TWICE IN TIME

1

Charles Godfrey Leland, in his important work, "Aradia; or the Gospel of the Witches of Italy," traces connections between witchcraft and the elder pagan faiths of Rome.

2

This is the accepted description of Andrea Verrocchio, who was not only a painter and sculptor high in favor at court, but the teacher of some of the most distinguished artists and craftsmen of his time.

3

A painting that fits this description, and that might be the same, exists today in Florence. It is certain that the draperies of the kneeling angel are done more skillfully than those of the other figures.

4

No scientific treatment of the riposte in sword-play is to be found in any manual of the exercise before the late Seventeenth Century.

5

Lorenzo de Medici, who ruled with his brother Giuliano in Florence since 1469, was the true founder of Florentine greatness, and was a most benevolent despot until his death in 1492.

6

Botticelli's most famous paintings are those of Giuliano's sweetheart, Simonetta Vespucci. He was a favorite of Florentine society, and a loyal friend of the Medicis.

7

Poliziano, in later life, was a tutor to the children of Lorenzo, and remained in the Medici household until the death of his patron.

8

Lorenzo was later able to bring about this alliance, both for peace among the Italian powers and safety from the Moslem raiders.

9

The Travels of Sir John Mandeville, Knight," existed in manuscript form as early as 1371. The theory of Earth's roundness, common among intelligent geographers in the Fifteenth Century, is set out at length by Mandeville, who describes a reputed voyage nearly around the world in his own time.

10

11

This famous general of mercenaries later commanded an army that fought against Lorenzo. War, to these soldiers of fortune, was a game and a business. There was no more lasting enmity between such mercenaries than there is today between lawyers who may have opposed each other in lawsuits.

12

This Fortress of the Holy Pilgrims must have been located off the coast of Albania, which country was almost entirely overrun by invading Turks during the Fifteenth Century, though no record of it seems to exist, nor any concerning the Order of the Holy Pilgrims.

13

This chain defense for a harbor or landing was long a favorite with fortresses. As late as the American Revolutionary War, the British were prevented from coming up the Hudson River by a chain stretched across at West Point.

14

A log of this length was by no means rare in the Fifteenth Century, well before the deforestation of Italy.

15

Arabic: "Oh, Christian! Oh, son of a dog!" Perhaps spoken by a Saracen rover.

16

Cardinal Riario ivas a nephew of Sixtus IV, then Pope of Rome. Some have tried to connect him with the Pazzi conspiracy, but the great mass of evidence shows that he had no other connection than that a cardinal's presence at the cathedral would insure the presence of the two brothers Medici.

17

Giuliano was ill on this fatal Sunday, but Francesco de Pazzi and Bernardo Bandini went to his house and urged him in a friendly manner to attend mass.

18

Giacopo de Pazzi was a simple and decent man, who might not have approved of the entire conspiracy. He was later captured, and his mutilated body tossed into the Arno. Another conspirator, Bandini, was a fugitive for months, but was finally hauled back to Florence and hanged from the Palazzo Publico.