The World Until Yesterday

Index

The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. To find the corresponding locations in the text of this digital version, please use the “search” function on your e-reader. Note that not all terms may be searchable.

Note: Plate numbers refer to insert illustrations. Plates 1–28 appear between pages 148 and 149; plates 29–47 appear between pages 308 and 309.

Aboriginal Australians, 14, 26 fig., 156, 228, plate 2

elders, 214, 230

food scarcity and storage, 309 table, 315

health, 432–33, 439 table, 446

information sources, 477–78

languages, 380, 381, 384–85, 397–98, 406

See also specific peoples

accidents, 30, 245, 278–83, 279 table

avoidance and vigilance, 283–86

causes, 278–83, 279 table

See also dangers; risk

Ache Indians, 14, 27 fig., 51, 292, 456, plate 10

children, 178, 199, 286

elders, 212, 214, 215, 216

environmental hazards, 278, 279 table, 280, 281, 285–86

food scarcity, 301

violence, 286, 290

advertising, age and, 226, plates 23, 24

affluence, 116–17

disease and, 412–13, 430, 432, 433, 436, 439 table, 440

religion and, 354, 368

Africa and African peoples

diabetes, 433, 438 table, 450

language diversity, 371, 398

map, 26 fig.

warfare, 144, 151–52

See also specific groups

age cohorts

among children, 201

ratio of elderly to youth, 231–32

aggregation and dispersal, 291, 310, 315–16

agriculture. See farming

Agta people, 26 fig., 177, 279 table, 292, plate 3

trade, 66, 70, 72, 75

Ainu people, 15, 26 fig., 42, 44

food storage, 309 table, 310, 311

Aka Pygmies, 26 fig., 55, plates 8, 20

child autonomy, 197, 199

child care, 187, 188, 193, plate 8

child punishment, 194, 195

environmental hazards, 278, 279 table

weaning, 181

Alaska North Slope Inuit, 27 fig., 68 table, 71

Alaskan languages, 397, 398, 408, plate 47

Albertson, Mike, 113

Albigensian Manichaeans, 363, 364

alliances, 74–75, 90–91, 116, 291–92

treachery, 137–38, 290–91

warfare and, 120, 141–42, 143

allo-parenting, 187–90, 208

Alzheimer’s disease, 392–95

Amazonia, 18, 199, 385–86

See also specific peoples

ambushes, 120, 122, 137, 141, 144

American Civil War, 145

American Museum of Natural History, 57

American peoples, map, 27 fig.

See also specific regions, countries, and peoples

Anasazi Indian sites, 135–36

Andaman Islanders, 15, 26 fig., 55, 139, 444 table, plate 4

children, 189, 194

trade, 65, 67, 68 table

Andean peoples

field scattering, 304–6, 338–39

food storage, 309 table, 311

language diversity and loss, 380, 401

Anderson, Robin, First Contact, 57, 58

animal domestication, 19, 295

See also herding societies; livestock

animals

animal cognition, 337, 351

dangerous animals, 199, 200, 271, 279 table, 280, 282–83, 285, 286, plate 43

infectious diseases and, 295, 297

rearing of animal young, 183, 186

thrifty-gene experiments, 446–47

warlike animals, 154–57

See also livestock; specific animals

animism, 338

Apache Indians, 144, 166

Arab countries, diabetes in, 433, 438 table, 450

Arabic language, 372, 401

Aranda Aborigines, 228

Araucanian Indians, 144, 228

archaeological evidence, 481

for trade, 60, 64

for warfare, 134–36, 150, 152

Archbold expedition, 57, 119

Archbold, Richard, 57

Arctic and Arctic peoples, 14, 214, 311, 381

maps, 26 fig., 27 fig.

See also specific groups

arrow poisons, 281

art, 136, 340, plate 25

Asia and Asian peoples

diabetes, 430, 433, 438–39 table, 440

filial piety, 221

food storage, 309 table, 313

language diversity, 376, 380

map, 26 fig.

salt intake, 419, 420, 421, 426–27

See also specific countries and peoples

Asmat people, 158

atheism, 325, 330, 354–55

Atkins, J. D. C., 399

Atran, Scott, 327 table, 344

Australia

diabetes in, 438 table

See also Aboriginal Australia

Austronesian expansion, 380, 381, 396

autonomy. See independence

Auyana people, 148–49

Azande people, 341 table

Aztec Empire, 140

Bach, Johann Sebastian, 449, plate 28

Baliem Valley, 57

Harvard expedition, 119–20, 122, 132, 153

See also Dani people

Baltic languages, 399

bands, 14–15, 18

Bantu languages, 380, 381, 396

Bantu peoples, 51, 66, 70, 72, 187, 188

Bellah, Robert, 327 table

Bengali language, 372

Berndt, Catherine, 94

Berndt, Ronald, 94, 272

bilingualism, 382, 386–92, 400, 402–3

See also multilingualism

Bird-David, Nurit, 205

birds, 186

Bismarck, Otto von, 193

black mamba, 283–84

blood pressure, 417–18

See also hypertension

Bofi Pygmies, 181

Bonampak murals, 136

bonobos, 154

Borodkin, Sophie, 397, plate 47

Bougainville Island, 395–96

boundaries. See territoriality

Bowles, Samuel, 139

Boyer, Pascal, 344

breast-feeding, 175, 179–83, 208

Breton language, 399, 465

Britain

child-rearing, 191, 193

salt intake, 427

sugar intake, 428–29

in the World Wars, 127, 407

Broekhuijse, Jan, 54, 120, 133

Buddhism, 328, 329, 330, 352

bureaucracies, 11, 15

Butler, Samuel, 193

California Indians, 309 table, 381

See also specific groups

Calusa Indians, 16, 17, 27 fig., 68 table, 146

Canada

French language in, 375, 403, 404, 409

native languages, 376, 377, 381

cannibalism, 159, 246

cassowary, 249, 269

The Castle (Kafka), 11–12

Catholicism, 341 table, 363, 364

causal explanations

disease responses and, 296, 297–98, 339

human cognition and, 336–40

religion and, 329, 340, 345–46, 367 fig.

