The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. To find the corresponding locations in the text of this digital version, please use the “search” function on your e-reader. Note that not all terms may be searchable.
Note: Plate numbers refer to insert illustrations. Plates 1–28 appear between pages 148 and 149; plates 29–47 appear between pages 308 and 309.
Aboriginal Australians, 14, 26 fig., 156, 228, plate 2
elders, 214, 230
food scarcity and storage, 309 table, 315
health, 432–33, 439 table, 446
information sources, 477–78
languages, 380, 381, 384–85, 397–98, 406
See also specific peoples
accidents, 30, 245, 278–83, 279 table
avoidance and vigilance, 283–86
causes, 278–83, 279 table
See also dangers; risk
Ache Indians, 14, 27 fig., 51, 292, 456, plate 10
children, 178, 199, 286
elders, 212, 214, 215, 216
environmental hazards, 278, 279 table, 280, 281, 285–86
food scarcity, 301
violence, 286, 290
advertising, age and, 226, plates 23, 24
affluence, 116–17
disease and, 412–13, 430, 432, 433, 436, 439 table, 440
religion and, 354, 368
Africa and African peoples
diabetes, 433, 438 table, 450
language diversity, 371, 398
map, 26 fig.
warfare, 144, 151–52
See also specific groups
age cohorts
among children, 201
ratio of elderly to youth, 231–32
aggregation and dispersal, 291, 310, 315–16
agriculture. See farming
Agta people, 26 fig., 177, 279 table, 292, plate 3
trade, 66, 70, 72, 75
Ainu people, 15, 26 fig., 42, 44
food storage, 309 table, 310, 311
Aka Pygmies, 26 fig., 55, plates 8, 20
child autonomy, 197, 199
child care, 187, 188, 193, plate 8
child punishment, 194, 195
environmental hazards, 278, 279 table
weaning, 181
Alaska North Slope Inuit, 27 fig., 68 table, 71
Alaskan languages, 397, 398, 408, plate 47
Albertson, Mike, 113
Albigensian Manichaeans, 363, 364
alliances, 74–75, 90–91, 116, 291–92
treachery, 137–38, 290–91
warfare and, 120, 141–42, 143
allo-parenting, 187–90, 208
Alzheimer’s disease, 392–95
Amazonia, 18, 199, 385–86
See also specific peoples
ambushes, 120, 122, 137, 141, 144
American Civil War, 145
American Museum of Natural History, 57
American peoples, map, 27 fig.
See also specific regions, countries, and peoples
Anasazi Indian sites, 135–36
Andaman Islanders, 15, 26 fig., 55, 139, 444 table, plate 4
children, 189, 194
trade, 65, 67, 68 table
Andean peoples
field scattering, 304–6, 338–39
food storage, 309 table, 311
language diversity and loss, 380, 401
Anderson, Robin, First Contact, 57, 58
animal domestication, 19, 295
See also herding societies; livestock
animals
animal cognition, 337, 351
dangerous animals, 199, 200, 271, 279 table, 280, 282–83, 285, 286, plate 43
infectious diseases and, 295, 297
rearing of animal young, 183, 186
thrifty-gene experiments, 446–47
warlike animals, 154–57
See also livestock; specific animals
animism, 338
Apache Indians, 144, 166
Arab countries, diabetes in, 433, 438 table, 450
Arabic language, 372, 401
Aranda Aborigines, 228
Araucanian Indians, 144, 228
archaeological evidence, 481
for trade, 60, 64
for warfare, 134–36, 150, 152
Archbold expedition, 57, 119
Archbold, Richard, 57
Arctic and Arctic peoples, 14, 214, 311, 381
maps, 26 fig., 27 fig.
See also specific groups
arrow poisons, 281
art, 136, 340, plate 25
Asia and Asian peoples
diabetes, 430, 433, 438–39 table, 440
filial piety, 221
food storage, 309 table, 313
language diversity, 376, 380
map, 26 fig.
salt intake, 419, 420, 421, 426–27
See also specific countries and peoples
Asmat people, 158
atheism, 325, 330, 354–55
Atkins, J. D. C., 399
Atran, Scott, 327 table, 344
Australia
diabetes in, 438 table
See also Aboriginal Australia
Austronesian expansion, 380, 381, 396
autonomy. See independence
Auyana people, 148–49
Azande people, 341 table
Aztec Empire, 140
Bach, Johann Sebastian, 449, plate 28
Baliem Valley, 57
Harvard expedition, 119–20, 122, 132, 153
See also Dani people
Baltic languages, 399
bands, 14–15, 18
Bantu languages, 380, 381, 396
Bantu peoples, 51, 66, 70, 72, 187, 188
Bellah, Robert, 327 table
Bengali language, 372
Berndt, Catherine, 94
Berndt, Ronald, 94, 272
bilingualism, 382, 386–92, 400, 402–3
See also multilingualism
Bird-David, Nurit, 205
birds, 186
Bismarck, Otto von, 193
black mamba, 283–84
blood pressure, 417–18
See also hypertension
Bofi Pygmies, 181
Bonampak murals, 136
bonobos, 154
Borodkin, Sophie, 397, plate 47
Bougainville Island, 395–96
boundaries. See territoriality
Bowles, Samuel, 139
Boyer, Pascal, 344
breast-feeding, 175, 179–83, 208
Breton language, 399, 465
Britain
child-rearing, 191, 193
salt intake, 427
sugar intake, 428–29
in the World Wars, 127, 407
Broekhuijse, Jan, 54, 120, 133
Buddhism, 328, 329, 330, 352
bureaucracies, 11, 15
Butler, Samuel, 193
California Indians, 309 table, 381
See also specific groups
Calusa Indians, 16, 17, 27 fig., 68 table, 146
Canada
French language in, 375, 403, 404, 409
native languages, 376, 377, 381
cannibalism, 159, 246
cassowary, 249, 269
The Castle (Kafka), 11–12
Catholicism, 341 table, 363, 364
causal explanations
disease responses and, 296, 297–98, 339
human cognition and, 336–40
religion and, 329, 340, 345–46, 367 fig.
