Hitlerland: American Eyewitnesses to the Nazi Rise to Power

INTRODUCTION

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1 Born in Chicago and other biographical background: Sigrid Schultz, Germany Will Try It Again, viii–ix, 123; and Nancy Caldwell Sorel, The Women Who Wrote the War, 3–4.

1 “Few foreign painters”: Schultz, 123.

1 “enemy aliens”: Ibid., viii.

2 “a sour, disagreeable little man” and other quotes about Raeder: Ibid., 11.

4 “Nobody had read”: Otto Strasser, Hitler and I, 58.

4 “most Americans”: Edgar Ansel Mowrer, Triumph and Turmoil, 164.

5 “the American colony” and other Lochner quotes: Louis Lochner, Always the Unexpected: A Book of Reminiscences, 151, 123.

6 reaching a peak: Howard K. Smith, Last Train from Berlin, 344.

6 Mowrer, for instance: Mowrer, 166.

6 “One thing one forgets”: Conquest interviewed by author (2009).

CHAPTER ONE: “NERVOUS BREAKDOWN”

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10 a loaf of bread: Peter Gay, Weimar Culture, 154.

10 “Orchestra stalls”: Anton Gill, A Dance Between Flames, 75.

10 Carl Zuckmayer attended and “could be freely handled” and other quotes about the party: Ibid., 85.

10 “People have forgotten”: Michael Danzi, American Musician in Germany, 1924–1939, 45–46.

11 “The contrast”: Kurt G. W. Ludecke, I Knew Hitler, 10.

11 “political zanies”: Ben Hecht, A Child of the Century, 252.

11 “all was politics” and “Germany is having”: Ibid., 264–265.

12 “a few years of” and “to be in” and “call into play”: Hugh R. Wilson, Diplomat Between Wars, 3–5.

12 “Rioting seemed to be” and “I myself have seen” and “vituperative”: Wilson, 94–95.

13 “The shabbiness”: Ibid., 94.

13 “traces of”: Ibid., 103.

13 “the interior was” and rest of Katharine Smith’s quotes and descriptions of early days in Berlin in this chapter: Katharine Alling Hollister Smith autobiographical writings and correspondence, Truman Smith Papers, box 14, Hoover Institution Archives.

14 He was a 1915 Yale graduate and other biographical details: Robert Hessen, ed., Berlin Alert: The Memoirs and Reports of Truman Smith, xiii–xiv; and Katharine (Kätchen) Truman Smith Coley interviewed by author (2010).

15 “With the end of the war”: Wilson, 103.

15 “The Germans, then”: Ibid., 98.

17 “A flame of resentment”: Ibid., 100.

17 Major General Henry T. Allen and quotes from his report: “Finds Negro Troops Orderly on Rhine,” New York Times, Feb. 20, 1921.

18 “I am afraid”: Schultz, 101.

18 “Your French friends”: Karl H. von Wiegand Papers, box 6, Hoover Institution Archives.

18 “a fair way” and “A cruel thing to do” and early bio of Wiegand: Ibid., box 47 (notes for outline of an autobiography he never wrote).

18 finding work at the Associated Press and subsequent move to United Press: Ibid., box 30.

19 “Food Shortage Alarms All Germany”: Ibid., box 25 (not marked from which Hearst paper).

19 In one letter from 1921: Ibid., box 6.

19 “I am looking” and Wiegand reply: Ibid., box 7.

20 “Houghton Girls Make Berlin Debut”: Ibid., box 25.

21 “Hitler Styled”: Ibid., box 25.

22 “Something is brewing” and account of Houghton’s concerns: Jeffrey J. Matthews, Alanson B. Houghton: Ambassador of the New Era, 68.

22 “being without” and “seems to have had” and “try to make”: Hessen, ed., 43.

23 a clear-cut set and orders as quoted: Ibid., 44.

23 four hundred visas and “It seemed to us”: Robert Murphy, Diplomat Among Warriors, 31.

23 “It was a welcome”: Ibid., 32.

23 Murphy told Smith and Smith’s quotes summarizing Murphy’s views: Hessen, ed., 48–50.

24 “healthy drift away” and rest of General von Kressenstein’s views: Ibid., 53.

24 Friedrich Trefz and his views as quoted by Smith: Ibid., 56.

25 Scheubner-Richter and rest of visit to Nazi headquarters: Ibid., 56–57.

25 General Ludendorff and his remarks: Ibid., 58–59.

26 New York tenement house: Ibid., 46.

26 “A marvelous demagogue”: Ibid., 60.

26 “Parliament and”: Ibid., 61.

26 The question whether: Ibid., 65.

26 “The diary I kept”: Ibid., 18.

27 “some arrangement” and “disquieting”: Matthews, 68.

27 “The most active”: Ibid., 69.

27 “How does this” and rest of exchanges with Drey: Murphy, 38.

28 “Interview with Adolf Hitler” and all quotes from it: State Department (RG 59) microfilm publication #M336: Records of the Department of State Relating to Internal Affairs of Germany, 1910–1929, file: 862.00/1228 on roll 18, National Archives. Also in Murphy, 40–41.

29 In a letter to Murphy: Robert D. Murphy Papers, box 43, Hoover Institution Archives (hereafter, Hoover).

29 “No, this is”: Murphy, Diplomat Among Warriors, 39.

29 “Look after him” and Fate Fakirs: Ernst Hanfstaengl, Hitler: The Missing Years, 31.

29 “I was the leading:”Ernst Hanfstaengl, taped interview by John Toland, Library of Congress.

30 “The Hanfstaengls were”: Hanfstaengl, Hitler, 24.

30 Putzi’s grandfather and family background: Peter Conradi, Hitler’s Piano Player, 12; and Hanfstaengl, 23–24.

30 Harvard days and details of time there: Conradi, 19–20; and Hanfstaengl, 26–27.

30 “I hate to say”: Hanfstaengl, taped interview by Toland, Library of Congress.

30 “Some fool” and rest of canoeing incident: Hanfstaengl, 26; and Conradi, 19.

31 “a fellow extrovert,” quotes about FDR and former President Teddy Roosevelt, and early World War I avoiding of internment: Hanfstaengl, 27–28.

31 A Department of Justice report and Nicholas Roosevelt quotes: Conradi, 31–32.

32 “riven by faction” and “It became evident”: Hanfstaengl, 29–30.

32 “a very pleasant”: Ibid., 31.

32 “A lovely way”: Katharine Smith, Truman Smith Papers, box 14, Hoover.

32 “worked like” and “I met the most remarkable” and rest of Smith-Hanfstaengl conversation: Hanfstaengl, 32.

33 “All that is”: Hanfstaengl, taped interview by Toland, Library of Congress.

CHAPTER TWO: UP IN THE AIR

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34 Kindlkeller description and “In his heavy boots”: Hanfstaengl, 33.

34 police agents: Hanfstaengl interviewed by Toland, Library of Congress.

34 “electric” and “In his early years”: Hanfstaengl, 33.

35 “a charge which” and rest of Hitler speech: Ibid., 35.

35 “especially the ladies”: Hanfstaengl interviewed by Toland, Library of Congress.

35 “Transfixed” and quotes on how Hanfstaengl was impressed and wanted to explain America’s importance: Hanfstaengl, 35–36.

35 “Ah, you are” and rest of exchange with Hitler: Hanfstaengl interviewed by Toland, Library of Congress; and Hanfstaengl, 36–37.

36 “a sallow, untidy”: Hanfstaengl, 32.

36 “The first followers”: Ibid., 37.

36 “the earnest, magnetic” and rest of Helen’s account and quotes: Helene Niemeyer “Notes,” FDR Library; and Helene Niemeyer, taped interview by John Toland, Library of Congress. Ernst Hanfstaengl’s comments in this section are from Hanfstaengl, 38–39.

38 family photos: courtesy of Eric Hanfstaengl, the grandson of Helen and Ernst Hanfstaengl.

38 “He had been so struck” and Kay’s account of visit by Putzi and Helen: Katharine Smith, box 14, Hoover.

39 “What wonder”: Niemeyer “Notes.”

40 “a definite public character” and Knickerbocker biographical details: H. R. Knickerbocker, Is Tomorrow Hitler’s? 200 Questions on the Battle of Mankind, foreword by John Gunther, xii–xiii.

40 “The first impression” and “the expression of his face”: Ibid., 1–2.

40 “He is softly fat”: Ibid., 3.

40 “He knew the thing”: Hanfstaengl, 49.

41 “hysterical enthusiasm” and Hanfstaengl’s introduction of Harvard marching songs and Hitler’s reactions: Ibid., 51.

41 he put up $1,000: Ibid., 53.

41 “If there is” and Hitler’s views of the U.S., Henry Ford and Ku Klux Klan: Ibid., 40–41.

42 the price for the three beers: Ibid., 96.

42 “Quiet!” and most of Beer Hall Putsch account: John Toland, Adolf Hitler, Vol. I, 163–165.

42 “Gentlemen, not one of us”: Otto Strasser, Hitler and I, 41.

42 press conference: Hanfstaengl, 99.

42 “REBELS IN COUP”: Wiegand Papers, box 26, Hoover.

43 Fourteen Nazis died and other putsch details: Ian Kershaw, Hitler, 1889–1936: Hubris, 210–11. (Other accounts put the number of Nazis shot and killed as sixteen, not fourteen. Hitler would regularly honor sixteen “martyrs” of the Beer Hall Putsch once he took power.)

43 “I can testify”: Murphy, 39–40.

43 Ludendorff surrendered: Kershaw, 211.

43 “My God” and Hanfstaengl’s actions and “The last place”: Hanfstaengl, 105–106.