cave paintings, 340, plate 25

Celtic languages, 396, 399, 401, 408

Chagnon, Napoleon, 132, 158, 163

Cherokee Indians, 406

chiefdoms, 16–17, 201

dispute resolution, 95–97, 115

religion, 356–57, 368

warfare, 141, 146, 147, 148

See also specific peoples

Child of the Jungle (Kuegler), 133, 480–81

children, 24, 30, 173–209, 213

adoptions, 189

autonomy of, 173–74, 188–89, 192, 196–200, 205, 208–9, 459–60

breast-feeding and birth intervals, 177–78, 179–83, 208

child development scholarship, 174–76

child-rearing practices compared, 206–9

childbirth, 176–77, 187–88

discipline and punishment, 192–96, 208

elders and, 187, 188, 218, 236–37

empty-nest syndrome, 233

fathers and allo-parents, 178, 186–90, 208

infant-adult physical contact, 181–82, 183–86, 199, 208

infant and child mortality, 176–77, 179, 180, 218, 231, 290

infant bilingualism, 391–92

infanticide, 177–79, 286, 287

learning from traditional societies, 25, 174–76, 207–9, 462–63

multi-age playgroups, 200–202

play and education, 202–6, 208, 285–86

responses to crying infants, 190–92, 208

transportation of, 184–85, plates 21, 38, 39

war and, 141, 146, 157, 163

chimpanzees, 157, 183, 418

China

diabetes in, 430, 438 table, 450

elder status, 221, plate 23

language diversity, 376, 377

Mandarin Chinese language, 372, 405

salt intake, 421, 426

wars involving Chinese speakers, 164

Christianity, 325, 345–46, 352, 358, 360, 361

success of, 364, 365

See also Catholicism; Mormonism

Chukchi people, 215, 216, 228, 229

Chumash Indians, 16, 17, 27 fig., 133

Churchill, Winston, 217, 407

Cipriani, Lidio, 444 table

See also Andaman Islanders

Cistercian order, 353

Civil War, 145–46

clans, 15

climate, 307–8, 310, 377–78

cognition, 239, 405

Alzheimer’s disease, 392–95

multilingualism and, 387–95

origins of religion and, 336–40, 355

Columbus, Christopher, 14

communes, 362–63

compensation processes, 29, 87–90, 94–95, 100–101, 102–4, 112

New Guinea accidental death case, 80–81, 82–85

in state justice systems, 103–4, 112, 117

competition, age-based, 227–31

competitive play, 204

Confucianism, 221, 328

Connolly, Bob, First Contact, 57, 58

constructive paranoia, 30, 55, 243–75

See also dangers; risk; specific types of danger

conversation. See talk

Cornish language, 408

Costa Rica, 155–56

Cowgill, Donald, 221–22, 223, 230

cows, disputes over, 158

Nuer raiding, 44, 137, 139, 146, 158, 165

cradle boards, 184, 185–86

creationism, 345–46

Crespí, Juan, 133

criminal justice, 99, 108–14, 117, 118, 167

Cro-Magnons, 60, 64, 68 table, 340, plate 25

crocodiles, 280, plate 43

Crow Indians, 215, 341 table

crowd diseases, 294–96

crying infants, 190–92, 208

cultural diversity, 7, 20–23, 28

culture

elders as stewards of, 213, 219–20, 235, 237–38

language and, 370, 405, 406, 407–8

dangers, 24, 30–31, 276–319, 464

attitudes about fear, 284–85

children’s exposure to, 173–74, 193, 197–200

dangerous animals, 199, 200, 271, 279 table, 280, 282–83, 285, 286, plate 43

thrill-seeking, 318–19

travel and stranger encounters, 49–50, 54–55, 271–72

types and impacts, 245, 270–71, 276–78, plates 42, 43, 44

See also accidents; constructive paranoia; disease(s); environmental hazards; food scarcity; risk; violence

Dani people, 16, 55, 119, 416, plate 1

children’s play, 203, 204

map, 26 fig.

