Взломать всё. Как сильные мира сего используют уязвимости систем в своих интересах

1

Автор использует здесь забавное сленговое выражение cybersexcurity (букв. киберсексуальное любопытство), созвучное с термином cybersecurity. – Прим. пер.

2

CliffsNotes – изначально серия брошюр с кратким изложением и готовым анализом литературных произведений. Чтение подобных брошюр экономит студентам время, но снижает качество образования. Сегодня сайт https://cliffsnotes.com по тому же принципу предлагает базовые сведения из разных областей знаний. – Прим. пер.

3

Ангус Макгайвер – секретный агент, герой популярных американских телесериалов. Будучи талантливым ученым и тонким психологом, Макгайвер в любых экстремальных ситуациях полагается исключительно на смекалку, знания и складной швейцарский нож. – Прим. пер.

4

МIT – Массачусетский технологический институт. – Прим. ред.

5

«Черные», «белые» и «серые шляпы» – устоявшаяся классификация хакеров по их мотивации. Взята из голливудских вестернов, где положительные персонажи носили белые шляпы, отрицательные – черные, а неоднозначные, соответственно, серые. «Черные шляпы» из мира хакеров движимы корыстными целями: финансовой выгодой, местью или идеологическими мотивами. «Белые шляпы» работают в интересах компаний и взламывают их системы, чтобы устранить недостатки. «Серые шляпы» ищут уязвимости в системах без разрешения их владельцев, но и без злого умысла. – Прим. пер.

6

Эксплойт (exploit, sploit; проф. сленг) – программа, использующая конкретную уязвимость ПО или создающая условия для исполнения другого кода, который в обычных условиях неисполним. – Прим. пер.

7

«Прогулкой» в бейсболе называется ситуация, когда после четырех ошибок питчера бэттер автоматически получает право занять первую базу. – Прим. пер.

8

Бэкдор (англ. back door – черный ход) – лазейка, намеренно встроенная в код легальной программы. – Прим. пер.

9

В IT-индустрии принято употреблять этот термин на языке оригинала: «red team», «red-teaming». – Прим. науч. ред.

10

Единая точка отказа (англ. Single point of failure, SPOF) – узел системы, отказ которого приводит к ее неработоспособности. – Прим. пер.

11

Джерримендеринг (англ. Gerrymandering; также избирательная геометрия) – произвольная демаркация избирательных округов с целью изменения соотношения политических сил внутри каждого и, как следствие, в целом на территории проведения выборов. Термин происходит от имени губернатора штата Массачусетс Элбриджа Герри (Джерри), который в 1812 г. перекраивал границы избирательных округов. – Прим. пер.

12

Автор транслирует принятую точку зрения приверженцев Демократической партии США. – Прим. ред.

13

Округ столкнулся с дефицитом в $1,5 млрд. Правительство округа подало заявление, согласно главе 9 Кодекса о банкротстве. Цель главы 9 – согласовать план погашения между кредиторами, который может включать снижение основной суммы или процентной ставки по непогашенной задолженности, продление сроков погашения кредита, а также рефинансирование долга путем получения нового кредита. Достаточно подать заявление о реорганизации долга, чтобы взыскание средств было приостановлено. Через полгода после объявления о банкротстве правительство округа, в котором проживает 2,5 млн человек, вновь вышло на рынок финансовых займов и до сих пор привлекает немало средств. – Прим. ред.

14

Шоплифтинг – несанкционированный вынос товара из магазина розничной торговли. Подсчитано, что такое преступление в мере совершается каждые пять секунд. Продавцы, для борьбы с убытками только от шоплифтеров, вынуждены в среднем повышать стоимость товаров на 3 %. – Прим. ред.

15

Положение Q – это правило Совета управляющих Федеральной резервной системы (FRB), которое устанавливает «минимальные требования к капиталу и стандарты достаточности капитала для учреждений, регулируемых советом директоров». Было создано в 1933 г. в соответствии с законом Гласса – Стиголла с целью запретить банкам выплачивать проценты по депозитам на текущих счетах. – Прим. ред.

16

Аббревиатура NOW (англ.) от «negotiable orders of withdrawal». Вид счетов, предполагающий как начисление процентов, так и выписку чеков, – нечто среднее между сберегательным и расчетным счетами. – Прим. ред.

17

Депозитный сертификат (англ. Certificate of Deposit, сокр. CD) – именная ценная бумага, удостоверяющая размер внесенной вкладчиком суммы и его право на получение в банке по истечении установленного срока суммы депозита и оговоренных в сертификате процентов. – Прим. пер.

18

Жан Пол Гетти (1892–1976) – американский нефтяной магнат и промышленник, считавшийся в 1950–1970-х гг. самым богатым человеком в мире. Стал известен крайней скупостью, отказавшись платить выкуп за своего похищенного 16-летнего внука. Джон Мейнард Кейнс (1883–1946) – британский экономист, основатель кейнсианского направления в экономической науке. – Прим. пер.