cave paintings, 340, plate 25
Celtic languages, 396, 399, 401, 408
Chagnon, Napoleon, 132, 158, 163
Cherokee Indians, 406
chiefdoms, 16–17, 201
dispute resolution, 95–97, 115
religion, 356–57, 368
warfare, 141, 146, 147, 148
See also specific peoples
Child of the Jungle (Kuegler), 133, 480–81
children, 24, 30, 173–209, 213
adoptions, 189
autonomy of, 173–74, 188–89, 192, 196–200, 205, 208–9, 459–60
breast-feeding and birth intervals, 177–78, 179–83, 208
child development scholarship, 174–76
child-rearing practices compared, 206–9
childbirth, 176–77, 187–88
discipline and punishment, 192–96, 208
elders and, 187, 188, 218, 236–37
empty-nest syndrome, 233
fathers and allo-parents, 178, 186–90, 208
infant-adult physical contact, 181–82, 183–86, 199, 208
infant and child mortality, 176–77, 179, 180, 218, 231, 290
infant bilingualism, 391–92
infanticide, 177–79, 286, 287
learning from traditional societies, 25, 174–76, 207–9, 462–63
multi-age playgroups, 200–202
play and education, 202–6, 208, 285–86
responses to crying infants, 190–92, 208
transportation of, 184–85, plates 21, 38, 39
war and, 141, 146, 157, 163
chimpanzees, 157, 183, 418
China
diabetes in, 430, 438 table, 450
elder status, 221, plate 23
language diversity, 376, 377
Mandarin Chinese language, 372, 405
salt intake, 421, 426
wars involving Chinese speakers, 164
Christianity, 325, 345–46, 352, 358, 360, 361
success of, 364, 365
See also Catholicism; Mormonism
Chukchi people, 215, 216, 228, 229
Chumash Indians, 16, 17, 27 fig., 133
Churchill, Winston, 217, 407
Cipriani, Lidio, 444 table
See also Andaman Islanders
Cistercian order, 353
Civil War, 145–46
clans, 15
climate, 307–8, 310, 377–78
cognition, 239, 405
Alzheimer’s disease, 392–95
multilingualism and, 387–95
origins of religion and, 336–40, 355
Columbus, Christopher, 14
communes, 362–63
compensation processes, 29, 87–90, 94–95, 100–101, 102–4, 112
New Guinea accidental death case, 80–81, 82–85
in state justice systems, 103–4, 112, 117
competition, age-based, 227–31
competitive play, 204
Confucianism, 221, 328
Connolly, Bob, First Contact, 57, 58
constructive paranoia, 30, 55, 243–75
See also dangers; risk; specific types of danger
conversation. See talk
Cornish language, 408
Costa Rica, 155–56
Cowgill, Donald, 221–22, 223, 230
cows, disputes over, 158
Nuer raiding, 44, 137, 139, 146, 158, 165
cradle boards, 184, 185–86
creationism, 345–46
Crespí, Juan, 133
criminal justice, 99, 108–14, 117, 118, 167
Cro-Magnons, 60, 64, 68 table, 340, plate 25
crocodiles, 280, plate 43
Crow Indians, 215, 341 table
crowd diseases, 294–96
crying infants, 190–92, 208
cultural diversity, 7, 20–23, 28
culture
elders as stewards of, 213, 219–20, 235, 237–38
language and, 370, 405, 406, 407–8
dangers, 24, 30–31, 276–319, 464
attitudes about fear, 284–85
children’s exposure to, 173–74, 193, 197–200
dangerous animals, 199, 200, 271, 279 table, 280, 282–83, 285, 286, plate 43
thrill-seeking, 318–19
travel and stranger encounters, 49–50, 54–55, 271–72
types and impacts, 245, 270–71, 276–78, plates 42, 43, 44
See also accidents; constructive paranoia; disease(s); environmental hazards; food scarcity; risk; violence
Dani people, 16, 55, 119, 416, plate 1
children’s play, 203, 204
map, 26 fig.
territoriality, 42, plate 13
trade, 66, 68 table, 71–72, 73
Dani warfare, 15, 54–55, 119–28, 165, plate 36
features of, 120–21, 143–44, 145, 146
mortality rates, 127–28, 139, plate 36
time-line, 121–27
Danish language, 402–3
Daribi people, 16, 26 fig., 68 table, 70, 297–98, 308
Dead Birds (film), 120
death
religion and, 329, 351–52
See also mortality
death penalty, 110
Dennett, Daniel, 327 table
diabetes, 4, 31, 292–93, 413, 427–49
in Europeans, 438 table, 447–49
genetic factors, 431–32, 434, 436–37, 441–47
in India, 430, 431, 433, 437, 438 table, 440–41, 450
Nauru Islanders, 435–37, 439 table, 446, 449
Pima Indians, 434–35, 439 table
rates of, 429–30, 433, 438–39 table, 447
risk factors, 417, 431–34
types of, 430–31
Wanigela people, 411, 439 table
dialects, 372–74
diet
diabetes and, 429, 430, 432–33, 434, 440, 443
food availability and, 310, 313–15, 316
hypertension and, 417–21, 423–25
learning from traditional societies, 462, 465
salt intake, 415–17, 425–28
sugar and carbohydrates intake, 428–29
Westernized, non-communicable diseases and, 413–14, 432–33, 449–50
See also food entries
Dingane, 137
Dingiswayo, 148
Dinka people, 44, 54, 137, 139, 146, 158
disease(s), 292–96, 353, 412, 435
food scarcity and, 299
responses to, 296–98, 339
Western lifestyle adoption and, 411–14, 432–33, 449–50
See also diabetes; hypertension
dispersal and aggregation, 291, 310, 315–16
dispute resolution, 160, 466, plates 15, 16
attribution of fault, 96, 102–3
by fighting, 95
international disputes, 101–2
See also state justice systems; traditional dispute resolution; warfare
divorce, 90–91, 105–6
dowsing, 342, 350–51, plate 46
Driver, Daniel, 98, 109
drowning, 281
Dugum Dani people. See Dani people
Durkheim, Émile, 327 table, 328
Dwyer, Michael, 57
Eaton, S. Boyd, 414, 450
Eble, Mary, 113
economic specialization, 10, 11, 15, 16–17, 18
trade specialists, 62–63, 66
education
educational play, 202–6
formal, 200–201, 205, 235, 399, 401
storytelling as, 285–86
Efe Pygmies, 187, 188, 191
egalitarianism, 12, 13, 14, 197
child-rearing and, 194, 197, 198
religion and, 353
elders, 24, 30, 210–40
abandonment, neglect, or killing of, 213, 214–17, 286
Alzheimer’s disease and multilingualism, 392–95
as children’s care-givers, 187, 188, 218
as cultural stewards, 213, 219–20, 235, 237–38
defining old age, 211
learning from traditional societies, 236–40, 465–66
modern trends affecting, 231–36
social reinforcement of elder authority, 227–31
social values and elders’ status, 221–27
talents, strengths and weaknesses of, 238–40, plates 40, 41
usefulness of, 212, 217–20, 221, 224, 225–26, 232, 235–39, plate 22
widowhood, 233
See also life expectancies
electricity-producing fish, 334–36
Ember, Carol, 161
Ember, Melvin, 161
emotional security, 180–81, 192, 208–9
enemies, 49
defeated, fate of, 141, 146, 158–59
demonization of, 120, 125, 159, 168–70
religion and, 352, 358–59, 366
unsuspected, travel and, 54–55
See also killing(s); strangers; territoriality; violence; warfare
Enga people, 26 fig., 68 table, 75, 479–80
England, 304, 306, 311–12
See also Britain
English language, 372, 373–74, 379–80, 395, 400, 401, 407–8
environmental conditions
evolution and, 334
language diversity and, 378
salt intake and, 420
territoriality and, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 155
trade patterns and, 71–72
travel/geographic knowledge and, 55–56
warfare and, 155, 156, 160, 161–62
environmental hazards, 277–78, plates 42, 43, 44
avoidance and vigilance, 243–44, 282–86
child autonomy and, 198–200
Erikson, Erik, 174–75
Esen, Tevfik, 397
Eurasian peoples, 26 fig., 309 table, 311
See also specific groups
Europe
aggregation and dispersal cycles, 315
child punishment, 193, 194
criminal punishment, 110, 111, 118
diabetes rates, 438 table, 447–49
dialects, 373–74
elder treatment, 223–24
food in, 309 table, 416–17, 448–49
homicide rates, 288