territoriality, 42, plate 13

trade, 66, 68 table, 71–72, 73

Dani warfare, 15, 54–55, 119–28, 165, plate 36

features of, 120–21, 143–44, 145, 146

mortality rates, 127–28, 139, plate 36

time-line, 121–27

Danish language, 402–3

Daribi people, 16, 26 fig., 68 table, 70, 297–98, 308

Dead Birds (film), 120

death

religion and, 329, 351–52

See also mortality

death penalty, 110

Dennett, Daniel, 327 table

diabetes, 4, 31, 292–93, 413, 427–49

in Europeans, 438 table, 447–49

genetic factors, 431–32, 434, 436–37, 441–47

in India, 430, 431, 433, 437, 438 table, 440–41, 450

Nauru Islanders, 435–37, 439 table, 446, 449

Pima Indians, 434–35, 439 table

rates of, 429–30, 433, 438–39 table, 447

risk factors, 417, 431–34

types of, 430–31

Wanigela people, 411, 439 table

dialects, 372–74

diet

diabetes and, 429, 430, 432–33, 434, 440, 443

food availability and, 310, 313–15, 316

hypertension and, 417–21, 423–25

learning from traditional societies, 462, 465

salt intake, 415–17, 425–28

sugar and carbohydrates intake, 428–29

Westernized, non-communicable diseases and, 413–14, 432–33, 449–50

See also food entries

Dingane, 137

Dingiswayo, 148

Dinka people, 44, 54, 137, 139, 146, 158

disease(s), 292–96, 353, 412, 435

food scarcity and, 299

responses to, 296–98, 339

Western lifestyle adoption and, 411–14, 432–33, 449–50

See also diabetes; hypertension

dispersal and aggregation, 291, 310, 315–16

dispute resolution, 160, 466, plates 15, 16

attribution of fault, 96, 102–3

by fighting, 95

international disputes, 101–2

See also state justice systems; traditional dispute resolution; warfare

divorce, 90–91, 105–6

dowsing, 342, 350–51, plate 46

Driver, Daniel, 98, 109

drowning, 281

Dugum Dani people. See Dani people

Durkheim, Émile, 327 table, 328

Dwyer, Michael, 57

Eaton, S. Boyd, 414, 450

Eble, Mary, 113

economic specialization, 10, 11, 15, 16–17, 18

trade specialists, 62–63, 66

education

educational play, 202–6

formal, 200–201, 205, 235, 399, 401

storytelling as, 285–86

Efe Pygmies, 187, 188, 191

egalitarianism, 12, 13, 14, 197

child-rearing and, 194, 197, 198

religion and, 353

elders, 24, 30, 210–40

abandonment, neglect, or killing of, 213, 214–17, 286

Alzheimer’s disease and multilingualism, 392–95

as children’s care-givers, 187, 188, 218

as cultural stewards, 213, 219–20, 235, 237–38

defining old age, 211

learning from traditional societies, 236–40, 465–66

modern trends affecting, 231–36

social reinforcement of elder authority, 227–31

social values and elders’ status, 221–27

talents, strengths and weaknesses of, 238–40, plates 40, 41

usefulness of, 212, 217–20, 221, 224, 225–26, 232, 235–39, plate 22

widowhood, 233

See also life expectancies

electricity-producing fish, 334–36

Ember, Carol, 161

Ember, Melvin, 161

emotional security, 180–81, 192, 208–9

enemies, 49

defeated, fate of, 141, 146, 158–59

demonization of, 120, 125, 159, 168–70

religion and, 352, 358–59, 366

unsuspected, travel and, 54–55

See also killing(s); strangers; territoriality; violence; warfare

Enga people, 26 fig., 68 table, 75, 479–80

England, 304, 306, 311–12

See also Britain

English language, 372, 373–74, 379–80, 395, 400, 401, 407–8

environmental conditions

evolution and, 334

language diversity and, 378

salt intake and, 420

territoriality and, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 155

trade patterns and, 71–72

travel/geographic knowledge and, 55–56

warfare and, 155, 156, 160, 161–62

environmental hazards, 277–78, plates 42, 43, 44

avoidance and vigilance, 243–44, 282–86

child autonomy and, 198–200

Erikson, Erik, 174–75

Esen, Tevfik, 397

Eurasian peoples, 26 fig., 309 table, 311

See also specific groups

Europe

aggregation and dispersal cycles, 315

child punishment, 193, 194

criminal punishment, 110, 111, 118

diabetes rates, 438 table, 447–49

dialects, 373–74

elder treatment, 223–24

food in, 309 table, 416–17, 448–49

homicide rates, 288

language diversity and loss, 371, 396, 399

multilingualism, 383

See also specific countries and languages

European contact. See first contacts

European expansion and colonialism, 14, 18, 22, 57, 132

anthropological studies and, 477–78

effects on violence, 132, 133–34, 148–54, 288–89

language diversity and, 380, 398

wars of conquest, 144, 360

euthanasia, 232

Evans-Pritchard, E. E., 53, 95, 158, 301

Everett, Daniel, 176–77, 188, 194–95, 197, 198, 444 table, 479

executive control, multilingualism and, 388–89, 391

exogamy, 43, 76, 291

linguistic, 384, 385

Explorations into Highland New Guinea (Leahy), 58

Eyak language, 397, 408, plate 47

famines. See food scarcity

farming, 7, 10, 19, 303–6

See also food production

farming societies, 14, 15, 16, 348, 353

aggregation and dispersal cycles, 315–16

children in, 180, 194, 195, 198

elder authority, 229, 230

food sharing and storage, 301, 309 table, 311

infectious diseases, 295

language diversity, 379, 380–81

war in, 139, 156

See also specific groups

Faroese language, 401

fathers, 178, 186–87

Fayu people, 26 fig., 133, 279 table, 297–98, 480–81

warfare, 132, 133, 134, 165

feasting, 137, 291, 303, plates 26, 27

feuds, 89, 95–96, 129–30, 131

fighting, 95, 138, 286, 289, 290

See also violence; warfare

Fiji, 151, 210

Finland, 162–63, 421, 427

First Contact (Connolly and Anderson), 57, 58

first contacts, 56–59, 263, 480–81, plate 29

with New Guineans, 2, 57–59, 119, plates 30, 31

fish, electricity-producing, 334–36

food

disputes over, 93

trade in, 68–69 table, 70, 71, 72

food acquisition, 10, 187, 203, 205, 218, 278, 282–84

See also hunting

food availability

burdensome elders and, 214, 217

fluctuations in, 299, 300–303, 307–8

gluttony and, 443–44, 444 table

language diversity and, 379

thrifty-gene hypothesis, 442–47

warfare and, 150–51, 160

weaning and, 180

See also food scarcity

food production

political organization and, 16, 19, 356

population size/density and, 10, 12, 13, 19

See also farming

food scarcity, 277, 298–316, 445

aggregation and dispersal and, 310, 315–16

diabetes and the thrifty-gene hypothesis, 442–49

diet broadening, 310, 313–15

field scattering and, 303–6

food sharing mechanisms, 300–303

infanticide and, 177

infectious diseases and, 292

malnourishment and starvation, 292, 298–300, 308

seasonal fluctuations, 307–8

storage and preservation methods, 300, 309 table, 310–13, 416

food taboos, 227–28

foraging. See food acquisition

Fore language, 7, 273, 274

Fore people, 16, 26 fig., 94–95, 271–72, 273–74, 300

France and the French, 140, 146–47, 156, 319

Breton language, 399, 465

Frazer, James, 327 table

French language, 381, 401

in Canada, 375, 403, 404, 409

Freud, Sigmund, 175

friendship, 49, 51–53

Frisian language, 404, 408–9

functional change, 334–36

of religion, 344–45, 367–68, 367 fig.