19

WeWork – компания, созданная Адамом Нейманом под перепрофилирование излишков офисных помещений в коворкинги. – Прим. ред.

20

Theranos – американская технологическая корпорация в области медицинских услуг по лабораторному экспресс-анализу крови. – Прим. ред.

21

Турдакен – популярное в США и Великобритании блюдо из мяса птицы. Название образовано слиянием трех английских слов: turkey («индейка»), duck («утка») и chiken («цыпленок»). Представляет собой целые тушки птиц, вложенные одна в другую и запеченные в жаровне. – Прим. пер.

22

В Европе такое поведение сотрудников называется итальянская забастовка. – Прим. ред.

23

Medicaid – американская совместная программа федерального правительства и правительств штатов, которая предлагает дополнительные медицинские льготы для лиц с ограниченными доходами. – Прим. пер.

24

Teach For America – американская некоммерческая организация, привлекающая студентов и выпускников университетов для преподавания в районах США с низким уровнем доходов населения. – Прим. пер.

25

Medicare – национальная программа медицинского страхования в США. – Прим. ред.

26

Citizens United – консервативная некоммерческая организация в США, основными заявленными целями которой являются «восстановление традиционных американских ценностей» и «возврат правительства Соединенных Штатов под контроль граждан». Ее президент Дэвид Босси был заместителем руководителя предвыборного штаба Дональда Трампа в 2016 г. Пожертвования на деятельность организации не подлежат налогообложению. – Прим. пер.

27

Трибализм (от лат. tribus – племя) – племенной этноцентризм. Выражается в обособленности своей этнической общности, включая стремление законсервировать атрибуты первобытности. – Прим. ред.

28

После покупки Twitter Илоном Маском среди пользователей был проведен опрос, по результатам которого в конце 2022 г. аккаунт Дональда Трампа разблокирован и вновь активен. – Прим. ред.

29

Запрещенная на территории Российской Федерации террористическая организация.

30

Игра в имитацию (англ. imitation game) – популярная игра для вечеринок с участием трех игроков. Двое, мужчина и женщина, расходятся в разные комнаты, а третий, «дознаватель», посредством наводящих вопросов и ответов в письменной форме пытается определить, кто из них кто. При этом один игрок пытается помочь «дознавателю», то есть отвечает правдиво, а другой старается его запутать, то есть прикидывается существом другого пола. – Прим. пер.

1

Massimo Materni (1 May 2012), «Water never runs uphill / Session Americana,» YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Pe9XdFr_Eo.

2

Это упражнение придумал не я. См.: Gregory Conti and James Caroland (Jul-Aug 2011), «Embracing the Kobayashi Maru: Why you should teach your students to cheat,» IEEE Security & Privacy 9, https://www.computer.org/csdl/magazine/sp/2011/04/msp2011040048/13rRUwbs1Z3.

3

См.: Justin Elliott, Patricia Callahan, and James Bandler (24 Jun 2021), «Lord of the Roths: How tech mogul Peter Thiel turned a retirement account for the middle class into a $5 billion tax-free piggy bank,» ProPublica, https://www.propublica.org/article/lord-of-the-roths-how-tech-mogul-peter-thiel-turned-a-retirement-account-for-the-middle-class-into-a-5-billion-dollar-tax-free-piggy-bank.

4

Если кто-нибудь в курсе, пожалуйста, напишите мне.

5

См.: Finn Brunton has assembled a list of «significant meanings» of the term. Finn Brunton (2021), «Hacking,» in Leah Lievrouw and Brian Loader, eds., Routledge Handbook of Digital Media and Communication, Routledge, pp. 75–86, http://finnb.net/writing/hacking.pdf.

6

Недавно скончавшемуся хакеру Джуд Милхон (Святая Джуд) нравилось другое определение: «Взлом – это умный обход установленных ограничений, независимо от того, установлены они вашим правительством, вашей собственной личностью или законами физики». Jude Milhon (1996), Hackers Conference, Santa Rosa, CA.

7

Bruce Schneier (2003), Beyond Fear: Thinking Sensibly About Security in an Uncertain World, Copernicus Books.

8

Lauren M. Johnson (26 Sep 2019), «A drone was caught on camera delivering contraband to an Ohio prison yard,» CNN, https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/26/us/contraband-delivered-by-drone-trnd/index.html.

9

Selina Sykes (2 Nov 2015), «Drug dealer uses fishing rod to smuggle cocaine, alcohol and McDonald's into jail,» Express, https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/616494/Drug-dealer-used-fishing-rod-to-smuggle-cocaine-alcohol-and-McDonald-s-into-jail.

10

Telegraph staff (3 Aug 2020), «Detained 'drug smuggler' cat escapes Sri Lanka prison,» Telegraph, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/08/03/detained-drug-smuggler-cat-escapes-sri-lanka-prison.

11

Jay London (6 Apr 2015), «Happy 60th birthday to the word 'hack,'» Slice of MIT, https://alum.mit.edu/slice/happy-60th-birthday-word-hack. – Прим. ред.