language diversity and loss, 371, 396, 399
multilingualism, 383
See also specific countries and languages
European contact. See first contacts
European expansion and colonialism, 14, 18, 22, 57, 132
anthropological studies and, 477–78
effects on violence, 132, 133–34, 148–54, 288–89
language diversity and, 380, 398
wars of conquest, 144, 360
euthanasia, 232
Evans-Pritchard, E. E., 53, 95, 158, 301
Everett, Daniel, 176–77, 188, 194–95, 197, 198, 444 table, 479
executive control, multilingualism and, 388–89, 391
exogamy, 43, 76, 291
linguistic, 384, 385
Explorations into Highland New Guinea (Leahy), 58
Eyak language, 397, 408, plate 47
famines. See food scarcity
farming, 7, 10, 19, 303–6
See also food production
farming societies, 14, 15, 16, 348, 353
aggregation and dispersal cycles, 315–16
children in, 180, 194, 195, 198
elder authority, 229, 230
food sharing and storage, 301, 309 table, 311
infectious diseases, 295
language diversity, 379, 380–81
war in, 139, 156
See also specific groups
Faroese language, 401
fathers, 178, 186–87
Fayu people, 26 fig., 133, 279 table, 297–98, 480–81
warfare, 132, 133, 134, 165
feasting, 137, 291, 303, plates 26, 27
feuds, 89, 95–96, 129–30, 131
fighting, 95, 138, 286, 289, 290
See also violence; warfare
Fiji, 151, 210
Finland, 162–63, 421, 427
First Contact (Connolly and Anderson), 57, 58
first contacts, 56–59, 263, 480–81, plate 29
with New Guineans, 2, 57–59, 119, plates 30, 31
fish, electricity-producing, 334–36
food
disputes over, 93
trade in, 68–69 table, 70, 71, 72
food acquisition, 10, 187, 203, 205, 218, 278, 282–84
See also hunting
food availability
burdensome elders and, 214, 217
fluctuations in, 299, 300–303, 307–8
gluttony and, 443–44, 444 table
language diversity and, 379
thrifty-gene hypothesis, 442–47
warfare and, 150–51, 160
weaning and, 180
See also food scarcity
food production
political organization and, 16, 19, 356
population size/density and, 10, 12, 13, 19
See also farming
food scarcity, 277, 298–316, 445
aggregation and dispersal and, 310, 315–16
diabetes and the thrifty-gene hypothesis, 442–49
diet broadening, 310, 313–15
field scattering and, 303–6
food sharing mechanisms, 300–303
infanticide and, 177
infectious diseases and, 292
malnourishment and starvation, 292, 298–300, 308
seasonal fluctuations, 307–8
storage and preservation methods, 300, 309 table, 310–13, 416
food taboos, 227–28
foraging. See food acquisition
Fore language, 7, 273, 274
Fore people, 16, 26 fig., 94–95, 271–72, 273–74, 300
France and the French, 140, 146–47, 156, 319
Breton language, 399, 465
Frazer, James, 327 table
French language, 381, 401
in Canada, 375, 403, 404, 409
Freud, Sigmund, 175
friendship, 49, 51–53
Frisian language, 404, 408–9
functional change, 334–36
of religion, 344–45, 367–68, 367 fig.
gambling, 350
Gammage, Bill, 58
Ganesan, A., 441
garden farmers, 14
See also Dani people; Machiguenga Indians; New Guinea and New Guinean peoples
Gardner, Robert, 120
Geertz, Clifford, 328 table
Geimer, Samantha, 110
genetic factors
diabetes, 431–32, 434, 436–37, 441–49
elder treatment, 212–13
in evolution, 333–34
hypertension, 421–22, 424–25
in warfare, 155–57
geographic knowledge, 29, 54–56, 75
geography
language diversity and, 376–82
See also environmental conditions
German language, 373, 375
Germany, 156
before World War II, 102, 130, 161, 165
infant and child care, 190–91, 193
military technology, 142
Talheim pit burial, 134–35
war mortality, 139–40, 319
gift-giving, 61, 62, 65–67, 94
gluttony, 444, 445, plate 27
Goetz, Bernhard, 107
Goland, Carol, 304, 305–6
Goldman, Ron, 112
Goodale, Jane, 91, 216, 284
gossip, 274
government. See political organization; states
Grady, Mark, 107–8
grandparents, 187, 188, 218, 236–37
See also elders
Great Basin Shoshone Indians, 27 fig., 47–48, 156, 315–16
food storage, 309 table, 310, 311, 315–16
Great Plains Indians, 151, 309 table, 311
See also specific groups
Greenland Inuit, 156, 381
Greenland Norse, 290, 308
Gretzky, Wayne, 270, 283
group affiliation, 16, 49–54, 75–76, 343
language and, 376, 407–8
religions as social groups, 329, 330, 331, 332, 343–44, 363, 368
territoriality and, 43, 45, 47, 50–51
See also enemies; friends; social bonds; strangers
Guarani language, 398
Guns, Germs, and Steel (Diamond), 19
Gwembe Tonga farmers, 314
Hadza people, 26 fig., 188, 200, 218, plates 5, 21
Haitian revolution, 138
Handwerker, W. Penn, 347
Harvard Baliem Valley expedition, 119–20, 122, 132, 153
Harvard investments, 307, plate 45
head-hunting, 151, 158–59
healers (shamans), 297–98, 339, 348, 355–56
health, 24, 31–32, 410–51
Alzheimer’s disease, 392–95
of elders, 231
infections, 281–82
learning from traditional societies, 414, 462, 465
See also diabetes; disease(s); hypertension; mortality
Hebrews, ancient, 229, 230
Heider, Karl, 59, 120, 127, 203
Heine, Steven, 8
Henrich, Joseph, 8
herding societies, 15, 16, 19
children in, 194, 195–96, 198
elders in, 229, 230
food and food storage, 301, 309 table, 311
See also specific groups
hermits, 330, 353
Hewlett, Bonnie, 456
high blood pressure. See hypertension
Hill, Kim, 178
See also Ache Indians
Hindi, 372
hippopotamus, 280
Holmberg, Allan, 60, 179, 215, 297, 444 table
Hopi Indians, 214
horses, 158
Howell, Nancy, 178–79, 212, 287, 288
Hrdy, Sarah Blaffer, 191
Huangdi neijing suwen, 418
hunter-gatherer societies, 7, 353
breast-feeding and birth intervals, 179–81, 182–83
child autonomy, 196–200
child care, 187–88
child punishment, 194–95
egalitarianism, 13, 14, 197, 198
food acquisition and scarcity, 187, 301, 309 table, 315–16
infant-parent contact, 181–82, 184
information sources and quality, 478
multi-age playgroups, 201–2
political organization and, 10, 13, 14, 15, 17–18
war in, 139, 156
See also nomadism; specific peoples
hunting, 348
children’s training, 203–4, 205–6, 349
hazards of, 271, 272–73, 278, 279 table, 280, 281, 284–85
salt intake and, 415
territoriality and, 42–43
uncertainty of success, 300–303
Hurtado, A. Magdalena, 178
See also Ache Indians
Hutterite colonies, 363
hyenas, 154–55
hygiene, 293–94, 296–97
hypertension, 4, 31, 32, 292, 411, 417–28
causes, 421–25
salt intake and, 417–21, 423–25
Iceland Norse, 290
Icelandic language, 401
identity. See group affiliation
Iliad, 143
independence, 224
child autonomy, 173–74, 188–89, 192, 196–200, 205, 208–9
India
diabetes in, 430, 431, 433, 437, 438 table, 440–41, 450
language diversity, 371, 401
individualism, 91–92, 224, 457
Indonesia, 396
Indonesian New Guinea, 5
See also New Guinea
Indonesian traders, 67
inequality, 12, 13, 17, 18, 481
child-rearing and, 194, 198
religion and, 353
See also egalitarianism; power relationships
infanticide, 177–79, 286, 287
infants. See children
infections, 281–82
infectious diseases, 292, 293–96, 412, 435
insect bites, 281–82
Inuit, 228, 315, 341 table
elder treatment, 214, 215
expansion and language diversity, 381, 386
hunting and environmental hazards, 272–73, 278, 279 table
traditional food storage, 309 table
See also Alaska North Slope Inuit; Iñupiat; other specific groups
Iñupiat (northwest Alaska Inuit), 16, 189, 303, plate 9
map, 27 fig.
