October: The Story of the Russian Revolution

Index

Adamovich, Elena, 62

Aiollo, Grigori, 91

Aleichem, Sholem, 21

Alexander II, tsar, 7–9

bomb thrown at, 9

Alexander III, tsar, 9–10

plot against, 10

Alexandra Fedorovna, tsarina, 15, 44, 47, 71

and Nicholas II’s abdication, 83

and Rasputin, 35–6, 38

Alexeev, General Michael, 36, 66, 71–2, 76–7, 80–2, 89, 136, 194, 214, 228, 231, 233, 238

begs tsar to abdicate, 72

Alexeeva, Ekaterina, 267–8

All-Russian Conference of Bolshevik Military Organisations, 155

All-Russian Congress of Soviets, 105, 110, 145, 147, 149, 152, 159, 161, 253–5

Second Congress, 258, 267, 269, 272, 287, 290, 293–7, 300, 304, 306, 315

opening of, 293–4

All-Russian Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies, 105, 142–3, 170, 271, 276

Allies, 117, 123, 129, 135, 154, 158, 311, 314

Amur (armoured ship), 291

anarchism, 144–6, 157–8, 168–9, 172, 177, 210, 244

anti-war efforts, 33–4, 55, 91, 101–2, 109, 118, 123, 136, 149, 164–5, 168, 315

Lenin, 33–4, 86–7, 109, 118, 123, 164–5, 309

Petrograd Soviet, 102

soldiers and

literature for, 168

low morale of, 136–7, 162, 164, 200, 209, 265

protests of, 169, 259

Antonov-Ovseyenko, Vladimir, 270–1, 273–4, 276, 302–3, 307

April Days, 115, 120–3

Armand, Inessa, 103

army. See military; soldiers

artists, 28

Asnin, Shlema, 144, 157

Assembly of Russian Factory and Workshop Workers, 18

Astoria Hotel, 60

Aurora (armoured ship), 284, 291–3

map of, ix

authorities, authority of, 257

Avksentiev, Nikolai, 151, 259, 288

Azef, Evno, 10

Bagratuni, Jaques, 272, 275, 290, 292

Bakunin, Michael, 8

Balabanoff, Angelica, 31, 128

Beatty, Bessie, 295, 300

bicycle units, 187, 274–5, 278, 291

Biulleten (newspaper), 162

Black Hundreds, 20–1, 107, 151, 172, 186, 257

mass murder of Jews, 21

Blagonravov, Geogy Ivanovich, 291–3

Blanquism, 114

Bleikhman, Iosif, 144, 169, 174

Blok, Alexander, 92

Bloody Sunday (1905), 19, 40

Bochkareva, Maria, 207

Bogdanov, Boris, 52–3, 111, 150, 152, 156, 273, 275

denounces Lenin, 111

Bogoslovskaya, Nina, 186

Bolsheviks, 24, 55, 62, 91, 154, 197, 240, 300, 302, 309–13, 315–6

anti-war call, 164–5, 168

appropriated house as headquarters of, 110

arrest of, 189, 191, 201

Bolshevisation of Russia, 241

call to suppress their pursuit of power, 149–52

and coalition government, 130–1, 133, 138–9, 242

and counterrevolution, 206, 222, 227, 229, 231, 310–1

arm the workers, 226

death of, 315

and democratic dictatorship of workers and peasants, 30

at Democratic State Conference, 246, 249, 251

disintegration of, 191

and Dual Power, 133

and Duma elections, 212

at Duma, secret meeting, 266–8

and First World War, 32–4

focus on workers, 53

Fourteenth Congress, 313

and insurrection, 262, 264–70

vote in favour of, 268

isolation of, 310

Kerensky’s assault on, 275–7

and Kornilov, mobilisation against, 223

in Latvia, 192

and Lenin, 111–3

and Lenin’s ‘Letters from Afar’, 98–9

masses waiting for, 267

meaning of, in Russian, 17

membership, 27, 197

and Mensheviks, 104, 110

counter-counterrevolutionary partnership, 206

Lenin on coalition between, 212

and military, 95–6, 140, 148–50

Military Organisation (MO), 95, 118, 140, 142, 144–6, 168, 173, 175, 178, 265, 267, 269