gambling, 350

Gammage, Bill, 58

Ganesan, A., 441

garden farmers, 14

See also Dani people; Machiguenga Indians; New Guinea and New Guinean peoples

Gardner, Robert, 120

Geertz, Clifford, 328 table

Geimer, Samantha, 110

genetic factors

diabetes, 431–32, 434, 436–37, 441–49

elder treatment, 212–13

in evolution, 333–34

hypertension, 421–22, 424–25

in warfare, 155–57

geographic knowledge, 29, 54–56, 75

geography

language diversity and, 376–82

See also environmental conditions

German language, 373, 375

Germany, 156

before World War II, 102, 130, 161, 165

infant and child care, 190–91, 193

military technology, 142

Talheim pit burial, 134–35

war mortality, 139–40, 319

gift-giving, 61, 62, 65–67, 94

gluttony, 444, 445, plate 27

Goetz, Bernhard, 107

Goland, Carol, 304, 305–6

Goldman, Ron, 112

Goodale, Jane, 91, 216, 284

gossip, 274

government. See political organization; states

Grady, Mark, 107–8

grandparents, 187, 188, 218, 236–37

See also elders

Great Basin Shoshone Indians, 27 fig., 47–48, 156, 315–16

food storage, 309 table, 310, 311, 315–16

Great Plains Indians, 151, 309 table, 311

See also specific groups

Greenland Inuit, 156, 381

Greenland Norse, 290, 308

Gretzky, Wayne, 270, 283

group affiliation, 16, 49–54, 75–76, 343

language and, 376, 407–8

religions as social groups, 329, 330, 331, 332, 343–44, 363, 368

territoriality and, 43, 45, 47, 50–51

See also enemies; friends; social bonds; strangers

Guarani language, 398

Guns, Germs, and Steel (Diamond), 19

Gwembe Tonga farmers, 314

Hadza people, 26 fig., 188, 200, 218, plates 5, 21

Haitian revolution, 138

Handwerker, W. Penn, 347

Harvard Baliem Valley expedition, 119–20, 122, 132, 153

Harvard investments, 307, plate 45

head-hunting, 151, 158–59

healers (shamans), 297–98, 339, 348, 355–56

health, 24, 31–32, 410–51

Alzheimer’s disease, 392–95

of elders, 231

infections, 281–82

learning from traditional societies, 414, 462, 465

See also diabetes; disease(s); hypertension; mortality

Hebrews, ancient, 229, 230

Heider, Karl, 59, 120, 127, 203

Heine, Steven, 8

Henrich, Joseph, 8

herding societies, 15, 16, 19

children in, 194, 195–96, 198

elders in, 229, 230

food and food storage, 301, 309 table, 311

See also specific groups

hermits, 330, 353

Hewlett, Bonnie, 456

high blood pressure. See hypertension

Hill, Kim, 178

See also Ache Indians

Hindi, 372

hippopotamus, 280

Holmberg, Allan, 60, 179, 215, 297, 444 table

Hopi Indians, 214

horses, 158

Howell, Nancy, 178–79, 212, 287, 288

Hrdy, Sarah Blaffer, 191

Huangdi neijing suwen, 418

hunter-gatherer societies, 7, 353

breast-feeding and birth intervals, 179–81, 182–83

child autonomy, 196–200

child care, 187–88

child punishment, 194–95

egalitarianism, 13, 14, 197, 198

food acquisition and scarcity, 187, 301, 309 table, 315–16

infant-parent contact, 181–82, 184

information sources and quality, 478

multi-age playgroups, 201–2

political organization and, 10, 13, 14, 15, 17–18

war in, 139, 156

See also nomadism; specific peoples

hunting, 348

children’s training, 203–4, 205–6, 349

hazards of, 271, 272–73, 278, 279 table, 280, 281, 284–85

salt intake and, 415

territoriality and, 42–43

uncertainty of success, 300–303

Hurtado, A. Magdalena, 178

See also Ache Indians

Hutterite colonies, 363

hyenas, 154–55

hygiene, 293–94, 296–97

hypertension, 4, 31, 32, 292, 411, 417–28

causes, 421–25

salt intake and, 417–21, 423–25

Iceland Norse, 290

Icelandic language, 401

identity. See group affiliation

Iliad, 143

independence, 224

child autonomy, 173–74, 188–89, 192, 196–200, 205, 208–9

India

diabetes in, 430, 431, 433, 437, 438 table, 440–41, 450

language diversity, 371, 401

individualism, 91–92, 224, 457

Indonesia, 396

Indonesian New Guinea, 5

See also New Guinea

Indonesian traders, 67

inequality, 12, 13, 17, 18, 481

child-rearing and, 194, 198

religion and, 353

See also egalitarianism; power relationships

infanticide, 177–79, 286, 287

infants. See children

infections, 281–82

infectious diseases, 292, 293–96, 412, 435

insect bites, 281–82

Inuit, 228, 315, 341 table

elder treatment, 214, 215

expansion and language diversity, 381, 386

hunting and environmental hazards, 272–73, 278, 279 table

traditional food storage, 309 table

See also Alaska North Slope Inuit; Iñupiat; other specific groups

Iñupiat (northwest Alaska Inuit), 16, 189, 303, plate 9

map, 27 fig.

territoriality, 42, 44

trade, 66, 67, 74–75

warfare, 146, 152

Ireland, 230, 448

Irian Jaya, 5

See also New Guinea

Irish language, 401

Irons, William, 327 table

Ishi, 398, 456, plate 29

Islam, 341 table, 352, 357, 364

Israel, 363, 433, 438 table, 449

Israeli sand rat, 446–47

Italian language, 373, 374

Italy, 221–22, 428

Jackson, Jean, 385

jaguars, 280, 285

James, William, 327 table

Japan, 221, 231, 396, 399

diabetes in, 442

Pearl Harbor attack, 169–70

salt intake in, 419, 420, 421, 426–27

war mortality, 127, 140, plate 37

Japanese language, 372, 396, 399

Jones, Marie Smith, 397

Judaism, 330, 341 table, 358, 360, 363, 364

juvenile-onset diabetes, 430–31, 441, 442

Kafka, Franz, 11–12

Kalahari Desert, 302–3

See also !Kung people

Kamchatkans, 68 table

kangaroos, 183

Kaulong people, 16, 26 fig., 62, 284, 297–98

children, 91, 177, 204

elder treatment, 21, 216

environmental hazards, 278, 279 table

food availability, 308, 314–15

hunting superstitions, 339

Keeley, Lawrence, 139, 150, 165

Keen, Ian, 477

Kennedy, Edward, 105

kibbutzim, 363

kidney disease, 412, 417, 450

kidney function, 424–25, 429

killing(s), 131, 398

among the !Kung, 286–90

infanticide, 177–79, 286, 287

Kaulong widow strangling, 21, 216

of old people, 215–17, 232

psychology of, 142–43, 168–69

revenge killings, 84–85, 95, 271–72, 289–90

See also mortality; violence; warfare

Kirghiz people, 16, 26 fig.

Knight, Frank, 67

König, Hans, 134

Konner, Melvin, 276, 414, 450, 478

Kopechne, Mary Jo, 105

Korean food preservation, 309 table, 313

Korean language, 399

Kovács, Ágnes, 391

Kuegler, Doris, 133

Kuegler, Klaus, 133, 134

Kuegler, Sabine, 133, 276–77, 480–81

!Kung people, 14, 18, 26 fig., 93, 273, plate 6

breast-feeding and weaning, 179–80, 180–81, 182

child autonomy, 199

child punishment, 194, 195

childbirth, 176, 178–79

disease among, 292, 297

elders, 212, 214, 218, 221, 229, 237

environmental hazards, 278, 280, 281, 283–84

food scarcity, 300–301, 302–3, 308, 313–14, 316

group affiliation, 47, 50–51

hunting, 271, 276, 282, 284–85, 349–50

infant-adult contact, 184

infant care, 191–92

infanticide, 178–79, 286, 287

sources of information about, 478, 479

territoriality, 46–47, 50–51

trade, 66, 68 table, 70, 74

violence, 286–90

warfare, 151–52, 156, 287, 288

Kurita, Takeo, 217

Kutenai Indians, 215

Lahey, Joanna, 223

land use

field scattering, 303–6

non-exclusive, 45–49

property rights of elders, 229–30

See also territoriality

language diversity, 31, 371–82, 395–96

evolution of, 374–76

geographic variation, 376–82

multilingualism and, 385–86

New Guinea, 3–4, 7, 28, 371–72, 374, 377, 378–79, 381–82

in origin myths, 324, 346

value of, 404–8

viewed as harmful, 371, 386–87, 399, 402–4

See also language loss

language learning, 385, 386, 387, 400–401, 463

language loss, 370–71, 395–409

geographic variations, 397–98

mechanisms of, 398–401

preventing, 408–9

rates of, 396–97

See also language diversity

language(s), 24, 369–409

culture and, 370, 405, 406, 407–8

dialects, 372–74

evolution of, 374–76

group affiliation and, 376

language expansion, 21–22, 380–81, 386

language giants, 371–72, 379–80

speech community sizes, 372, 379, 385

state languages, 401, 404

terms for outsiders, 51

warfare and, 164, 165

See also language diversity; multilingualism; writing; specific areas and languages

