The Road to Character

NOTES

CHAPTER 1: THE SHIFT

1. Wilfred M. McClay, The Masterless: Self and Society in Modern America (University of North Carolina Press, 1993), 226.

2. Alonzo L. Hamby, “A Wartime Consigliere,” review of David L. Roll, The Hopkins Touch: Harry Hopkins and the Forging of the Alliance to Defeat Hitler (Oxford University Press, 2012), Wall Street Journal, December 29, 2012.

3. David Frum, How We Got Here: The 70’s, the Decade That Brought You Modern Life (for Better or Worse) (Basic Books, 2000), 103.

4. Jean M. Twenge and W. Keith Campbell, The Narcissism Epidemic: Living in the Age of Entitlement (Simon & Schuster, 2009), 13.

5. “How Young People View Their Lives, Futures and Politics: A Portrait of ‘Generation Next.’ ” The Pew Research Center For The People & The Press (January 9, 2007).

6. Elizabeth Gilbert, Eat, Pray, Love: One Woman’s Search for Everything (Penguin, 2006), 64.

7. James Davison Hunter, The Death of Character: Moral Education in an Age Without Good or Evil (Basic Books, 2000), 103.

8. Twenge and Campbell, Narcissism, 248.

9. C. J. Mahaney, Humility: True Greatness (Multnomah, 2005), 70.

10. Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011), 201.

11. Harry Emerson Fosdick, On Being a Real Person (Harper and Brothers, 1943), 25.

12. Thomas Merton, The Seven Storey Mountain (Harcourt, 1998), 92.

13. Henry Fairlie, The Seven Deadly Sins Today (New Republic Books, 1978), 30.

CHAPTER 2: THE SUMMONED SELF

1. David Von Drehle, Triangle: The Fire That Changed America (Atlantic Monthly Press, 2003), 195.

2. Frances Perkins, “The Triangle Factory Fire,” lecture, Cornell University online archives. http://​trianglefire.​ilr.​cornell.​edu/​primary/​lectures/​francesperkinslecture.​html.

3. Von Drehle, Triangle, 158.

4. George Martin, Madam Secretary: Frances Perkins; A Biography of America’s First Woman Cabinet Member (Houghton Mifflin, 1976), 85.

5. Von Drehle, Triangle, 138.

6. Von Drehle, Triangle, 130.

7. Von Drehle, Triangle, 152.

8. Von Drehle, Triangle, 146.

9. Perkins, “Triangle Fire” lecture.

10. Naomi Pasachoff, Frances Perkins: Champion of the New Deal (Oxford University Press, 1999), 30.

11. Viktor Frankl, Man’s Search for Meaning (Beacon, 1992), 85.

12. Frankl, Man’s Search for Meaning, 99.

13. Frankl, Man’s Search for Meaning, 104.

14. Frankl, Man’s Search for Meaning, 98.

15. Mark R. Schwehn and Dorothy C. Bass, eds., Leading Lives That Matter: What We Should Do and Who We Should Be (Eerdmans, 2006), 35.

16. Kirstin Downey, The Woman Behind the New Deal: The Life of Frances Perkins, FDR’s Secretary of Labor and His Moral Conscience (Nan Talese, 2008), 8.

17. Downey, Woman Behind the New Deal, 5.

18. Martin, Madam Secretary, 50.

19. David Hackett Fischer, Albion’s Seed: Four British Folkways in America (Oxford, 1989), 895.

20. Lillian G. Paschal, “Hazing in Girls’ Colleges,” Household Ledger, 1905.

21. Martin, Madam Secretary, 46.

22. Russell Lord, “Madam Secretary,” New Yorker, September 2, 1933.

23. Mary E. Woolley, “Values of College Training for Women,” Harper’s Bazaar, September 1904.

24. Martin, Madam Secretary, 51.

25. Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull House: With Autobiographical Notes (University of Illinois, 1990), 71.

