The Road to Middle-Earth: How J. R. R. Tolkien Created a New Mythology

INDEX

The pagination of this electronic edition does not match the edition from which it was created. To locate a specific passage, please use the search feature of your e-book reader.

Individual works by Tolkien, by other frequently mentioned authors, and from frequently mentioned compilations such as the Bible, Grimms’ Fairy Tales, and the Poetic Edda will be found indexed under Tolkien, Shakespeare, Bible, Poetic Edda, etc.

‘abide’, 134–5

Acemannesceaster, 37

Acton, Lord, 155–6

Adam (and Eve), 122, 159, 268, 273, 274. See also Creation

‘addictive’, 157–8, 167, 263, 324

ægishjâlmr, 302–3

Ælfwine (in Battle of Maldon), 138

Ælfwine (as name, also Alboin, Alwin), 337–9

Ælfwine (Wídlást), 340–2, 347–50

Æsc, Askr, 347–8

Aeneid, The, see Virgil

Aerin, 301

‘Agnes and the Merman’, 399

Ainur, 267, 272

Aire, River, 74n

Akeman Street, 37, 38, 41

Alaric, 170

Alcuin, 225, 232, 233

Alfred, King, 33–4, 160, 172, 338, 376

Allan, Jim, 275n

allegories, 6, 45, 49–50, 53, 55, 87, 104, 113, 153, 190–7, 201, 217, 226, 229, 230, 275, 309, 311, 333, 393

alliteration, 23, 121, 143, 207, 218–19, 222, 245, 251, 254, 362

Alpharts Tod (Middle High German poem), 19

Alvíssmál, see Poetic Edda

Aman, 263, 283, 326, 327

American reactions to philology 10, 26; reactions to Tolkien, 1–3; traditions, 393–4, 398; words, 78–9

A Midsummer Night’s Dream, see Shakespeare

Amon Hen, 162, 183, 184

anachronisms, 74–80, 81, 154

Anatomy of Criticism (Frye), 238–40

Ancrene Wisse (Riwle), 7, 8, 30, 44, 45, 47–8, 50, 83n, 93, 334, 394

Andersen, Hans Christian, 270, 389

Andersson, Theodore, 354

Anduin, 114

Andúril, 241

Andvari, 70

Angband, 265

angels, 171, 216, 271–2

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, The, 141

Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, The (Bosworth and Toller), 51–2, 122, 193

Anglo-Saxon(s); concepts used by Tolkien 48, 66, 73, 78, 274, 302n; continuity to modern times, 16, 98–9, 155–6, 194–5, 206, 238, 380, 386–7; in history, 36–40, 116–17; later responses to 131, 251–2, 350; relation to Riders of Rohan, 132, 139–45, 148–9, 228–9; see also 133, 142, 143–4, 148, 149, 195, 236–7, 338, 398

Angrod, 284

Animal Farm (Orwell), 375

ann-thennat, 220–1

Annunciation, 227

Anórien, 192, 242

Apollinaris, Sidonius, 21

‘applicability’, 192, 195, 196, 274, 376

Aquae Sulis, 36–7

Aragorn, 73, 114, 119, 125–8, 410, 424; actions in film versions, 418, 419, 427; and the Riders, 142–4; as hero, 138, 239–41, 362; as king 206, 227; death of, 229, 372; decisions of 183–9, 198; his journey 414; name of, 331; songs of, 142, 202, 220–1; et passim

Arda (Journal of the Swedish Tolkien Society), 390

Aredhel, 283, 286, 287, 306

Ariosto, 182

Aristotle, 250

Arkenstone, 96, 100

Art, 57, 122; Primary Art, 58, 106; Secondary Art, 63, 106

artefact, fascination with, 273–4; creation of, 382

Arthur, King, 25, 28, 41, 44, 69n, 149, 182, 202

Arwen, 229, 276, 372, appearances in film version, 410, 412–13, 418

Asbjörnsen, P. C, and Moe, J. I., 86, 329, 392; ‘The Master Thief’, 85

Asgarthr, 348

‘asterisk’ form, 169

‘asterisk-poems’, 42, 354, 399–408

‘asterisk-reality’, 22–6, 29, 80

‘asterisk words’, 23, 76, 79, 102, 149

athelas, 150, 206

Atlantis, 325

atomic bomb, 192, 196

Attila the Hun, 18–19, 170, 228

Auden, W. H, 32–3, 197, 390

Audoin (as name, also Éadwine, Edwin), 336–7

Aulë, 266, 273–4

Author of the Century (Shippey), 380

Avallónë, 327

Axel’s Castle (Wilson), 2, 384

Azanulbizar, Battle of, 137

Azog, 110

Babbitt (Sinclair Lewis), 76

Babel, 11, 52, 122, 268

Bag End, 81, 82, 118, 211, 212, 213, 264

‘bagging’, 82, 105n

Balin, 88, 104, 109, 166

balrogs, 49, 56, 125, 151, 245

Barad-dûr, 226, 266, 383

Barahir, 295

Bard the Bowman, 94–7, 100, 352

Barrow-wights, 119, 120, 122, 264

Bath, 36–7

Bath and West Evening Chronicle, 153

The Battle of Maldon (Old English poem), 94, 138, 140, 178, 236, 389

‘The Battle of the Goths and Huns’, see Poetic Edda, 391

Baynes, Pauline, 114

Beare, Rhona, 401

Bede, 49, 342, 375–6

Bede’s Death-Song (Old English poem), 49

Beleg, 300

Beleriand, 255, 268, 283, 349

‘bent’, 344

Bentham, Jeremy, 195

Bëor, 300

Beorhtwold, 178, 179

Beorn, 77, 91, 92, 95, 97, 105, 110, 147

Beowulf, 3–4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 15, 19, 23, 24, 25, 26, 38, 47, 51, 52, 53, 61, 66, 80, 81, 86, 89, 91, 92, 99, 102, 104, 141, 142, 143, 167, 171, 174, 182, 192, 193, 202, 205, 217, 225, 228, 233–4, 236, 237, 239, 251, 259, 265, 270, 282, 312, 351, 389–90

Beowulf: An Introduction (Chambers), 389

Beregond, 180

Beren, 126, 128, 220, 254, 269, 277, 287, 289, 290, 292–7, 299, 305, 306,

358–9, 360, 372; see also ‘Legend of Beren and Luthien’

Beruthiel, 126

‘bewilderment’, 98–106, 185, 186, 188, 194, 313, 385, 397, 423, 427

Biarkamál (Old Norse poem), 22

Bible, the, 14, 227–8, 249, 267–70, 369; Old Testament, 268, 339; Genesis, 267, 273; Psalms 227; Matthew, 249; see also Christianity

Bilbo Baggins, 73, 77, 78, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 95–101, 102, 103, 104, 105–6, 108, 109, 110, 115, 127–8, 138, 157, 161, 165, 209, 210, 211–12, 213, 217–18, 240, 245, 259, 280, 305, 373, 393; Baggins, as name and word, 81–2; style associated with, 81, 132, 264, 352; Bilbo, as name, 83n, 232

Billy Bunter, 200, 240

Biography (of Tolkien, see ‘Abbreviations’), 13, 36, 63, 75, 81, 175, 182, 259, 278, 292, 399

birch (as symbol), 310n, 316–17

‘birch’ poems, 399, 400–3

Birkenhead disaster, 93

Black Book of Carmarthen, 25

Black Speech, 131

Bloomfield, Leonard, 10, 15

‘blunderbuss’, 112

Boethius, 38, 159, 160, 161, 170, 172, 243

Boiardo, 182

Bolger, Fredegar, 118

Bombadil, Tom, 118, 119–20, 121–3, 125, 127, 139, 150, 162, 172, 196, 222, 230, 321–2, 368; absence from film version, 417

Book of St Albans, 30

Bopp, Franz, 12

Boromir, 68, 147, 170, 175, 181, 183, 185, 237, 244, 245, 363; latent vices of, 138, 157, 161–2; opinions of, 147, 237; Valar’s message to, 173; virtue of, 244

Bosworth, J., and Toller, T.N., see Anglo-Saxon Dictionary

Böthvarr Bjarki, 91

‘bounder’, 116n

‘bourgeois’, 82, 104, 264

‘Boy’s Own’, 200, 240

Brandybuck, Meriadoc, see Merry

‘The Brave Little Tailor’, see Grimms’ Fairy Tales

Bree, Bree-hill, Brill, 108, 119, 121; as names 124, 130, 132, 385

Brendan, St, 326–7

Breton lays, 277 293, 318

‘Brewer’s Biblical’, 200

Brook, G. L., 394

Brooke-Rose, Christine, 364–7, 410

Brugmann, K., 23

Brut, see Lazamon

Brynhild(r), 354–7, 360

Buchan, John, 200

Bugge, Sophus, 60

Burgess, Anthony, 6

‘burglar’, 83–4, 89, 99, 104, 264–5, 374

Bury, J. B., 20

Busbecq, Ogier van, 17

Butterbur, 119, 334

‘butterflies’, 39, 56

Cabell, James Branch, 146

Cædmon, 375–6

Cafall, 295

Cain (and Abel), 66, 68, 274

‘calque/calquing’, 115–16, 142, 144, 149, 179, 216, 267, 268, 269, 339

Campbell, J. F., 392; ‘The Woman of Peace and the Bible Reader’, 270

Caradhras, 245

Caranthir, 283

Carcharoth, 289, 293–4

Carmarthen, Black Book of, 25

Carn Dûm, 125

Carpathians, 60

Carpenter, Humphrey, 75, 258, 278, 399; (see also Biography, Inklings, Letters)