Lapps, 215

Lascaux cave, 340, plate 25

Latin America. See South America; specific countries and peoples

Latin language, 396

laws, 99, 108

Leahy, Daniel, 57, plate 30

Leahy-Dwyer patrol, 57–58, plates 30, 31

Leahy, Michael, 57, 58

LeBlanc, Steven, 130

Leclerc, Charles, 138

Lee, Richard, 74, 286–88, 301, 302–3

leopards, 280

Lessa, William, 327 table

Lewis, David, 216

life expectancies, 211–12, 231, 233, 245, 277, 353

lightning, 281

lions, 154–55, 271, 280

Lissmann, Hans, 335

livestock, 157, 158, 229, 295, 313

See also animal domestication; cows; herding societies

Maasai people, 446

Machiguenga Indians, 15, 27 fig., 48, 156

Madagascar, 200

magic, 297–98, 348–49, 350

sorcery, 159, 249–50

Mailu Islanders, 17, 26 fig., 67, 72–73, 203

Malai Island, 59–60

Siassi traders, 59–60, 61, 66, 67, 68 table, 75

malaria, 292, 294, 297, 412

Malinowski, Bronislaw, 72, 195–96, 348–49

mammal young, 183, 186

Mandan Indians, 398

Mandarin Chinese, 372, 405

mandatory retirement, 223–24, 234, 239

manufactured goods

made by old people, 218–19, plate 22

material goods in WEIRD societies, 456, 459, 460–61

traditional trade in, 68–69 table, 69–70, 72–73

Maori language, 404, 409

Maori people, 135, 144, 150–51, 309 table, 311, 312

Mapuche Indians, 439 table

Marind people, 158

market economies, 61–65

marriage, 8, 228–29

divorce, 90–91, 105–6

exogamy, 43, 76, 291, 457

husband-wife conflict, 93, 94, 100

linguistic exogamy, 384, 385

marriage partner trades, 70

neolocal households, 222, 223, 233

patrilocal households, 166–67, 222–23, 291

warfare between groups who intermarry, 165, 166–67

Marshall, Lorna, 51

Martu people, 197, 200

Marx, Karl, 12, 328 table, 357

massacres, 120, 122, 127, 134–35, 141, 146

Matthiessen, Peter, 54, 120

Mauritius, 438 table, 440

Mayan wall paintings, 136

Mbuti Pygmies, 26 fig., 205–6, 308

Mead, Margaret, 478

mediation, 82–83, 85, 92, 93, 96, 100

in state justice systems, 100, 105–8, 116, 466

Mehler, Jacques, 391

men

aging and life expectancy, 233

as hunters, 278

older men and young wives, 228–29

Mesa Verde, 135

Mexico, 221–22, 401

mineral deficiencies, 299

Minong people, 26 fig.

minority languages

value of, 404–8

viewed as harmful, 371, 386–87, 399, 402–4

See also language diversity; language loss

missionaries, 56, 57–58, 92

Mohan, V., 437, 441

money

market economies, 61–65

traditional equivalents, 62, 65, 158

See also affluence; compensation processes; poverty

monkeys, 183, 295, 337

monolingualism, 370, 382, 385–92, 400

viewed as beneficial, 371, 386–87, 399, 402–4

See also multilingualism

monopolies (trade), 72–74

moral codes

against killing, 142–43, 168

against revenge, 167

religion and, 329, 353, 357–59, 367 fig.

Mormonism, 325, 331, 341 table, 365, 366

mortality

accidental death causes, 278–82, 279 table

communicable diseases and infection, 292–96

death rates and religious success, 364

infants and children, 176–77, 179, 180, 218, 231, 290

malnourishment and starvation, 299

non-communicable diseases, 412

state warfare, 127, 128, 139–41, plate 37

traditional warfare, 120, 121, 127–28, 139–41, plate 36

violent deaths, 287–88

Muller, Martin, 139

multilingualism, 24, 31, 371, 383–95

Aboriginal Australia, 384–85

Amazonia, 385–86

cognitive impacts, 387–95, 463

defining, 382

fostering, 462–63, 465

language learning and, 385, 386, 387

language loss and, 402–3, 405

New Guinea, 369–70, 383–84

poverty and, 387, 406

in the U.S., 386–87, 400

viewed as harmful, 31, 386–87, 463

murder. See killing(s)

Musket Wars, 150–51

Nahuatl language, 401

Napoleonic Wars, 140, 146–47

Native American languages, 397, 398, 399, 406, 409

Native Americans. See North American Indians; South American Indians; specific groups

natural selection, 333–34, 336, 437

Nauru Islanders, 435–37, 439 table, 446, 449

Navajo Indians, 103, 185, 229

Navajo language, 398, 403

Nayaka people, 205

NCDs. See non-communicable diseases

Neel, James, 442, 446

neglect

of children, 178, 179, 181, 190

of old people, 214

neighboring groups

killings between, 286

visiting between, 45, 47, 54, 75, 384–85

warfare and, 162–63, 164, 165

See also strangers; territoriality; trade; travel

neolocal households, 222, 223, 224–25, 457–58

Nesler, Ellie, 98–99, 109, plate 35

Netherlands, minority languages in, 404, 408–9

New Britain, 72

See also Kaulong people

New Guinea and New Guinean peoples, 5, 18, 453–54

child care and autonomy, 187, 188–89, 198, 200

child punishment, 193–94

children’s play, 202–3

colonialism’s impact on violence, 288–89

constructive paranoia, 244–45

cultural diversity, 28

environmental hazards, 278, 279 table, 281, 282

field scattering, 303, 306

first contacts with Europeans, 2, 57–59, 119, plates 30, 31

food scarcity and storage, 298, 301, 309 table, 313

geographic knowledge, 55, 56

health and life expectancies, 211, 245, 410–12

hunting, 282

language diversity, 3–4, 7, 28, 371–72, 374, 377, 378–79, 381–82

map, 26 fig.

marriage practices, 228–29

multilingualism, 369–70, 383–84

salt intake, 416, 419

talkativeness, 248, 273

traditional trade, 62, 66, plate 32

traditional warfare, 132, 133–34, 137, 148–49, 151, 157–58, 159

uncontacted peoples, 56–57

Westernization of, 2–6, 410–12

See also specific groups

New Zealand

Maori language in, 404, 409

Musket Wars, 150–51

See also Maori people

Nganasan people, 26 fig., 60, 156, 309 table

Ngarinyin people, 26 fig., 308

Nichols, Johanna, 381

Nigeria, 371

nomadism, 14, 15, 93, 180, 378

elders and, 214, 217

food scarcity and, 300, 310

infectious diseases and, 294–96

non-communicable diseases, 292–93, 411–14, 432–33, 449–50

See also diabetes; hypertension

Norenzayan, Ara, 8

Norse peoples, 215, 290, 308

North American Indians, 27 fig., 309 table

language loss, 397, 398, 399, 406, 409

warfare, 151, 158

See also specific groups

North Slope Inuit. See Alaska North Slope Inuit

northwest Alaska Inuit. See Iñupiat; Yupik Inuit

Northwest Coast Indians, 15, 27 fig., 146, 315

traditional food storage, 309 table, 310, 311

Nuer people, 44, 53, 165, 203, plate 7

Dinka raids, 44, 137, 139, 146, 158, 165

dispute resolution, 95–96, 103

food scarcity and storage, 301, 308, 309 table

map, 26 fig.