26. Addams, Twenty Years at Hull House, 94.

27. Frances Perkins, “My Recollections of Florence Kelley,” Social Service Review, vol. 28, no. 1 (March 1954), 12.

28. Martin, Madam Secretary, 146.

29. Downey, Woman Behind the New Deal, 42.

30. Downey, Woman Behind the New Deal, 42.

31. Martin, Madam Secretary, 98.

32. Downey, Woman Behind the New Deal, 56.

33. Martin, Madam Secretary, 125.

34. Downey, Woman Behind the New Deal, 66.

35. Martin, Madam Secretary, 232.

36. Martin, Madam Secretary, 136.

37. Downey, Woman Behind the New Deal, 317.

38. Frances Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew (Penguin, 2011), 29.

39. Perkins, “Roosevelt I Knew,” 45.

40. Martin, Madam Secretary, 206.

41. Martin, Madam Secretary, 206.

42. Martin, Madam Secretary, 236.

43. Martin, Madam Secretary, 237.

44. Perkins, Roosevelt I Knew, 156.

45. Downey, Woman Behind the New Deal, 284.

46. Downey, Woman Behind the New Deal, 279.

47. Martin, Madam Secretary, 281.

48. Downey, Woman Behind the New Deal, 384.

49. Christopher Breiseth, “The Frances Perkins I Knew,” essay, Franklin D. Roosevelt American Heritage Center Museum (Worcester, MA).

50. Martin, Madam Secretary, 485.

51. Reinhold Niebuhr, The Irony of American History (University of Chicago Press, 2008), 63.

CHAPTER 3: SELF-CONQUEST

1. The Eisenhower Legacy: Discussions of Presidential Leadership (Bartleby Press, 1992), 21.

2. Jean Edward Smith, Eisenhower in War and Peace (New York: Random House, 2012), 7.

3. Smith, Eisenhower in War and Peace, 8.

4. Mark Perry, Partners in Command: George Marshall and Dwight Eisenhower in War and Peace (Penguin, 2007), 68.

5. Dwight D. Eisenhower, At Ease: Stories I Tell to Friends (Doubleday, 1967), 76.

6. Eisenhower, At Ease, 31.

7. Smith, Eisenhower in War and Peace, 59.

8. Eisenhower, At Ease, 52.

9. Anthony T. Kronman, The Lost Lawyer: Failing Ideals of the Legal Profession (Harvard University Press, 1995), 16.

10. Smith, Eisenhower in War and Peace, 59.

11. Evan Thomas, Ike’s Bluff: President Eisenhower’s Secret Battle to Save the World (Little, Brown, 2012), 27.

12. Thomas, Ike’s Bluff, 27.

13. Paul F. Boller, Jr., Presidential Anecdotes (Oxford University Press, 1996), 292; Robert J. Donovan, Eisenhower: The Inside Story (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1956), 7.

14. Thomas, Ike’s Bluff, 33.

15. State of the Union message, Washington, D.C., January 10, 1957.

16. Thomas, Ike’s Bluff, 30.

17. Fred Greenstein, The Presidential Difference: Leadership Style from Roosevelt to Clinton (Free Press, 2000), 49.

18. Stephen E. Ambrose, Eisenhower: Soldier and President (Simon and Schuster, 1990), 65.

19. Smith, Eisenhower in War and Peace, 19.

20. Smith, Eisenhower in War and Peace, 48.

21. Eisenhower, At Ease, 155.

22. Eisenhower, At Ease, 135

23. William Lee Miller, Two Americans: Truman, Eisenhower, and a Dangerous World (Vintage, 2012), 78.

24. Thomas, Ike’s Bluff, 26; John S. D. Eisenhower, Strictly Personal (Doubleday, 1974), 292.

25. Smith, Eisenhower in War and Peace, 61.

26. Smith, Eisenhower in War and Peace, 65.

27. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Ike’s Letters to a Friend, 1941–1958 (University Press of Kansas, 1984), 4.