44 “one of his theoretical passions”: Ibid., 50–51.

44 “a neuter”: Niemeyer interviewed by Toland.

44 “To my utter amazement” and rest of account of Hitler’s arrival through doctor’s explanation of how they got to the Hanfstaengl house: Niemeyer “Notes.”

45 The next morning and events then in Hanfstaengl’s house: Toland, 183–184.

45 “Now all is lost” and rest of Helen’s account of Hitler when facing arrest, along with scene with gun: Niemeyer “Notes” and Niemeyer interviewed by Toland.

46 “What are the bad”: Niemeyer “Notes.”

47 “a cultural riot” and “the leaders of” and other Mowrer descriptions: Edgar Ansel Mowrer, Triumph and Turmoil, 194–197.

47 “In Berlin ice” and other Lilian quotes about initial impressions: Lilian Mowrer, Journalist’s Wife, 180–183.

47 “but something in” and other comments on appeal: Ibid., 190.

48 “the most vital”: Ibid., 201.

48 “Nowhere in the world”: Ibid., 205–206.

48 “They were so wonderfully”: Ibid., 190–191.

48 “a full-fledged” and Lilian’s other comments about women: Ibid., 192.

48 “It was the greatest” and other film observations: Ibid., 213–214.

49 “Quit bothering”: Edgar Ansel Mowrer, 199.

49 “I was becoming”: Lilian Mowrer, 191.

49 “All in all”: Matthews, Alanson B. Houghton, Ambassador of the New Era, 75–76.

49 “to save what is”: Ibid., 77.

49 “I feel as if”: Ibid., 87.

50 “just claims”: Manfred Jonas, The United States and Germany: A Diplomatic History, 172.

50 “The United States is”: Ibid., 181.

50 “The Americanization”: Wiegand Papers, box 27, Hoover.

51 “By the early twenties” and “that complex of factors”: Edgar Ansel Mowrer, 187, 189.

51 “It’s madness” and “an intensity” and details of Baker’s stay, including gifts: Jean-Claude Baker and Chris Chase, Josephine: The Hungry Heart, 124–129.

52 “The period immediately”: Edgar Ansel Mowrer, Germany Puts the Clock Back, 153.

52 “sexual perversions”: Ibid., 155.

52 “These were elegant”: Hecht, 256.

52 “The air we breathed”: Franz Schulze, Philip Johnson: Life and Work, 412.

52 “I think if it” and “The Americans”: Ibid., 53–54.

53 “Treason to the Republic”: Lilian Mowrer, 186.

53 “had the same goal”: William Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany, 115.

53 “You may pronounce”: Ibid., 118.

54 “He spoke with” and rest of Mowrer report: Lilian Mowrer, 186.

54 “While the putsch” and “vanished into oblivion”: Murphy, Diplomat Among Warriors, 40.

55 “even as a side issue” and “as far as”: Hamilton Fish Armstrong, Peace and Counter-peace: From Wilson to Hitler, 309–310.

55 “Hemingway by the way”: Hubert Renfro Knickerbocker Papers, Columbia University Rare Book and Manuscript Library.

55 Knickerbocker, who would: Richard Lingeman, Sinclair Lewis: Rebel from Main Street, 313.

55 some accounts claim: Peter Kurth, American Cassandra: The Life of Dorothy Thompson, 487.

56 “Do come on up” and rest of Lilian Mowrer’s account: Lilian Mowrer, 221.

56 “International relations”: Victoria de Grazia, Irresistible Empire: America’s Advance Through Twentieth-Century Europe, 75.

56 “These were the brilliant”: Kurth, 93.

57 “an authentic record” and “The Graf Zeppelin is more than”: Wiegand Papers, box 30, Hoover.

57 “You have indeed cared” and other correspondence: Wiegand Papers, box 8, Hoover.

57 “brilliant British woman” and “internationally-known”: New York American, Sept. 1, 1929; and Wiegand Papers, box 30, Hoover.

58 “full of promise”: Kurth, 92.

58 “Though externals”: Lilian Mowrer, 247.

58 “Where but”: Edgar Ansel Mowrer, Triumph and Turmoil, 160.

58 “They all had” and “These Germans”: Lilian Mowrer, 254.

58 “loose emotional fervor” and subsequent Lilian Mowrer quotes: Ibid., 255.

59 “If one wants”: Kurth, 93.

59 “like a death’s head” and “If only I could”: Lilian Mowrer, 225.

59 “Do you think”: Ibid., 224.

59 “The strange bit of history”: Hecht, 296–297.

60 “In him all morality”: Ibid., 298.

60 “I know who caused”: Max Wallace, The American Axis: Henry Ford, Charles Lindbergh, and the Rise of the Third Reich, 20.

60 “I regard Henry Ford” and description of Annetta Antona interview with Hitler: Ibid., 1–2.

60 “Mr. Ford’s genius”: Prince Louis Ferdinand, The Rebel Prince: Memoirs of Prince Louis Ferdinand of Prussia, 241.

61 “a prosperous, energetic”: Wiegand Papers, box 8, Hoover.

61 “a high proportion of” and “One could sense”: Wilson, A Diplomat Between Wars, 115.

61 “Look out” and Bouton’s account of encounter with Sinclair Lewis: S. Miles Bouton Papers, box 4, Hoover.

62 In 1925, Jacob Gould Schurman and his building fund for Heidelberg University: Maynard Moser, Jacob Gould Schurman: Scholar, Political Activist, and Ambassador of Good Will, 1892–1942, 156–158.

62 “the will to war”: Ibid., 169.

62 “The Republic”: Ibid., 170.

63 “itch to pour”: Ibid., 191.

63 “You see we” and rest of Mowrer-Friday exchange: Lilian Mowrer, 236.

63 “an orgy of spending” and “the stunning new” and “the entire rolling stock”: Ibid., 239.

63 Schurman received a warning: Moser, 204.

63 “Hey, this thing’s a fake”: Robert C. Perez and Edward F. Willett, The Will to Win: A Biography of Ferdinand Eberstadt, 44.

64 $300 million in new American loans: Moser, 206.

CHAPTER THREE: WHALE OR MINNOW?

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65 “I’m going to have to start”: Bella Fromm, Blood and Banquets: A Berlin Social Diary, 18; Fromm biographical details, ibid., 3–6.

65 “Let’s have”: Ibid., 19.

66 diary entry of July 16 and all quotes: Ibid., 20.

66 “a gentle-looking man” and “an attractive woman”: Ibid., 24.

66 “Even the international” and “I like Berlin”: Ibid., 28.

67 “Fortunately for us” and other Knickerbocker quotes: “Covering Berlin,” Public Ledger, April 21, 1930, Knickerbocker Papers, Columbia.

67 the party boasted 108,000: Frederick L. Schuman, The Nazi Dictatorship: A Study in Social Pathology and the Politics of Fascism, 72.

68 “Now he is again” and all other quotes from Wiegand’s session with Hitler: Wiegand Papers, box 30, Hoover.

69 “The German people”: Mowrer, Germany Puts the Clock Back, 198.

70 “So had a majority” and “flocked to the Nazis”: Charles W. Thayer, The Unquiet Germans, 12–13.

70 “The most remarkable”: Mowrer, Germany Puts the Clock Back, 22.

70 “with the raucous voice” and rest of incident on train: Lilian Mowrer, 234.

71 “The seats swarmed” and rest of Enid Keyes’s account from her letter: American Girl, German Wife: The Letters of Enid Keyes Mehnert, 1931–1935, Enid Keyes Mehnert Papers, Vol. 1, Hoover.

72 “Dad, what do you think” and rest of exchange between Arthur and his father, along with “chariot bumping”: Mowrer, Germany Puts the Clock Back, 120–121.

73 “I never saw” and rest of quotes from December 27, 1931, letter: Knickerbocker Papers, Columbia.

73 “We are for” and rest of exchange with streetwalkers: Mowrer, Triumph and Turmoil, 210–211.

73 “too hot to publish”: Ibid., 211.

73 “I can’t ever walk” and other Mehnert quotes: Mehnert Papers, Hoover.

74 “You see defiance” and “This country has”: Morrison letter, Knickerbocker Papers, Columbia.

75 “Hitler is a homo-sexual” and rest of letter to Winner: Knickerbocker Papers, Columbia.

77 Abraham Plotkin was and other information about his background and trip: Plotkin, An American in Hitler’s Berlin: Abraham Plotkin’s Diary, 1932–33, Introduction, xii–xl.

77 “hide their poverty very well” and “from their appearances”: Ibid., 6.

77 “You Americans”: Ibid., 62.

78 one family’s diet: Ibid., 58.

78 The head of a district health department: Ibid., 75.

78 “fascinated by” and rest of exchange with streetwalkers: Ibid., 12–16.

78 “Do you have a fascist party” and rest of exchange with German Jews: Ibid., 38–39.

79 “Hitlerism is rapidly going”: Ibid., 29.

79 “One felt as if”: Ibid., 67.

79 “showmanship” and “So this was”: Ibid., 68, 70.

80 “like a faithful dog” and rest of Corwin’s visit to Heidelberg: R. LeRoy Bannerman, On a Note of Triumph: Norman Corwin and the Golden Years of Radio, 22.

80 “We are beyond”: Ibid., 22–23.

80 On Saturday, December 5, 1931, and quotes from Hitler and Sackett at and about their meeting: Bernard V. Burke, Ambassador Frederic Sackett and the Collapse of the Weimar Republic, 1930–1933, 8–9, 185–186.