12

Dylan Matthews (29 Mar 2017), «The myth of the 70,000-page federal tax code,» Vox, https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2017/3/29/15109214/tax-code-page-count-complexity-simplification-reform-ways-means.

13

Microsoft (12 Jan 2020), «Windows 10 lines of code,» https://answers.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/forum/all/windows-10-lines-of-code/a8f77f5c-0661-4895-9c77-2efd42429409.

14

Naomi Jagoda (14 Nov 2019), «Lawmakers under pressure to pass benefits fix for military families,» The Hill, https://thehill.com/policy/national-security/470393-lawmakers-under-pressure-to-pass-benefits-fix-for-military-families.

15

The New York Times (28 Apr 2012), «Double Irish with a Dutch Sandwich» (infographic), https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/interactive/2012/04/28/business/Double-Irish-With-A-Dutch-Sandwich.html.

16

Niall McCarthy (23 Mar 2017), «Tax avoidance costs the U.S. nearly $200 billion every year» (infographic), Forbes, https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2017/03/23/tax-avoidance-coststhe-u-s-nearly-200-billion-every-year-infographic.

17

US Internal Revenue Services (27 Dec 2017), «IRS Advisory: Prepaid real property taxes may be deductible in 2017 if assessed and paid in 2017,» https://www.irs.gov/newsroom/irs-advisory-prepaid-real-property-taxes-may-be-deductible-in-2017-if-assessed-and-paid-in-2017.

18

Помню, как читал об одной налоговой лазейке, которая была показана потенциальным покупателям только после того, как они подписали соглашение о неразглашении, и даже тогда им не сообщили всех деталей. Хотелось бы ссылку на эту историю.

19

Stephanie M. Reich, Rebecca W. Black, and Ksenia Korobkova (Oct 2016), «Connections and communities in virtual worlds designed for children,» Journal of Community Psychology 42, no. 3, https://sites.uci.edu/disc/files/2016/10/Reich-Black-Korobkova-2014-JCOP-community-in-virtual-worlds.pdf.

20

Steven Melendez (16 Jun 2018), «Manafort allegedly used 'foldering' to hide emails. Here's how it works,» Fast Company, https://www.fastcompany.com/40586130/manafort-allegedly-used-foldering-to-hide-emails-heres-how-it-works.

21

Cara Titilayo Harshman (22 Dec 2010), «Please don't flash me: Cell phones in Nigeria,» North of Lagos, https://northoflagos.wordpress.com/2010/12/22/please-dont-flash-me-cell-phones-in-nigeria.

22

Atul Bhattarai (5 April 2021), «Don't pick up! The rise and fall of a massive industry based on missed call,» Rest of World, https://restofworld.org/2021/the-rise-and-fall-of-missed-calls-in-india.

23

Tribune Web Desk (14 May 2020), «Students find 'creative' hacks to get out of their Zoom classes, video goes viral,» Tribune of India, https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/students-find-creative-hacks-to-get-out-of-their-zoom-classes-video-goes-viral-84706.

24

Anthony Cuthbertson (9 Mar 2020), «Coronavirus: Quarantined school children in China spam homework app with 1-star reviews to get it off app store,» Independent, https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/coronavirus-quarantine-children-china-homework-app-dingtalk-a9387741.html.

25

Kimberly D. Krawiec and Scott Baker (2006), «Incomplete contracts in a complete contract world,» Florida State University Law Review 33.

26

Bruce Schneier (2012), Liars and Outliers: Enabling the Trust that Society Needs to Thrive, John Wiley & Sons.

27

Bruce Schneier (19 Nov 1999), «A plea for simplicity: You can't secure what you don't understand,» Information Security, https://www.schneier.com/essays/archives/1999/11/a_plea_for_simplicit.html.

28

Jack Dutton (7 Apr 2020), «This Australian bartender found an ATM glitch and blew $1.6 million,» Vice, https://www.vice.com/en_au/article/pa5kgg/this-australian-bartender-dan-saunders-found-an-atm-bank-glitch-hack-and-blew-16-million-dollars.

29

Z. Sanusi, Mohd Nor Firdaus Rameli, and Yusarina Mat Isa (13 Apr 2015), «Fraud schemes in the banking institutions: Prevention measures to avoid severe financial loss,» Procedia Economics and Finance, https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Fraud-Schemes-in-the-Banking-Institutions%3A-Measures-Sanusi-Rameli/681c06a647cfef1e90e52ccbf829438016966c44.

30

Joseph Cox (14 Oct 2019), «Malware that spits cash out of ATMs has spread across the world,» Vice Motherboard, https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/7x5ddg/malware-that-spits-cash-out-of-atms-has-spread-across-the-world.

31

Dan Goodin (22 Jul 2020), «Thieves are emptying ATMs using a new form of jackpotting,» Wired, https://www.wired.com/story/thieves-are-emptying-atms-using-a-new-form-of-jackpotting.