28. Eisenhower, At Ease, 193.

29. Boller, Presidential Anecdotes, 290.

30. Eisenhower, At Ease, 213.

31. Eisenhower, At Ease, 214.

32. Eisenhower, At Ease, 228.

33. Smith, Eisenhower in War and Peace, 147.

34. Smith, Eisenhower in War and Peace, 443.

35. Ambrose, Eisenhower: Soldier and President, 440.

36. Thomas, Ike’s Bluff, 153.

37. Thomas, Ike’s Bluff, 29.

38. Quoted in Steven J. Rubenzer and Thomas R. Faschingbauer, Personality, Character, and Leadership in the White House: Psychologists Assess the Presidents (Potomac Books, 2004), 147.

39. Thomas, Ike’s Bluff, introduction, 17.

40. Thomas, Ike’s Bluff, 161.

41. Thomas, Ike’s Bluff, 161.

42. Smith, Eisenhower in War and Peace, 766.

43. Eisenhower, Ike’s Letters to a Friend, 189, July 22, 1957.

CHAPTER 4: STRUGGLE

1. Dorothy Day, The Long Loneliness: The Autobiography of the Legendary Catholic Social Activist (Harper, 1952), 20.

2. Day, Long Loneliness, 21.

3. Paul Elie, The Life You Save May Be Your Own: An American Pilgrimage (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2003), 4.

4. Elie, Life You Save, 4.

5. Day, Long Loneliness, 24.

6. Day, Long Loneliness, 35.

7. Elie, Life You Save, 16.

8. Day, Long Loneliness, 87.

9. Jim Forest, All Is Grace: A Biography of Dorothy Day (Orbis Books, 2011), 47.

10. Elie, Life You Save, 31.

11. Forest, All Is Grace, 48.

12. Forest, All Is Grace, 50.

13. Deborah Kent, Dorothy Day: Friend to the Forgotten (Eerdmans Books, 2004), 35.

14. Day, Long Loneliness, 79.

15. Day, Long Loneliness, 79.

16. Elie, Life You Save, 38.

17. Day, Long Loneliness, 60.

18. Robert Coles, Dorothy Day: A Radical Devotion (Da Capo Press, 1989), 6.

19. Elie, Life You Save, 45.

20. Nancy Roberts, Dorothy Day and the Catholic Worker (State University of New York Press, 1985), 26.

21. Forest, All Is Grace, 62.

22. Day, Long Loneliness, 141.

23. Coles, Radical Devotion, 52.

24. Coles, Radical Devotion, 53.

25. Robert Elsberg, ed., All the Way to Heaven: The Selected Letters of Dorothy Day (Marquette University Press, 2010), 23.