Oakley, Wilfrid, 429

obesity, 4, 417, 428, plate 27

diabetes and, 430, 432, 433, 434

Nauru Islanders, 436

Pima Indians, 435

thrifty-gene hypothesis, 442–47

Okavango Delta, 188, 199

Okinawan languages, 399

old age, 30, 211

See also elders

Omaha Indians, 215, 228

oral histories and reconstruction, 478–80

O’Reilly, Patty, 113

origin myths, 323–24, 345, 346

ostracism, 93–94

Owens Valley Shoshone Indians, 42, 44

Pacific Islanders, 309 table, 311, 313, 446

See also specific islands and peoples

Pacific Northwest Indians. See Northwest Coast Indians

Paleolithic art, 340, plate 25

Paleolithic diet, 414, 433

Papua New Guinea, 2, 5

accidental death story, 79–86, 89

diabetes rates, 411, 439 table

state justice, 79–80, 98

violence, 289

See also New Guinea

Paraguay, 290, 398

parasitic diseases, 292, 293, 412

Parson, Talcott, 328 table

patriarchal families, 222, 229

patrilocal households, 166–67, 222–23, 291

peace, 147–49, 155–56, 403–4

See also warfare

peaceful dispute resolution. See state justice systems; traditional dispute resolution

personal relationships. See social bonds

Peru, field scattering in, 304–6, 338–39

Philippines

language loss in, 396

See also Agta people

Piaget, Jean, 174–75

pigs, disputes over, 157, 158

Pima Indians, 434–35, 439 table, 445–46

Pinker, Steven, 139

Piraha Indians, 27 fig., 202, 297, 479, plate 11

children, 176–77, 181, 188, 194–95, 197, 198

dispute resolution, 93–94

gluttony, 444 table

plants and plant foods, 19, 297, 313–14, 315, 415

See also farming; food entries

Plato, 352

play, 91, 202–6, 208, plates 19, 20

child autonomy and, 198–200

dangerous play, 173–74, 198

multi-age groups, 200–202

toys, 204–5, plates 17, 18

Polanski, Roman, 110

political leadership, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 219

violence suppression and, 97–99, 115, 148

political organization, 14–18

food scarcity and, 300

geographic variations, 18–19

language diversity and, 379–80, 400

population size/density and, 10–11, 14–18, 19, 356, 380

religion and, 347–48, 353–54, 355–57, 367 fig., 368

territoriality and, 44

warfare and, 141, 356–57

See also chiefdoms; states

Polynesian peoples. See Pacific Islanders; specific islands and groups

population size and density

decision-making and, 13, 15, 356

food and, 10, 13, 19

geographic knowledge and, 55–56

infectious diseases and, 294–96

language diversity and, 378, 379

political organization and, 10–11, 14–18, 19, 356, 380

religion and, 356–57, 364

social stratification and, 13

stranger encounters and, 50

territoriality and, 43, 44, 45

violence and, 287–88, 291

warfare and, 130–31, 141, 156, 161–63

Portolá expedition, 133

Portugal, salt intake in, 421, 427

Portuguese language, 372, 373, 401

poverty

bilingualism and, 387, 406

diabetes and, 433, 440, 441

religious affiliation and, 354, 368

power relationships, 116–17, 166, 194, 198

elder authority, 227–31

prayer and ritual, 331, 339, 346–47, 348–51, 356

prisoners of war, 141, 146, 158–59

privacy, 202, 224–25

property rights of elders, 31

psychological development, 180–81, 189–90, 192, 208–9

Pume Indians, plates 19, 22

punishment

of children, 192–96, 208

criminal punishment, 109–10, 118, 167

Pygmies, 15, 18, 156, 273, 315, plate 8

children, 181, 187, 188, 191

elders, 214

environmental hazards, 278, 279 table, 280

language loss, 396

map, 26 fig.

trade, 66, 68 table, 70, 72

See also Aka Pygmies; Mbuti Pygmies

Quechua language, 401

raiding, 166

!Kung people, 151–52, 287

Nuer people, 44, 137, 141, 158

raw materials, trade in, 68–69 table, 69, 71–72

reciprocity, 45, 46–47, 74–75, 91–92, 302–3

reciprocal gift-giving, 61, 62, 65–67

reconciliation

state justice systems and, 88, 99, 105, 111–14, 118, 466

in traditional dispute resolution, 29, 83–84, 88–90, 103, 105, 111–12, 116

redistributive economies, 16–17

relationships. See social bonds

religion(s), 25, 31, 323–68

antiquity of, 340, plate 25

anxiety defusion function, 346–51, 367 fig., 368

chiefs and kings as gods, 16, 356

comfort provision function, 351–55, 367 fig., 368

definitions of, 326–32, 327–28 table, 368

demonstrations of commitment to, 325, 329, 330–31, 343–44, 361–63, 366

explanation function, 329, 345–46, 367 fig., 368

functional change over time, 344–45, 367–68, 367 fig.

future of, 368

human cognition and, 336–40, 355

learning from traditional societies, 464–65

moral codes and, 329, 353, 357–59, 367 fig., 368

origin myths, 323–24, 345, 346

origins and development of, 324, 332–36

overview, 323–26

political obedience and, 356–57, 359, 361, 367 fig., 368

political organization and, 347–48, 353–54, 355–57, 367 fig., 368

poverty and, 354, 368

science and, 346, 348, 350, 368

social costs and benefits of, 325, 326, 333, 362, 363

as social groups/movements, 329, 330, 331, 332, 343–44, 363, 368

standardized organization, 355–56, 367 fig., 368

success and expansion of, 21–22, 363–66

war and, 356–57, 359–61, 366, 367 fig., 368

See also supernatural beliefs; specific religions

religious fanaticism, 360, 361

Rennell Islanders, 219–20, 237–38, 313–14

restorative justice, 88, 99, 111–14, 168, 466

See also reconciliation

Retief, Piet, 137

retirement, 223–24, 234–35, 239

revenge

criminal punishment as, 110–11

revenge killings, 84–85, 95, 271–72, 289–90

state prevention of, 98–99, 107, 109, 167–68

in traditional societies, 84–85, 87, 143, 147, 157

traditional warfare and, 143, 147, 157, 271–72

rhabdomancy, 342, 350–51, plate 46

Richardson, Don, 291

Richardson, Lewis, 163–64

risk assessment and tolerance, 270–75, 278, 317–19

faulty assessments, 277, 317–18, 319

in the First World, 277, 306–7, 317–19, 459–60, plate 45

learning from traditional societies, 464

unfamiliar risks, 276–77

risk reduction, 283, 284, 306–7

field scattering as, 303–6

financial investments, 306–7, plate 45

See also constructive paranoia

Robbins, Sterling, 148–49

Rome, ancient, 381, 417

Roscoe, Paul, 122

Rotokas language, 395–96

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 148, 152

Roviana people, 158

Rumsfeld, Donald, 355

Russia, 156

language diversity, 376, 377, 380, 399, 401

wars and violence, 139–40, 146–47, 403

Russian language, 372

Saami people, 215

salt, 417

and hypertension, 417–21, 423–25

sources and intake, 415–17, 425–28, 465

trade in, 68 table, 71–72, 416–17

Samoans, 218

San people, 215

Sandeep, S., 441

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, 405

Sawi people, 291

Scandinavian languages, 404

schools, 200–201, 205, 235, 399

Schwartz v. Helms Bakery, 117

science, religion and, 346, 348, 350, 368

sedentariness, 15, 16, 194, 310, 378

disease and, 294–96, 413, 433, 434, 437, 440

Semang people, 139, 156–57, 219

Sengseng people, 21

senilicide, 215–17, 286

Service, Elman, 14–17

sex, 93, 175, 202, 224, 300

sexual selection, 333–34

Shakers, 364

shamans, 297–98, 339, 348, 355–56

Sheldon, Steve, 176–77

Sherman, William Tecumseh, 145–46

Shermer, Michael, 328 table

Shoshone Indians. See Great Basin Shoshone Indians; Owens Valley Shoshone Indians