All-Russian Conference of Bolshevik Military Organisations, 155, 160, 162

avoiding insurrection, 270

and Military Revolutionary Committee (MRC), 269, 273

surrender, 187–8

and Moscow State Conference, 205–7

officially named Russian Social-Democratic Workers Party (RSDWP), 122

Petersburg Committee, 31, 46, 86, 111, 122, 144–5, 148, 151, 161, 170, 188, 215, 222, 240, 257–8, 265, 276

call to overthrow Provisional Government, 120

newspapers, debate over, 170

Russian Bureau, 79, 87, 97

Petrograd City Conference, 114, 118, 168, 170–1

and Petrograd Soviet, 187, 243, 253

and power, 189, 197, 246, 258, 261, 269

on power to soviets, 170

and protests, 155–6, 173–5, 184, 186–7

and Provisional Government call to overthrow, 118–20

dismissal of, 124, 223, 236–7

transfer of power to (March), 66–7, 69, 79–80

and rebellion, 259–60

and revolution, international export of, 105–6

revolutionary planning, 284

Riga Bolshevik Committee, 91

Second Congress, 294

Sixth Congress, 161, 196, 198, 222, 237

slogan of, 198

and soldiers, 101, 210

Tenth Congress, 313

‘Trench Bolshevism’, 101

triumph of, 156

‘we will see’, 172

on worker-led revolution, 23

and workers, 151, 191

See also Russian Social Democratic Workers Party (RSDWP)

Bonch-Bruevich, Vladimir, 166, 170, 174–5, 286

‘The Armed People’, 100

bourgeois:

capitalism, 13

counterrevolution, 230

disrepute of, 107

government and democratic revolution, 66–7

nationalism, 154

revolution, 69, 104, 126

state, 204

bourgeoisie:

abandons Petrograd, 257, 260

‘Complete Liquidation of the Dictatorship of the Counterrevolutionary Bourgeoisie’, 198