‘Carrock, The’, 115, 124

Carter, Lin, 29

Cary, Joyce, 370

Catalaunian Plains, Battle of the, 18

Catholicism, 64, 150, 159, 230, 250, 313. See also Christianity

Caudimordax, 112–13

Celebdil, 151

Celeborn, 114, 117, 201, 221

Celebrant, 247

Celebrimbor, 260

Celegorm, 293

Celtic, language, 11–12, 28; linguistic or cultural style 124, 130, 300, 350

Cerdic, King, 206

Cerin Amroth, 247

Chamberlain, Neville, 192, 416

Chambers, R. W, 14, 21, 30, 389, 396

‘chance’, 11, 170–4, 186–7, 198, 207, 288, 298

‘changeling’ belief, 69n

Chaucer, Geoffrey, 5, 23, 30, 33, 67, 69n, 349

‘cheer, cheerful’, 175–81

Cherwell, River, 123

Chetwode, -wood, 124, 130, 385

Child, F. J., 60, 316, 392, 394, see also English and Scottish Popular Ballads

Child(e) Ro(w)land, 208, 216, 392

A Choice of Anglo-Saxon Verse (Hamer), 389

Christ, 159, 225, 227–8, 231–2, 236, 243, 259–50, 279–80

Christ I (Old English poem), 278

Christianity, 40, 54, 66, 113, 159, 160, 166, 177–8, 198, 223, 224–5, 227–8, 229–30, 243, 244, 250, 268, 271, 273, 280, 290, 318; see also Bible; Catholicism

Chrysophylax, 111n, 173

Churchill, Winston, his ‘finest hour’ speech, 419

Cleasby, R., and Gudbrand Vigfusson, see Icelandic Dictionary

Cleopatra, 215

‘cobweb’, 74, 287

cockcrow, 216, 243–4, 321

Coel, King, see Old King Cole

‘coincidence’, 243, 299

Coleridge, S. T., 57, 387

Collings, John Churton, 10

Common Speech, 132, 140, 220, 221, 228, 240

Comus, see Milton, John

‘coney-rabbits’, 39, 77, 79

Connolly, Cyril, 383

Conrad, Joseph, 179, 305

‘consistency’, 69

Cook, A. S., 279–80

Cooper, Fenimore, 393

Cordelia, 41

Coriolanus, 239

Corpus Poeticum Boreale (Vigfusson and Powell), 22, 390

Council of Elrond, 119, 134–8, 146, 183, 415, 419

‘courtesy’, 147

Cracks of Doom, The, 165, 197

Crankshaw, Edward, 255, 350

Creation, 122, 227. See also Adam and Eve

Crickhollow, 115, 118–19

critics, criticism, antipathy between philologists and, 1–6, 26–31, 52–6, 153–4, 379–82; narrowness of, 364–5; Tolkien’s images of, 30–1, 113, 310–12

Crucifixion, 227, 279

cul-de-sac, see ‘dead-end’

‘culture’, 134

Curufin, 286, 287, 293

‘The Daemon Lover’, 399

Dáin, King (Ironfoot), 72, 95, 96, 97, 100, 137–8, 175, 362, 412

Dáinsleif, 71–2, 73

Danish ballads, 60, 69, 152, 392; language, 130; relationships with early English literature, 30, 170–1, 233–5, 347–8, 407

Danmarks gamie Folkeviser (Grundtvig), 392

Dante, 198

Dark Elf, Elves, 70, 283–4, 286

Dark Tower, 174, 184, 189, 198, 208, 215, 236, 392

Dasent, Sir George, 329, 331, 347, 392

Davenport, Guy, 393

Davidson, Hilda Ellis, 396

‘dead-end’, 76, 82

Dead Marshes, 163, 185, 248, 395

Déagol, 126

death, 243, 245, 248, 343, 371

Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Gibbon), 19–20, 396

De Consolatione Philosophiae, see Boethius

‘defeatism’, 175, 370

Denethor, 135, 146, 148, 156, 170, 175, 179, 187, 193, 195–6, 206, 229, 363, 368, 420–1, 424–5

The Denham Tracts (Hardy), 77

Déor (Old English poem), 19, 373

‘depth’, 134, 260, 261, 266, 307, 319, 351–61, 365

Dernhelm, 205

de Saussure, Ferdinand, 14, 23, 367, 385

Deutsche Grammatik (Grimm), 12

Deutsches Wörterbuch (Grimm), 9, 24, 61

Dickens, Charles, 331, 366, 372; David Copperfield 331, 373; Great Expectations, 366

Dictionary of British Surnames (Reaney), 117

Dietrichs Flucht (Middle High German poem), 19

Dimrill Stair, 126

‘discipline’, 93–4, 258, 316

‘disenchantment’, 322

‘disillusionment’, 67

Dr Faustus (Marlowe), 231

‘doggedness’, 145

‘doom’, 288–90, 291, 296, 303–4, 385

Doomsday, 71, 230, 271, 288

Doriath, 283, 286, 287, 289, 296, 298

Dorwinion, 109

Doughan, David, 309

Douglas, Gavin, 168

draconitas, 362

Dragon-helm of Dor-lómin, 302, 362

‘dragon-mask’, 302

dragons, 92, 259, 270, 302–3, 302n, 311; as concept, 54–6; dealing with, 98–103, 362; modern contempt for, 3, 30; ‘dragon-sickness’, 101, 104; ‘dragon-spell’, 104, 125

Draugluin, 293

Dronke, Ursula, 390

Drout, Michael, 398

Drúedain, see ‘woses’

Duggan, Alfred, 193, 197, 383, 409

duhitar, 13, 16, 18

Dunharrow, 117, 228

Dunlendings, 144

Durin, 87, 125, 131

Dvergatal, see Poetic Edda

Dwarf’s Hill, 40, 70

dwarves, as concept, 69–72, 100, 166–7, 266, 390; as word-form, 63–5, 76; names of, 80, 109–10, 131; songs of, 84, 131, 261; relationship to Bilbo, 88–91, 96–7; et passim

‘dwimmer-crafty’, 147

‘dwimmerlaik’, 394

‘dwindle’, 151, 176

Dyrafjord, 291

eagles, 77, 84, 91, 184, 198, 226, 280

Eärendel The (boat), 342, 343

éarendel (Old English word), 339

Eärendil (character), 219–20, 221, 223, 254, 277–81, 284, 287, 303, 339

Early Middle English, 44

Early South English Legendary, The, 270–1, 327, 394

‘Earthly Paradise’, 271

Easterlings, 18, 20, 268

Ecclesiastical History of the English People (Bede), 375

Das Eckenlied (Middle High German poem), 26

Ector, 202

Edain, 268

Edda(s), see Prose Edda, Poetic Edda

Eddison, E. R., 146

Eden, 268

Edward the Confessor, 206

Ekwall, E., 117, 123

Elbereth, 128–9, 214, 230

Elder Edda, see Poetic Edda

Eldo (Old Age), 341, 342

Elendil, 256, 337, 343

Elessar ‘the Elfstone’, 127, 128

Elfland, 67, 72, 208, 324, 344, 345

‘Elf-Latin’, see Quenya

Eliduc (Breton lay), 293

Eliot, T. S., 384, 385, 387

Ellu/Elwë/Olwë, 332

Elrond, 110, 122, 128, 131, 134, 136, 137, 151, 156, 160, 176, 188, 192, 239, 244, 260, 418–19, 422

Elu (Thingol), see also Elwë (Singollo), 272, 283, 332

Elvenking, The, 96, 97, 109; see also Thranduil

‘Elverhøj’ (Danish ballad), 68

elves, elvish, 79, 84, 100, 108, 110, 122, 159, 192, 199, 214, 249, 265, 276, 313, 332, 350, 359; as concept, 54, 56–7, 61–9, 71–4, 314, 350; as word, 147, 149; estrangement from humanity, 249–50, 268–72, 319–21; fate of, 151–2, 176–7; poetry of, 217–21

‘Elves of the Light’, 282–284

elvish languages, see Quenya, Sindarin

Elwë (Singollo), see also Elu, Thingol, 272, 283–4, 331–2

Elwing, 221

Ely, 179

Emma (Jane Austen), 373

‘emnet’, 149

Emyn Muil, 115, 185

England, and Elfland, 345–6; and ‘the Little Kingdom’, 111–12; and the Mark, 139–45, 228; and the Shire, 48, 114–17; and Tom Bombadil, 123–4; landscape of, 36–8, 43, 111–12; mythology of, 345–51

English tradition, hidden continuity of, 40–44, 46–9, 77–80, 205–7, 217; suppression of, 44, 112–14, 182, 196, 276

The English and Scottish Popular Ballads (Child): ‘King Estmere’, 60, 392; ‘King Orfeo’, 392; ‘Lady Isabel’, 67; ‘The Queen of Elfan’s Nourice’, 399; ‘Sweet William’s Ghost’, 238; ‘Tam Lin’, 399; ‘True Thomas’, 67; ‘The Wife of Usher’s Well’, 316–17, See also Child, F. J.