32

Brian Krebs (27 Jan 2018), «First 'jackpotting' attacks hit U.S. ATMs,» Krebs on Security, https://krebsonsecurity.com/2018/01/first-jackpotting-attacks-hit-u-s-atms.

33

Kim Zetter (28 Jul 2010), «Researcher demonstrates ATM 'jackpotting' at Black Hat conference,» Wired, https://www.wired.com/2010/07/atms-jackpotted.

34

Las Vegas Sun (21 Feb 1997), «Slot cheat, former casino regulator, reputed mob figure added to Black Book,» https://lasvegassun.com/news/1997/feb/21/slot-cheat-former-casino-regulator-reputed-mob-fig.

35

Paul Halpern (23 May 2017), «Isaac Newton vs. Las Vegas: How physicists used science to beat the odds at roulette,» Forbes, https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2017/05/23/how-physicists-used-science-to-beat-the-odds-at-roulette.

36

Don Melanson (18 Sep 2013), «Gaming the system: Edward Thorp and the wearable computer that beat Vegas,» Engadget, https://www.engadget.com/2013-09-18-edward-thorp-father-of-wearable-computing.html.

37

Grant Uline (1 Oct 2016), «Card counting and the casino's reaction,» Gaming Law Review and Economics, https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/glre.2016.2088.

38

David W. Schnell-Davis (Fall 2012), «High-tech casino advantage play: Legislative approaches to the threat of predictive devices,» UNLV Gaming Law Journal 3, https://scholars.law.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1045&context=glj.

39

New Jersey is an exception to this. Atlantic City casinos cannot ban card counters. Donald Janson (6 May 1982), «Court rules casinos cannot bar card counters,» The New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/06/nyregion/court-rules-casinos-may-not-bar-card-counters.html.

40

Ben Mezrich (Dec 2002), Bringing Down the House: The Inside Story of Six MIT Students Who Took Vegas for Millions, Atria Books.

41

Janet Ball (26 May 2014), «How a team of students beat the casinos,» BBC World Service, https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27519748.

42

Josh Barro (12 Sep 2014), «The fadeout of the mileage run,» The New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/14/upshot/the-fadeout-of-the-mileag-run.html.

43

Darius Rafieyan (23 Sep 2019), «How one man used miles to fulfil his dream to visit every country before turning 40,» NPR, https://www.npr.org/2019/09/23/762259297/meet-the-credit-card-obsessives-who-travel-the-world-on-points.

44

Gina Zakaria (25 Feb 2020), «If you're interested in a Chase card like the Sapphire Preferred you need to know about the 5/24 rule that affects whether you'll be approved,» Business Insider, https://www.businessinsider.com/personal-finance/what-is-chase-524-rule.

45

Nicole Dieker (2 Aug 2019), «How to make sure you don't lose your credit card rewards when you close the card,» Life Hacker, https://twocents.lifehacker.com/how-to-make-sure-you-dont-lose-your-credit-card-rewards-1836913367.

46

Carla Herreria Russo (3 Oct 2016), «Meet David Phillips, the guy who earned 1.2 million airline miles with chocolate pudding,» Huffington Post, https://www.huffpost.com/entry/david-philipps-pudding-guy-travel-deals_n_577c9397e4b0a629c1ab35a7.

47

Associated Press (20 Aug 1951), «Brownies hit all-time low; Use 3-foot 7-inch player,» Spokesman-Review, https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rS5WAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3uUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4920%2C3803143.

48

Presh Talwalkar (6 Jun 2017), «Genius strategic thinking in the 1976 NBA Finals,» Mind Your Decisions, https://mindyourdecisions.com/blog/2017/06/06/genius-strategic-thinking-in-the-1976-nba-finals-game-theory-tuesdays. Secret Base (5 Feb 2019), «The infinite timeout loophole that almost broke the 1976 NBA Finals,» YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Od2wgHLq69U.

49

John Lohn (24 Sep 2021), «Seoul Anniversary: When the backstroke went rogue: How David Berkoff and underwater power changed the event,» Swimming World, https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/seoul-anniversary-when-the-backstroke-went-rogue-how-david-berkoff-and-underwater-power-changed-the-event.

50

Rodger Sherman (10 Jan 2015), «The Patriots' trick play that got John Harbaugh mad,» SB Nation, https://www.sbnation.com/nfl/2015/1/10/7526841/the-patriots-trick-play-that-got-john-harbaugh-mad-ravens.

51

Ben Volin (26 Mar 2015), «NFL passes rule aimed at Patriots' ineligible receiver tactic,» Boston Globe, https://www.bostonglobe.com/sports/2015/03/25/nfl-passes-rule-change-aimed-patriots-ineligible-receiver-tactic/uBqPWS5dKYdMYMcIiJ3sKO/story.html.

52

Сюжет детского фильма 1997 г. «Король воздуха» (Air Bud) основан на хаке правил профессионального баскетбола, которые не запрещают собаке выступать за команду. (Фильм просто жесть.)