territoriality, 42, 44
trade, 66, 67, 74–75
warfare, 146, 152
Ireland, 230, 448
Irian Jaya, 5
See also New Guinea
Irish language, 401
Irons, William, 327 table
Ishi, 398, 456, plate 29
Islam, 341 table, 352, 357, 364
Israel, 363, 433, 438 table, 449
Israeli sand rat, 446–47
Italian language, 373, 374
Italy, 221–22, 428
Jackson, Jean, 385
jaguars, 280, 285
James, William, 327 table
Japan, 221, 231, 396, 399
diabetes in, 442
Pearl Harbor attack, 169–70
salt intake in, 419, 420, 421, 426–27
war mortality, 127, 140, plate 37
Japanese language, 372, 396, 399
Jones, Marie Smith, 397
Judaism, 330, 341 table, 358, 360, 363, 364
juvenile-onset diabetes, 430–31, 441, 442
Kafka, Franz, 11–12
Kalahari Desert, 302–3
See also !Kung people
Kamchatkans, 68 table
kangaroos, 183
Kaulong people, 16, 26 fig., 62, 284, 297–98
children, 91, 177, 204
elder treatment, 21, 216
environmental hazards, 278, 279 table
food availability, 308, 314–15
hunting superstitions, 339
Keeley, Lawrence, 139, 150, 165
Keen, Ian, 477
Kennedy, Edward, 105
kibbutzim, 363
kidney disease, 412, 417, 450
kidney function, 424–25, 429
killing(s), 131, 398
among the !Kung, 286–90
infanticide, 177–79, 286, 287
Kaulong widow strangling, 21, 216
of old people, 215–17, 232
psychology of, 142–43, 168–69
revenge killings, 84–85, 95, 271–72, 289–90
See also mortality; violence; warfare
Kirghiz people, 16, 26 fig.
Knight, Frank, 67
König, Hans, 134
Konner, Melvin, 276, 414, 450, 478
Kopechne, Mary Jo, 105
Korean food preservation, 309 table, 313
Korean language, 399
Kovács, Ágnes, 391
Kuegler, Doris, 133
Kuegler, Klaus, 133, 134
Kuegler, Sabine, 133, 276–77, 480–81
!Kung people, 14, 18, 26 fig., 93, 273, plate 6
breast-feeding and weaning, 179–80, 180–81, 182
child autonomy, 199
child punishment, 194, 195
childbirth, 176, 178–79
disease among, 292, 297
elders, 212, 214, 218, 221, 229, 237
environmental hazards, 278, 280, 281, 283–84
food scarcity, 300–301, 302–3, 308, 313–14, 316
group affiliation, 47, 50–51
hunting, 271, 276, 282, 284–85, 349–50
infant-adult contact, 184
infant care, 191–92
infanticide, 178–79, 286, 287
sources of information about, 478, 479
territoriality, 46–47, 50–51
trade, 66, 68 table, 70, 74
violence, 286–90
warfare, 151–52, 156, 287, 288
Kurita, Takeo, 217
Kutenai Indians, 215
Lahey, Joanna, 223
land use
field scattering, 303–6
non-exclusive, 45–49
property rights of elders, 229–30
See also territoriality
language diversity, 31, 371–82, 395–96
evolution of, 374–76
geographic variation, 376–82
multilingualism and, 385–86
New Guinea, 3–4, 7, 28, 371–72, 374, 377, 378–79, 381–82
in origin myths, 324, 346
value of, 404–8
viewed as harmful, 371, 386–87, 399, 402–4
See also language loss
language learning, 385, 386, 387, 400–401, 463
language loss, 370–71, 395–409
geographic variations, 397–98
mechanisms of, 398–401
preventing, 408–9
rates of, 396–97
See also language diversity
language(s), 24, 369–409
culture and, 370, 405, 406, 407–8
dialects, 372–74
evolution of, 374–76
group affiliation and, 376
language expansion, 21–22, 380–81, 386
language giants, 371–72, 379–80
speech community sizes, 372, 379, 385
state languages, 401, 404
terms for outsiders, 51
warfare and, 164, 165
See also language diversity; multilingualism; writing; specific areas and languages
Lapps, 215
Lascaux cave, 340, plate 25
Latin America. See South America; specific countries and peoples
Latin language, 396
laws, 99, 108
Leahy, Daniel, 57, plate 30
Leahy-Dwyer patrol, 57–58, plates 30, 31
Leahy, Michael, 57, 58
LeBlanc, Steven, 130
Leclerc, Charles, 138
Lee, Richard, 74, 286–88, 301, 302–3
leopards, 280
Lessa, William, 327 table
Lewis, David, 216
life expectancies, 211–12, 231, 233, 245, 277, 353
lightning, 281
lions, 154–55, 271, 280
Lissmann, Hans, 335
livestock, 157, 158, 229, 295, 313
See also animal domestication; cows; herding societies
Maasai people, 446
Machiguenga Indians, 15, 27 fig., 48, 156
Madagascar, 200
magic, 297–98, 348–49, 350
sorcery, 159, 249–50
Mailu Islanders, 17, 26 fig., 67, 72–73, 203
Malai Island, 59–60
Siassi traders, 59–60, 61, 66, 67, 68 table, 75
malaria, 292, 294, 297, 412
Malinowski, Bronislaw, 72, 195–96, 348–49
mammal young, 183, 186
Mandan Indians, 398
Mandarin Chinese, 372, 405
mandatory retirement, 223–24, 234, 239
manufactured goods
made by old people, 218–19, plate 22
material goods in WEIRD societies, 456, 459, 460–61
traditional trade in, 68–69 table, 69–70, 72–73
Maori language, 404, 409
Maori people, 135, 144, 150–51, 309 table, 311, 312
Mapuche Indians, 439 table
Marind people, 158
market economies, 61–65
marriage, 8, 228–29
divorce, 90–91, 105–6
exogamy, 43, 76, 291, 457
husband-wife conflict, 93, 94, 100
linguistic exogamy, 384, 385
marriage partner trades, 70
neolocal households, 222, 223, 233
patrilocal households, 166–67, 222–23, 291
warfare between groups who intermarry, 165, 166–67
Marshall, Lorna, 51
Martu people, 197, 200
Marx, Karl, 12, 328 table, 357
massacres, 120, 122, 127, 134–35, 141, 146
Matthiessen, Peter, 54, 120
Mauritius, 438 table, 440
Mayan wall paintings, 136
Mbuti Pygmies, 26 fig., 205–6, 308
Mead, Margaret, 478
mediation, 82–83, 85, 92, 93, 96, 100
in state justice systems, 100, 105–8, 116, 466
Mehler, Jacques, 391
men
aging and life expectancy, 233
as hunters, 278
older men and young wives, 228–29
Mesa Verde, 135
Mexico, 221–22, 401
mineral deficiencies, 299
Minong people, 26 fig.