‘English and Welsh’ lecture, 129

English Fairy Tales (Jacobs), 392

English Folk-Songs from the Southern Appalachians (Campbell and Sharp), 393, 399

English River Names (Ekwall), 117, 123

English Studies, 14–15, 26

entrelacement (interlace), 181–90, 184, 187, 188, 190, 196, 212, 287, 290

ents, 74–80, 119, 159, 184, 187–9, 194, 196, 199, 350

Entwash, 114

Eöl, 70, 286, 287, 304

Éomer, 68, 140, 142, 144, 145, 146–7, 186, 189, 199, 239, 241, 393

Eönwë, 280

éored (word), 23

Eorl the Young, 142, 199

Éowyn, 142, 144, 226, 241, 394, 410

Ephel Dúath, 188

Erendis, 277–8

Eriol, 346, 347, 349–50, 371

Ermanaric (and variant forms), 19–20, 28–9

Error, symbolic woods of, 223

Escape from Deathlessness, 269

‘escapism’, 154, 158, 318–19, 325, 345, 362–73, 372

Esgaroth, 109

Essays and Studies, 45

Essays in Criticism, 371

‘ettens’, 66, 350

etymology, 169–70, 259, 288–91

eucatastrophe, 197–9, 226, 227, 344

evangelica praeparatio, 236

evangelium, 58

Evenlode, River, 37

‘Everlasting Battle’, 41, 71

evil, 66, 84, 153, 157, 159–70, 177, 193, 196, 234, 242, 271, 274, 276, 302, 362, 375

Exeter Book (of Old English poetry), 278

existentialism, 92

Exodus (Old English poem), 54, 376, 389, 390

Faërie, 311, 313, 314, 315, 318

The Faerie Queene (Spenser), 182, 216, 315

Fáfnir, 92, 102

Fáfnismál, see Poetic Edda, 102, 105, 302, 390

‘fairy-stories, -tales’, 56, 61, 65, 75, 198, 269, 304, 329–30, 389, 391–2; see also folk-tales

Fall and Redemption of Man, 159, 267, 268, 273, 347

‘fallow’, 387

Fangorn, 114, 122, 143, 150, 180, 184, 187, 194, 368

Fangorn Forest, 186, 397

Fangorn’s song, 36, 205, 221, 230

fantasy, 2, 51, 56–7, 58, 125, 319, 325, 367, 371–2, 374–5

Faramir, 67, 146, 147, 148, 150, 157, 173, 179, 180–1, 188, 226, 239, 241, 242, 246, 362, 410, 419–20, 421

Farthingho, 111, 114

Farthingstone, 117

‘fate’, 151, 172–3, 191–2, 288, 289, 290, 291, 299, 300, 301, 304

Fawler, 37–8, 61, 63, 387

Fëanor, 273, 282–3, 286–7, 293, 295

Felagund, 283, 359

Felix, 113

The Fellowship of the Ring, 36, 38, 42, 68, 107, 114, 123, 124, 129, 134, 178, 183, 258, 263, 280, 357

Fen of Serech, 285

Fenriswolf, 92, 295

Field of Cormallen, 227, 242, 373

Fili, 91, 95, 109

Finarfin, 282, 332

Findegil, 133

Finduilas, 301

Fingolfin, 282–3

Fingon, 307

Finn, 251

Finnish, 12, 129, 275n

Finrod, 283, 287, 292–3, 294, 295, 296, 332

Fíriel (name), 319–20, 323, 324, 343, 371, 373

First Age, 258, 259, 261, 267

Five Armies, Battle of, 92, 95

Flieger, Verlyn, 309

‘flittermouse’, Fledermaus, 39

Folklore in the English and Scottish Ballads (Wimberly), 317, 392

folk-tales, 105, 346, 391; see also fairy-stories

Fords of Isen, 143

Forodwaith, 348

Forster, E. M., 371

Forweg, 300

Four Quartets (Eliot), 384

‘fox-glove’, 381

France, Marie de, 277, 293, 395; see also Breton lays, Eliduc

Frankenstein (Shelley), 231

‘Fredegarius’, 396

free will, 156, 159, 172–3, 190–1, 303

French, borrowings from, 97, 140, 148, 181, 245, 246; old opposition to English, 44–8, 81–2, 181, 393

Freud, Sigmund, 367, 369

Fróda, 231–7

Fróda/Fróthi, 233–4, 251

Frodo, 415–6, 417, 426; as name, 232–3; compared with Bilbo, 211–12; courage of, 248, 262; depression and ‘infatuation’ of, 185–6, 246, 322; symbolic value of, 231–7; temptation of, 161–6; et passim

Frodos Dreme (poem), 322, 324, 328

Frogmorton, 115

Frótha-frith, 234

Frye, Northrop, 238–9, 245

Furnivall, F. J., 45

Galadriel, 36, 67, 69n, 128, 131, 151, 163, 176, 190–1, 201, 203, 208, 221, 230, 241, 272, 283, 295, 379, 423

Gamgee, Gaffer, 79, 134–5, 136, 236

Gamgee, Sam, 67, 79, 126, 131, 135, 147, 150, 152, 157, 180–1, 183, 184, 185, 198, 209, 215, 245, 248, 260, 261, 262, 306, 319, 353, 369, 371, 373, 383, 419–20, 421, 422

Gandalf, 415–16, 425; as name, 110, 242–5; at the Great Gate, 242–5; describes the Ring, 156–7; misspellings of, 5; mode of speech, 136–8; philosophy of, 177, 187–8, 192–3, 207; revised view of, 263–5; et passim

Ganz, Peter, 27

Gardner, John, 81

Garm, 295

Garth, John, 254

Gaurwaith, 300

Gelert, 295

Genesis, 267–73, 273, 276

Genesis B (Old English poem), 122, 294

Genghiz Khan, 170

Geoffrey of Monmouth, 208

Germania (Tacitus), 223

Germanic Consonant Shift, 60

Germanic languages, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 275n, 279, 300

Germanic legends, 336

Germanische Heldensage (Schneider), 20

giants, 23–6, 54, 85, 177

Gibbon, Edward, 19, 20, 21, 148, 396; see also Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

Gibica, Gifica, 21

Gildor (Inglorion), 119, 127, 130, 332

Gil-galad, 126, 128, 256

Gimli, 115, 131, 137, 146, 157, 174, 183, 221, 237, 241, 248, 249, 261, 373, 412, 414

Girion, 95, 100, 109

Gislaharius, Gislhere, 21

Gísli, see Saga of Gisli Sursson

Gladden Fields, 263, 323

Gladdon, River, 117, 394

‘gladdon-swords’, 323

‘glamour’ (and variant forms), 58–61, 63, 65, 67, 93, 102, 295, 319–24, 330, 374, 385

Glaurung the dragon, 301, 303, 362

Gléowine, 131

The Glittering Plain (Morris), 397

Glóin, 98, 134, 137, 165

Glorund, 362

Glossary of the Dialect of the Huddersfield District(Haigh), 82, 105n

‘gnome’, 35, 65, 333

‘goblins’, 65, 84, 87, 90, 105, 319

Goldberry, 119, 120, 121, 123

Golden Bough, 317

Golden Fleece, 275

Golden Hall, 241

Golden Wood, 147

Golding, William, 370, 371, 374

Gollum, 87, 88, 89, 105, 110, 126, 138, 156, 157, 158, 161, 164, 181, 185, 186, 235, 245–6, 247–8, 311, 360, 397, 421–2

Gondolin, 261, 277, 284–5, 286, 287

Gondor, 114, 131, 139, 146, 147–8, 156, 206, 228, 236, 240–1, 320

good, powers of, 170–7, 179–81

Goodbye to All That (Graves), 383

Good Solder Schweik, 239

Gordon, E. V., 6, 204, 394

Gospel, 58, 223, 231, 238

Gothic, Goths, ‘Gothia’, 12, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 44, 69, 129, 144, 148, 396

Gothic History (Jordanes), 18, 228, 396

Gower, John, 65

‘grace’, 147

Grammaticus, Saxo, 396

Grand Design, 335, 359, 367, 372

Grassmann’s Law, 14

‘The Grave-Mound’, see Grimms’ Fairy Tales

Great Haywood, 346

greed, 100, 101–2

Greek, 5, 11, 25

Green, Martin, 383

Green, Roger Lancelyn, 309

Grendel, 37, 81, 193, 265

Grettir’s saga, 281

Grey Havens, 373

grima, 302n

Grima Wormtongue, 195

Grimm, Jacob, 12, 13–14, 17, 22, 24, 27, 32, 62, 64, 70, 78, 88, 279, 294, 329, 346, 385, 391–2, 394

Grimm, Wilhelm, 22, 32, 34, 70, 329, 346, 391

Grimms’ Fairy Tales, 9, 15, 57, 259, 351; ‘The Brave Little Tailor’, 85; ‘The Grave-Mound’, 86n; ‘The King of the Golden Mountain’, 88; ‘Rapunzel’, 294; ‘Rumpelstiltskin’, 132; ‘Snow-White and Rose-Red’, 70; ‘Snow-White and the Seven Dwarfs’, 70

Grimm’s Law of Consonants, 9, 12, 14, 60

Grindr, 322

Grand, 242

Grundtvig, Nicolai, 392–3

Grundtvig, Svend, 392, 399

The Gryphon, 99

Guenevere, 366

Gundahari, Gundaharius, 21

Gunnar, 354, 355, 356

Gwaihir, 184

Gylfaginning, see Prose Edda

Hadding, King, 244

Hador, 300

Haigh, W. E., 82, 105n. 323

Halbarad, 175

Haldir, 247

‘Halifirien’, 228

Halt Meiðhad (Early Middle English text), 7, 44, 45

Hall, J. R. Clark, 51, 389

Háma, 141, 142, 175

Hamlet, see Shakespeare

Hammerhand, Helm, 362

Hareth, 282

Harfoots, 116

Harley Manuscript (2253), 42

Hastings, 44, 45, 140

‘heathen’, 229, 237

Heaven, 247, 269, 271

Hell, 269, 271

Helm’s Deep, Battle of, 184, 194

Hengest (and Horsa), 116, 346, 347, 349

Henry IV Part II, see Shakespeare

Heorrenda, 346

Hereford, -shire, 47, 48, 60, 83n, 141

Herendil, 337

heroism, embarrassment over, 81–4, 239–41, 306–7; modern images of, 89–97; presentation of, 136–8, 196, 231–7, 290–1