26. Roberts, Dorothy Day, 26.

27. Day, Long Loneliness, 133.

28. William Miller, Dorothy Day: A Biography (Harper & Row, 1982), 196.

29. Day, Long Loneliness, 165.

30. Forest, All Is Grace, 61.

31. Dorothy Day, The Duty of Delight: The Diaries of Dorothy Day (Marquette University, 2011), 519.

32. Day, Long Loneliness, 182.

33. Day, Long Loneliness, 214.

34. Day, Duty of Delight, 68.

35. Schwehn and Bass, eds., Leading Lives That Matter, 34.

36. Day, Duty of Delight, 42.

37. Coles, Radical Devotion, 115.

38. Coles, Radical Devotion, 120.

39. Day, Long Loneliness, 236.

40. Forest, All Is Grace, 168.

41. Forest, All Is Grace, 178.

42. Forest, All Is Grace, 118.

43. Day, Long Loneliness, 243.

44. Day, Long Loneliness, 285.

45. Day, Duty of Delight, 9.

46. Rosalie Riegle Troester, Voices from the Catholic Worker (Temple University Press, 1993), 69.

47. Troester, Voices, 93.

48. Day, Duty of Delight, 287.

49. Day, Duty of Delight, 295.

50. Coles, Radical Devotion, 16.

CHAPTER 5: SELF-MASTERY

1. Forrest C. Pogue, George C. Marshall, 4 vols. (Viking Press, 1964), vol. 1, Education of a General, 1880–1939, 35.

2. Ed Cray, General of the Army: George C. Marshall, Soldier and Statesman (W. W. Norton, 1990), 20.

3. Cray, General of the Army, 25.

4. William Frye, Marshall: Citizen Soldier (Bobbs-Merrill, 1947), 32–65.

5. Pogue, Marshall, 63.

6. Pogue, Marshall, 63.

7. Richard Livingstone, On Education: The Future in Education and Education for a World Adrift (Cambridge, 1954), 153.

8. James Davison Hunter, The Death of Character: Moral Education in an Age Without Good or Evil (Basic Books, 2000), 19.

9. Leonard Mosley, Marshall: Hero for Our Times (Hearst Books, 1982), 13.

10. Mosley, Hero for Our Times, 14.

11. Mosley, Hero for Our Times, 15.

12. Frye, Citizen Soldier, 49.

13. David Hein, “In War for Peace: General George C. Marshall’s Core Convictions & Ethical Leadership,” Touchstone, March, 2013.

14. Mosley, Hero for Our Times, Introduction, xiv.

15. Mosley, Hero for Our Times, 19.

16. Cray, General of the Army, 64.

17. Quoted in Major James R. Hill, “A Comparative Analysis of the Military Leadership Styles of Ernest J. King and Chester W. Nimitz,” published master’s thesis, General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, KS, 2008.

18. Mosley, Hero for Our Times, 64.

19. Pogue, Marshall, 79.

20. Pogue, Marshall, 246; Mosley, Hero for Our Times, 93.

21. André Comte-Sponville, A Small Treatise on the Great Virtues: The Uses of Philosophy in Everyday Life (Macmillan, 2002), 10.

22. Frye, Citizen Soldier, 85.

23. Cray, General of the Army, 276.

24. Mark Perry, Partners in Command: George Marshall and Dwight Eisenhower in War and Peace (Penguin, 2007), 15.

25. Cray, General of the Army, 278.

26. Cray, General of the Army, 297.

27. Mosley, Hero for Our Times, 211.

28. Mosley, Hero for Our Times, 292.

29. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe (Doubleday, 1948), 197.

30. Perry, Partners in Command, 238.

31. Pogue, George C. Marshall (Viking, 1973), vol. 3, Organizer of Victory, 1943–1945, 321.

32. Perry, Partners in Command, 240.

33. John S. D. Eisenhower, General Ike: A Personal Reminiscence (Simon and Schuster, 2003), 99, reproduced in Dwight D. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, 208.

34. John Eisenhower, General Ike, 103.

35. Mosley, Hero for Our Times, 341.

36. Mosley, Hero for Our Times, prologue, xxi.

37. Frye, Citizen Soldier, 372.

38. Robert Faulkner, The Case for Greatness: Honorable Ambition and Its Critics (Yale University Press, 2007), 39.

39. Faulkner, Case for Greatness, 40.

40. Aristotle, Nichomachean Ethics (Focus Publishing, 2002), 70; Faulkner, Case for Greatness, 43.

41. Mosley, Hero for Our Times, 434.

42. Mosley, Hero for Our Times, 522.

43. Mosley, Hero for Our Times, 523.

44. Mosley, Hero for Our Times, 523.

CHAPTER 6: DIGNITY

1. Cynthia Taylor, A. Philip Randolph: The Religious Journey of an African American Labor Leader (New York University Press, 2006), 13.