53

Manish Verma (7 Jan 2016), "How Tillakaratne Dilshan invented the 'Dilscoop,' " SportsKeeda, https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/how-tillakaratne-dilshan-invented-dilscoop.

54

Jordan Golson (17 Dec 2014), «Well that didn't work: The crazy plan to bring 6-wheeled cars to F1,» Wired, https://www.wired.com/2014/12/well-didnt-work-crazy-plan-bring-6-wheeled-cars-f1.

55

Gordon Murray (23 Jul 2019), «Gordon Murray looks back at the notorious Brabham fan car,» Motor Sport, https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/articles/single-seaters/f1/gordon-murray-looks-back-notorious-brabham-fan-car.

56

McLaren (1 Nov 2017), «The search for the extra pedal,» https://www.mclaren.com/racing/inside-the-mtc/mclaren-extra-pedal-3153421.

57

Matt Somerfield (20 Apr 2020), «Banned: The 2010 Formula 1 season's F-duct,» AutoSport, https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/149090/banned-the-f1-2010-season-fduct.

58

Laurence Edmondson (6 Feb 2016), «Mercedes F1 engine producing over 900bhp with more to come in 2016,» ESPN, https://www.espn.com/f1/story/_/id/14724923/mercedes-f1-engine-producing-900bhp-more-come-2016.

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Laurence Edmondson (21 Feb 2020), «Mercedes' DAS system: What is it? And is it a 2020 game-changer?» ESPN, https://www.espn.com/f1/story/_/id/28749957/mercedes-das-device-and-2020-game-changer.

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Dave Stubbs (2 Jun 2017), «Marty McSorley's illegal stick still part of Stanley Cup Final lore,» National Hockey League, https://www.nhl.com/news/marty-mcsorleys-illegal-stick-still-part-of-stanley-cup-final-lore/c-289749406.

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Ray Cavanaugh (31 Oct 2017), «Peddling purgatory relief: Johann Tetzel,» National Catholic Reporter, https://www.ncronline.org/news/people/peddling-purgatory-relief-johann-tetzel.

67

Якобы у них даже был рекламный слоган: «Лишь злато в ларце зазвенит, / Душа облегченно на небо летит».

68

Совершенно не связанное с этим наблюдение: карта «Пожизненный выход из тюрьмы» в игре «Монополия» может быть использована, чтобы хакнуть правило, запрещающее игрокам давать друг другу деньги взаймы. Игроки могут продавать карту друг другу за любую сумму, что превращает ее в удобное средство денежных переводов.

Jay Walker and Jeff Lehman (1975), 1000 Ways to Win Monopoly Games, Dell Publishing, http://www.lehman-intl.com/jeffreylehman/1000-ways-to-win-monopoly.html.

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Joanna H. Frodin and Richart Startz (Jun 1982), «The NOW account experiment and the demand for money,» Journal of Banking and Finance 6, no. 2, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0378426682900322. Paul Watro (10 Aug 1981), «The battle for NOWs,» Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, https://www.clevelandfed.org/en/newsroom-and-events/publications/economic-commentary/economic-commentary-archives/1981-economic-commentaries/ec-19810810-the-battle-for-nows.aspx.

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Хотя он и не использовал никогда слово «хакинг», Хайман Мински размышлял об этом. Hyman Minsky (May 1992), «The financial instability hypothesis,» Working Paper No. 74, The Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, https://www.levyinstitute.org/pubs/wp74.pdf.

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Deniz O. Igan and Thomas Lambert (9 Aug 2019), «Bank lobbying: Regulatory capture and beyond,» IMF Working Paper No. 19/171, International Monetary Fund, https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2019/08/09/Bank-Lobbying-Regulatory-Capture-and-Beyond-45735.

73

Несколько банковских регуляторов, в том числе Управление контролера денежного обращения и Бюро финансовой защиты потребителей, предлагают возможность комментировать по крайней мере в отдельных случаях. См.: https://www.occ.treas.gov/about/connect-with-us/public-comments/index-public-comments.html. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (last updated 7 Apr 2022), «Notice and opportunities to comment,» https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/notice-opportunities-comment.

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75

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78

Matteo de Simone et al. (Mar 2015), «Corruption on your doorstep: How corrupt capital is used to buy property in the U.K.,» Transparency International, https://www.transparency.org.uk/sites/default/files/pdf/publications/2016CorruptionOnYourDoorstepWeb.pdf.

79

Louise Story and Stephanie Saul (7 Feb 2015), «Stream of foreign wealth flows to elite New York real estate,» The New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/08/nyregion/stream-of-foreign-wealth-flows-to-time-warner-condos.html.

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84

Charlie Osborne (5 May 2022), «Decade-old bugs discovered in Avast, AVG antivirus software,» ZD Net, https://www.zdnet.com/article/decade-old-bugs-discovered-in-avast-avg-antivirus-software.

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Я мог написать то же самое об индексных фондах. Annie Lowrey (Apr 2021), «Could index funds be 'worse than Marxism'?» Atlantic, https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/04/the-autopilot-economy/618497.