Hervarar saga, see Saga of King Heidrek

Hethinn, 71

‘high mimesis’, 238, 239, 248, 306

Hildebrand, 25

Hildebrandslied (Old High German poem), 29

Hildr, 71

The Hill, 110, 114, 115, 124

Hirt, H., 23

A History of the Art of War in the Middle Ages (Oman), 397

History of the Danes (Saxo Grammaticus), 396

Hitler, Adolf, 171

Hittites, 15

Hjaðningavig, 71, 73

Hjarrandi, 73

Hoarwell, 116

hobbit-names, 232–3

Hobbiton, 110

hobbits, as name, 74–6, 374; conception of, 43, 48, 74–80, 116–17; names of, 232–3; poetry of, 209–17; speech of, 240, 365–6

hobbit-poetry, -songs, 209–10, 221, 239

‘hobbit-talk’, 334, 365

Högni, 71

holbytla, 76, 80

horns, 244

The House of the Wolfings (Morris), 397

Houses of Healing, 241

Howard, Robert E., 146

Hoy, island of, 71

Hrothgar, 193, 251

Huan, 292, 293, 295

Huddersfield Glossary (Haigh), see Glossary

‘human stories’, 56

‘human universale’, 98

Huns, 18, 20, 21, 22, 145

Hunthor, 299

Huorns, 119, 184

Húrin, 282, 284–5, 286, 298, 300, 303, 305, 306

Hygelac, 244

Iarwain Ben-adar, see Bombadil

Icarus, 128

Iceland, 291

Icelandic concepts, 66, 70, 124; literature, 89, 182; see also Old Norse

Icelandic Dictionary (Cleasby and Vigfusson), 110

Idril, 287

The Idylls of the King (Tennyson), 239

ignis fatuus, 186

Ilmarinen, 275

Ilmatar, 275

Ilúvatar, 266, 268, 273, 275

‘imaginative space’, 362

Imram, The Voyage of Bran Son of Febal, 326, 395

‘i-mutation’, 17, 23, 44, 239

I-narrator, 35

Incarnation, 234

Indo-European languages, 15, 23

‘infatuation’, 186

‘Ing’, 349

Ingeld, Ingjaldr, 225, 228, 232, 233–4, 235–6

Ingolondë, 349

The Inheritors (Golding), 375

Inklings, 136n., 160, 169, 224

Inklings (see ‘Abbreviations’), 27

‘inner consistency’, 63, 106, 315, 324

‘inspiration’, 63, 72, 75, 118, 132, 133, 150, 262, 277, 305, 309, 315, 323

An Introduction to Elvish (Allan), 275n

Introduction to the Survey of Place-Names, 38

‘invention’, 28, 55, 56, 65, 75, 118, 132, 133, 277, 278, 293, 305, 346

Ioreth, 236

Irish literature, 41, 325–6, 395, 398

Iron Crown, 260, 292, 295

Iron Hills, 96

‘Irontown’, see Isengard irony, 81, 103, 187, 239–40, 248, 298, 304, 306, 358, 359, 380

Isaacs, Neil D., 29

Isengard, 133, 184, 185, 194

Isildur, 138, 147, 161, 176, 256, 263, 323, 422

‘isomorphic (with reality)’, 115, 121

Ithilien, 150

‘ivory tower’, see ‘escapism’

Jackson, Leonard, 367–70, 410

Jackson, Peter, 409–29 passim

Jacobs, Joseph, 392

James, William, 380

James the First (of England), 206

jealousy, 287, 296, 299

Jeremy, Wilfrid Trewin, 338–9

‘Jethro’, 339

John Inglesant (Shorthouse), 262

Johnson, Judith A., 398

Jones, Sir William, 11, 12, 23

Jordanes, 18, 19, 228, 396 see also Gothic History

Joyce, James, 237

J.R.R. Tolkien: Six Decades of Criticism (Johnson), 398

Judgement Day, 288

Jutes, 116

Kalevala, 33, 275–6, 294, 297, 395

Keats, John, 67, 219, 320

Ker, W. P., 30, 381

Kermode, Frank, 199, 269

Khazad-dûm, 245

Kili, 91, 109

Killer-Glúmr, 92

Kindermärchen, see Grimms’ Fairy Tales

‘King Estmere’, see English and Scottish Popular Ballads

King Lear (pre-Shakespearean character), 41

King Lear, see Shakespeare

‘The King of the Golden Mountain’, see Grimms’ Fairy Tales

‘King Orfeo’, see English and Scottish Popular Ballads

Kingsley, Charles, 245

Kipling, Rudyard, 397

Kitchener, Lord, 93

Klaeber, Friedrich, 389

Kôr, 345

Korrigan, 318

Kortirion, 345

Kottish, 16

Kristin Lavransdatter (Undset), 69n

Krogmann, Willy, 29

Kuhn’s Law, 12

Kullervo, 297

Kveld-Ulfr, 301

‘Lady Isabel’, see English and Scottish Popular Ballads

Lake Mithrim, 277

Lalaith, 299, 302

‘lament of the stones’, 38

Lancashire Fusiliers, 371

Lancelot, 202

langoth, 371

‘language’, 8, 9, 10, 28–9, 32, 33, 45, 121, 133, 275, 331–4, 379, 385–6

The Last of the Mohicans (Cooper), 393

Latin, 5, 11, 12, 23, 48

Laurin (Middle High German poem), 26

Lautphonetik, 129

Lawman’s Brut, see La3amon

Lazamon, 69n, 237, 394

‘leapfrogging’, 183

Leeds University, 8, 13, 40, 254, 311, 316

Legendarium (see ‘Abbreviations’), 254

‘The Legend of Beren and Lúthien’ (collectively), 357–8, 359, 362

The Legend of Brynhild (Andersson), 354

Legolas, 130, 134, 141, 146, 157, 183, 186, 189, 214, 221, 239, 241, 373, 412, 414; explains ‘elf-time’, 69; lament of, 38; makes prophecy, 249

lembas, 384

Letters (see ‘Abbreviations’), 63, 75–6, 114, 123, 131, 140n, 258, 260, 265, 269, 273, 275, 309, 325, 380, 411

Lewis, C. S., 27, 68, 100, 223, 224, 225, 273, 338, 342, 382, 394; The Last Battle, 224; Mere Christianity, 160; ‘Narnia’ series, 224; Out of the Silent Planet, 169; A Preface to ‘Paradise Lost’, 267–8; That Hideous Strength, 86n, 136n

Lewis, Sinclair, 76

Lex Burgundionum, 21

Lied vom Hürnen Seyfrid (Middle High German poem), 354, 356

Lietzmann, Hans, 14

Life Guards (plumes of), 145n.

‘Life of St. Brendan’ (Middle English poem), 327

‘light-elves’, 70, 332

Limbo, 222–31, 259

Limlight, River, 114, 117

Lindisfarne, abbot of, 225

Linear B, 15

‘lit.’, 7, 8, 9, 28, 307, 311, 385

‘literary’, 30, 32

‘literature’, 7–8, 31, 45, 197, 238–9, 274, 324–5, 377

Literature, Psychoanalysis, and the New Sciences of the Mind (Jackson), 367

Little Kingdom, The, 111, 112, 113, 115, 123, 139

‘The Little Mermaid’, 270

Loki, 70, 348

Lombards, 337

Lonely Isle, 345

Lonely Mountain, 106, 110, 319

Long Lake, 110

‘The Long Lay of Sigurthr’ (Old Norse poem), 354

Lönnrot, Elias, 395

‘A Look at Exodus and Finn and Hengest’ (Shippey), 390

‘loose semantic fit’, 201, 203, 222

Lord of the Flies (Golding), 370, 375

Lord’s Prayer, 164, 369

Lórien, as Paradise, 246–7; loss of, 36, 176, 229, 263; magic of, 67–8, 86n, 151–2, 347; see also Lothlórien

The Lost Literature of Medieval England (Wilson), 25, 396

‘lost lore’, 22, 260

‘lost poems, 391

‘Lost Straight Road’, 169, 324–8

Lothlórien, 68, 86n, 152, 153, 176, 181, 184, 241, 347; see also Lórien

Lotho (Pimple), 195, 232

Loudwater, River, 116

‘louver’, 148

Love’s Labour’s Lost, see Shakespeare

Lowdham, Alwin Arundel, 332–3, 338, 339, 341, 342, 343

Lowes, John Livingston, 387

‘low mimesis’, 239, 242, 248

Lucas, George, 366

Lucifer, 271

‘luck’, 170–4, 186, 187, 196, 198, 287, 288, 385

Luck of Edenhall, the, 69n.