and Democratic State Conference, 246, 248–51

Lenin on, 143, 204

and Mensheviks, 30

no compromise with, 299

and peasantry, 183

Petrograd in danger of, 272

and power, 104, 188, 261

and power struggle, 67, 69

Provisional Government as representative of, 79–80

and revolution, 14, 29–30, 113, 132, 180, 262

revolutionary ‘defencism’ as tool of, 110

and Soviets, 58–9

Trotsky decries, 130

workers irreconcilable with, 26

Breshno-Breshkovskaya, Catherine, 10, 31, 128, 259

bridges in Petrograd, 277–9, 284

British Daily News (newspaper), 167

Broido, Mark, 259–60, 263, 265

Bronstein, Olga (Trotsky’s sister), 96

Brusilov, General, 136, 165, 194

Bryant, Louise, 252, 318

Bublikov, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich, 60, 64, 207

Bubnov, Andrei, 222–3, 265–6

Buchanan, George, 43

Bukharin, Nikolai, 315

Burnasheva, Zahida, 121–2

Burstein, Z., 185

Bykhovsky, Naum, 296

capitalism, 13–4, 28–9

hatred of, 26

soviet power as transition away from, 240

and war, 33

Chamberlin, William, 90, 311

Cheremisov, General, 200

Chernov, Viktor, 10, 31, 103, 111, 125–6, 129, 137–8, 152, 179–80, 196, 199

surrounded by protesters, 179–80

Trotsky saves, 180

Chernyshevsky, Nikolai, 8

What Is to Be Done?, 305–6

Chkheidze, N. S., 52, 54–5, 72, 78, 94, 99, 116, 125, 156, 173, 185, 205, 207

denounces Milyukov, 117

denounces protesters, 181

and military demonstration, 147

and new cabinet of Provisional Government, 76

welcome speech for Lenin’s return, 109

Chudnovsky, 269, 273, 292

Churchill, Winston, on Bolshevism, 311

citizen, 71

City Militia, 100, 256, 264

class struggle, 310

coalition government. See Dual Power; Provisional Government

Colletti, Lucio, 204

Committee for Struggle Against the Counterrevolution, 226, 228–9, 231, 239

Committee of Public Safety, 215, 217, 280, 283

commune, 8

communism, 13

Congress of the Nationalities, 242

Constitutional Assembly of the All-Russian Peasants Union, 23

Cossacks, 43–5, 232, 280, 285, 292

charge at Kronstadt sailors, 181

and counterrevolution, 227, 230, 271

counterrevolutionary thuggery of, 186

hunt for Lenin, 201–2

shoot at police, 46

and strikes, 44–5

counterrevolution, 186–7, 191, 197, 215, 224–31

and Bolsheviks, 206, 222, 227, 229, 231, 310–1

collapse of, 231

Committee for Struggle Against the Counterrevolution, 226, 228–9, 231, 239

and Kerensky, 307

Lenin on, 212, 231

mobilisation against, 225–7, 266, 271

and Petrograd Soviet, 224–5, 228

and revolution, 217

and violence, 307

workers bombarded, 24–5

See also right

coup, 220–1, 225, 228

failure of, 231

crime, 190–1, 244, 256

Crimean War (1853–55), 7

crowds, 167, 173

attack police, 46

and leaflets, 52

police shoot at, 45, 47

revolutionary fervour of, 62, 264

at Smolny Institute, 282

at Tauride Palace, 50, 52

at Winter Palace, 302

See also masses

culture, 302

See also history; literacy

Daily Chronicle (newspaper), 189

Dan, Fyodor, 125, 147, 149–50, 152, 156, 182–3, 264, 280–1, 283, 290, 294

Danilov, General, 76, 80

Danisevskis, Julijs, 140

Dashkevich, P. V., 276, 292

death penalty, 92, 96

Declaration of the Rights of Soldiers, 99–100

‘defencism’, 33, 62, 105, 222, 260

revolutionary, 102, 104–5, 110–1, 123, 125, 131, 152

Delo naroda (newspaper), 84, 100

democracy, 92, 223, 234

antipathy to, 307

Democratic State Conference, 238, 240, 245–52

absurdity of, 250

attendees, 245

Bolsheviks at, 246, 249, 251

and bourgeoisie, 246, 248–51

coalition, vote on, 249–51

Lenin at, 246

demonstrations. See protests

Denikin, General, 194, 232

Denis, Osvald, 281, 283

desertion, 32, 101, 132, 136–7, 162–4, 209, 243, 319

diaspora, 27–8

See also exiles

dignity, 26, 70–1, 93

discrimination, 92

Dneprovskiy, Aleksandr, A Deserter’s Notes, 162, 164

Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 5

Dralyuk, Boris, 3

Dual Power, 57–8, 90, 124, 139, 141, 146, 194

and Bolsheviks, 133

ended by Second Coalition Government, 196

‘in so far as’, 84–5

repudiation of, 133

Trotsky condemns, 130

Dubrovin, Alexander, 21

Duma, 26–7, 44, 48

announced, 21

Bolsheviks meeting at, 266–8

call to overthrow, 155

elections (August), 212

and First World War, 31

Muslims in, 85

negotiations with Petrograd Soviet on taking power, 72–4

Progressive Bloc, 34, 52

Provisional Committee, 51–2, 56–8

debates transfer of power to Provisional Government (March), 66–70

distrust towards, 63

military commission, 58–9

and new cabinet of Provisional Government (March), 76

takes power in February insurrection, 61–2

and revolution, 292–3, 296–8

unwilling to rebel against tsar, 50–1

Dune, Eduard, 61, 113, 131, 165

Durnovo, Pyotr, 30, 145

Dybenko, Pavel, 279

Dyusimeter, Colonel L. P., 220, 228, 231–2

economism, 14

Egorov, Nikolai, 62

Ehrlich, Henryk, 53

eight-hour day, 19, 30, 90, 113, 133, 223

electricity, revolutionaries take over, 283

Elizarova, Anna (Lenin’s sister), 191

emigration, 27–8, 88

Engelhardt, Colonel, 58, 68–9

Engels, Friedrich, 14, 29, 111, 193

Communist Manifesto, 14

Europe:

and revolution, 23, 29, 40, 109, 113, 247, 254

strikes in, 310

exiles, 39–40, 88, 99, 103, 105, 111–2, 212, 297, 308

diaspora, 27–8

more radical, 114

Ezergailis, Andrew, 139

Fabzavkomy, 140–1

factories, 140, 158, 170

Faerman, Michael, 283

fascism, 311

February insurrection (1917), 1, 56, 60

appropriation of buildings, 109–10

Duma takes power, 61–2

See also insurrection; protests; rebellion; revolution

Filonenko, Maximilian, 194, 199, 229

Finisov, P. N., 220, 228, 231–2

Finland, 85, 108, 117, 134, 175, 192, 195, 202, 242, 253, 284

map of, x

First World War, 30–4

Allies request Russian support, 124

anti-war efforts, 33–4, 55, 91, 101–2, 109, 118, 123, 136, 149, 164–5, 168, 315

coalition government for, 135

desertion, 101, 132, 136, 162–4

Germany approaches, 211

hell of, 153, 193, 195

and Kerensky, 31, 135–6, 154

leftist support for, 125

Lenin on, 109

and machine-gunners, 159, 161, 166–73

and Mensheviks, 32–3, 105

and military, 98

and Petrograd Soviet, 159

Petrograd Soviet vs Provisional Government on, 102, 117–8, 128

Petrograd threatened by, 211–2

power struggles and negotiation over, 73

Pravda on, 97

and revolution, 30, 33, 105

revolutionary defeatism, 34, 86–7, 96, 164–5, 231

and Russia, 32, 86–7, 124, 154, 158–9, 162

Brest-Litovsk treaty ends Russia’s involvement, 309

and soldiers, 135–6, 159–60, 162

plunging morale, 136–7, 162, 164, 200, 209, 265

protest against, 169, 259

soviet power to end, 234

war-wounded against, 43

women against, 42

See also anti-war efforts

Flakserman, Galina, 260–1

Flakserman, Yuri, 261–2

Fofanova, Margarita, 189, 259, 279

Fondaminsky, Ilya, 33

food, 34, 39, 41–2, 45, 54, 57, 59, 72, 95, 103, 115, 129, 153, 159, 167–8, 192, 206, 210, 227, 244, 252, 291, 309, 311

See also hunger

forced labour, 6

Francis, David, 310

Frederiks, Count Vladimir, 48, 81

freemasons, 129

Gabo, Naum, 21

Gapon, Georgy, 18–9

Gazeta-kopeika (newspaper), 133, 264

Gerd, Nina, 138

Germany, 31–2, 46, 103–4, 106, 153, 162–3, 166, 185, 208, 211–2, 247, 254, 258, 309–11

approach of, 211, 247, 254

Brest-Litovsk treaty, 309

and Lenin’s return from Switzerland, 88, 101, 103–4, 106

polarisation of, after WWI, 310

takes Latvia, 211–2

unrest in, 247

Gippius, Zinaida, 31

Globachev, K. I., 244

Golitzin, Prince, 51

Golos soldata (newspaper), 191, 270

Goncharova, Natalia, 28

Gorky, Maxim, 102, 156, 160, 191

Gots, Avram, 147, 156, 183, 275, 281, 290

Grade, Chaim, 318

Graves, Major General William, 312

Grimm, Robert, 142

Groza (newspaper), 192

Guchkov, Alexander, 74, 81–3, 85, 89, 118

resignation of, 123–4

Gvozdev, K. A., 52–3

Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi, 79

Haynes, Mike, 316

Helphand, Alexander (‘Parvus’), 29, 158

Herzen, Alexander, 8

hijab, 122

history:

historical writing, 1–2

Marxist vision of, 13

Trotsky on, 28–9

Holy Russia, 192

homosexuality, 317

Hryniewiecki, Ignacy, 9

hunger, 39, 143, 201, 210, 252, 309, 311–2

See also food

Huseynova, Labiba, 122

Iakovleva, Varvara, 261

Ilyin-Genevsky, A. F., 43, 278

imperialism, and war, 87

‘in so far as’, 84–5

postol’ku-poskol’ku, 86, 105, 109

industrialisation, 11, 314

information, 76

Bolsheviks take command of, 281

Military Revolutionary Committee takes command of, 279

and trains, 20, 48, 59, 75, 82

See also leaflets; news; newspapers; slogans; telegrams

insurrection:

begins at Winter Palace, 283–4

and Bolsheviks, 262, 264–70

vote in favour of, 268

inevitability of, 262

Lenin on, 261–3, 269–70, 276

in Moscow, 24

now is the time for, 261, 282–3

in Russia, 1

Trotsky on, 298–9

See also February insurrection; power; protests; rebellion/revolt/riot/uprising; revolution

International Women’s Day, 41

and revolution, 94

Irkutsk, 121

Iskra (journal), Lenin resigns from, 17

Ivan the Terrible, Tsar, 7

Ivanov, General, 56, 59, 66, 71–2

Izvestia (newspaper), 84, 99, 116, 135, 154, 191, 200, 206, 261

Declaration of the Rights of Soldiers, 99

and military demonstration, 149

Jakubova, Selima, 134

Jalava, Guro, 202

Japan, 17–8

Jews, 10, 12, 15–6, 28, 133, 144, 154, 242, 256–7, 311

American Jewish Committee, 25

Black Hundreds butchery of, 21

Jewish Bund, 16, 53, 96, 296

Kerensky, 256

killing of, 311

Trotsky, 285

violence against, 192

Zhitomir attack on, 20

Julian calendar, 3

July Days, 175, 183, 187, 191–4, 197, 206, 222, 236, 278

Provisional Government divided after, 192–3

Kadets (Constitutional Democratic Party), 27, 52, 128, 179, 181, 200, 207, 219, 224, 236, 240, 249–52, 280, 290