minority languages
value of, 404–8
viewed as harmful, 371, 386–87, 399, 402–4
See also language diversity; language loss
missionaries, 56, 57–58, 92
Mohan, V., 437, 441
money
market economies, 61–65
traditional equivalents, 62, 65, 158
See also affluence; compensation processes; poverty
monkeys, 183, 295, 337
monolingualism, 370, 382, 385–92, 400
viewed as beneficial, 371, 386–87, 399, 402–4
See also multilingualism
monopolies (trade), 72–74
moral codes
against killing, 142–43, 168
against revenge, 167
religion and, 329, 353, 357–59, 367 fig.
Mormonism, 325, 331, 341 table, 365, 366
mortality
accidental death causes, 278–82, 279 table
communicable diseases and infection, 292–96
death rates and religious success, 364
infants and children, 176–77, 179, 180, 218, 231, 290
malnourishment and starvation, 299
non-communicable diseases, 412
state warfare, 127, 128, 139–41, plate 37
traditional warfare, 120, 121, 127–28, 139–41, plate 36
violent deaths, 287–88
Muller, Martin, 139
multilingualism, 24, 31, 371, 383–95
Aboriginal Australia, 384–85
Amazonia, 385–86
cognitive impacts, 387–95, 463
defining, 382
fostering, 462–63, 465
language learning and, 385, 386, 387
language loss and, 402–3, 405
New Guinea, 369–70, 383–84
poverty and, 387, 406
in the U.S., 386–87, 400
viewed as harmful, 31, 386–87, 463
murder. See killing(s)
Musket Wars, 150–51
Nahuatl language, 401
Napoleonic Wars, 140, 146–47
Native American languages, 397, 398, 399, 406, 409
Native Americans. See North American Indians; South American Indians; specific groups
natural selection, 333–34, 336, 437
Nauru Islanders, 435–37, 439 table, 446, 449
Navajo Indians, 103, 185, 229
Navajo language, 398, 403
Nayaka people, 205
NCDs. See non-communicable diseases
Neel, James, 442, 446
neglect
of children, 178, 179, 181, 190
of old people, 214
neighboring groups
killings between, 286
visiting between, 45, 47, 54, 75, 384–85
warfare and, 162–63, 164, 165
See also strangers; territoriality; trade; travel
neolocal households, 222, 223, 224–25, 457–58
Nesler, Ellie, 98–99, 109, plate 35
Netherlands, minority languages in, 404, 408–9
New Britain, 72
See also Kaulong people
New Guinea and New Guinean peoples, 5, 18, 453–54
child care and autonomy, 187, 188–89, 198, 200
child punishment, 193–94
children’s play, 202–3
colonialism’s impact on violence, 288–89
constructive paranoia, 244–45
cultural diversity, 28
environmental hazards, 278, 279 table, 281, 282
field scattering, 303, 306
first contacts with Europeans, 2, 57–59, 119, plates 30, 31
food scarcity and storage, 298, 301, 309 table, 313
geographic knowledge, 55, 56
health and life expectancies, 211, 245, 410–12
hunting, 282
language diversity, 3–4, 7, 28, 371–72, 374, 377, 378–79, 381–82
map, 26 fig.
marriage practices, 228–29
multilingualism, 369–70, 383–84
salt intake, 416, 419
talkativeness, 248, 273
traditional trade, 62, 66, plate 32
traditional warfare, 132, 133–34, 137, 148–49, 151, 157–58, 159
uncontacted peoples, 56–57
Westernization of, 2–6, 410–12
See also specific groups
New Zealand
Maori language in, 404, 409
Musket Wars, 150–51
See also Maori people
Nganasan people, 26 fig., 60, 156, 309 table
Ngarinyin people, 26 fig., 308
Nichols, Johanna, 381
Nigeria, 371
nomadism, 14, 15, 93, 180, 378
elders and, 214, 217
food scarcity and, 300, 310
infectious diseases and, 294–96
non-communicable diseases, 292–93, 411–14, 432–33, 449–50
See also diabetes; hypertension
Norenzayan, Ara, 8
Norse peoples, 215, 290, 308
North American Indians, 27 fig., 309 table
language loss, 397, 398, 399, 406, 409
warfare, 151, 158
See also specific groups
North Slope Inuit. See Alaska North Slope Inuit
northwest Alaska Inuit. See Iñupiat; Yupik Inuit
Northwest Coast Indians, 15, 27 fig., 146, 315
traditional food storage, 309 table, 310, 311
Nuer people, 44, 53, 165, 203, plate 7
Dinka raids, 44, 137, 139, 146, 158, 165
dispute resolution, 95–96, 103
food scarcity and storage, 301, 308, 309 table
map, 26 fig.