81 “If only I” and rest of scene between Hitler and Helen: Niemeyer interviewed by Toland, Library of Congress.

82 “I felt Hitler”: Hanfstaengl, 123.

82 “Why don’t you find”: Niemeyer interviewed by Toland.

82 “an empty-headed”: Hanfstaengl, 162.

82 “I always had the feeling”: Niemeyer interviewed by Toland.

82 Otto Strasser and his claims about Geli and Hitler: Ronald Hayman, Hitler + Geli, 145.

83 “The whole affair”: Hanfstaengl, 165.

83 “of an American woman” and “a German propagandist”: Dorothy Thompson, “I Saw Hitler!,” 3–4.

83 “lofty and remote”: Ibid., 5.

83 “Fussy. Amusing”: Ibid., 13.

83 “an immense, high-strung”: Peter Kurth, American Cassandra: The Life of Dorothy Thompson, 160.

83 John Farrar: Marion K. Sanders, Dorothy Thompson: A Legend in Her Time, 166.

84 “The times in which”: Thompson, vi.

84 “Gone ‘legal’”: Ibid., 4.

84 “terrorizes the streets”: Ibid., 12.

84 “When finally I walked”: Ibid., 13.

85 “He is formless”: Ibid., 13–14.

85 “an insignificant” and contrast with Hindenburg and Brüning: Ibid., 14–15.

85 “The Jews are”: Ibid., 34.

85 “Hitler’s tragedy”: Ibid., 35.

85 “If Hitler comes into”: Ibid., 36.

86 “Mrs. Lewis, the wife” and rest of Ludecke-Hitler exchange: Ludecke, I Knew Hitler, 531.

86 One of Putzi’s classmates and rest of Harvard connections with Kaltenborn: H. V. Kaltenborn, Fifty Fabulous Years, 1900–1950, 51.

86 “felt that any” and details of interview procedures: Hans V. Kaltenborn, “An Interview with Hitler,” Wisconsin Magazine of History, Summer 1967.

87 “Why does your” and Hitler’s response: Kaltenborn, Fifty Fabulous Years, 186–187.

87 “he has no capacity”: Kaltenborn, “An Interview with Hitler.”

88 “A dictatorship is”: Kaltenborn, Fifty Fabulous Years, 188.

88 “I could understand”: Kaltenborn, “An Interview with Hitler.”

88 “After meeting Hitler”: Kaltenborn, Fifty Fabulous Years, 186.

88 “Most people”: Ibid., 185.

CHAPTER FOUR: “I WILL SHOW THEM”

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89 “I’ll give the Hitlerites” and other quotes from Lochner: Louis Lochner, Always the Unexpected, 209–210.

90 “it was obviously”: Burke, Ambassador Frederic Sackett, 262.

90 “rule alone” and descriptions of Hitler and Goebbels: Ibid., 247.

91 “I am told that” and “The Nazi meetings”: Plotkin, 102–103.

91 “the bloody Jews” and “run out of his control” and “like a bunch of schoolboys”: Ibid., 108.

91 “a banker named Arnholt” and “Merely wondering” along with the rest of Mowrer account: Mowrer, Triumph and Turmoil, 212.

92 “I am going to Munich” and rest of Schacht-Mowrer exchange: Ibid., 213.

92 “whenever a political melodrama” and rest of Fromm-Wiegand exchange: Fromm, 62–63.

93 While Ambassador Sackett: Burke, 274.

93 “The German government” and “I do not think”: Fromm, 67.

93 At an “intimate” dinner and rest of Schleicher-Fromm exchange: Ibid., 68–69.

94 “dancing between four masters” and rest of Plettl-Plotkin exchange: Plotkin, 122–123.

95 “in no way alarmed” and “rapidly increasing”: Burke, 277.

95 “sudden and unexpected”: Ibid., 281.

95 “We have hired Hitler” and “in the driver’s seat”: Lochner, Always the Unexpected, 210–211.

95 He had arrived in Germany: Bouton, “My Years in Germany” (Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Institute of Public Affairs, Ninth Annual Session, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, January 23–25, 1935), S. Miles Bouton Papers, box 4, Hoover.

96 “It requires no great skill”: “Bouton, Home from Europe, Tells of Germany in 1925,” Baltimore Sun, box 1, Hoover.

96 “Read that treaty”: Bouton Collection, box 4, Hoover.

96 “It was several minutes”: “A Veteran Journalist Reports,” c. 1962, Bouton Papers, box 6, Hoover.

96 “does not come into consideration”: Untitled copy of dispatch dated August 9, 1930, Bouton Papers, box 1, Hoover.

96 “For the last five years”: Bouton, “My Years in Germany,” box 4, Hoover.

97 “represents a remarkable” and rest of quotes from original manuscript of March 1932 article “Hitler’s Shadow Across Germany”: Bouton Papers, box 1, Hoover.

98 “That they put me down” and rest of Lochner’s letter: “Round Robins from Berlin: Louis P. Lochner’s Letters to His Children, 1932–1941,” Wisconsin Magazine of History, Summer 1967.

99 “foreigners and Jews” and rest of Lilian Mowrer’s account, including description of Edgar Mowrer’s conversations with Nazis over beers: Lilian Mowrer, 266–268.

100 “But I have only heard” and rest of Lilian’s conversation with her daughter: Ibid., 275.

100 “sick of everything” and other quotes from book: Mowrer, Germany Puts the Clock Back, 196–198.

100 “Did he believe”: Ibid., 194.

101 “I could see the man’s face”: Sigrid Schultz, Germany Will Try It Again, 87–88.

101 “While others slept”: Mowrer, Germany Puts the Clock Back, 207.

101 “singularly unmoved” and “Certainly it was”: Hanfstaengl, 196.

102 “I sent for” and “was, needless to”: Ibid., 199.

102 “In strode” and rest of dinner description: Lochner, Always the Unexpected, 186–187.

103 “a court jester” and account of Messersmith-Hanfstaengl encounter: Jesse H. Stiller, George S. Messersmith: Diplomat of Democracy, 40.

103 “I knew he was crazy”: Lilian Mowrer, 299.

104 “secret” Jew: Mowrer, Triumph and Turmoil, 219.

104 “Of course, he is”: Richard Breitman, Barbara McDonald Stewart and Severin Hochberg, eds., Advocate for the Doomed: The Diaries and Papers of James G. McDonald, 1932–1935, 28.

104 “Edgar a Jew?”: Mowrer, Triumph and Turmoil, 219.

104 According to Putzi: Hanfstaengl, 175.

104 “the greatest torchlight procession” and “Hitler stationed himself”: Manuscript of article for Public Ledger, May 15, 1933, H. R. Knickerbocker Papers, Columbia.

104 “The Nazis will make”: Burke, 282.

104 “the purely political” and Sackett’s views of Papen and Hugenberg: Ibid., 283–284.

105 Marinus van der Lubbe: Kershaw, 456–457.

105 “a dupe of the Nazis”: Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 269.

105 “For the Protection”: Kershaw, Hitler, 1889–1936: Hubris, 459.

105 “deeply displeased”: Fromm, 79.

106 “might deviate from”: Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 276.

106 “The nation turned”: Manuscript of article for Public Ledger, May 15, 1933, H. R. Knickerbocker Papers, Columbia.

106 “It is really as bad” and other quotes from letter to Lewis: Sanders, Dorothy Thompson, 185.

106 “perfectly mad” and rest of letter to Cohen: Kurth, 187.

107 “the auto da fé”: Manuscript of article for Public Ledger, May 15, 1933, H. R. Knickerbocker Papers, Columbia.

107 “These flames do not only” and authors of burned books: Philip Metcalfe, 1933, 123.

107 “that the truth”: Undated manuscript titled “Education Is Not Enough” in S. Miles Bouton Papers, box 1, Hoover.

107 “change his style of reporting”: Deborah E. Lipstadt, Beyond Belief: The American Press and the Coming of the Holocaust, 1933–1945, 22.

108 “Our orders from our bosses”: Lochner, Always the Unexpected, 252.

108 “The Nazis have turned loose”: Plotkin, 194.

108 “real radicals” and rest of Messersmith analysis: Stiller, 35–36.

109 “I am a Jew”: Metcalfe, 93.

109 Edward Dahlberg and “Four suits”: Ibid., 93–94.

109 On March 31, the SA snatched and Messersmith handling of journalists and subsequent report: Stiller, 36.

109 He told Messersmith: Ibid., 43.

109 “in the hope that”: Kaltenborn, Fifty Fabulous Years, 189.

110 “a terrifying account” and “The Jews are” and Tiergarten account: Breitman, Stewart and Hochberg, Advocate for the Doomed, 28–29.

110 “highly overwrought”: Ibid., 30.

110 “To him the leaders”: Ibid., 45.

110 Separately, Knickerbocker: Ibid., 32.

110 During the Jewish boycott: Ibid., 33.

111 “In each case”: Ibid., 40.

111 “No, there is” and rest of McDonald-Goldman exchange along with account of Hitler meeting the same day: Ibid., 47–48.

CHAPTER FIVE: “GET OUT, AND FAST”

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113 Armstrong saw groups: Hamilton Fish Armstrong, Peace and Counterpeace, 527.

113 British and American correspondents and “He could hardly”: Ibid., 530.

114 “were holding on to” and “a flash in the pan” and rest of Armstrong encounters with Foreign Ministry officials: Ibid., 530–531.

114 “They had disappeared” and “It was staggering”: Ibid., 531.

114 he went to meet Hjalmar Schacht and rest of description of meeting with Schacht: Ibid., 532–533.