Lúthien, 220, 221, 223, 230, 254, 269, 270, 277, 289–90, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 305, 306, 343, 357, 358, 359; see also ‘Legend of Beren and Lúthien’

Lydney, 40

‘lyric core’, 277, 284–5, 294

Mabinogion, 294

Mablung, 299

Macbeth, see Shakespeare

MacDonald, George, 389, 397

MacNeice, Louis, 370

Maedhros, 296

Maeglin, 286–7

Maggot, Farmer, 119, 125, 321, 324, 334, 366

Maginot Line, 192

‘Magyk natureel’, 150–2

Maiar, 272

‘makers’, 274

‘malice’, 31, 303

mallorn trees, 150

Malory, Sir Thomas, 182, 202, 203, 205

Mandeville’s Travels (Anglo-French text), 194, 395

Mandos, Halls of, 269, 272, 294, 295, 306, 359

Manichaeus, -anism, 160, 164, 177

‘The Man in the Moon’ (Middle English poem) 42–3, 47, 61, 238

Manlove, C. N., 2, 3, 162, 201–3

Manwë, 274

‘The Man Who Dreamed of Faeryland’ (Yeats), 217

maps, 109, 114–15, 117–18, 128, 132, 133

Marignano, Battle of, 244

‘the Mark’, 139–40, 150; see also Riddermark

‘marshall’, 140

Marx, Karl, 367

‘mask’, 302n

Masson, David I., 164n

‘The Master Thief, 85–6

Maxims I (Old English poem), 23, 143, 274, 389

Maxims II (Old English poem), 149, 389

‘mediation’, 281, 391

Meduseld, 141, 142, 146, 148

Melian, 272, 284, 289, 298, 301, 306, 359

Melko, Melkor, 267–8, 272–3, 274, 348, 359

‘Mercia’, 139–40, 144; see also Old Mercian

Merry (Meriadoc Brandybuck), 115, 119, 125, 131, 133, 137, 151, 157, 174, 180, 183, 185, 186–7, 188, 190, 199, 236, 240, 242, 246, 352, 373, 414

‘Middle-earth’, 5, 9, 106, 107, 124, 132, 136, 149, 151, 156, 159, 165, 172, 174, 176–7, 179, 181, 195, 199, 214, 227, 238, 265, 276, 286, 320, 345

Middle English, 6, 26, 42, 45, 179

Middle High German, 19, 26, 279, 389

Middle Kingdom, 111, 113

Midgard Serpent, 92

Milton, John, 41, 110, 216, 217, 222, 236, 238, 251, 261, 267, 426; Comus, 110, 238, 243; ‘On the Late Massacre in Piedmont’, 251; Paradise Lost, 236, 261, 268, 269, 273, 276, 426; Paradise Regained, 268, 269

Minas Morgul, 162, 163, 167, 215, 242

Minas Tirith, 133, 146, 175, 187, 192, 249

Mindolluin, 156

Mirkwood, 80, 118

‘misology’, 385–6

Misty Mountains, 80, 110, 390

Mitchison, Naomi, 114

Modern Fantasy (Manlove), 2, 3, 201–3

Moe, J. I., 86, 329, 392; see also Asbjörnsen

‘moral courage’, 97, 263

Morannon, 227, 241

Mordor, 114, 126–7, 131, 159, 166, 174, 180, 185, 188, 190, 211, 212, 242, 246, 248 262

Morgoth, 268, 284, 287, 294, 295, 298, 299, 337, 359, 360

Moria, 87, 109, 150, 165, 166, 183, 235, 247, 266

Moriquendi, 284

Morris, William, 80, 391, 397

Morwen, 299, 300, 301–2

Mount Doom, 154, 163–4

Muir, Edwin, 5, 175, 181, 363–4, 366–7, 410

Müllenhoff, Karl, 396

Müller, Max, 13, 16

‘Music of the Ainur, The’, 254

mythopoeia, 57, 230

myths, mythology, 33–4, 56, 126, 128, 200–1, 214, 216, 222–3, 231, 237, 238–9, 242, 248, 250, 265, 329, 345–51

‘Naith’ of Lórien, 247

names, 109–12, 114–15, 117–18, 124, 133, 266, 309–11, 336–7, 339, 354

Nargothrond, 277, 287, 298, 359

narrator, 88–9, 102–4

Narsil, 147

The Nation, 2

nature-myth, 56, 87

Nazgûl, 119, 161, 185, 242, 243, 244, 302n; see also Ringwraiths

Nazis, 192

Necromancer, 87, 110

neologisms, 57

‘neurotic’, 148

The New York Review of Books, 197

New York Times, 393; NYT Book Review, 3

Nibelungenlied (Middle High German poem), 21, 25, 354–5, 389

Nienor, 298–9, 300, 302

‘niggle’, 49, 313, 324, 333, 342

‘The Night that Lasted a Year’ (motif), 69

Nimrodel, River, 247–8

Nindalf, 114

Nineteen Eighty-Four (Orwell), 375

Njál’s saga, 282

Njörthr, 278

Noad, Charles, 254

‘Nobottle’, 117, 128

Nodens, 40, 41, 42, 63

Noegyth Nibin, 306

‘Nokes’, 310, 311–12, 313, 314, 315

Noldor, 274, 282, 283, 286, 333

Norman Conquest, 82, 97, 167

Norns, 348

Norse Poems (Taylor and Auden), 390

Northamptonshire, 111

Northfarthing, 117

Northumbrians, 21, 53, songs of, 233

Nostromo (Conrad), 305

Numenor, 176, 226, 256, 278, 320, 326, 337, 343, 371

‘nunnation’, 310

‘nursery rhymes’, 42, 111, 238

Nymphidia (Drayton), 65

‘oak’ (as symbol), 310–11, 316

Oakenshield, Thorin, 84, 90–1, 172, 229, 240, 372

Oakley, 111

Oath of the Sons of Feanor, 362

oaths, 295, 360

Oberon, 186

Observer, 1, 5, 6, 75, 87, 175, 382

Odáinsakr, 243

Odyssey (Homer), 80

Old Age, see Eldo

Old English, 6, 12–13, 15, 16–17, 23, 25, 26, 32, 39, 45–6, 47, 52, 64, 66, 69, 77–8, 79, 132, 133, 143, 174, 178, 207, 209, 245, 279–80

Old Entish, 150

Old Forest, 119, 214–15, 223, 264

Old Germanic, 338

Old High German, 15–16, 66, 69

Old Icelandic, 12

Old King Cole (Coel), 41–2, 111, 149

‘Old Man of the Mountains’, 194

‘Old Mercian’, 140n, 341, 376

Old Norse, concepts in, 66, 69–72, 89–92, 95–6, 102, 228, 247, 279; literature of, 19, 60, 70, 80–1, 94, 95, 166n, 225, 233–4, 243–4, 279, 281, 290–1, 301–2, 329, 347–9, 365, 390–1; relationship with Old English, 52–3, 132, 275n, 381

Old Northumbrian, 376

Old Saxon, 122

Old Slavic, 12, 16

Old Soldiers Never Die (Richards), 180

‘Old Walking Song’, 213

Old West Saxon, 341

Olrik, Axel, 22

Oman, Sir Charles, 396

The Once and Future King (White), 375

onomatopoeia, 110, 130

orcs, 159, 194, 240; as concept, 74n, 81, 270, 350, 362; as irredeemable (?), 265–6

Orendel (Middle High German poem), 279, 396

Orlando Furioso (Ariosto), 182

Orlando Innamorato (Boiardo), 182

Orodruin, 154

Orpheus, 72

orthanc (Old English word), 149, 193

Orwell, George, 364, 371, 375

Ossetic, 11

Oswin, -wine, 337

Othello, 304

Othinesbeorg, 223n

Óthinn, 33, 231, 393

Ottor (the Wanderer), 346

‘Ox-bones’, 329–35, 352, 357

Oxford Book of English Verse, 223

Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names, 117, 194

Oxford English Dictionary, 7–8, 9, 11, 12, 39, 40, 57, 58–9, 64–5, 76, 77–8, 82, 136, 172, 175, 370, 371, 374

Oxford English School, 8, 10, 21, 26

Oxford English syllabus, 200

Oxford Magazine, 119

Oxford Poetry 1915, 34, 35

Oxfordshire, 112, 117, 152

Oxford University, 8, 10, 27, 111, 117, 123, 254

paganism, in history, 40, 53–4; vices of, 178–9, 196, 223–4; virtue in, 223–4, 229–30, 234–7, 249–52

palantír[i], 425, 426, 427

Palmer, D. J., 26

panache, 145, 149, 385

Paradise, 61

Paradise in the West, 327

Paradise Lost, see Milton

Paradise Regained, see Milton

Paradis terrestre, 395

‘pathetic fallacy’, 245

Path of Dreams, 344, 345

Paths of the Dead, 190

Pearl (Middle English poem), 5, 203, 204, 205, 207, 210, 222, 225, 226, 237, 247–8, 251, 274, 325, 394

Pedersen, Holger, 9–10, 15, 16

Pekonen, Osmo, 395

Pelagius, 225

Pelennor Fields, Battle of the, 18, 145, 175, 183

Peregrin Took, see Pippin, Took

Persian, 11

‘Peter Pan’ element, 345

Petty, Anne C, 381

philology, 6–15, 16, 18, 20–21, 22, 23–4, 26–8, 29, 39, 40, 41, 46, 47, 48, 51–2, 56, 58, 59, 61, 63, 65, 99, 308, 311–12, 328, 329, 339, 364–5, 373, 379–80, 385–6; comparative, 12–13, 14, 15, 329

philosophical inquiries, 267–73

phonology, 129, 130, 385

Pictures (see ‘Abbreviations’), 277

Pilgrim’s Progress (Bunyan), 104

‘pipeweed’, 78–9, 381

Pippin (Peregrin Took), 126, 133, 151, 157, 174, 180, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 192, 212, 232, 236, 240, 242, 325, 352, 373, 414, 417, 421

place-names, 37, 40–1, 52, 81–2, 132, 146, 189, 203, 222, 228

Place-Name Survey, 83n

Player Piano (Vonnegut), 101

plot, 133, 157, 193, 250, 356, 363, 381

Poems of Wisdom and Learning in Old English (Shippey), 166n, 389

Poetic Edda, 19, 80, 86, 89, 166n, 322, 348, 390–1; Alvíssmál, 86; ‘The Battle of the Goths and Huns’, 391; Dvergatal, 80, 110; Fáfnismál, 102, 105, 302, 390; Rigsþula, 391; Skirnismál, 80, 390; Þrymskviða, 348; Völuspá, 70, 80, 390; Vafðrúðnismál, 105, 390

Popular Tales from the Norse (Dasent), 392; see also Asbjörnsen

Popular Tales of the Western Highlands, see Campbell, J. F.