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Смит А. Исследование о природе и причинах богатства народов. – М.: Эксмо, 2016. Adam Smith (1776), The Wealth of Nations, William Strahan.

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Michael Greenberger (Jun 2018), «Too big to fail U.S. banks' regulatory alchemy: Converting an obscure agency footnote into an 'at will' nullification of Dodd-Frank's regulation of the multi-trillion dollar financial swaps market,» Institute for New Economic Thinking, https://www.ineteconomics.org/uploads/papers/WP_74.pdf.

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Eric Levitz (3 Dec 2020), "America has central planners. We just call them 'venture capitalists,' " New York Magazine, https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/12/wework-venture-capital-central-planning.html.

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David Segal (23 Jan 2020), «It may be the biggest tax heist ever. And Europe wants justice,» New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/23/business/cum-ex.html.

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98

Постановление Верховного суда США от 1935 г. подтвердило это: «Каждый может устраивать свои дела так, чтобы его налоги были как можно ниже; он не обязан выбирать ту модель, которая больше приносит казне; даже из патриотического долга не нужно платить больше налогов». US Supreme Court (7 Jan 1935), Gregory v. Helvering, 293 US 465, https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/102356/gregory-v-helvering.

99

Современный рецепт этой фаршированной уткой и курицей индейки придумал шеф-повар Пол Прюдом. Однажды я попытался это приготовить – оно того не стоит.

100

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116

Компания изначально называлась UberCab, но изменила название именно по той причине, что не является таковой.

117

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Nick Statt (5 Sep 2019), «Thieves are now using AI deepfakes to trick companies into sending them money,» The Verge, https://www.theverge.com/2019/9/5/20851248/deepfakes-ai-fake-audio-phone-calls-thieves-trick-companies-stealing-money.

202

Hugh Schofield (20 Jun 2019), «The fake French minister in a silicone mask who stole millions,» BBC News, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-48510027.

203

Drew Harwell (12 Jun 2019), "Top AI researchers race to detect 'deepfake' videos: 'We are outgunned,' " Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/06/12/top-ai-researchers-race-detect-deepfake-videos-we-are-outgunned.

204

Craig Silverman and Lawrence Alexander (3 Nov 2016), «How teens in the Balkans are duping Trump supporters with fake news,» BuzzFeed, https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/craigsilverman/how-macedonia-became-a-global-hub-for-pro-trump-misinfo.

205

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Bruce Schneier (17 May 2007), «Virginia Tech lesson: Rare risks breed irrational responses,» Wired, https://www.wired.com/2007/05/securitymatters-0517.

207

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209

Audrey Conklin (21 Feb 2022), «Homicides, rapes in Atlanta soar despite other decreasing violent crime,» Fox News, https://www.foxnews.com/us/homicides-rapes-atlanta-soar-2022.

210

Ronn Blitzer (26 Oct 2021), "Top Pentagon official confirms ISIS-K could have capability to attack US in '6 to 12 months,' " Fox News, https://www.foxnews.com/politics/pentagon-official-isis-k-us-attack-6-to-2-months.

211

Tucker Carlson (9 Apr 2021), «Biden wants to take your guns, but leave criminals with theirs,» Fox News, https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/tucker-carlson-biden-gun-control-disarm-trump-voters.

212

Leah Savion (Jan 2009), «Clinging to discredited beliefs: The larger cognitive story,» Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning 9, no. 1, https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ854880.pdf.

213

Sam Dangremond (4 Apr 2019), «Jeff Bezos is renovating the biggest house in Washington, D.C.,» Town and Country, https://www.townandcountrymag.com/leisure/real-estate/news/a9234/jeff-bezos-house-washington-dc.

214

Lee Foster et al. (28 Jul 2020), «'Ghostwriter' influence campaign: Unknown actors leverage website compromises and fabricated content to push narratives aligned with Russian security interests,» Mandiant, https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2020/07/ghostwriter-influence-campaign.html.

215

Marvin Minsky (1968), «Preface,» in Semantic Information Processing, MIT Press.

216

Patrick Winston (1984), Artificial Intelligence, Addison-Wesley.

217

Футуролог Мартин Форд провел опрос среди 23 выдающихся исследователей ИИ и спросил их, к какому году будет создан общий ИИ, хотя бы с 50 %-ной вероятностью. Ответы варьировались от 2029 до 2200 г., при этом среднее значение составило 2099 г. – то есть «до конца века». См.: Martin Ford (2018), Architects of Intelligence: The Truth About AI from the People Building It, Packt Publishing.

218

Kate Darling (2021), The New Breed: What Our History with Animals Reveals about Our Future with Robots, Henry Holt.

219

Douglas Adams (1978), The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, BBC Radio 4.

220

Cade Metz (16 Mar 2016), «In two moves, AlphaGo and Lee Sedol redefined the future,» Wired, https://www.wired.com/2016/03/two-moves-alphago-lee-sedol-redefined-future.