115 Armstrong was startled and “Why, Putzi” exchange: Ibid., 534.

115 “His general appearance” and rest of observations and quotes from Armstrong’s interview with Hitler: Ibid., 534–540.

117 A people has disappeared and other quotes from opening of book: Hamilton Fish Armstrong, Hitler’s Reich: The First Phase, 1–3.

118 “Either he is”: Ibid., 24.

118 “having given the German spirit”: Ibid., 65.

118 “The first phase of”: Ibid., 66.

119 “I regard Berlin” and other efforts to name a new ambassador to Germany: Robert Dallek, Democrat and Diplomat: The Life of William E. Dodd, 187–188.

119 “Peace Speech”: Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 291–292.

119 “The speech was” and rest of Lochner letter to Betty: “Round Robins from Berlin: Louis P. Lochner’s Letters to His Children, 1932–1941,” Wisconsin Magazine of History, Summer 1967.

120 “a democrat in the” and “separation of”: William E. Dodd, Jr., and Martha Dodd, eds., Ambassador Dodd’s Diary, xii and x.

120 “I want to know”: Ibid., 3.

120 “an almost sentimental”: Martha Dodd, Through Embassy Eyes, 12.

121 “The German authorities”: Dodd and Dodd, eds., Ambassador Dodd’s Diary, 5.

121 “exert all possible”: Ibid., 9.

121 “Let Hitler”: Ibid., 11.

122 “My wife, son and I”: Ibid., 11.

122 On the voyage over: Martha Dodd, Through Embassy Eyes, 18.

122 The Familienblatt and first meetings with journalists: Dodd and Dodd, eds., Ambassador Dodd’s Diary, 12–13; and Fromm, 120–121.

122 “No group of”: Lilian Mowrer, 286.

122 Sitting on wooden benches: Philip Gibbs, European Journey, 237.

122 “his back beaten to pulp”: Edgar Mowrer, Triumph and Turmoil, 218.

123 “pushed past these bullies” and Edgar’s visit to Jewish doctor: Lilian Mowrer, 289.

123 A senior press official and Mowrer’s appeals: Ibid., 296–297.

123 “to allow social and personal”: Ibid., 298.

123 “favors” and visit to concentration camp: Edgar Mowrer, Triumph and Turmoil, 221–222.

124 “were indeed badly beaten”: “Round Robins from Berlin: Louis P. Lochner’s Letters to His Children, 1932–1941,” Wisconsin Magazine of History, Summer 1967.

124 “You know, Herr Mowrer” and rest of Mowrer-Nazi officer exchange: Lilian Mowrer, 300–301.

125 “If such intelligent”: Edgar Mowrer, Triumph and Turmoil, 225.

125 One of Mowrer’s sources: Ibid., 218.

126 “In this country where”: Ibid., 221.

126 In July, Colonel Frank Knox: Ibid., 224.

127 “I felt at the end”: Dodd and Dodd, eds., Ambassador Dodd’s Diary, 24.

127 “a blow to freedom”: Edgar Mowrer, Triumph and Turmoil, 224.

127 In the Mowrer household and “At this point”: Lilian Mowrer, 302.

127 “Oh, Mr. Mowrer” and other quotes and details from Goldmann incident and aftermath: Lilian Mowrer, 303–305; additional information and “people’s righteous indignation” from Edgar Mowrer, Triumph and Turmoil, 225–226.

129 “If you were not” and “gallant fighter”: Lilian Mowrer, 308.

129 “And when are you” and rest of exchange with young German official: Edgar Mowrer, Triumph and Turmoil, 226.

CHAPTER SIX: “LIKE FOOTBALL AND CRICKET”

PAGE

130 “I do not remember” and other Dodd quotes and descriptions of her Chicago life and about marriage: Martha Dodd, Through Embassy Eyes, 5–41.

132 “a perfect example”: Fromm, 121.

132 “pretty, vivacious”: William L. Shirer, Berlin Diary: The Journal of a Foreign Correspondent, 1934–1941, 42.

132 “Martha had an apartment”: Katharine Smith, unpublished manuscript of “My Life: Berlin August 1935–April 1939,” Truman Smith Papers, box 4, Hoover.

132 “We liked Germany”: Martha Dodd, Through Embassy Eyes, 23–24.

132 “The Germans seemed”: Ibid., 25.

133 “saloon German”: Quentin Reynolds, By Quentin Reynolds, 104.

133 “No American”: Ibid., 105.

133 “I regret to say”: Ibid., 107.

133 “such legendary figures” and description of Hanfstaengl: Martha Dodd, 25–26.

133 “You’ve been here”: Reynolds, 109.

134 “we didn’t”: Martha Dodd, 27.

134 “The excitement of”: Ibid., 28.

134 “It will be” and “I could not at first tell”: Reynolds, 118–119.

135 “tragic and tortured”: Martha Dodd, 28.

135 Martha still tried: Ibid., 28–29.

135 Hudson Hawley and “Writing the story”: Reynolds, 119–120.

135 “There isn’t one” and Norman Ebbutt: Ibid., 121.

136 they dispatched officials: Martha Dodd, 32.

136 “Putzi serenaded”: Reynolds, 124.

136 “Never come”: Ibid., 125.

137 “Roosevelt must have”: “Round Robins from Berlin: Louis P. Lochner’s Letters to His Children, 1932–1941,” Wisconsin Magazine of History, Summer 1967.

137 “most agreeable”: Dodd and Dodd, eds., Ambassador Dodd’s Diary, 13.

137 “He showed no”: Ibid., 14.

137 “well-known internationalist” and “So far”: Ibid., 16.

137 “the saddest story”: Ibid., 17.

138 “are so uncontrollable”: Ibid., 44.

138 In a Columbus Day speech: Ibid., 46.

138 “It would be no sin”: Dallek, Democrat and Diplomat, 211.

138 “extraordinary applause”: Dodd and Dodd, eds., Ambassador Dodd’s Diary, 46.

138 “It is evident”: Ibid., 48.

138 “He looks somewhat better” and “The Chancellor assured me”: Ibid., 49.

139 “ranted” and rest of meeting with Hitler: Ibid., 50.

139 “Fundamentally, I believe”: Gordon A. Craig and Felix Gilbert, eds., The Diplomats: 1919–1939, 450.

139 “I walked into the park”: Dodd and Dodd, eds., Ambassador Dodd’s Diary, 53.

140 “just as I would have done” and “It was clear to me”: Ibid., 56.

140 In early December, Sir Eric Phipps: Ibid., 63.

140 On January 1, 1934: Ibid., 67–68.

141 “I was afraid”: Ibid., 68.

141 “Der gute Dodd”: Hanfstaengl, 204.

141 “hopelessly weak”: Dallek, Democrat and Diplomat, 227.

141 “He was a modest”: Hanfstaengl, 203.

142 “Any possible concern” and rest of account and quotes from Eddy visit: Fromm, 123–124.

143 “On the bridge” and rest of Morris account: Wright Morris, Solo: An American Dreamer in Europe: 1933–1934, 161–163.

144 “to create a”: Donald B. Watt, Intelligence Is Not Enough: The Story of My First Forty Years and of the Early Years of the Experiment in International Living, 85.

144 “making friends”: Ibid., 159.

144 “From its war-like”: Ibid., 11.

144 “The suggestion of”: Ibid., 115.

144 “excess of order” and remainder of Watt quotes: Ibid., 115–117.

145 “I journeyed toward” and rest of Schuman quotes: Frederick L. Schuman, The Nazi Dictatorship: A Study in Social Pathology and the Politics of Fascism, viii–x.

146 “pathological hatreds” and “Fascism itself”: Ibid., 505.

146 “Germany wants to become” and other Abel quotes: Abel notebooks, Theodore Abel Papers, box 13, Hoover.

147 “For the Best Personal”: Theodore Abel, Why Hitler Came into Power, 3.

147 “Heroism had become”: Ibid., 27.

148 Eighteen percent: Ibid., 44.

148 “the spirit of Jewish materialism”: Ibid., 45.

148 “From that time”: Ibid., 70.

148 “Schuman concludes”: Ibid., 189.

148 He is male: Ibid., 6.

149 “frankly state their”: Ibid., 8.

149 “In presenting these facts”: Ibid., 9.

149 several American publishers rejected: Theodore Abel Papers, box 14, Hoover.

149 “Adolf Hitler has become”: Manuscript of “Nazi Racialism” dated July 9, 1933, H. R. Knickerbocker Papers, Columbia.

149 “Bloody Jews”: Manuscript of “Jews” dated July 26, 1933, Knickerbocker Papers, Columbia.

150 “the supreme boss”: Manuscript of “Nazi Senate” dated July 9, 1933, Knickerbocker Papers, Columbia.

150 “The latest Soviet method”: Manuscript of “Nazi Soviet” dated July 19, 1934, Knickerbocker Papers, Columbia.

150 “German nudists”: Manuscript of “Nude Culture” dated May 22, 1933, Knickerbocker Papers, Columbia.

150 “Europe is in uniform”: H. R. Knickerbocker, The Boiling Point: Will War Come in Europe?, ix.

151 “the most talked about”: “U najgłośniejszego reportera świata,” Express Poranny, November 12, 1932, Knickerbocker Papers, Columbia.

151 They pressured: Metcalfe, 1933, 126.

151 DANZIG… Ten million lives: Knickerbocker, The Boiling Point, 1.

151 “a tornado of”: Ibid., 4.

151 “The Poles were”: Ibid., 5.

152 “Its lesson”: Ibid., 7.

152 “The odds are”: Ibid., 240.

152 “It is the peace”: Ibid., 267.

153 “It was impossible”: Sir Philip Gibbs, European Journey, 229–230.