Portia, 70

‘possessiveness’, 156, 161, 273–6

‘potato’, 51, 79

Pott, A. E., 11

Powell, F. York, 14, 22, 390

‘power’, 154–5

Prancing Pony, The, 42, 108, 118, 120, 161, 209

‘pride’, 71–2, 267, 273–6, 286–7, 299, 301

Primitive Germanic, 23

‘profit’, 97

Prometheus, 128

pronouns, 2–4, 240, 374

Prose Edda (Snorri Sturluson), 59, 70–71, 92, 237, 278, 279, 295, 348, 391; Gylfaginning, 59

Prospero, 110, 199

Protestant, -ism, 159, 224, 251

proverbs, 137, 189–90, 216, 249

Providence, 172–3, 289, 426, 428

Puck of Pook’s Hill (Kipling), 397

Puffin Books, 63

Pûkel-men, 265

Putnam, Robert W., 391

‘The Queen of Elfan’s Nourice’, see English and Scottish Popular Ballads

Quenya, 130, 131, 203, 221, 275, 319, 332, 338

Quickbeam, 387

‘rabbit’, rabbits, 39, 77–79, 80

Radagast, 110, 396

Ragnarök spirit, 92, 177, 196, 231, 234, 303

Ramer (name and word), 338, 339, 361

‘Rapunzel’, see Grimms’ Fairy Tales

Rashbold, John Jethro (name), 338–9

Rash Promise (motif), 295, 358

Rask, Rasmus, 12, 19

Rauros, 114

‘raver’, 339

‘real’ (as word), 136

realism, 154, 197–9, 372

‘realistic hypertrophy’, 365, 366, 372

‘reality’, 136–7, 197, 306

‘reality of history’, 33, 38, 52, 98, 387

‘reality of human nature’, 98, 138, 387

‘reality of language’, 52, 98

Reaney, P. H., 117

‘reconstruction’, 23, 28, 65, 143, 149, 169

re-creation, 65, 68

Red Book of Westmarch, 133

‘The Reeve’s Tale’ (Chaucer), 23

Reilly, R. J., 29

‘Rescue of Theodoric’, 41

Resurrection, 243

‘Reuel’, 339

Revelation, 226

Review of English Studies, 45

Rewards and Fairies (Kipling), 397

Reynolds, R. W, 255

rhetorical devices, 207

A Rhetoric of the Unreal (Brooke-Rose), 364

‘Rhyme of the Troll’, 209

Richards, Frank (author of Old Soldiers Never Die), 180

Richards, Frank (creator of Billy Bunter), 200

Riddermark, 114, 131, 133, 142, 144

riddle-contests, 84, 88, 105, 388, 390

‘Riddle of Strider’ (Bilbo), 216

Riders of Rohan (of the Mark), 17, 68, 117, 133, 139–40, 142–4, 145, 147–8, 149, 166, 192, 196, 228–9, 244, 397

‘rigmarole(s)’, 80, 177

Rígsþula, see Poetic Edda

Riming Poem (Old English poem), 193

Ring, 86–98, 108, 118, 124, 126, 154–5, 156–7, 161, 162, 163, 165, 170, 176, 197, 211, 212, 241 et passim

Ringbearer, 155, 248

Der Ring des Nibelungen (Wagner), 388

Ringwraith(s), 119, 156, 162, 163, 165, 168, 169, 188, 190, 205, 264; see also Nazgûl

Rivendell, 118, 131, 173, 176, 210, 211, 213, 214, 217, 220, 227, 230, 244

Roäc (the raven), 110

Road, image and sources, 35–9, 52, 149, 210–13, 215, 227, 230, 327

The Road Goes Ever On (Swann), 129, 258

The Road to Xanadu (Lowes), 387

Roberts, Mark, 153, 197, 382

Robinson Crusoe (Defoe), 231

‘rock’, 115, 251, 252

Rohan, 114, 122, 146, 175, 185, 187, 243, 321; see also Mark

Rohirric, 130, 132, 133

Rohirrim, 17, 130, 140–1, 192

Roland, 244; see also Orlando

Rollright Stones, 112, 152

‘romance’, 15–22, 67, 175, 197–9, 237–49, 265, 269, 307

Romanticism, 219, 222, 243

Rome, Roman, 16, 18–19, 36–8, 52, 149

Roos, 277

The Roots of the Mountains (Morris), 397

Roseberry Topping, 223n

The Ruin (Old English poem), 37, 38, 389

Running, River, 110

Ruodlieb (Latin poem), 70

Sackville-Baggins, 82, 109, 135 as name

sadness, 175–81

Sador (Lobadal), 299, 300, 306

Saeros, 298–9, 300, 301

Saga of Egill Skallagrimsson, 301

Saga of Eirik the Red, 94

Saga of Gísli Súrsson, 291, 300

Saga of Hrafnkell, 95

Saga of Hrólfr Kraki, 91

Saga of King Heidrek the Wise, 60, 72, 80, 105, 166n, 261, 391. See also Hervarar saga

Saga of the Volsungs, Völsunga saga, 294, 353–8, 391

sagas, 60, 89, 95, 182, 282, 284, 290–1, 353

St Augustine, 159, 225, 267

St Brendan, 326, 327, 394

St Erkenwald (Middle English poem), 225

St. Michael, 270, 394

Sammath Naur, 157, 162, 163–4

sámmoeðri, 282

sampo, 275

Sancho Panza, 239

‘sanctity’, 384

Sandyman, Ted, 194

Sanskrit, 11, 12, 23, 329

Sarehole Mill, 194

Saruman, 135–6, 147, 185, 186, 187, 188, 193, 194, 195–6, 199, 206, 235, 236, 237, 274, 331, 363, 382, 424, 427

Satan, 159

satire, 97, 383

Sauron, 87, 126, 160, 162, 164, 165, 176–7, 188, 197, 227, 237, 256, 264, 291, 293, 294, 368, 424, 427

Sawles Warde (Middle English text), 44

Saxo Grammaticus, 233

Scatha the Worm, horn of, 199

Schleicher, August, 23, 29

Schneider, Hermann, 20

‘Scholarly Studies of J.R.R. Tolkien and His Works’ (Drout, Wynne, and Higgins), 398

science fiction, 375, 379

Scotland, Scottish, 59, 67, 152, 206, 329

Scott, Sir Walter, 59, 67, 80, 317

‘The Scouring of the Shire’, 191, 194, 235

Scyld, 170–1

The Seafarer (Old English poem), 340

‘Le Seigneur Nann et la Fée’, 318; see also Breton lays

Seinte Juliene (Middle English text), 44

Seinte Katherine (Middle English text), 44

Seinte Marnerete (Middle English text), 44

‘shadow’, 125, 128, 160, 166–8, 173–4, 189, 262, 285, 299, 301

Shadow, image and origins of, 126–9, 159, 166–8, 174, 189, 262, 280, 285, 298–301

Shadowfax, 186, 331

The Shadow-Line (Conrad), 179

‘The Shadow of the Past’, 126, 154, 183

Shakespeare, William, 41, 74, 85, 110, 151, 199, 200–9, 215–16, 217, 222, 238, 245, 312, 389; A Midsummer Night’s Dream, 43, 74, 186, 208; Hamlet, 41, 286, 351; Henry IV Part II, 85; King Lear, 41, 44, 11 In, 149, 208, 236, 351; Love’s Labour’s Lost, 209; Macbeth, 57, 205–8, 218, 238, 246, 259, 304, 423; The Tempest, 199, 208

Sharkey, 194, 236

Sharp, Cecil J., 393; see also English Folk Songs from the Southern Appalachians

Shelob, 126

The Shephearaes Calendar (Spenser), 64

ship-burials, 343

Shire, the, 48, 56, 114, 115–16, 117, 119, 131, 146, 147, 150, 199, 213, 237, 371, 393

Shirriffs, 116

‘shrew(e)d(ness)’, 30–1, 61

Shulevitz, Judith, 3, 7

Sidonius Apollinaris, 21

Sievers, Eduard, 14

sigelhearwan, 48, 63, 276

Sigelware, -waraland, 48, 50, 51, 54

Sigemund, 105

Sigenot (Middle High German poem), 26

Sigurthr (and variant forms), 92–3, 102, 303, 354–6, 360

Silmaril(s), 49, 56, 219–20, 273, 274, 275, 276, 289, 292–3, 295–6, 334–5, 358–9, 362

Silverlode, River, 117, 247–8

simbelmynë, 142–3

Simon Peter, 243

Sindarin, 131, 275n, 287, 332

Sindarin song of Rivendell, 214

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (Middle English poem), 5, 6, 7, 23, 44, 58, 66, 74n, 105, 111n, 122–3, 149, 182, 203, 225, 244, 257, 351, 352, 353, 356, 361, 394