221

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223

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224

Jeffrey Dastin (10 Oct 2018), «Amazon scraps secret AI recruiting tool that shows bias against women,» Reuters, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-amazon-com-jobs-automation-insight/amazon-scraps-secret-ai-recruiting-tool-that-showed-bias-against-women-idUSKCN1MK08G.

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David Weinberger (accessed 11 May 2022), «Playing with AI fairness,» What-If Tool, https://pair-code.github.io/what-if-tool/ai-fairness.html. David Weinberger (6 Nov 2019), «How machine learning pushes us to define fairness,» Harvard Business Review, https://hbr.org/2019/11/how-machine-learning-pushes-us-to-define-fairness.

226

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227

James Vincent (22 Nov 2019), «Women are more likely than men to say 'please' to their smart speaker,» The Verge, https://www.theverge.com/2019/11/22/20977442/ai-politeness-smart-speaker-alexa-siri-please-thank-you-pew-gender-sur.

228

Clifford Nass, Youngme Moon, and Paul Carney (31 Jul 2006), «Are people polite to computers? Responses to computer-based inter-viewing systems,» Journal of Applied Social Psychology, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1559–1816.1999.tb00142.x.

229

Youngme Moon (Mar 2000), «Intimate exchanges: Using computers to elicit self-disclosure from consumers,» Journal of Consumer Research, https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/209566?seq=1.

230

Joel Garreau (6 May 2007), «Bots on the ground,» Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-yn/content/article/2007/05/05/AR2007050501009_pf.html.

231

Paul Robinette et al. (Mar 2016), «Overtrust of robots in emergency evacuation scenarios,» 2016 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction, https://www.cc.gatech.edu/~alanwags/pubs/Robinette-HRI-2016.pdf.

232

Samantha Bradshaw and Philip N. Howard (2019), «The global disinformation order: 2019 global inventory of organised social media manipulation,» Computational Propaganda Research Project, https://comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/93/2019/09/CyberTroop-Report19.pdf.

233

Tom Simonite (22 Jul 2020), «Did a person write this headline, or a machine?» Wired, https://www.wired.com/story/ai-text-generator-gpt-3-learning-language-fitfully.

234

Max Weiss (17 Dec 2019), «Deepfake bot submissions to federal public comment websites cannot be distinguished from human submissions,» Technology Science, https://techscience.org/a/2019121801.

235

Kate Darling (2021), The New Breed: What Our History with Animals Reveals about Our Future with Robots, Henry Holt.

236

Woodrow Hartzog (4 May 2015), «Unfair and deceptive robots,» Maryland Law Review, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2602452.

237

Yaniv Hanoch et al. (17 May 2021), «The robot made me do it: Human – robot interaction and risk-taking behavior,» Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/cyber.2020.0148.

238

Karlheinz Meier (31 May 2017), «The brain as computer: Bad at math, good at everything else,» IEEE Spectrum, https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-brain-as-computer-bad-at-math-good-at-everything-else.

239

Samuel Gibbs (28 Jun 2016), «Chatbot lawyer overturns 160,000 parking tickets in London and New York,» Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/jun/28/chatbot-ai-lawyer-donotpay-parking-tickets-london-new-york.

240

Amy Gallo (28 Jun 2017), «A refresher on A/B testing,» Harvard Business Review, https://hbr.org/2017/06/a-refresher-on-ab-testing.

241

California has a law requiring bots to identify themselves. Renee DiResta (24 Jul 2019), «A new law makes bots identify themselves – that's the problem,» Wired, https://www.wired.com/story/law-makes-bots-identify-themselves.

242

Laim Vaughan (2020), Flash Crash: A Trading Savant, a Global Manhunt, and the Most Mysterious Market Crash in History, Doubleday.

243

Jia Song and Jim Alves-Foss (Nov 2015), «The DARPA Cyber Grand Challenge: A competitor's perspective,» IEEE Security and Privacy Magazine 13, no. 6, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286490027_The_DARPA_cyber_grand_challenge_A_competitor%27s_perspective.

244

Dakota Cary (Sep 2021), «Robot hacking games: China's competitions to automate the software vulnerability lifecycle,» Center for Security and Emerging Technology, https://cset.georgetown.edu/wp-content/uploads/CSET-Robot-Hacking-Games.pdf.

245

Bruce Schneier (18 Dec 2018) «Machine learning will transform how we detect software vulnerabilities,» Security Intelligence, https://securityintelligence.com/machine-learning-will-transform-how-we-detect-software-vulnerabilities.

246

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247

A list of examples is here. Victoria Krakovna (2 Apr 2018), «Specification gaming examples in AI,» https://vkrakovna.wordpress.com/2018/04/02/specification-gaming-examples-in-ai.

248

Karol Kurach et al. (25 Jul 2019), «Google research football: A novel reinforcement learning environment,» arXiv, https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.11180.