153 “He was the mesmerist”: Ibid., 232.

153 “Most people in” and rest of exchange with American woman: Ibid., 235–236.

CHAPTER SEVEN: DANCING WITH NAZIS

PAGE

155 “a young secretary” and rest of account of Martha Dodd’s June 30 experience: Martha Dodd, Through Embassy Eyes, 141–146.

156 On that morning of June 30 and accounts of Schleicher and Strasser killings: Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 309.

156 Henry Mann: Dodd and Dodd, eds., Ambassador Dodd’s Diary, 131.

157 The primary targets and background on Hitler-Röhm tensions: Ian Kershaw, Hitler, 1889–1936: Hubris, 500–517.

157 “The SA and the SS”: Ibid., 502.

157 “Only fools”: Ibid., 504.

157 The opulent living: Ibid., 503.

157 Breaking into Röhm’s room and rest of account of Bad Wiessee raid and announcement: Ibid., 512–517.

158 “The former Chief of Staff”: Ibid., 516.

158 “in full regalia” and rest of scene with Goering: Sigrid Schultz, ed., Overseas Press Club Cookbook, 149.

158 The body of Gustav von Kahr: Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 310.

159 “There was general regret”: Fromm, 172.

159 “I hope we may” and “black with”: Martha Dodd, Through Embassy Eyes, 155.

159 At the Fourth of July party and “Lebst du noch?”: Ibid., 157–158.

160 “that the Germans”: Ibid., 162.

160 That same week and “Poor Germany”: Dodd and Dodd, eds., Ambassador Dodd’s Diary, 119.

160 In his diary entry of July 8 and “I can think of” and “My task here”: Ibid., 122–123.

161 Back in 1925 and rest of early Shirer bio: http://www.traces.org/williamshirer.html, and from William L. Shirer, Berlin Diary, 3.

161 “the worst job I’ve ever had”: Shirer, Berlin Diary, 10.

161 “The Paris that”: Ibid., 4.

161 “And what a story!” and rest of June 30 diary entry: Ibid., 11.

161 “One had almost”: Ibid., 12.

162 “another young American”: William Shirer, The Traitor, 58–60.

162 “Who can be”: Shirer, Berlin Diary, 13.

162 “unconditional obedience to”: Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 314.

162 “The man is”: Shirer, Berlin Diary, 13.

163 “Nobody believes that”: Fromm, 174.

163 “what would have been”: “Hitler Averted Massacre, Won Army’s Fealty” (name of newspaper missing from clipping), Aug. 4, 1934, Karl H. von Wiegand Collection, box 30, Hoover.

163 “Hitler has attained”: “Hitler Challenges Foes to Plebiscite Call; Hopes to Show Masses Back Him,” New York American, Aug. 4, 1934, Wiegand Collection, box 30, Hoover.

163 “Must brush up”: Shirer, Berlin Diary, 13.

163 “Herr So-and-So” and rest of August 25 diary entry: Ibid., 14.

164 “for Röhm” and “in Germany,” and account of Thompson’s trip from Austria to Germany, including stay in Berlin: Dorothy Thompson, “Good-by to Germany,” Harper’s, Dec. 1934.

167 “In view of”: Sanders, Dorothy Thompson, 392.

167 “The general feeling”: Kurth, American Cassandra, 202–203.

167 “a little tearful”: Sanders, 198.

167 “blasphemy” and “My offense”: Kurth, 203.

168 “Germany has gone”: Ibid., 204.

168 “I miss”: Shirer, Berlin Diary, 15.

168 Back in the United States: Richard Lingeman, Sinclair Lewis: Rebel from Main Street, 407.

168 “My one ambition”: Sinclair Lewis, It Can’t Happen Here, 68.

169 “There is no excuse”: Lingeman, 409.

169 “slick, debonair”: Shirer, Berlin Diary, 41.

169 “Hitlerland” and “Naziland”: Pierre J. Huss, The Foe We Face, vii and 6.

169 “You had to work”: Ibid., ix.

169 “alight” and rest of Huss account of meeting with Hitler in Obersalzberg: Ibid., 1–6.

171 “Reporting from Germany”: Lochner, Always the Unexpected, 223.

171 In a letter to William Randolph Hearst: Karl H. von Wiegand Papers, box 14, Hoover.

171 On more than one occasion, Sigrid Schultz and rest of her account: David Brown and W. Richard Bruner, eds., How I Got That Story, 75–81.

172 “Like a Roman Emperor” and rest of Nuremberg diary entries: Shirer, Berlin Diary, 16–23.

174 “His followers” and rest of Lochner’s account: “Round Robins from Berlin,” Wisconsin Magazine of History, Summer 1967.

175 There was, I must admit: Richard Helms, A Look over My Shoulder: A Life in the Central Intelligence Agency, 23.

175 “the city, the surroundings”: Ben Procter, William Randolph Hearst: Final Edition, 1911–1951, 185.

176 “a unanimous expression”: “Hearst Is Quoted as Hailing Nazi Vote,” New York Times, Aug. 23, 1934.

176 “Why am I” and rest of Hearst-Hitler encounter: Procter, 186–187.

177 “bragging about”: Fromm, 184.

177 “Hitler is certainly”: Procter, 187.

177 “Hitler needs a woman” and rest of Martha Dodd’s account of her meeting with Hitler: Martha Dodd, 63–65.

178 “I ostentatiously kept”: Robert H. Lochner, Ein Berliner unter dem Sternenbanner: Erinnerungen eines amerikanischen Zeitzeugen, 12.

179 “Ever afterwards”: From “What to Do if Your Moustache Falls Off,” unpublished manuscript of Angus Thuermer (courtesy of the author).

179 “Once you look” and description of Goebbels reception: Louis Lochner, What About Germany?, 120–121.

179 “extremely pleasant, handsome”: Martha Dodd, 49.

179 “blond Aryan”: Ibid., 50.

179 “most violent” and “the tall boy”: Ibid., 42.

180 “She just liked sleeping”: Katrina Vanden Heuvel, “Grand Illusions,” Vanity Fair, Sept. 1991.

180 “at least twelve” and rest of Martha’s early account of Diels: Martha Dodd, 51–56, 134–139.

180 “I was intrigued”: Ibid., 53.

180 “a pathetic”: Ibid., 134.

180 “Martha, you are” and “I was extremely”: Ibid., 136.

180 He wanted: Dodd and Dodd, eds., 65; and Martha Dodd, 138.

181 “a nervous state”: Martha Dodd, 54.

181 “a frightened rabbit”: Ibid., 135.

181 He was a tall, blond and Vinogradov at Die Taverne: Shareen Blair Brysac, Resisting Hitler: Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra, 155–156.

182 “they had no future” along with Mildred Harnack biographical details: Ibid., 99.

182 “It is said by”: Ibid., 113.

182 “hopefulness and achievement”: Ibid., 119.

182 “the scene of”: Ibid., 99.

182 “amazed at”: Martha Dodd, 99.

182 On May 27, 1934: Brysac, 149.

183 “He was isolated”: Martha Dodd, 84.

183 “He is not happy”: Brysac, 150.

183 “I had had enough” and rest of Martha Dodd’s account and quotes about Russia: Martha Dodd, 169–208.

184 “for the last two weeks” and Wolfe’s arrival in Berlin: A. Scott Berg, Max Perkins: Editor of Genius, 270.

184 “Tom, a huge man” and rest of Dodd’s account of Wolfe: Martha Dodd, 90–95.

184 “I feel myself”: Berg, 271.

184 “Part of Tom’s”: Martha Dodd, 91.

185 “like a butterfly”: Brysac, 179.

185 “disturbing things”: Berg, 270.

185 “If there were”: Aldo P. Magi and Richard Walser, eds., Thomas Wolfe Interviewed, 1929–1938, 67.

185 “a much soberer person”: Martha Dodd, 94.

185 I Have a Thing to Tell You excerpts: C. Hugh Holman, ed., The Short Novels of Thomas Wolfe.

187 “I came away”: Magi and Walser, eds., 88.

CHAPTER EIGHT: “A MAD HATTER’S LUNCHEON PARTY”

PAGE

188 “the season of” and other quotes: Thomas Wolfe, You Can’t Go Home Again, 484–486.

188 “Jews, Frenchmen”: David Clay Large, Nazi Games: The Olympics of 1936, 43.

188 “plot of Freemasons and Jews”: Ibid., 49.

189 “a disgrace and”: Ibid., 58.

189 “For us National Socialists”: Ibid, 61.

189 Theodor Lewald background: Susan D. Bachrach, The Nazi Olympics: Berlin 1936, 13.

189 “enormous propaganda” and rest of Lewald pitch: Large, 63.

189 “My personal”: Bachrach, 45–47.

189 “competitors of all”: Large, 71.

190 “no discrimination” and other details of Brundage visit: Ibid., 79.

190 “the token Negro” and rest of Sherrill account: Ibid., 84–85.

190 “flagrant discrimination” and rest of Dodd’s account: Ibid., 97.

191 “this will be” and rest of Messersmith, Geist accounts: Ibid., 94–96.

191 “A consummate”: Ibid., 98.

191 The daily spectacle: Wolfe, 485.

192 “At last he came”: Ibid., 486.

192 “Berlin is now”: Large, 187.

192 “Everything was free”: Rudi Josten interviewed by Peter Gehrig, Dec. 4, 2004, and Mar. 23, 2005, Oral History Collection, Associated Press Corporate Archives.

192 The Nazis even allowed: Large, 186.

192 “A glittering swirl”: Fromm, 226.