Sir Launfal (Middle English poem), 67

Sir Orfeo (Middle English poem), 5, 65, 71, 72, 73, 179, 259, 294, 394

Siward Earl of Northumbria, 206, 239

Skalla-Grimr, 301

Skarphethinn, 282

Skathi, 278

‘skin-changing, -turning’, 77, 147

Skirnismál, see Poetic Edda

Skuld, 348

Slaughterhouse-Five (Vonnegut), 375

‘sleepwalking’, 109, 362

Smaug, 90, 92, 93, 94–5, 98–106, 362, 390

Sméagol, 126, 311

Smith, G. B., 35, 36, 38, 39–40, 279

Snorri Sturluson, 59, 70, 71, 72, 233, 237, 278, 354, 391; see also Prose Edda

‘Snow-White and Rose-red’, see Grimms’ Fairy Tales

Socialism, -ist, 191, 195

Society of Antiquaries, 40

Solomon and Saturn II (Old English poem), 166, 191, 389, 390

‘Song of Beren and Lúthien’, 291, 292, 293, 294, 296 (Aragorn)

‘Song of Durin’, 221 (Gimli)

‘Song of Eärendil’, 217, 219–20 (Bilbo)

‘Song of Lórien’, 247 (Gandalf)

‘Song of Nimrodel’, 221 (Legolas)

Sonnenkinder, 383

Son of Man, 249

‘speculation’, 423–4, 425, 428

‘spell’, 58, 104, 125, spelling, 5, 21, 58, 63–4, 113, 385

Spenser, Edmund, 8, 64, 182, 216, 389 spiders, 89, 105, 287

‘stain’, 246–7, 347

‘The Stairs of Cirith Ungol’, 180–1, 306, 421

Stallybrass, J. S., 27

stars, as image, 127, 128, 215, 290, 326, 381

Star Wars (Lucas), 366

Stewards, 147

‘stocks’, 251, 252

‘The Stream that Stood Still’ (motif), 69

Strider, 108, 125, 127, 333

structuralism, 14

‘style’, 129–30, 131–2, 201–2, 217, 250, 275, 385, 386

‘sub-creation’, 57, 65, 274, 324

sundrmoeðri, 282

Suomen Kansan Vanhat Runot, see Kalevala

Suomi, 276

superstition, 304

Sutton Hoo, 343

Swanwick, Michael, 373

‘Sweet William’s Ghost’, see English and Scottish Popular Ballads

symbols, 190–7, 356

‘Syx Mynet’, 399

Tacitus, 223

Tailbiter, 112

‘Tale of Túrin’ (collectively), 362

‘Tam Lin’, see English and Scottish Popular Ballads

Tamworth, 111

‘tapestry’, 148

Tartars, 145

Tash, 224

Tavrobel, 345

Taylor, Paul B., 390

‘tea’, 82

The Teaching of English in England(British Board of Education), 10

Teleri, 282, 283

The Tempest, see Shakespeare

‘temptation’, 163–4

‘tender-mindedness’, 380–1, 382

Teutonic Mythology (Grimm), 27, 279, 396

Thame, 111–14

Thames, River, 113, 123

Thangorodrim, 176, 295

Théoden, 18, 131, 132–3, 142, 146, 148, 175, 177, 180, 181, 182, 183, 187, 189, 195, 206, 228, 229, 240, 242, 363, 368, 418–19, 420

Theodoric (and variant forms), 25, 28, 33, 159

‘theory of courage’, 90–1, 136, 177–9, 196

Thingol, 287, 289–90, 293–4, 295, 296, 305, 358, 359, 360, see also Elu, Elwë

Third Age, 176, 239, 256, 267, 322, 373

Thomsen’s Law, 12

Thorin (Oakenshield), 72, 73, 77, 80, 84, 90, 91, 95, 96, 97, 98, 101, 108, 110, 264, 352

Thórr, 56, 59, 87, 93, 179, 231, 348

Thráin (Tolkien character), 72

Thrainn (Norse dwarf-name), 110

Thranduil, 109; see also Elvenking

‘thrift’, 266

Thunor, 228; see also Thórr

‘tight semantic fit’, 201, 213, 221

Times, 76

Times Literary Supplement, 1, 3, 193, 383

Tindrock, 114

Tinúviel, 126, 128, 281; see also Lúthien

Tir-nan-Og, 325

Titania, 186

‘tobacco’, 78–9

Tokharian, 15

Tol Brandir, 114, 162

Tol Eressëa, 327, 345, 346, 347, 349, 371

Tol-in-Gaurhoth, 293

Tolkien: An Annotated Checklist (West), 398

Tolkien, Christopher, 17, 18, 60, 72, 108, 114, 169, 253, 255, 257, 260, 109, 263, 293, 310, 331, 334, 336, 339, 110, 347, 349, 350, 352–3, 360, 363, 374, 111, 390, 399

Tolkien, John Ronald Reuel (1892–1973)

as name, 115, 339

MAJOR WORKS OF FICTION: The Hobbit 28, 40, 49, 50, 63, 65, 72, 73–112 passim, 114–15, 118, 119, 125, 132–4, 154, 166n, 230, 253, 255, 257, 258, 259, 264, 273, 274, 305, 307, 314, 324, 338, 390; first edition of, 79, 87–8, 107–8; letter to Observer concerning, 75, 77, 87, 102

The Lord of the Rings, 1–2, 28–9, 31, 40, 49, 50, 63, 76, 84, 87, 107, 108, 109, 110, 114–252 passim, 253, 255, 110, 257 259, 260–4, 266–7, 274, 287–9, 111, 305, 307–8, 310, 319, 322, 324, 330, 112, 333, 334, 336, 338, 352–3, 359, 113, 363–4, 365, 367–70, 373, 374–5, 114, 381, 382, 388, 393, 396; Appendices to, 5, 29, 72, 76, 128, 130, 137, 172, 229, 232, 372–3; Epilogue to, 263; Film versions, 409–29; first edition of, 63, 263; Foreword to second edition of, 4, 191–2; growth of, 18, 48–9, 87, 107–9, 334–5; ‘Guide to the Names in’ 64, 74n, 115, 310; poems in, 35, 41–2, 126, 127, 128–9, 142–3, 208–23, 226–7, 230, 245, 246, 260, 277, 280, 289, 292, 357; Prologue to, 78, 114, 150; responses to, 1–6, 26–31, 153–4, 193, 197–8, 201–7, 380–6; as separate volumes, The Fellowship of the Ring, 36, 38, 42, 68, 107, 114, 123, 124, 129, 134, 178, 183, 258, 263, 280, 357; The Two Towers, 67, 130, 184, 202, 206, 302n, 306; The Return of the King, 114, 116, 201, 206, 210, 239, 258, 263, 321

OTHER FICTION: Farmer Giles of Ham, 44, 59, 111–14, 152, 173, 208, 308–9, 311; Tree and Leaf, 57; ‘Leaf by Niggle’, 49–51, 53, 61, 112, 258, 308–9, 324, 333, 342; Smith of Wootton Major, 258, 308–19, 324, 374

POEMS: in general 40, 50; ‘The Adventures of Tom Bombadil’ (1934), 119–20, 321; ‘The Cat and the Fiddle’ (1923), 42, 112 (Frodo’s version), 209; ‘The City of the Gods’ (1923), 325; ‘Þa Éadigan Sælidan (1923), 325; ‘Errantry’ (1933), 319; ‘Firiel’ (1934), 321, 322, 343; ‘Goblin Feet’ (1915), 34–5, 38–9, 58, 77, 314; ‘The Happy Mariners’, (1920) 54n, 325; ‘The Hoard’ (1970), 99; ‘Homecoming of Beorhtnoth, The’ (1953), 178–9, 234–5, 348; ‘Imram’ (1955), 326; ‘Iúmonna Gold Galdre Bewunden’ (1923), 55, 99–100; ‘The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun’ (1945), 277, 318–19, 395; ‘Light as Leaf on Lindentree’ (1925), 277, 292, 357, (Aragorn’s version) 220–1; ‘Looney’ (1934), 322–4, 339, 361; ‘Mythopoeia’, 57; ‘The Nameless Land’ (1927), 325; ‘The New Volsung-Lay’, 356; ‘The Story of Kullervo’ (1914, unpublished), 253, 297; ‘The Voyage of Earendel’ (1914), 279; ‘Why the Man in the Moon Came Down Too Soon’ (1923), 41, 112

The Adventures of Tom Bombadil (1962) 40, 41, 120, 258, 261, 319, 321, 361; ‘Fastitocalon’, 326; ‘The Last Ship’, 319–21, 322; ‘The Sea-Bell’, 322–4; ‘Tom Bombadil Goes Boating’, 321–2

The Road Goes Ever On, 129, 230, 258

Sir Gawain, Pearl, Sir Orfeo (translations), 65, 72–3, 204, 394

Songs for the Philologists, 6–7, 30, 311, 316–17, 370, 399; ‘Bagme Bloma’, 30, 316, 400; ‘Éadig Béo Thu’, 316, 401–2; ‘Ides Ælfscyne’, 317–18, 403–4; ‘Lit. and Lang.’ (‘Two Little Schemes’), 7, 399; ‘Ofer Wídne Gársecg’, 317–18, 399, 406–7; ‘Ruddoc Hana’, 399; ‘Syx Mynet’, 399