249

Ivaylo Popov et al. (10 Apr 2017), «Data-efficient deep reinforcement learning for dexterous manipulation,» arXiv, https://arxiv.org/abs/1704.03073.

250

David Ha (10 Oct 2018), «Reinforcement learning for improving agent design,» https://designrl.github.io.

251

Dario Amodei et al. (25 Jul 2016), «Concrete problems in AI safety,» arXiv, https://arxiv.org/pdf/1606.06565.pdf.

252

Custard Smingleigh (@Smingleigh) (7 Nov 2018), Twitter, https://twitter.com/smingleigh/status/1060325665671692288.

253

Abby Everett Jaques (2021), «The Underspecification Problem and AI: For the Love of God, Don't Send a Robot Out for Coffee,» unpublished manuscript.

254

Stuart Russell (Apr 2017), «3 principles for creating safer AI,» TED2017, https://www.ted.com/talks/stuart_russell_3_principles_for_creating_safer_ai.

255

Мелисса Кёниг (9 сентября 2021 г.): «46-летняя женщина, опаздывая со своим сыном-школьником на рейс JetBlue, „сделала ложное заявление, что заложила на борту бомбу“, чтобы задержать самолет». Daily Mail, https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-9973553/Woman-46-falsely-claims-planted-BOMB-board-flight-effort-delay-plane.html. Элла Торрес (18 января 2020 г.): «Полиция сообщает, что жительница Лондона заявила о якобы заложенной в самолет бомбе, чтобы задержать рейс, на который опаздывала». ABC News, https://abcnews.go.com/International/london-man-reports-fake-bomb-threat-delay-flight/story?id=68369727. Питер Стабли (16 августа 2018 г.): «Человек выдумывает бомбу, чтобы задержать свой рейс», Independent, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/man-late-flight-hoax-bomb-threat-gatwick-airport-los-angeles-jacob-meir-abdellak-hackney-a8494681.html. (20 января 2007 г.): «В Турции женщина задержала самолет с помощью ложного сообщения о заложенной бомбе». Reuters, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-plane-bomb-idUSL2083245120070620.

256

Zeynep Tufekci (10 Mar 2018), «YouTube, the great equalizer,» The New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/10/opinion/sunday/youtube-politics-radical.html. Renee DiResta (11 Apr 2018), «Up next: A better recommendation system,» Wired, https://www.wired.com/story/creating-ethical-recommendation-engines.

257

One example: Gregory Falco et al. (28 Aug 2018), «A master attack methodology for an AI-based automated attack planner for smart cities,» IEEE Access 6, https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8449268.

258

Хедж-фонды и инвестиционные компании уже используют ИИ для обоснования инвестиционных решений. Luke Halpin and Doug Dannemiller (2019), «Artificial intelligence: The next frontier for investment management firms,» Deloitte, https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/Financial-Services/fsi-artificial-intelligence-investment-mgmt.pdf. Peter Salvage (March 2019), «Artificial intelligence sweeps hedge funds,» BNY Mellon, https://www.bnymellon.com/us/en/insights/all-insights/artificial-intelligence-sweeps-hedge-funds.html.

259

Maciej Kuziemski (1 May 2018), «A precautionary approach to artificial intelligence,» Project Syndicate, https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/precautionary-principle-for-artificial-intelligence-by-maciej-kuziemski-2018-05.

260

Nick Grossman (8 Apr 2015), «Regulation, the internet way,» Data-Smart City Solutions, Harvard University, https://datasmart.ash.harvard.edu/news/article/white-paper-regulation-the-internet-way-660.

261

Adam Thierer (16 Aug 2018), «The pacing problem, the Collingridge dilemma and technological determinism,» Technology Liberation Front, https://techliberation.com/2018/08/16/the-pacing-problem-the-collingridge-dilemma-technological-determinism.

262

Stephan Grimmelikhuijsen et al. (Jan 2021), «Can decision transparency increase citizen trust in regulatory agencies? Evidence from a representative survey experiment,» Regulation and Governance 15, no. 1, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/rego.12278.

263

Gillian K. Hadfield (2016), Rules for a Flat World: Why Humans Invented Law and How to Reinvent It for a Complex Global Economy, Oxford University Press.

Julie E. Cohen (2019), Between Truth and Power: The Legal Constructions of Informational Capitalism, Oxford University Press.

Joshua A. T. Fairfield (2021), Runaway Technology: Can Law Keep Up? Cambridge University Press.

Jamie Susskind (2022), The Digital Republic: On Freedom and Democracy in the 21st Century, Pegasus.

264

Josh Zumbrun (25 Apr 2022), «The $67 billion tariff dodge that's undermining U.S. trade policy,» Wall Street Journal, https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-67-billion-tariff-dodge-thats-undermining-u-s-trade-policy-di-minimis-rule-customs-tourists-11650897161.

265

Thomas Piketty (2017), Capital in the Twenty-First Century, Harvard University Press.

266

Tristan Harris (5 Dec 2019), «Our brains are no match for our technology,» The New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/05/opinion/digital-technology-brain.html.