Oakley, Wilfrid, 429
obesity, 4, 417, 428, plate 27
diabetes and, 430, 432, 433, 434
Nauru Islanders, 436
Pima Indians, 435
thrifty-gene hypothesis, 442–47
Okavango Delta, 188, 199
Okinawan languages, 399
old age, 30, 211
See also elders
Omaha Indians, 215, 228
oral histories and reconstruction, 478–80
O’Reilly, Patty, 113
origin myths, 323–24, 345, 346
ostracism, 93–94
Owens Valley Shoshone Indians, 42, 44
Pacific Islanders, 309 table, 311, 313, 446
See also specific islands and peoples
Pacific Northwest Indians. See Northwest Coast Indians
Paleolithic art, 340, plate 25
Paleolithic diet, 414, 433
Papua New Guinea, 2, 5
accidental death story, 79–86, 89
diabetes rates, 411, 439 table
state justice, 79–80, 98
violence, 289
See also New Guinea
Paraguay, 290, 398
parasitic diseases, 292, 293, 412
Parson, Talcott, 328 table
patriarchal families, 222, 229
patrilocal households, 166–67, 222–23, 291
peace, 147–49, 155–56, 403–4
See also warfare
peaceful dispute resolution. See state justice systems; traditional dispute resolution
personal relationships. See social bonds
Peru, field scattering in, 304–6, 338–39
Philippines
language loss in, 396
See also Agta people
Piaget, Jean, 174–75
pigs, disputes over, 157, 158
Pima Indians, 434–35, 439 table, 445–46
Pinker, Steven, 139
Piraha Indians, 27 fig., 202, 297, 479, plate 11
children, 176–77, 181, 188, 194–95, 197, 198
dispute resolution, 93–94
gluttony, 444 table
plants and plant foods, 19, 297, 313–14, 315, 415
See also farming; food entries
Plato, 352
play, 91, 202–6, 208, plates 19, 20
child autonomy and, 198–200
dangerous play, 173–74, 198
multi-age groups, 200–202
toys, 204–5, plates 17, 18
Polanski, Roman, 110
political leadership, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 219
violence suppression and, 97–99, 115, 148
political organization, 14–18
food scarcity and, 300
geographic variations, 18–19
language diversity and, 379–80, 400
population size/density and, 10–11, 14–18, 19, 356, 380
religion and, 347–48, 353–54, 355–57, 367 fig., 368
territoriality and, 44
warfare and, 141, 356–57
See also chiefdoms; states
Polynesian peoples. See Pacific Islanders; specific islands and groups
population size and density
decision-making and, 13, 15, 356
food and, 10, 13, 19
geographic knowledge and, 55–56
infectious diseases and, 294–96
language diversity and, 378, 379
political organization and, 10–11, 14–18, 19, 356, 380
religion and, 356–57, 364
social stratification and, 13
stranger encounters and, 50
territoriality and, 43, 44, 45
violence and, 287–88, 291
warfare and, 130–31, 141, 156, 161–63
Portolá expedition, 133
Portugal, salt intake in, 421, 427
Portuguese language, 372, 373, 401
poverty
bilingualism and, 387, 406
diabetes and, 433, 440, 441
religious affiliation and, 354, 368
power relationships, 116–17, 166, 194, 198
elder authority, 227–31
prayer and ritual, 331, 339, 346–47, 348–51, 356
prisoners of war, 141, 146, 158–59
privacy, 202, 224–25
property rights of elders, 31
psychological development, 180–81, 189–90, 192, 208–9
Pume Indians, plates 19, 22
punishment
of children, 192–96, 208
criminal punishment, 109–10, 118, 167
Pygmies, 15, 18, 156, 273, 315, plate 8
children, 181, 187, 188, 191
elders, 214
environmental hazards, 278, 279 table, 280
language loss, 396
map, 26 fig.
trade, 66, 68 table, 70, 72
See also Aka Pygmies; Mbuti Pygmies
Quechua language, 401
raiding, 166
!Kung people, 151–52, 287
Nuer people, 44, 137, 141, 158
raw materials, trade in, 68–69 table, 69, 71–72
reciprocity, 45, 46–47, 74–75, 91–92, 302–3
reciprocal gift-giving, 61, 62, 65–67
reconciliation
state justice systems and, 88, 99, 105, 111–14, 118, 466
in traditional dispute resolution, 29, 83–84, 88–90, 103, 105, 111–12, 116
redistributive economies, 16–17
relationships. See social bonds
religion(s), 25, 31, 323–68
antiquity of, 340, plate 25
anxiety defusion function, 346–51, 367 fig., 368
chiefs and kings as gods, 16, 356
comfort provision function, 351–55, 367 fig., 368
definitions of, 326–32, 327–28 table, 368
demonstrations of commitment to, 325, 329, 330–31, 343–44, 361–63, 366
explanation function, 329, 345–46, 367 fig., 368
functional change over time, 344–45, 367–68, 367 fig.
future of, 368
human cognition and, 336–40, 355
learning from traditional societies, 464–65
moral codes and, 329, 353, 357–59, 367 fig., 368
origin myths, 323–24, 345, 346
origins and development of, 324, 332–36
overview, 323–26
political obedience and, 356–57, 359, 361, 367 fig., 368
political organization and, 347–48, 353–54, 355–57, 367 fig., 368
poverty and, 354, 368
science and, 346, 348, 350, 368
social costs and benefits of, 325, 326, 333, 362, 363
as social groups/movements, 329, 330, 331, 332, 343–44, 363, 368
standardized organization, 355–56, 367 fig., 368
success and expansion of, 21–22, 363–66
war and, 356–57, 359–61, 366, 367 fig., 368
See also supernatural beliefs; specific religions
religious fanaticism, 360, 361
Rennell Islanders, 219–20, 237–38, 313–14
restorative justice, 88, 99, 111–14, 168, 466
See also reconciliation
Retief, Piet, 137
retirement, 223–24, 234–35, 239
revenge
criminal punishment as, 110–11
revenge killings, 84–85, 95, 271–72, 289–90
state prevention of, 98–99, 107, 109, 167–68
in traditional societies, 84–85, 87, 143, 147, 157
traditional warfare and, 143, 147, 157, 271–72
rhabdomancy, 342, 350–51, plate 46
Richardson, Don, 291
Richardson, Lewis, 163–64
risk assessment and tolerance, 270–75, 278, 317–19
faulty assessments, 277, 317–18, 319
in the First World, 277, 306–7, 317–19, 459–60, plate 45
learning from traditional societies, 464
unfamiliar risks, 276–77
risk reduction, 283, 284, 306–7
field scattering as, 303–6
financial investments, 306–7, plate 45
See also constructive paranoia
Robbins, Sterling, 148–49
Rome, ancient, 381, 417
Roscoe, Paul, 122
Rotokas language, 395–96
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 148, 152
Roviana people, 158
Rumsfeld, Donald, 355
Russia, 156
language diversity, 376, 377, 380, 399, 401
wars and violence, 139–40, 146–47, 403
Russian language, 372
Saami people, 215
salt, 417
and hypertension, 417–21, 423–25
sources and intake, 415–17, 425–28, 465
trade in, 68 table, 71–72, 416–17
Samoans, 218
San people, 215
Sandeep, S., 441
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, 405
Sawi people, 291
Scandinavian languages, 404
schools, 200–201, 205, 235, 399
Schwartz v. Helms Bakery, 117
science, religion and, 346, 348, 350, 368
sedentariness, 15, 16, 194, 310, 378
disease and, 294–96, 413, 433, 434, 437, 440
Semang people, 139, 156–57, 219
Sengseng people, 21
senilicide, 215–17, 286
Service, Elman, 14–17
sex, 93, 175, 202, 224, 300
sexual selection, 333–34
Shakers, 364
shamans, 297–98, 339, 348, 355–56
Sheldon, Steve, 176–77
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 145–46
Shermer, Michael, 328 table
Shoshone Indians. See Great Basin Shoshone Indians; Owens Valley Shoshone Indians
Shostak, Marjorie, 284–85, 414, 450
Siassi traders, 59–60, 61, 66, 67, 68 table, 75
Siberian peoples, 309 table
siblings, 187, 188, 201, plate 38
Simpson, Nicole, 112
Simpson, O. J., 112
Sioux Indians, 144
Siriono Indians, 14, 48, 60, 93, 156
children, 179, 195, 202, 203–4
elders, 214, 215
food, 300, 444 table
hygiene, 296–97
map, 27 fig.