192 “I’m afraid the Nazis”: Shirer, Berlin Diary, 65.

192 Carla de Vries: Large, 225.

192 Swimmer Eleanor Holm Jarrett: Ibid., 180.

193 “an orgasmic” and “It was unfair”: Fromm, 225.

193 “a war whoop” and “Hitler twisted”: Martha Dodd, 212.

193 “Negroes should not”: Bachrach, 96.

193 Cheers went up and invitations to black athletes: Ibid., 95.

193 “Jesse Owens ran”: Oliver Lubrich, ed., Travels in the Reich, 1933–1945: Foreign Authors Report from Germany, 138.

194 “Owens was a quiet”: Helms, A Look over My Shoulder, 26.

194 “I have been treated” and rest of DuBois account: Lubrich, ed., 142–143.

195 “Wearing gray flannel”: Fromm, 225–226.

195 “When Huber presented” and rest of Morris story: Leni Riefenstahl, Leni Riefen-stahl: A Memoir, 196–198.

196 “his sad fate”: Ibid., 200.

196 At an official function and Hitler-Smith exchange: Robert Hessen, ed., Berlin Alert, 47.

196 “Berlin was so familiar” and other Katharine Smith quotes throughout: Katharine Alling Hollister Smith, “My Life: Berlin August 1935–April 1939,” Truman Smith Papers, boxes 4 and 16, Hoover.

197 “Your past relationship”: Hessen, ed., 27.

199 Kätchen, who was: Kätchen Coley interviewed by author (2010).

199 “of air corps”: Hessen, ed., 78.

199 “their wits alone”: Ibid., 83.

199 “How fast can you”: Katharine Smith’s unpublished memoir.

200 Two months later and origins of proposal to Lindbergh: Hessen, ed., 87–88.

200 “I need hardly tell you”: Ibid., 89.

200 “extremely interested”: Ibid., 91.

201 “Colonel Smith is” and other diary quotes: Anne Morrow Lindbergh, The Flower and the Nettle: Diaries and Letters of Anne Morrow Lindbergh, 1936–1939, 72–76.

202 “We, who are in aviation”: Hessen, ed., 95.

202 “But no more speeches”: Katharine Smith’s unpublished memoir.

202 “Goering showed many facets”: Hessen, ed., 101.

202 “blazoned in”: Anne Morrow Lindbergh, 85.

203 “I find that to laugh” and description of lion encounter: Katharine Smith’s unpublished manuscript, except where Anne is quoted.

203 “I see and say nothing”: Anne Morrow Lindbergh, 86.

203 When Goering’s lion: Kätchen Coley interviewed by author (2010).

204 “Smith, there are”: Hessen, ed., 102.

204 At Rostock: Ibid., 96–97.

204 “we have nothing” and “a spirit”: A. Scott Berg, Lindbergh, 357.

204 “obtain technical parity”: Truman Smith, “An American Estimate of the German Air Force” (Nov. 1, 1937), Airpower Historian, April 1963, in Truman Smith Papers, box 9, Hoover.

205 “German aviation” and “the best promotion”: Fromm, 224.

205 “How well and how”: Albert C. Wedemeyer Papers, box 61, folder 19, Hoover.

205 “I have had” and rest of August 5 letter: Anne Morrow Lindbergh, 87.

206 “While I still have”: Berg, 361.

206 “he is undoubtedly”: Ibid.

206 The event that would cement and Truman Smith’s description, along with Wilson’s letter to Lindbergh: Hessen, ed., 132–133.

207 “a victory by”: Berg, 382.

207 “Hitler’s realistic” and misjudgments about military disaffection: Truman Smith, “Party and Army: Germany–November 1937,” Truman Smith Papers, box 2, Hoover.

207 “I was astonished”: Original manuscript of Smith’s The Facts of Life, 104, Truman Smith Papers, box 2, Hoover.

208 “I could feel”: Hanfstaengl, Hitler, 129.

208 “No!” and other quotes from Hanfstaengl: interviewed by Toland, Library of Congress.

208 “It would be reasonable”: Hanfstaengl, 170.

208 “one of my most bitter”: Wiegand memo, Karl von Wiegand Papers, box 30, Hoover.

209 “probably likes to”: Ibid., box 14, Hoover.

209 “an immense, high-strung”: Shirer, Berlin Diary, 17.

209 “I wonder why” and rest of Hanfstaengl-Fromm exchange: Fromm, 163.

210 “no discourtesy of any kind” and rest of this description of Hanfstaengl arrival controversy: “Reunion: Hanfstaengl’s Arrival Greeted by 3,000 Students,” Newsweek, June 23, 1934.

210 Benjamin Halpern letter and Crimson editorial: Conradi, Hitler’s Piano Player, 145.

210 “There you are”: Hanfstaengl, 223.

211 “I see America”: Ibid., 222.

211 “It was really like”: Ibid., 250.

211 “the demon”: Ibid., 213.

211 “Putz hastily”: Katharine Smith’s unpublished memoir.

212 “to play that”: Hanfstaengl, 265.

212 “Yes, he was extraordinary” and rest of Helen’s account: Niemeyer tape, Toland Collection, Library of Congress.

213 Putzi began smuggling and claims about helping others: Hanfstaengl, 274.

213 According to Putzi’s and subsequent events of purported plot against him: Ibid., 276–284.

214 “a harmless joke”: Conradi, 209.

214 “an elaborate hoax”: David George Marwell, “Unwonted Exile: A Biography of Ernst ‘Putzi’ Hanfstaengl,” Ph.D. dissertation, 13; and Marwell interviewed by author (2011).

214 Back in Berlin and rest of Lochner’s account of tracking down Hanfstaengl: Lochner, Always the Unexpected, 184–186.

215 “I certainly would not”: Dodd and Dodd, eds., Ambassador Dodd’s Diary, 119.

215 “What in the world is the use”: Dallek, Democrat and Diplomat, 271.

216 “telegram deficiency”: Ibid., 272–273.

216 “a historian of” and other Smith quotes: Hessen, ed., 79.

216 “I have seldom”: Katharine Smith’s unpublished memoir.

217 “four years’ service”: Dallek, 295.

217 “In Berlin once more”: Dodd and Dodd, eds., Ambassador Dodd’s Diary, 430.

217 “There were and are still”: Ibid., 445.

217 “Hitler intends to”: Dallek, 332.

217 “The Russians of”: Martha Dodd, 343.

218 “Martha argues that”: Allen Weinstein and Alexander Vassiliev, The Haunted Wood: Soviet Espionage in America—the Stalin Era, 52.

218 “frankly expressed”: Ibid., 53.

218 “we have agreed” and subsequent encounter with Slutsky, and Martha’s statement: Ibid., 55–56.

219 “Boris, dear!”: Ibid., 61.

CHAPTER NINE: “UNIFORMS AND GUNS”

PAGE

220 “whether it was” and other quotes from Smith: Howard K. Smith, Last Train from Berlin, 4–16.

222 Like many wealthy undergraduates and quotes from JFK’s diary: Lubrich, ed., Travels in the Reich, 159–161.

223 “The trip up the Rhine” and rest of diary entries along with letter from German engineer to Randolph: Rebecca McBride, “Europe 1938: Travel Diary of John F. Randolph Annotated by His Daughter,” Leo Baeck Institute Archives.

224 “I simply draped”: Howard K. Smith, 26–27.

225 “Murrow, Columbia Broadcasting” and Shirer about Murrow: Shirer, Berlin Diary, 79–80.

226 “Personally, they have not” and other reflections on Berlin experiences: Ibid., 83–87.

226 “The worst has happened”: Ibid., 95.

227 “plays nicely”: Ibid., 90.

227 “a shouting, hysterical”: Ibid., 97.

227 “What’s that”: Ibid., 100.

227 “Well, meine Damen” and rest of café scene: Ibid., 101.

227 “Where did” and flights: Ibid., 103.

228 “This morning when”: William L. Shirer, “This Is Berlin”: Radio Broadcasts from Nazi Germany, 14.

228 “entanglements” and Hoover visit to Germany: Gary Dean Best, Herbert Hoover: The Postpresidential Years, 1933–1964, Vol. I, 1933–1945, 103.

228 “that Hitler was” and other Arentz quotes: Oral history interview of Samuel S. Arentz by Raymond Henle, Oct. 5, 1966, Herbert Hoover Oral History Program, box 2, Hoover. Additional details on Hoover-Hitler meeting, from Richard Norton Smith, An Uncommon Man: The Triumph of Herbert Hoover, 253–256.

229 Greeted by: Richard Norton Smith, 255–256.

229 “Yes, that’s” and discussion of Russia: Arentz interviewed by Henle.

229 “many menaces”: Best, 103.

229 “have all the hideous”: Ibid., 104.

230 “a longer period” and other Jacob Beam quotes: Jacob Beam’s unpublished manuscript with no title page (courtesy of Alex Beam).

231 The daughter of and rest of background of Muriel White: “American Countess Menaced with Bomb,” New York Times, Jan. 16, 1911.

231 “Foreign women” and American Women’s Club: Sigrid Schultz, Germany Will Try It Again, 137.

231 “commanded a hysterical”: Ibid., 135–136.

232 “the great improvement” and other Dilling quotes about Nazi Germany: Glen Jeansonne, Women of the Far Right: The Mothers’ Movement and World War II, 13.

232 Schultz recalled seeing Dilling and exchange with young American woman and Hoffmann quote: Schultz, 136.

236 “the principal impression” and other quotes from March 3, 1938, letter: Hugh R. Wilson, Jr., A Career Diplomat, The Third Chapter: The Third Reich, 18–21.