2. Jervis Anderson, A. Philip Randolph: A Biographical Portrait (University of California Press, 1973), 43.

3. Anderson, Biographical Portrait, 9.

4. Anderson, Biographical Portrait, 10.

5. Anderson, Biographical Portrait, 272.

6. Anderson, Biographical Portrait, 339.

7. Aaron Wildavsky, Moses as Political Leader (Shalem Press, 2005), 45.

8. Irving Kristol, The Neoconservative Persuasion: Selected Essays, 1942–2009, edited by Gertrude Himmelfarb (Basic Books, 2011), 71.

9. Murray Kempton, “A. Philip Randolph: The Choice, Mr. President,” New Republic, July 6, 1963.

10. Anderson, Biographical Portrait, 176.

11. Larry Tye, Rising from the Rails: Pullman Porters and the Making of the Black Middle Class (Owl Books, 2005), 154.

12. Doris Kearns Goodwin, No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II (Simon & Schuster, 2013), 251.

13. Paula F. Pfeffer, A. Philip Randolph: Pioneer of the Civil Rights Movement (Louisiana State University Press, 1996), 66.

14. Pfeffer, Pioneer, 58.

15. John D’Emilio, Lost Prophet: The Life and Times of Bayard Rustin (Simon and Schuster, 2003), 11.

16. D’Emilio, Lost Prophet, 16.

17. D’Emilio, Lost Prophet, 19.

18. Rachel Moston, “Bayard Rustin on His Own Terms,” Haverford Journal, 2005, 82.

19. Michael G. Long, ed., I Must Resist: Bayard Rustin’s Life in Letters (City Lights, 2012), 228.

20. Moston, “Bayard Rustin on His Own Terms,” 91.

21. D’Emilio, Lost Prophet, 77.

22. Long, I Must Resist, 50.

23. D’Emilio, Lost Prophet, 172.

24. Long, I Must Resist, 49.

25. Long, I Must Resist, 51.

26. Long, I Must Resist, 65.

27. D’Emilio, Lost Prophet, 112.

28. D’Emilio, Lost Prophet, 159.

29. David L. Chappell, A Stone of Hope: Prophetic Religion and the Death of Jim Crow (University of North Carolina Press, 2004), 48.

30. Chappell, Stone of Hope, 54.

31. Chappell, Stone of Hope, 179.

32. Chappell, Stone of Hope, 55.

33. Chappell, Stone of Hope, 56.

34. D’Emilio, Lost Prophet, 150.

35. Chappell, Stone of Hope, 50.

36. Reinhold Niebuhr, The Irony of American History (University of Chicago Press, 2008), 5.

37. Niebuhr, Irony of American History, 23.

38. D’Emilio, Lost Prophet, 349.

39. D’Emilio, Lost Prophet, 352.

40. Anderson, Biographical Portrait, 332.

CHAPTER 7: LOVE

1. George Eliot, Daniel Deronda (Wordsworth, 2003), 15.

2. Kathryn Hughes, George Eliot: The Last Victorian (Cooper Square Press, 2001), 16.

3. Hughes, Last Victorian, 18.

4. Frederick R. Karl, George Eliot: Voice of a Century; A Biography (W. W. Norton, 1995), 36.

5. Karl, George Eliot: Voice of a Century, 36.

6. Rebecca Mead, My Life in Middlemarch (Crown, 2013), 28.

7. Hughes, Last Victorian, 47.

8. Mead, My Life in Middlemarch, 66.

9. Mead, My Life in Middlemarch, 125.

10. Karl, Voice of a Century, 146.

11. Gordon S. Haight, George Eliot: A Biography (Oxford University Press, 1968), 133.

12. Brenda Maddox, George Eliot in Love (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), 59.

13. Haight, George Eliot, 144.

14. Karl, Voice of a Century, 167.

15. Michael Ignatieff, Isaiah Berlin: A Life (Henry Holt, 1999), 161.

16. Christian Wiman, My Bright Abyss: Meditation of a Modern Believer (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2013), 23.