sex, 175, 202
The Sky Travelers (Gammage), 58
slavery, 146, 159
Smith, Joseph, 365
snakes, 198, 200, 278, 279 table, 280, 283–84, 285
Soccer War, 138
social bonds, 8, 274, 357–58, 454–55, 457
adoptions and, 189
aggregation and dispersal cycles, 315–16
dispute resolution and, 29, 81, 83–84, 87–90, 101, 105, 115
of elders, 219, 233–34, 235
friendship, 52–53
trade and, 63, 64–65, 73–75
violence and, 11, 358, 359
warfare and, 143
in WEIRD societies, 51–52, 88, 91, 456–58
See also group affiliation; reconciliation
social skills, 189–90, 201, 206, 208–9
allo-parenting and, 189–90
multi-age playgroups and, 201
social status
of elders, 221–27
luxury objects and, 63–64, 69
social stratification. See inequality
Solomon Islands, 151, 158, 301
sorcery, 159, 249–50, 297–98
Sorensen, Arthur, 385
Sosis, Richard, 347, 363
South America, diabetes in, 433, 451
South American Indian languages, 397, 398
South American Indians, 27 fig., 56, 132, 309 table
See also specific groups
Spanish language, 164, 372, 373, 381, 401
spanking of children, 192–93, 194–95
Spiro, Melford, 327 table
starvation, 298–300, 308
See also food scarcity
state justice systems, 97–118, plate 16
advantages, 81, 114–18
attribution of fault or guilt, 96, 102–3, 109, 117
civil disputes, 99–104, 117, 118
criminal justice, 99, 108–14, 117, 118, 167
disadvantages, 104–8, 118, 167–68
goals of, 97–99, 103, 111, 117
international disputes, 101–2
mediation in, 100, 105–8, 116, 466
Papua New Guinea, 79–80, 86, 98
reconciliation and restorative justice, 88, 99, 105, 111–14, 118, 168, 466
state’s interests in, 87, 109–10, 118
state religions, 356–57
See also religion(s); specific religions
state warfare, 140–47, plate 37
alliances, 141–42
captives, 141, 159
forms of, 136, 137, 138, 145–46
military organization and technology, 140, 142–43, 144, 146–47
military training, 143, 144, 169
mortality rates, 127, 128, 139–41, plate 37
psychology of enmity and killing, 142–43, 168–70
resolution of, 147–49
trade and, 164–65
ultimate causes, 160–61
war-free states, 155–56
who is affected by, 140–41, 144, 146–47, 163–65
See also specific countries and wars
states, 7, 10–12, 17–18, 19, 353
acceptance of state authority, 98, 148
child-rearing practices, 206–7
religion in, 347–48, 356–57
violence suppression in, 97–99, 115, 148, 286, 288, 290
See also political organization; state justice systems; state warfare
Statistics of Deadly Quarrels (Richardson), 164
stories and storytelling, 285–86, 291–92
oral histories, 478–80
origin myths, 323–24, 345, 346
strangers and stranger contacts, 1–2, 49–50, 51–52, 290
group affiliation and, 50–51, 53–54
political organization and, 11, 16
religious codes and, 357–59, 367 fig., 368
terms for outsiders, 51
travel and, 37, 49–50, 54–55, 271–72
violence and, 4, 50, 271–72, 290
in WEIRD societies, 1–2, 53
See also group affiliation; territoriality
Strauss, Richard, 239–40, plate 40
sugar, 428–29, 434, 436
suicide, encouraged or assisted, 215–16, 232
supernatural beliefs, 325–26, 329, 330, 338, 341–44, 341 table, 361
as causal explanations, 345–46
intervention by supernatural agents, 329, 331, 345
religious success and, 365–66
See also magic; religion(s); superstitions
superstitions, 342–43, 344, 348, plate 46
Sutton, Peter, 384
swaddling of infants, 185
Sweden, 156, 193
sweet potatoes, 150–51, 298, 300, 301
Switzerland, 156
taboos, 177, 227–29, 298, 339, 348
Talheim pit burial, 134–35
talk and talkativeness, 248, 273–75, 291–92, 299–300, 454
See also stories and storytelling
Tallensi people, 196
Tasmania, language loss in, 398
Tay-Sachs disease, 422
technology and technological change, 18, 348, 381
elders and, 225, 235–36, 237–38
military technology, 142–43, 144
religion and, 348, 350
Teerink, C. G. J., 119
territoriality, 28–29, 37–49, 75
author’s related New Guinea experiences, 37–41, 261–70
borders, 39, 42, 45, 46, plate 34
defenses and patrols, 39, 42, 45, plates 13, 14
defensive fortifications, 135, 150, 152, 291
environmental conditions and, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 155
exclusive territories, 39–41, 41–44, 50
food scarcity and, 302–3
non-exclusive land use, 45–49
trade and, 40, 60–61
warfare and, 127, 130
in Western societies, 48–49, plate 14, plate 34
See also trade; travel
theft, 94, 158
See also raiding
theodicy, 340, 352, 353, 354
thrifty-gene hypothesis, 442–47
Tillich, Paul, 346
tools, trade in, 68–69 table, 69, 70
Toussaint-Louverture, 138
toys, 204–5, plates 17, 18
trade, 59–75, 76, plates 32, 33
forms and patterns of, 60–61, 65–67, 73–75
geographic knowledge and, 56
language diversity and, 378
luxury objects, 63–64, 67, 68–69 table, 69–70
market economies, 61–65
monopolies, 72–75
multilingualism and, 383–84
social bonds and, 63, 64–65, 73–75
societies lacking, 60
trade items, 62, 64, 67–71, 68–69 table
trading specialists, 62–63, 66
travel restrictions and, 40, 60–61
warfare and, 74, 75, 164–66, 287
traditional dispute resolution, 8, 24–25, 29, 80
civil disputes, 99–102
disadvantages, 115, 116, 117–18
face-to-face, 93, plate 15
goals of, 102–3, 108, 111–12
informal justice in modern states, 7–8, 115
mediation and negotiation, 82–83, 85, 92, 93, 95–96, 100, 116
New Guinea accidental death story, 79–86, 89, 117
overview, 92–97
reconciliation in, 29, 83–84, 88–90, 103, 105, 111–12, 116
social bonds and, 29, 81, 87–90, 101, 105, 115
See also compensation processes; state justice systems
traditional societies
advantages, 457–61
defined, 6
information sources and scholarship, 23–24, 476–81
learning from, 7–9, 32–33, 461–66
maps, 26–27figs.