236 “in the sense of”: Ibid., 21–22.

236 “One may judge”: Ibid., 63.

237 “the smoke and dust” and rest of letter to Hull: Ibid., 22–26.

237 “confess that their hearts”: Ibid., 26.

237 “of bringing our people” and Wilson’s response: Ibid., 28.

237 “an attempt to work out”: Ibid., 37.

237 And he worried: Ibid., 38.

237 “Twenty years ago”: Ibid., 39.

238 Among Beam’s acquaintances: Beam’s unpublished manuscript; and John V. H. Dippel, Two Against Hitler: Stealing the Nazis’ Best-Kept Secrets, which offers an extensive account of Respondek’s role. Information about Beam’s encounter with Respondek and Muckermann, along with their background information, is drawn from both of these accounts.

240 “We had watched”: Erich von Manstein, Lost Victories, 23–24.

240 “the spontaneous outburst”: Wilson, A Career Diplomat, 51.

240 “stout piece of work”: Beam, unpublished manuscript.

240 “I do think”: Nancy Harvison Hooker, ed., The Moffat Papers: Selections from the Diplomatic Journals of Jay Pierrepont Moffat, 1919–1943, 217.

240 “completely different” and rest of Beam’s observations: Beam, unpublished manuscript.

241 “He’s still got”: Shirer, Berlin Diary, 142.

241 “For if they do”: Ibid., 135.

241 “a curious commentary” and rest of September 30 entries: Ibid., 144–145.

241 Angus Thuermer: quotes and information from Thuermer interviewed by author (2009) and Thuermer’s unpublished manuscript “What to Do if Your Moustache Falls Off.”

244 Charles Thayer and his account: Charles W. Thayer, The Unquiet Germans, 161–163.

245 Phillips Talbot and his account: Phillips Talbot letter of Dec. 27, 1938 (courtesy of Talbot and the Holocaust Museum); and Talbot interviewed by author (2009).

245 In a letter to: Wilson, A Career Diplomat, 60.

246 “It was suggested”: Albert C. Wedemeyer, Wedemeyer Reports!, 50.

247 “tall and handsome”: Katharine Smith’s unpublished memoir, Truman Smith Papers, boxes 4 and 6, Hoover.

247 Kätchen Smith: Kätchen interviewed by author (2010).

247 “out-going, hard-working” and “I hope she is not”: Katharine Smith memoir, Truman Smith Papers, boxes 4 and 6, Hoover.

247 147-page report and all quotations from report: Albert C. Wedemeyer Papers, box 6, folder 35, Hoover.

248 “German methods”: Wedemeyer, Wedemeyer Reports!, 50.

248 “outstanding as”: Ibid., 52.

248 “One of the”: Ibid., 53.

249 “But assuredly”: Ibid., 60.

249 “subtly revealed” and “There would be” and “not always discreet”: Ibid., 56–57.

249 “stolid, not overly” to “at all times friendly”: Ibid., 54.

249 “Heil Hitler”: Ibid., 37.

250 “… however greatly”: Ibid., 11.

250 “Beneath the propaganda”: Ibid., 10.

250 “It was Al”: Katharine Smith memoir, Truman Smith Papers, boxes 4 and 6, Hoover.

250 “I like to think”: Wedemeyer, 60.

250 “I had been disillusioned”: Ibid., 61.

251 “When I reported” to “I don’t want to sound like”: Memorandum to Colonel Eiler, Albert C. Wedemeyer Papers, box 6, folder 35, Hoover.

252 “A brief calendar”: Mowrer, Germany Puts the Clock Back, 250.

252 “an awesome sight”: Beam, unpublished manuscript.

252 “many methods” and budget request: Manfred Jonas, The United States and Germany: A Diplomatic History, 233.

252 “his eyes aglow”: Hooker, ed., 232.

252 “George, I wonder” and rest of Messersmith-Moffat exchange: Jesse H. Stiller, George S. Messersmith: Diplomat of Democracy, 135.

253 On April 14: Jonas, 234.

253 “could advantageously bend”: Hooker, ed., 220.

254 “the undisputed dean” and other quotes from Cosmopolitan, April and May 1939 issues: Wiegand Papers, box 31, Hoover.

CHAPTER TEN: “ON OUR ISLAND”

PAGE

256 “I sat for four hours” and other Lochner quotes from letters: “Round Robins from Berlin,” Wisconsin Magazine of History, Summer 1967.

257 The reports by Truman Smith: Joseph C. Harsch, Pattern of Conquest, 41.

257 By early summer: Hooker, ed., The Moffat Papers, 251.

257 “Optimistic Poles”: H. R. Knickerbocker, Is Tomorrow Hitler’s? 200 Questions on the Battle of Mankind, 29.

257 “The Polish ambassador”: Hooker, ed., 249.

258 “the death of”: John Gunther, Inside Europe, xxviii.

258 “There is a chance”: Ibid., xxii.

258 “John fairly optimistic”: Shirer, Berlin Diary, 170.

258 “looked clean” and exchange with Captain D: Ibid., 171.

259 “How completely isolated,” German headlines, “For perverse” and “Struck by”: Ibid., 172–173.

259 “completely Nazified”: Ibid., 174.

259 “this powder-keg” and rest of Gdynia broadcast: Shirer, “This Is Berlin,” 53.

259 “We’re ready” and Warsaw visit entries: Shirer, Berlin Diary, 176–178.

260 “bombshell” and “There is no doubt” and odds of war: Hooker, ed., 250–251.

260 “It goes much further” and scene in Die Taverne: Shirer, Berlin Diary, 180–181.

261 “The people in the streets”: Ibid., 183.

261 “From about the middle” and other Beam recollections: Beam, unpublished manuscript.

262 “something was going to” and rest of Thuermer account: Thuermer interviewed by author (2009).

263 “The excitement of” and rest of William Russell’s account of August 31: William Russell, Berlin Embassy, 5–29.

265 Józef Lipski and his story: Beam, unpublished memoir.

265 “I have once more”: Ibid.

265 “a curious strain” and rest of Shirer’s account of Sept. 1–2: Shirer, Berlin Diary, 197–199.

266 “ After, say, about 1 A.M. ”: Shirer, “This Is Berlin,” 71.

266 “One expected”: Russell, 31.

266 “The people I have met”: Ibid., 33–34.

267 “It begins to” and rest of Shirer’s initial war diary entries: Shirer, Berlin Diary, 204–207.

267 “The war is raging”: Russell, 38.

267 “Drove all day” and rest of Shirer account of Baltic coast fighting: Shirer, Berlin Diary, 212–214.

268 Joseph Grigg and his account, including Hitler at Warsaw airport: Frederick Oechsner, This Is the Enemy, 143–151.

268 The AP’s Lochner and stories from Poland: Louis Lochner, What About Germany?, 124–125.

269 “that Germany is invincible” and “I hope”: Russell, 51.

269 “follow me blindly” and exchange with maid: Schultz, Germany Will Try It Again, 186–187.

270 “squeals and shouts” and rest of reactions to newsreels and massacres: Ibid., 187–189.

270 “Now go to Berlin,” getting to Berlin and early days there: Joseph C. Harsch, At the Hinge of History, A Reporter’s Story, 38–43.

272 “pretty awful” and “I was an American”: Hottelet interviewed by author (2009).

272 “The troops seemed”: Shirer, Berlin Diary, 234.

272 “in the vain hope”: Russell, 128.

273 “the hope of” and “It is better”: Otto D. Tolischus, They Wanted War, 199.

273 “One Breslau daily” and rest of Oct. 8 letter: Louis Lochner, “Round Robins from Berlin,” Wisconsin Magazine of History, Summer 1967.

273 “In the darkness”: Russell, 53.

273 “the groping”: George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 107.

274 “Shan’t we go” and rest of encounter with streetwalker: Ibid., 109–112.

274 At the Soviet Embassy’s and exchange between American correspondents and Goering: Shirer, Berlin Diary, 245–246.

275 According to the joke: Harsch, Pattern of Conquest, 59.

275 Russell estimated: Russell, 75.

275 “If the United States”: Ibid., 90–91.

275 “It was hard”: Kennan, 112.

276 “the most intelligent”: Shirer, Berlin Diary, 284.

276 “isolated on our island”: Russell, 84.

276 goods displayed : Ibid., 101.

276 “A hundred or so” and Oechsner dinner: Shirer, Berlin Diary, 252.

277 “embarrassingly large” and follow-up: Russell, 49–50.

277 In January 1940: Ibid., 128.

277 “unmistakable inner detachment”: Kennan, 108–109.

277 “But here Germany was”: Russell, 129.

278 two tin bathtubs: Ibid., 131–132.

278 “I never expected” and rest of Jane Dyer episode: Ibid., 142.

CHAPTER ELEVEN: FEEDING THE SQUIRRELS

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279 “We had not” and rest of Russell departure from Germany: Russell, 203–208.

280 “The last thing”: Harsch, At the Hinge of History, 47.

281 “Only one thing”: Sumner Welles, The Time for Decision, 77.

281 Arriving on the morning and rest of Welles visit: Ibid., 90–109.

283 “my uncompromising” and account of Mooney mission: Lochner, Always the Unexpected, 262–272.

284 “I was stunned”: Shirer, Berlin Diary, 312.

284 “I never dreamed”: Harsch, At the Hinge of History, 48.

284 Broadcasting from Berlin: Shirer, “This Is Berlin,” 246–247.

284 “Hitler is sowing”: Shirer, Berlin Diary, 317.

285 “the German steamroller”: Ibid., 335.