17. William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet, Act II, Scene I.

18. Karl, Voice of a Century, 178.

19. Karl, Voice of a Century, 157.

20. Hughes, Last Victorian, 186.

21. Mead, My Life in Middlemarch, 266.

22. Virginia Woolf, “George Eliot,” The Times Literary Supplement, November 20, 1919.

23. Barbara Hardy, George Eliot: A Critic’s Biography (Continuum, 2006), 122.

CHAPTER 8: ORDERED LOVE

1. Peter Brown, Augustine of Hippo: A Biography (University of California Press, 2000), 17.

2. Brown, Augustine of Hippo, 18.

3. Matthew Arnold, Culture and Anarchy (Cambridge University Press, 1993), 130.

4. Arnold, Culture and Anarchy, 128.

5. Arnold, Culture and Anarchy, 128.

6. Arnold, Culture and Anarchy, 132.

7. Brown, Augustine of Hippo, 13.

8. Garry Wills, Saint Augustine (Penguin, 1999), 7.

9. Brown, Augustine of Hippo, 36.

10. Wills, Saint Augustine, 26.

11. Brown, Augustine of Hippo, 37.

12. Reinhold Niebuhr, The Nature and Destiny of Man: A Christian Interpretation: Human Nature, vol. I (Scribner’s, 1996), 155.

13. Brown, Augustine of Hippo, 173; Augustine, Confessions, book 10, section 37.

14. Niebuhr, Nature and Destiny of Man, 157.

15. Lewis B. Smedes, Shame and Grace: Healing the Shame We Don’t Deserve (Random House, 1994), 116.

16. Augustine, Psalm 122: God Is True Wealth; Mary Clark, Augustine of Hippo: Selected Writings (Paulist Press, 1984), 250.

17. Timothy Keller, Freedom of Self Forgetfulness (10Publishing, 2013), 40.

18. Jennifer A. Herdt, Putting On Virtue: The Legacy of the Splendid Vices (University of Chicago Press, 2008), 176.

19. Herdt, Putting On Virtue, 57.

20. Augustine, The Works of Saint Augustine: A Translation for the 21st Century (New City Press, 1992), 131.

21. Paul Tillich, The Essential Tillich (Scribner, 1999), 131.

22. Brown, Augustine of Hippo, 157.

23. Brown, Augustine of Hippo, 157.

CHAPTER 9: SELF-EXAMINATION

1. Jeffrey Meyers, Samuel Johnson: The Struggle (Basic Books, 2008), 6.

2. W. Jackson Bate, Samuel Johnson: A Biography (Counterpoint, 2009), 8.

3. Bate, Samuel Johnson, 31.

4. John Wain, Samuel Johnson (Macmillan, 1980), 49.

5. Boswell, Boswell’s Life of Johnson (Harper, 1889), 74.

6. Meyers, Samuel Johnson: The Struggle, 50.

7. Bate, Samuel Johnson, 211.

8. Meyers, Samuel Johnson: The Struggle, 205.

9. Bate, Samuel Johnson, 204.

10. Paul Fussell, Samuel Johnson and the Life of Writing (Norton, 1986), 236.

11. Bate, Samuel Johnson, 218.

12. Meyers, Samuel Johnson: The Struggle, 114.

13. Meyers, Samuel Johnson: The Struggle, 2.

14. Fussell, Johnson and the Life of Writing, 163.

15. Fussell, Johnson and the Life of Writing, 51.

16. Ralph Waldo Emerson, The Spiritual Emerson: Essential Writings (Beacon, 2004), 216.

17. Fussell, Johnson and the Life of Writing, 147.

18. Percy Hazen Houston, Doctor Johnson: A Study in Eighteenth Century Humanism (Cambridge University Press, 1923), 195.

19. Sarah Bakewell, How to Live: Or a Life of Montaigne in One Question and Twenty Attempts at an Answer (Other Press, 2010), 21.