risk assessment and tolerance, 270–75, 278, 283
traditional warfare, 25, 29–30, 80, 119–70, 287, plate 36
alliances and, 120, 141–42, 143
ambushes, 120, 122, 137, 141, 144
attitudes about killing, 143–44, 169, 170
battles, 120, 122, 136, 141, plate 36
chronic nature of, 121, 122, 140, 147
demonization of enemies, 120, 125, 159
effects of European contact, 132, 133–34, 148–54
fate of defeated enemies, 141, 146, 158–59
head-hunting and cannibalism, 151, 158–59
massacres, 120, 122, 127, 141, 146
military organization and training, 120, 141, 144–45
mortality rates, 120, 121, 127–28, 139–41
motives for, 87, 143, 147, 157–59
resolution of, 89–90, 147–49
social factors and benefits, 162–63
sources of information about, 131–36, 149–50, 152–54
trade and, 74, 75, 165–66, 287
typical forms and features, 120–21, 136–38, 141
ultimate causes, 159–63
unplanned escalations of violence, 138
unsuspected enemies, 54–55
viewed as inefficient, 121, 144–45
vs. state warfare, 140–47
war games, 202–3
weapons and military technology, 121, 135, 142, 144, 150, 151
who is affected by, 120, 140–41, 144, 146, 165–67
See also Dani warfare; raiding
travel, 1–2, 4–5, 29, 37, 48–49, plate 14
in enemy territories, 49–50, 54–55, 271–72
friendship and, 29, 53
geographic knowledge and, 29, 54–56
trade and, 40, 60–61
See also territoriality
treachery, 137–38, 290–91
tree hazards, 243–44, 279, 280, 285, plate 42
trespassing. See territoriality
tribes, 15–16, 18
Trobriand Islanders, 17, 26 fig.
child discipline, 195–96, 202
food sharing and storage, 301, 303, 309 table
trade, 66–67, 68 table, 75
Trojan War, 143, 158
Tswana people, 287
Tuareg people, 166
Tumu, Akii, 479
Turnbull, Colin, 205–6
Type-1 diabetes, 430–31, 441, 442
Type-2 diabetes, 32, 430, 431
See also diabetes
Ubykh language, 395, 397
uncontacted peoples, 56–57
See also first contacts
Under the Mountain Wall (Matthiessen), 120
United States
bilingualism in, 386–87, 400
communes in, 362–63
elders in, 223–27, plate 24
homicide rates, 288
Indian language losses, 397, 398, 399, 406
minority languages in, 400
monolingualism in, 370, 383, 400
risk assessment and tolerance, 277, 317–18, 319
salt intake, 416
sugar intake, 428–29
Vanuatu, 371, 377
Vaupés River Indians, 385–86
vengeance. See revenge
Verdi, Giuseppe, 240, plate 41
vervet monkeys, 337
vigilantism, 98–99, 107, 109, plate 35
violence, 29, 271–72, 277–78, 286–92
among war-free peoples, 156–57
feuds, 89, 95–96
language differences and, 403–4
protective measures, 290–92
religious codes of peaceful behavior, 358–59
state suppression of, 97–99, 115, 148, 286, 288, 290
stranger contacts and, 4, 50, 290
unplanned escalations of, 138, 289
vigilantism, 98–99, 107, 109
vs. warfare, 129–30
when dispute resolution fails, 97
See also killing(s); warfare
vitamin deficiencies, 299
Vogt, Evon, 327 table
Voltaire, 359
Wahl, Joachim, 134
Wanigela people, 411, 439 table
Waorani Indians, 139, 163
warfare, 119–70
absence of, 155–56
definitions of, 129–31
genetic basis for, 155–57
hand-to-hand fighting in, 142–43
religion and, 356–57, 359–61, 366, 367 fig., 368
trade and, 74, 75, 164–66, 287
warlike animals, 154–55
See also state warfare; traditional warfare
wasps, 282
water-witching, 342, 350–51, plate 46
wealth. See affluence
weaning and birth intervals, 179–81
weapons, 18
accidental wounds, 281
state warfare, 142–43, 144
trade in, 68–69 table, 69, 70, 71, 73–74
traditional warfare, 121, 135, 150, 151
weather
food availability and, 301, 302–3, 308
weather hazards, 280–81
Weber, Max, 224
WEIRD societies, 8–9
advantages, 455–57, 461–62
child development scholarship, 174–75
child-rearing practices, 180, 182–83, 184–85, 187, 189, 190–91, plate 39
defined, 6
environmental hazards in, 276–77, 279
friendship in, 51–52
individualism in, 91, 224
life expectancies, 231, 233
shortcomings of, 457–61
social bonds in, 51–52, 88, 91, 456–58
stranger contacts in, 1–2, 53
trade in, 61–65
See also specific countries
Welsh language, 409
Westernized lifestyle adoption
health and, 4, 31–32, 411–14, 432–33, 449–50
for safety and comfort, 280
See also diabetes; hypertension
Westernized societies. See WEIRD societies
widow strangling, 21, 216
widowhood, 233
Wiessner, Polly, 479
Wilson, David Sloan, 363–66
Wilson, Michael, 139
Witoto Indians, 214
Wollaston, A. F. R., 298
wolves, 154–55
women, 177, 233, 290, 298
as foragers, 187, 278
as information sources, 166–67, 291
treatment of old women, 215, 216
war and, 141, 146, 157–58, 163, 166–67
See also children
work and work ethic, 224, 353, 460
World Trade Center attack, 127, 128
World War I, 102, 127, 139–40, 142, 160–61, 361
World War II, 137, 165, 169–70, 361, 407
atomic bomb, 127, plate 37
food shortages, 314
mortality, 127, 128, 139–42
personal stories of, 238
related conflicts, 102, 130
Wrangham, Richard, 139, 155
writing, 3, 7, 18
Xingu Indians, 73–74, 419
Yahi Indians, 398
Ishi, 398, 456, plate 29
Yakut people, 215
Yamana language, 397
Yanomamo Indians, 16, 42, 203, 280, 297–98, plate 12
food availability, 301, 303
map, 27 fig.
salt intake and blood pressure, 416, 418–19
trade, 65, 67, 73, 74, 75
warfare, 132, 137, 158, 160, 163, 165, 291
Yap Islanders, 62
Yazzie, Robert, 103
Yemenite Jews, 433, 438 table, 449
Yolngu people, 26 fig., 42, 44, 68 table
Yora Indians, 188
youth, American cult of, 225–26
Yupik Inuit, 152
Yupik languages, 397, 398
Zimmet, Paul, 443
Zulu people, 137, 148, 201
Zweig, Stefan, 239