285 “It’s been dream” and other Lochner quotes from Belgium: Lochner, “The Blitzkrieg in Belgium: A Newsman’s Eyewitness Account,” Wisconsin Magazine of History, Summer 1967.

285 “the behavior of”: Shirer, “This Is Berlin,” 289.

285 “houses smashed”: Shirer, Berlin Diary, 353–354.

286 “But eyeing” and exchange with German nun: Ibid., 360.

286 He and two other reporters and account of tensions among American correspondents: Harsch, At the Hinge of History, 45.

286 “Some of the correspondents”: Henry W. Flannery, Assignment to Berlin, 41.

287 “when he has forced” and “Every German soldier”: Lochner, “The Blitzkrieg in Belgium.”

287 “A most discouraging”: Beam, unpublished manuscript.

287 “France did not fight”: Shirer, Berlin Diary, 434.

288 “He folded his arms” and rest of Hitler at Napoleon’s tomb: Pierre J. Huss, The Foe We Face, 210–212.

289 “It was Hitler triumphant” and rest of July 19 event, including Kirk’s reaction: Harsch, At the Hinge of History, 49–50.

289 “The little groups”: Harsch, Pattern of Conquest, 53–54.

290 “The loot of”: Ibid., 45–46.

290 “These Germans”: Ibid., 46–47.

290 “a violent anti-Nazi” and rest of Schultz’s observations on German women: Schultz, Germany Will Try It Again, 143–146.

291 “books and magazines”: Flannery, 115.

291 “The word illegitimate ”: Ibid., 114.

292 “their murder of” and “After weeks of”: Ibid., 110–111.

292 “I was one of”: Ibid., 13.

293 “human interest” and other Delaney quotes: Edward L. Delaney, Five Decades Before Dawn, 58.

293 “wanton, premeditated”: Ibid., 85.

293 “He has a diseased” and other Shirer remarks about Americans working for German radio: Shirer, Berlin Diary, 528–529.

294 “swept by” and “hiking club” episode: John Carver Edwards, Berlin Calling: American Broadcasters in Service to the Third Reich, 8–9.

294 On June 25, 1933: Postcard from and clippings about Frederick Kaltenbach, Frederick W. Kaltenbach Papers, box 1, Hoover.

294 “Dear Harry”: Edwards, 11.

294 “Roosevelt, himself an off-spring”: Horst J. P. Bergmeier and Rainer E. Lotz, Hitler’s Airwaves: The Inside Story of Nazi Radio Broadcasting and Propaganda Swing, 61.

295 “nervous breakdown” and other Katharine Smith quotes about Chandler: Katharine Smith’s memoir in Truman Smith Papers, boxes 4 and 16, Hoover.

295 “ponytails and dirndls”: Kätchen Coley interviewed by author.

295 Delaney, Kaltenbach and Chandler along with details of their fates: Bergmeier and Lotz, 45–64.

296 “a beginner” and details of Mildred’s applications: Brysac, Resisting Hitler, 258.

296 One of Mildred’s jobs and Mildred’s reported role in escapes: Ibid., 245. Also Anne Nelson, Red Orchestra: The Story of the Berlin Underground and the Circle of Friends Who Resisted Hitler, 163–164.

296 Her husband Arvid and relationship with Heath: Ibid., 224–227.

296 “a German patriot”: Ibid., 266. A similar argument is made by Anne Nelson in Red Orchestra.

297 “Harnack never”: Ibid., 264.

297 But Brysac documented and rest of Korotkov-Harnack story, including Korotkov quote and Harnack’s first intelligence report: Ibid., 261–267.

297 They also weren’t helped: Ibid., 307.

297 In late August and estimate of arrests: Ibid., 329.

297 “loss of honor” and other verdicts: Ibid., 359; rest of Mildred’s story, 359–379.

298 “And I have loved”: Ibid., 379.

298 “When a new number” and account of Lovell’s activities, including dinner with military attachés: Harsch, At the Hinge of History, 54–55.

299 “Just imagine” and rest of Schultz-Boehmer exchange: Schultz, 162–163.

299 “the best immediate defense” and fireside chat: Jonas, 248.

300 “the severest bombing yet” and rest of Shirer’s account of bombing on September 10: Shirer, Berlin Diary, 503–504.

301 “Night Crime” and other headline: Ibid., 509.

301 “Except for”: Flannery, 151.

301 “But after the Russian campaign” and “No, I just had bad news” and depression: Ibid., 378–380.

302 “Mein Gott” and “I thought I was gone”: Ibid., 384–385.

302 “I love my wife” and exchange with woman plastic surgeon: Schultz, 138–139.

302 Angus Thuermer and story of third floor apartment and Jewish visitor: Angus Thuermer interviewed by author.

303 Howard K. Smith and Heppler episode: Howard K. Smith, 184–187.

304 “The increasingly desperate”: Kennan, 106.

304 “Time proved him”: Beam, unpublished manuscript.

304 Aside from taking on: Kennan, 106. (Kennan estimated that the U.S. represented the interests of eleven countries by the time of Pearl Harbor.)

304 “I felt that”: Harsch, At the Hinge of History, 56.

305 “you must never”: Huss, 214.

305 “the hottest game” and “Everything else”: Ibid., ix–x.

305 “Many times I heard her say”: Harsch, At the Hinge of History, 55.

305 “knew everything”: Howard K. Smith, 226.

306 “on suspicion of espionage” and rest of Hottelet’s account: Richard C. Hottelet, “Guest of Gestapo,” San Francisco Chronicle, Aug. 3, 1941; Hottelet interviewed by author.

306 “Had he been” and other Smith comments about Hottelet: Howard K. Smith, 226–227.

306 Beam, who: Beam, unpublished manuscript.

307 “Your situation is”: Howard K. Smith, 346.

307 “Czech patriots”: Ibid., 348.

307 “utterly vapid”: Ibid., 349.

307 Like other American reporters: Ibid., 344.

308 “We who have been” and on German character: Shirer, Berlin Diary, 584–585.

309 “I am firmly convinced”: Ibid., 591–592.

309 “The question before” and “The alternative”: Harsch, Pattern of Conquest, 303–304.

309 Huss interviewed Hitler with quotes and description: Huss, 279–300.

CHAPTER TWELVE: THE LAST ACT

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311 “The similarities” and rest of descriptions and quotes on December 7 and immediate aftermath: Kennan, Memoirs, 134–135.

311 It was a titanic struggle and statistics on battle for Moscow: Andrew Nagorski, The Greatest Battle: Stalin, Hitler, and the Desperate Struggle for Moscow That Changed the Course of World War II, 2.

312 “General Mud and General Cold”: Antony Beevor and Luba Vinogradova, eds., A Writer at War: Vasily Grossman with the Red Army, 1941–1945, 223.

312 Germany an economic powerhouse: Kershaw, Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis, 434.

313 “We can’t lose”: Ibid., 442.

313 “We are all”: Winston S. Churchill, The Grand Alliance, 605.

313 “To me the best tidings”: Richard M. Langworth, ed., Churchill by Himself: The Definitive Collection of Quotations, 132.

313 The sudden rash of: Charles B. Burdick, An American Island in Hitler’s Reich: The Bad Nauheim Internment, 9.

313 only fifteen, less than a third: See Howard K. Smith, 344, for original number of about fifty.

314 “enemy aliens”: For a description of one of these cases, see HistoryLink.org Essay 8654.

314 “will be done” and rest of Lochner account of press conference, including Schmidt quote: Lochner, What About Germany?, 360–361.

314 bye-bye and rest of Thuermer account: Thuermer, unpublished manuscript, and interview with author.

315 Friends kept dropping by and account of Lochner’s arrest: Lochner, What About Germany?, 363–364.

316 “We still have” and “The Gestapo” and breakfast: Ibid., 364–366.

316 At the embassy and scene with von Ribbentrop: Kennan, 135–136.

316 “entire satanic insidiousness”: Kershaw, 446.

316 cheering news: Lochner, What About Germany?, 366–367.

317 Hitler had ordered: Kennan, 136.

317 Returning to their homes: Burdick, 28.

317 132 Americans: Louis Lochner, “Americans Fed Better Than Germans, But Still Lose Weight,” AP dispatch published in the Frederick Post, May 20, 1942, Associated Press Corporate Archives.

317 It had been closed: Burdick, 37.

317 In January and February: Lochner, What About Germany?, 369.

318 “This showed us”: Lochner, AP dispatch, May 20, 1942.

318 To deal with the constant problems and Patzak also allowed: Burdick, 47.

319 “It is in the general interest”: Ibid., 46.

319 “a rather unique”: Lochner, What About Germany?, 369.

319 The AP’s Ed Shanke: Ibid., 370–371; and Burdick, 48.

319 Alvin Steinkopf: Burdick, 51, 57.

319 “Badheim University” and “Education of the ignorant”: Burdick, 62–63. Other details about activities from Thuermer, unpublished manuscript, and Thuermer interviewed by author.

320 Kennan won permission and other baseball details: Burdick, 85; also Thuermer, unpublished manuscript, and interview.

320 “for disciplinary control”: Kennan, 136.

320 British bombers: Burdick, 96.

321 “to keep the more” and breakfast story at the border: Kennan, 137–138.

321 “We had not”: Ibid., 139.

321 “The department”: Ibid., 139–140.

322 Drottningholm: Burdick, 106.

AFTERWORD

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326 “She continued to serve”: Helms, 20.

326 “of my Harvard Club friend”: Hanfstaengl, 293.

326 Arriving in Washington: Ibid., 294.

326 “most of the time”: Eric Hanfstaengl interviewed by author (2009).

326 “still in his bones”: Marwell, 517.