Shostak, Marjorie, 284–85, 414, 450

Siassi traders, 59–60, 61, 66, 67, 68 table, 75

Siberian peoples, 309 table

siblings, 187, 188, 201, plate 38

Simpson, Nicole, 112

Simpson, O. J., 112

Sioux Indians, 144

Siriono Indians, 14, 48, 60, 93, 156

children, 179, 195, 202, 203–4

elders, 214, 215

food, 300, 444 table

hygiene, 296–97

map, 27 fig.

sex, 175, 202

The Sky Travelers (Gammage), 58

slavery, 146, 159

Smith, Joseph, 365

snakes, 198, 200, 278, 279 table, 280, 283–84, 285

Soccer War, 138

social bonds, 8, 274, 357–58, 454–55, 457

adoptions and, 189

aggregation and dispersal cycles, 315–16

dispute resolution and, 29, 81, 83–84, 87–90, 101, 105, 115

of elders, 219, 233–34, 235

friendship, 52–53

trade and, 63, 64–65, 73–75

violence and, 11, 358, 359

warfare and, 143

in WEIRD societies, 51–52, 88, 91, 456–58

See also group affiliation; reconciliation

social skills, 189–90, 201, 206, 208–9

allo-parenting and, 189–90

multi-age playgroups and, 201

social status

of elders, 221–27

luxury objects and, 63–64, 69

social stratification. See inequality

Solomon Islands, 151, 158, 301

sorcery, 159, 249–50, 297–98

Sorensen, Arthur, 385

Sosis, Richard, 347, 363

South America, diabetes in, 433, 451

South American Indian languages, 397, 398

South American Indians, 27 fig., 56, 132, 309 table

See also specific groups

Spanish language, 164, 372, 373, 381, 401

spanking of children, 192–93, 194–95

Spiro, Melford, 327 table

starvation, 298–300, 308

See also food scarcity

state justice systems, 97–118, plate 16

advantages, 81, 114–18

attribution of fault or guilt, 96, 102–3, 109, 117

civil disputes, 99–104, 117, 118

criminal justice, 99, 108–14, 117, 118, 167

disadvantages, 104–8, 118, 167–68

goals of, 97–99, 103, 111, 117

international disputes, 101–2

mediation in, 100, 105–8, 116, 466

Papua New Guinea, 79–80, 86, 98

reconciliation and restorative justice, 88, 99, 105, 111–14, 118, 168, 466

state’s interests in, 87, 109–10, 118

state religions, 356–57

See also religion(s); specific religions

state warfare, 140–47, plate 37

alliances, 141–42

captives, 141, 159

forms of, 136, 137, 138, 145–46

military organization and technology, 140, 142–43, 144, 146–47

military training, 143, 144, 169

mortality rates, 127, 128, 139–41, plate 37

psychology of enmity and killing, 142–43, 168–70

resolution of, 147–49

trade and, 164–65

ultimate causes, 160–61

war-free states, 155–56

who is affected by, 140–41, 144, 146–47, 163–65

See also specific countries and wars

states, 7, 10–12, 17–18, 19, 353

acceptance of state authority, 98, 148

child-rearing practices, 206–7

religion in, 347–48, 356–57

violence suppression in, 97–99, 115, 148, 286, 288, 290

See also political organization; state justice systems; state warfare

Statistics of Deadly Quarrels (Richardson), 164

stories and storytelling, 285–86, 291–92

oral histories, 478–80

origin myths, 323–24, 345, 346

strangers and stranger contacts, 1–2, 49–50, 51–52, 290

group affiliation and, 50–51, 53–54

political organization and, 11, 16

religious codes and, 357–59, 367 fig., 368

terms for outsiders, 51

travel and, 37, 49–50, 54–55, 271–72

violence and, 4, 50, 271–72, 290

in WEIRD societies, 1–2, 53

See also group affiliation; territoriality

Strauss, Richard, 239–40, plate 40

sugar, 428–29, 434, 436

suicide, encouraged or assisted, 215–16, 232

supernatural beliefs, 325–26, 329, 330, 338, 341–44, 341 table, 361

as causal explanations, 345–46

intervention by supernatural agents, 329, 331, 345

religious success and, 365–66

See also magic; religion(s); superstitions

superstitions, 342–43, 344, 348, plate 46

Sutton, Peter, 384

swaddling of infants, 185

Sweden, 156, 193

sweet potatoes, 150–51, 298, 300, 301

Switzerland, 156

taboos, 177, 227–29, 298, 339, 348

Talheim pit burial, 134–35

talk and talkativeness, 248, 273–75, 291–92, 299–300, 454

See also stories and storytelling

Tallensi people, 196

Tasmania, language loss in, 398

Tay-Sachs disease, 422

technology and technological change, 18, 348, 381

elders and, 225, 235–36, 237–38

military technology, 142–43, 144

religion and, 348, 350

Teerink, C. G. J., 119

territoriality, 28–29, 37–49, 75

author’s related New Guinea experiences, 37–41, 261–70

borders, 39, 42, 45, 46, plate 34

defenses and patrols, 39, 42, 45, plates 13, 14

defensive fortifications, 135, 150, 152, 291

environmental conditions and, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 155

exclusive territories, 39–41, 41–44, 50

food scarcity and, 302–3

non-exclusive land use, 45–49

trade and, 40, 60–61

warfare and, 127, 130

in Western societies, 48–49, plate 14, plate 34

See also trade; travel

theft, 94, 158

See also raiding

theodicy, 340, 352, 353, 354

thrifty-gene hypothesis, 442–47

Tillich, Paul, 346

tools, trade in, 68–69 table, 69, 70

Toussaint-Louverture, 138

toys, 204–5, plates 17, 18

trade, 59–75, 76, plates 32, 33

forms and patterns of, 60–61, 65–67, 73–75

geographic knowledge and, 56

language diversity and, 378

luxury objects, 63–64, 67, 68–69 table, 69–70

market economies, 61–65

monopolies, 72–75

multilingualism and, 383–84

social bonds and, 63, 64–65, 73–75

societies lacking, 60

trade items, 62, 64, 67–71, 68–69 table

trading specialists, 62–63, 66

travel restrictions and, 40, 60–61

warfare and, 74, 75, 164–66, 287

traditional dispute resolution, 8, 24–25, 29, 80

civil disputes, 99–102

disadvantages, 115, 116, 117–18

face-to-face, 93, plate 15

goals of, 102–3, 108, 111–12

informal justice in modern states, 7–8, 115

mediation and negotiation, 82–83, 85, 92, 93, 95–96, 100, 116

New Guinea accidental death story, 79–86, 89, 117

overview, 92–97

reconciliation in, 29, 83–84, 88–90, 103, 105, 111–12, 116

social bonds and, 29, 81, 87–90, 101, 105, 115

See also compensation processes; state justice systems

traditional societies

advantages, 457–61

defined, 6

information sources and scholarship, 23–24, 476–81

learning from, 7–9, 32–33, 461–66

maps, 26–27figs.