20. Bakewell, How to Live, 14.

21. Fussell, Johnson and the Life of Writing, 185.

22. Bate, Samuel Johnson, 4.

CHAPTER 10: THE BIG ME

1. Tom Callahan, Johnny U: The Life and Times of John Unitas (Random House, 2007), 16.

2. Michael Novak, The Joy of Sports: Endzones, Bases, Baskets, Balls, and the Consecration of the American Spirit (Madison Books, 1976), 241.

3. Callahan, Johnny U, 20.

4. Jimmy Breslin, “The Passer Nobody Wanted,” Saturday Evening Post, November 1, 1958.

5. Callahan, Johnny U, 243.

6. John Skow, “Joe, Joe, You’re the Most Beautiful Thing in the World,” Saturday Evening Post, December 3, 1966.

7. Dan Jenkins, “The Sweet Life of Swinging Joe,” Sports Illustrated, October 17, 1966.

8. George Eliot, Middlemarch (Penguin, 2003), 211.

9. Joshua L. Liebman, Peace of Mind: Insights on Human Nature That Can Change Your Life (Simon and Schuster, 1946), 56.

10. Benjamin Spock, The Pocket Book of Baby and Child Care (Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1946), 309.

11. Harry A. Overstreet, The Mature Mind (Norton, 1949), 261.

12. Carl Ransom Rogers, On Becoming a Person: A Therapist’s View of Psychotherapy (Harcourt, 1995), 194.

13. Carl Ransom Rogers, The Carl Rogers Reader (Houghton Mifflin, 1989), 185.

14. Katharine Graham, Personal History (Random House, 1997), 51.

15. Graham, Personal History, 231.

16. Eva Illouz, Saving the Modern Soul: Therapy, Emotions, and the Culture of Self-Help (University of California Press, 2008), 117.

17. Charles Taylor, Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition (Princeton University Press, 1994), 30.

18. Ernst & Young Survey, “Sixty-five Per Cent of College Students Think They Will Become Millionaires” (Canada, 2001).

19. Greg Duncan and Richard Murnane, Whither Opportunity? Rising Inequality, Schools, and Children’s Life Chances (Russell Sage Foundation, 2011), 11.

20. “The American Freshman” Thirty Year Trends, 1966–1996. By Alexander W. Astin, Sarah A. Parrott, William S. Korn, Linda J. Sax. Higher Education Research Institute Graduate School of Education & Information Studies. University of California, Los Angeles. February, 1997.

21. Gretchen Anderson, “Loneliness Among Older Adults: A National Survey of Adults 45+” (AARP Research and Strategic Analysis, 2010).

22. Francis Fukuyama, The Great Disruption: Human Nature and the Reconstitution of Social Order (Profile, 1999), 50.

23. Sara Konrath, “Changes in Dispositional Empathy in American College Students Over Time: A Meta-Analysis” (University of Michigan, 2011).

24. Jean M. Twenge, W. Keith Campbell, and Brittany Gentile, “Increases in Individualistic Words and Phrases in American Books, 1960–2008” (2012), PLoS ONE 7(7): e40181, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040181.

25. David Brooks, “What Our Words Tell Us,” New York Times, May 20, 2013.

26. Pelin Kesebir and Selin Kesebir, “The Cultural Salience of Moral Character and Virtue Declined in Twentieth Century America,” Journal of Positive Psychology, 2012.

27. Christian Smith, Kari Christoffersen, Hilary Davidson, Lost in Transition: The Dark Side of Emerging Adulthood (Oxford University Press, 2011), 22.

28. Leo Tolstoy, The Death of Ivan Ilyich (White Crow Books, 2010), 20.

29. Tolstoy, The Death of Ivan Ilyich, 66.

30. Tolstoy, The Death of Ivan Ilyich, 68.

31. Tolstoy, The Death of Ivan Ilyich, 71.