceed the confusion and absurdities of Michelangelo’s Sistine Chapel fresco.
IV. THE SAINTS: St. Augustine Healing Victims of the Plague (New York); Miracle of St. Agnes (Madonna dell’ Orto); St. George and the Dragon (London)—a study in light and shade, as of a night engagement; Marriage of St. Catherine (Ducal Palace); Martyrdom of St. Catherine (Venice)—in both cases a lovely lady whom only a fool would want to kill; Transportation of the Body of St. Mark (Venice), and Finding of the Body of St. Mark (Milan)—a masterly perspective of a darkened nave, a kneeling patrician in holy terror, a charming lass whose knees are clasped by a youth pretending fright, and a splendid St. Mark standing erect over his own corpse.
* This was one of many pictures taken from Italy by Hermann Goering during the Second World War, and recovered for Italy by the victory of the Allies.34
* Besides the pictures mentioned in the text the following are notable:
I. FROM THE OLD TESTAMENT: Creation of Eve (Chicago); Moses Saved from the Waters (Prado); Burning of Sodom (Louvre); Queen of Sheba Before Solomon (Turin); Bathsheba (Lyons); Judith Before Holofernes (Tours); Susanna and the Elders (Louvre), where, for a change, the elders are more interesting than Susanna.
II. OF THE VIRGIN: Annunciation (Venice); Adoration of the Magi (Vienna, Dresden, and London—all magnificent); Holy Family (Princeton); Holy Family with St. Catherine and St. John (Uffizi)—a major work; Virgin, Child, and Saints— superb (Venice); Presentation (Dresden); Assumption and Coronation (Venice).
III. OF THE BAPTIST: Preaching of St. John (Borghese).
IV. OF CHRIST: Baptism (Pitti, Brera, Washington); Christ Disputing in the Temple (Prado); Jesus and the Centurion (Prado); Christ Revives the Daughter of Jairus (Vienna); Last Supper (Brera); Deposition (Verona, Leningrad); Maries at the Tomb (Pitti).
* Alamanni shared with Trissino and Giovanni Rucellai the distinction of being among the first writers of blank verse—versi sciolti— in Italy.
* Shakespeare took the story from Arthur Broke’s Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet (1562); Broke took it from Masuccio or Bandello. Shakespeare also knew the tale in William Painter’s Palace of Pleasure (1566), which took it from Bandello.28
* The Via Balbi was shattered in the Second World War.
* Notably Portrait of an Old Gentleman (Bergamo); Antonio Navagero (Milan); Bartolommeo Bonga (New York); Old Man and Boy (Boston); Titian’s Schoolmaster (Washington); Lodovico Madrazzo (Chicago).
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