POSTHUMOUSLY PUBLISHED FICTION: ‘The History of Middle-earth’, 107, 128, 253–6, 330, 333–5, 353, 357, 363; The Book of Lost Tales 1, 254–5, 256–7, 260–1, 330, 344, 346, 350, 374; ‘The Cottage of Lost Play’, 344, ‘The Darkening of Valinor’, 254; The Book of Lost Tales 2, 254, 257, 330, 346, 348–9, 350, 374; ‘The Tale of Tinúviel’, 292, 357; The Lays of Beleriand, 254–5, 350; ‘The Lay of Leithian’, 254, 269, 292–3; 350, 357, 359–60; ‘The Lay of the Children of Húrin’, 254; The Shaping of Middle-earth, 255, 331, 332, 349, 357, 360; ‘The Annals of Valinor’, 255; ‘The Annals of Beleriand’, 255; ‘The Earliest Annals of Beleriand’, 357; ‘The Earliest Silmarillion’, 357; ‘Qenta Noldorinwa’, 255; The Lost Road, 169, 255, 331, 332, 336–8; ‘The Quenta Silmarillion’, 255, 331, 350, 357; ‘King Sheave’, 344; ‘The Later Annals of Beleriand’, 357; ‘The Lost Road’, 336–8, 340, 344; The Return of the Shadow, 108, 310, 334, 360; The Treason of lsengard, 331, 334, 363; The War of the Ring, 332, 363; Sauron Defeated 332, 336, 339; ‘The Drowning of Anadune’, 361; ‘The Notion Club Papers’, 332, 336, 338, 340–5, 361; Morgoth’s Ring, 256; ‘The Annals of Aman’, 256; The War of the Jewels, 256; ‘The Grey Annals’, 256, 357; The Peoples of Middle-earth, 253

The Silmarillion, 39, 70, 107, 110, 128, 171, 217, 221, 253–61, 265–307 passim, 314, 319, 324, 326, 330, 332, 334, 346, 350–3, 357–60, 362, 388, 390, 397; ‘Ainulindale’, 267; ‘Akallabeth’, 326–7; ‘Of Beren and Lúthien’, 288, 292–6; ‘Of Túrin Turambar’, 290–1, 296–7; ‘Valaquenta’, 267

Unfinished Tales of Númenor and Middle-earth, 256–67, 277 289, 291, 296, 305, 308, 330; ‘Aldarion and Erendis’, 277, 391; ‘The Disaster of the Gladden Fields’, 263; ‘The Hunt for the Ring’, 262–4; Narn i Hîn Húrin, 256, 289–90, 296–304; ‘Of Tuor and his Coming to Gondolin’, 262; ‘The Quest of Erebor’, 264

WORKS OF SCHOLARSHIP: ‘Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiðhad’, 7, 45–7; ‘Beowulf: the Monsters and the Critics’, 3, 7, 11, 30, 51, 52–6, 61, 86, 91, 136, 177, 225–6, 234, 237, 259, 265, 325, 381, 393; ‘The Devil’s Coach-Horses’, 45; ‘English and Welsh’, 17, 79, 129–30; edition of Exodus, 389; edition of Finn and Hengest, 389; edition of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (with E. V. Gordon), 6–7, 182; ‘Introduction’ to W. E. Haigh, Glossary of the Dialect of the Huddersfield District, 82, 105n, 323; ‘The Name “Nodens”’, 40–1, 63; ‘On Fairy-Stories’, 51, 56–7, 58, 65, 118, 269, 329, 392; ‘The Oxford English School’, 8, 20, 27–8; ‘Preface’ to Beowulf translation, 4, 15, 51–2, 381, 389; ‘Sigelwara Land’, 48; ‘Sir Gawain and the Green Knight’ (essay), 351–2, 356, 361; ‘Some Contributions to Middle English Lexicography’, 45; ‘Valedictory Address to the University of Oxford’, 312, 380, 385–6; Year’s Work in English Studies: ‘General Philology’ (Vol. 4) 10, 38, 223; (Vol. 5) 38, 129; (Vol. 6), 27

Toller, T. N., see Anglo-Saxon Dictionary

‘tomato’, 78–9

‘Tom Bombadil Goes Boating’, 321–2

Tom Jones (Fielding), 373

Took, as name, 109, 117; style associated with, 82, 84, 105, 265; see also Pippin

Torhthelm, 178–9, 234

‘tough mindedness’, 380, 381, 382

Towcester, 36–7

tower, as image, 53–4, 325

Tower Hills, 54n, 325

Toynbee, Philip, 1, 3, 382, 383, 384, 409

‘Trapped Mortal’ Poems, 403–8

Treebeard, 201, 202, 203, 205, 417, 421; see also Fangorn

Tree of Language, 385

trees, as image, 310–11, 316–17

Tréo-wine, 338

trolls, 77, 79, 85, 86, 87, 90, 351

‘trot’, 334

Trotter, 108, 333, 334, 366

‘true language’, 121, 130

‘True Thomas’, see English and Scottish Popular Ballads

‘truth’, 106, 154, 215, 238, 365

Tulkas, 348; (as form) 275n.

Tuor, 262, 267, 287, 303, 362

Turambar, 290, 303

Turgon, 283, 284–5, 286–7

Túrin (Turambar), 253–67, 281, 286, 290, 296–304, 298, 299, 300, 303, 362

Twrch Tryth, 294

Tyr, 295

Tyrfing, 72

Uhtred of Boldon, 224, 225

Ulmo, 262, 274, 275, 349

Ulysses (Dante), 14

Ulysses (Joyce), 237

Úmanyar, 284

understatement, 171

Undset, Sigrid, 69n

Undying Lands, 243, 320, 371, 397

Unwin, Rayner, 319, 365

Unwin, Sir Stanley, 255, 338, 365

Updike, John, 371

Uppsala Codex Argenteus, 16

Urthr, 348

Uruk-hai, 183

Urwen, 302

Vafrúðnismál, see Poetic Edda

Vairë, 344

Valandil, 337

‘Valaquenta’, 267

Valar, 172, 173, 174, 262, 272, 275, 280, 282, 283, 288, 298, 327, 337

Valinor, 221, 272, 273, 281, 284, 286, 327, 343, 344, 346, 349, 371

Vanyar, 282, 283–4

Vendel, 343

Vergleichende Grammatik (Bopp), 12

Verner, Karl, 12, 14, 23, 385

Verthandi, 348

Vichy, 175, 193

Vigfusson, Gudbrand, 22, 110, 390

Vikings, 160–1, 178–9

Vinaver, Eugene, 182

Virgil, 22, 168, 260

‘virtue’, 150, 174, 175, 216, 224, 226, 362

Vitharr, 92

Völsunga Saga, see Saga of the Volsungs

Vóluspá, see Poetic Edda

‘Von dem Machandelboom’, see Grimms’ Fairy Tales

von Kékulé, 75

Vonnegut, Kurt, 101, 371, 375

‘Voyage of Bran son of Febal’, seeImram

Vulgate Cycle, 181

‘Wade’, 349

Wagner, Richard, 388–9, 396

Waldere (Old English poem), 25

Wales, 111, 149; see also Welsh

‘Walking Song’, 213–14, 220

The Wanderer (Old English poem), 202, 205, 389

‘wandering-madness’, 322

Wantage, 33

‘wargs’, 74–80

Warwick, -shire, 112, 123

‘The Water’, 110, 114, 124

Watling Street, 38

Waugh, Evelyn, 383

Wayland, 33

‘Wayland’s Smithy’, 33, 36, 41, 61, 124, 140

Weathertop, 119, 162, 163, 165, 209, 277

‘web’, 148, 287, 334, 335

Wellinghall, 150

Welsh language, 79, 115, 124, 129–31, 275n; literature, 25, 41, 182, 294, 349

West, Richard C, 398

‘Westemnet’, 149

West Saxons, 21, 376

Wetwang, 114, 117

Whitby, 375

White, T. H., 375

White Horse of Uffington, 150

Widia, 25, 33

Widsith, A Study in Old English Heroic Legend (Chambers), 19, 396

‘The Wife of Bath’s Tale’ (Chaucer), 67

‘The Wife of Usher’s Well’, see English and Scottish Popular Ballads

Wilderland, 81, 88, 110, 114, 119, 263

Williams, Charles, 169

Willow-man, 119, 120, 123, 139, 264

willows, 123

Wilson, Edmund, 2, 3, 5, 28, 384, 385

Wilson, R. M., 25, 396

Wimberly, Lowry C, 317–18, 392

Windsor, 123

witchcraft, 59, 71, 207–8, 223

Witch-king of Angmar, 119

Withywindle, River, 123, 150

wizards, 90, 110, 216, 364

wóð-bora, 32–3

Woden, 33, 228; see also Óthinn

The Wood Beyond the World (Morris), 397

‘wood-elves’, 73, 89

‘Woodhouse’, 74n, 149

woods, as image, 214–15, 313

Worcestershire, 47

words, Tolkien’s attitude to, 32, 39, 45–9, 51–2, 55–6, 58–66, 74–80, 127–30, 384–7, et passim

Wordsworth, William, 219, 251

World War I, 10, 27, 39, 93–4, 175, 180, 194, 254, 345, 371, 375, 383

World War II, 107, 161, 192, 196, 369, 370, 375

Worminghall, 111, 113–14

‘worship’, 251–2, 385

‘woses’, ‘woodwoses’, 74–80, 149, 276, 350

‘wraiths’, 169–70

Wrenn, C. L., 51, 389

Wright, Joseph, 10

Wynne, Hilary, 398

wyrd, 172–3, 174, 186

Yeats, W. B., 217, 238

Yenisei, 16

Yorkshire, 277

Zend, 12

Zusammenhang, 70–1, 86, 104, 270

Þiðreks saga, 356

Þrymskviða, see Poetic Edda