risk assessment and tolerance, 270–75, 278, 283

traditional warfare, 25, 29–30, 80, 119–70, 287, plate 36

alliances and, 120, 141–42, 143

ambushes, 120, 122, 137, 141, 144

attitudes about killing, 143–44, 169, 170

battles, 120, 122, 136, 141, plate 36

chronic nature of, 121, 122, 140, 147

demonization of enemies, 120, 125, 159

effects of European contact, 132, 133–34, 148–54

fate of defeated enemies, 141, 146, 158–59

head-hunting and cannibalism, 151, 158–59

massacres, 120, 122, 127, 141, 146

military organization and training, 120, 141, 144–45

mortality rates, 120, 121, 127–28, 139–41

motives for, 87, 143, 147, 157–59

resolution of, 89–90, 147–49

social factors and benefits, 162–63

sources of information about, 131–36, 149–50, 152–54

trade and, 74, 75, 165–66, 287

typical forms and features, 120–21, 136–38, 141

ultimate causes, 159–63

unplanned escalations of violence, 138

unsuspected enemies, 54–55

viewed as inefficient, 121, 144–45

vs. state warfare, 140–47

war games, 202–3

weapons and military technology, 121, 135, 142, 144, 150, 151

who is affected by, 120, 140–41, 144, 146, 165–67

See also Dani warfare; raiding

travel, 1–2, 4–5, 29, 37, 48–49, plate 14

in enemy territories, 49–50, 54–55, 271–72

friendship and, 29, 53

geographic knowledge and, 29, 54–56

trade and, 40, 60–61

See also territoriality

treachery, 137–38, 290–91

tree hazards, 243–44, 279, 280, 285, plate 42

trespassing. See territoriality

tribes, 15–16, 18

Trobriand Islanders, 17, 26 fig.

child discipline, 195–96, 202

food sharing and storage, 301, 303, 309 table

trade, 66–67, 68 table, 75

Trojan War, 143, 158

Tswana people, 287

Tuareg people, 166

Tumu, Akii, 479

Turnbull, Colin, 205–6

Type-1 diabetes, 430–31, 441, 442

Type-2 diabetes, 32, 430, 431

See also diabetes

Ubykh language, 395, 397

uncontacted peoples, 56–57

See also first contacts

Under the Mountain Wall (Matthiessen), 120

United States

bilingualism in, 386–87, 400

communes in, 362–63

elders in, 223–27, plate 24

homicide rates, 288

Indian language losses, 397, 398, 399, 406

minority languages in, 400

monolingualism in, 370, 383, 400

risk assessment and tolerance, 277, 317–18, 319

salt intake, 416

sugar intake, 428–29

Vanuatu, 371, 377

Vaupés River Indians, 385–86

vengeance. See revenge

Verdi, Giuseppe, 240, plate 41

vervet monkeys, 337

vigilantism, 98–99, 107, 109, plate 35

violence, 29, 271–72, 277–78, 286–92

among war-free peoples, 156–57

feuds, 89, 95–96

language differences and, 403–4

protective measures, 290–92

religious codes of peaceful behavior, 358–59

state suppression of, 97–99, 115, 148, 286, 288, 290

stranger contacts and, 4, 50, 290

unplanned escalations of, 138, 289

vigilantism, 98–99, 107, 109

vs. warfare, 129–30

when dispute resolution fails, 97

See also killing(s); warfare

vitamin deficiencies, 299

Vogt, Evon, 327 table

Voltaire, 359

Wahl, Joachim, 134

Wanigela people, 411, 439 table

Waorani Indians, 139, 163

warfare, 119–70

absence of, 155–56

definitions of, 129–31

genetic basis for, 155–57

hand-to-hand fighting in, 142–43

religion and, 356–57, 359–61, 366, 367 fig., 368

trade and, 74, 75, 164–66, 287

warlike animals, 154–55

See also state warfare; traditional warfare

wasps, 282

water-witching, 342, 350–51, plate 46

wealth. See affluence

weaning and birth intervals, 179–81

weapons, 18

accidental wounds, 281

state warfare, 142–43, 144

trade in, 68–69 table, 69, 70, 71, 73–74

traditional warfare, 121, 135, 150, 151

weather

food availability and, 301, 302–3, 308

weather hazards, 280–81

Weber, Max, 224

WEIRD societies, 8–9

advantages, 455–57, 461–62

child development scholarship, 174–75

child-rearing practices, 180, 182–83, 184–85, 187, 189, 190–91, plate 39

defined, 6

environmental hazards in, 276–77, 279

friendship in, 51–52

individualism in, 91, 224

life expectancies, 231, 233

shortcomings of, 457–61

social bonds in, 51–52, 88, 91, 456–58

stranger contacts in, 1–2, 53

trade in, 61–65

See also specific countries

Welsh language, 409

Westernized lifestyle adoption

health and, 4, 31–32, 411–14, 432–33, 449–50

for safety and comfort, 280

See also diabetes; hypertension

Westernized societies. See WEIRD societies

widow strangling, 21, 216

widowhood, 233

Wiessner, Polly, 479

Wilson, David Sloan, 363–66

Wilson, Michael, 139

Witoto Indians, 214

Wollaston, A. F. R., 298

wolves, 154–55

women, 177, 233, 290, 298

as foragers, 187, 278

as information sources, 166–67, 291

treatment of old women, 215, 216

war and, 141, 146, 157–58, 163, 166–67

See also children

work and work ethic, 224, 353, 460

World Trade Center attack, 127, 128

World War I, 102, 127, 139–40, 142, 160–61, 361

World War II, 137, 165, 169–70, 361, 407

atomic bomb, 127, plate 37

food shortages, 314

mortality, 127, 128, 139–42

personal stories of, 238

related conflicts, 102, 130

Wrangham, Richard, 139, 155

writing, 3, 7, 18

Xingu Indians, 73–74, 419

Yahi Indians, 398

Ishi, 398, 456, plate 29

Yakut people, 215

Yamana language, 397

Yanomamo Indians, 16, 42, 203, 280, 297–98, plate 12

food availability, 301, 303

map, 27 fig.

salt intake and blood pressure, 416, 418–19

trade, 65, 67, 73, 74, 75

warfare, 132, 137, 158, 160, 163, 165, 291

Yap Islanders, 62

Yazzie, Robert, 103

Yemenite Jews, 433, 438 table, 449

Yolngu people, 26 fig., 42, 44, 68 table

Yora Indians, 188

youth, American cult of, 225–26

Yupik Inuit, 152

Yupik languages, 397, 398

Zimmet, Paul, 443

Zulu people, 137, 148, 201

Zweig, Stefan, 239