celebrate Milyukov and Provisional Government in counter-protest, 119

and City Militia, 100

conservative turn of (April), 107

founding of, 24

Kadlubovsky, Karl, 283

Kaledin, General, 208

Kalinin, Mikhail, 263, 267

Kamenev, Lev, 96–7, 104–6, 110, 112, 123, 144, 155, 171, 175, 180, 188–9, 234–6, 238, 242, 258, 261, 266, 272, 276, 284–5, 292, 303, 308, 315

arrest of, 189, 191, 201

disagreement with Lenin, 113, 122, 268–9

on insurrection, lobbies against, 263

Lenin ridicules, 108

and military demonstration, 148, 150, 161

on power, 246

Kamkov, Boris, 138, 277, 280, 299

Kaun, Alexander, 1

Kerensky, Alexander, 44, 52–5, 73, 99, 103, 125–6, 166, 177, 185, 242, 248, 250, 252, 280, 283, 286, 292, 304

adoration of, 92

and ascension of Michael, 83–4

assault on Bolsheviks, 275–7

authoritarian madness of, 233, 281

on Bolshevik insurrection, 264

Bonapartism of, 193, 239

and counterrevolution, 228, 230–3, 243, 307

Directory of, 223–4, 238

protest against, 241

distrust towards, 63, 168, 172, 277, 280, 296

and Duma’s Provisional Committee, 55–6

and First World War, 31, 135–6, 154

gossip about, 256

and Kornilov, 194, 196, 199–200, 204–5, 207–8, 211

Kornilov ordered to step down, 220

on martial law, 213–4, 216–9

plot against Kerensky, 216–9

war between, 221–2

on law and order, 259

Lenin suspicious of, 87, 193

and Lvov, 215

and military demonstration, 147, 151

at Moscow State Conference, 207–9

and new cabinet of Provisional Government, 76–9, 129

‘On the Rights of Soldiers’, 135

as prime minister, 193–6

and Provisional Government, 256

and revolution

demands dissolution of revolutionary committees, 239

desperate appeal against, 285

escapes from, 287

liquidation of Military Revolutionary Committee, 272–3

smothers radical agitation, 239

and soldiers, 135–6, 140, 162

and Soviet, 54

begs for soviet acquiescence, 58

Trotsky repudiates, 260

Zavoiko announces execution of, 217–8

Khabalov, General Sergei, 39, 46, 49, 55

Khinchuk, Lev, 150, 152, 296

Khlebnikov, Velimir, 28

Kishkin, Nikolai Mikhailovich, 290, 301

as dictator, 290–1

Koksharova, Yelizaveta, 186

Kolchak, Alexander, 311

Kollontai, Alexandra, 86–7, 94, 98, 108, 114, 189, 261, 263, 272, 294, 313

arrest of, 189, 201

Konovalov, Alexander, 288, 301–2

Kornilov, Alexander, Modern Russian History, 1

Kornilov, General Lavr, 119, 193–4, 206, 211, 224

as commander in chief, 194, 196

counterrevolutionary plan, 215–6, 225, 227–9

collapse of, 231

maximum mobilisation against, 230

and Kerensky, 194, 196, 199–200, 204–5, 207–8, 211

Kornilov ordered to step down, 220

on martial law, 213–4, 216–9

plot against Kerensky, 216–9

war between, 221–2

mobilisation against, 223

at Moscow State Conference, 208

and soldiers, 245

transferred to Bykhov Monastery, 238–9

as tyrant, 196, 199

Kornilov Revolt, 231–4

Krasnov, General, 307

Krimov, General, 214, 216–7, 220, 230, 232

suicide of, 233

Kronstadt naval base/sailors, 56, 149, 160, 169, 171, 286, 289, 316

await Lenin’s return, 108

and counterrevolution, mobilisation against, 229

and February insurrection, 56

military display, 142, 144

and protest, 201

radical sympathies of, 91

and revolution, 63–4, 176–8, 180–2

Kronstadt Soviet, 91

denounces coalition government, 133

Kropotkin, Prince Peter, 31

Kruglova, Arishina, 44

Krupskaya, Nadezhda, 18–9, 27–8, 40, 103, 138, 144, 188, 203, 259, 279

in exile, 40

Krymov, Alexander, 36

Kshesinskaya Mansion, 110, 112, 145, 148, 168, 170, 173, 176, 186–7

map of, ix

Kshesinskaya, Matilda, 110

Kuprin, Alexander, 92

Kuzmin, Michael, 71

labour, and technology, 11

land:

Lenin calls for nationalization of, 111

Lenin calls for redistribution of, 137

lost after First World War, 309

and peace, 280–1

and peasantry, 111, 137, 181, 210, 223, 234, 243, 259, 304, 312, 317

power struggles and negotiation over, 73, 115–6

seizure of, Provisional Government on, 91–2

See also private property

Larin, Yuri, 62, 197, 234, 269

Lashkevitch, Captain, 48–9, 173

Latifiya, Fatima, 122

Latsis, Martin, 147, 149, 151–2, 161, 167, 188, 191, 258, 263, 266

Latvia, 90–1, 139, 153, 192

Germany takes, 211–2

Lazimir, Pavel, 265, 276

leaflets:

against protest, 174–5

anarchist, 145

and crowds, 52

on martial law, 217

military demonstrations, 147

for mobilisation against Kornilov, 223

only organisation publishing during opening skirmishes of revolution, 63

overthrow Provisional Government, 119

overthrow tsar Nicholas, II, 18

Soviet acquiescence, 58–9

left:

diaspora, 27–8

Kerensky scared of, 232

recovery, 201

rise of, 107, 241, 244, 246

Left Opposition, 313–5

Lena Massacre, 30

Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, 12, 27–8, 133, 138, 152, 154, 170, 174–5, 197, 215, 243, 250, 305

anti-war call, 33–4, 86–7, 109, 118, 123, 164–5, 309

on April Days, 122

April Theses of, 106, 111, 122, 139

published in Pravda along with disagreements, 113

rejection of, 111–2

arrest warrant for, 189, 191

and Bolsheviks, 111–3

on insurrection, 262

on bourgeoisie, 143

campaign to win comrades, 114

censored writings of, 252–4

on coalition with Mensheviks, 212, 315

Cossacks hunt for, 201–2

on counterrevolution, 212, 231

death of, 313

on defence, 279

at Democratic State Conference, 246

denunciation of, 111

disguise of, 248, 282

early debates with Trotsky, 23

in exile, 40

and First World War, 32, 161

health of, 313

in hiding, 188–90, 202–4

on insurrection, 261–3, 269–70, 276

isolation of, 111, 247, 309

Kadets protest against, 119

on Kamenev, 268–9

on Kerensky, 87, 193

on Kornilov crisis, 231–2

on land redistribution, 111, 137

letters of, 203–4, 247–8, 257–8, 268

Martov, split with, 16–7

masses waiting for Bolsheviks, 267

on military demonstration, 144, 148, 160–1

military plot of, 253

on Milyukov note, 118

and news, 184–5, 203, 249

on overthrow of Provisional Government, 120

plots a comeback, 248–9

political sensibility, 12–3

on power, take it now, 246, 254–5, 258, 261, 279, 282–3

and protests, 177

on Provisional Government, 111–2, 114, 288, 290

return from Switzerland, 101, 103–4, 106–9

return to Russia, 87–8

return to Petrograd, 259, 281–2

on revolution, 86, 98, 109–10, 113, 151, 247, 255, 290, 304, 309–10

and revolutionary defeatism, 34, 86–7, 96, 164–5, 231

on revolutionary ‘defencism’, 110–1, 123

revolutionary planning, 283–5, 289, 291

revolutionary proclamation, 286–7

on Russia, defence of, 86–7

on socialism, 306

on soviet power, 239, 303

spy allegations against, 179, 183, 185, 189, 192

takes a break, 166

and trains, 103–4, 106–7, 190, 202–3, 282, 319

‘sealed train’ deal, 88

and Trotsky, 130, 285

on vehicle for bourgeois–democratic revolution, 66–7

on Winter Palace, 284, 288–9

in Zurich, reads of revolution, 77

works

‘The Crisis Is Ripe’, 254

‘From a Publicist’s Diary’, 253

‘Heroes of Fraud and the Mistakes of the Bolsheviks’, 252

Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism, 33

‘Letters from Afar’, 87, 98–9

‘Marxism and the State’, 192

‘On Compromises’, 237–8, 240, 248

‘One of the Fundamental

Questions of the Revolution’, 239

‘Our Revolution’, 316

‘Rumours of a Conspiracy’, 212

‘The Russian Revolution and Civil War’, 239, 248

The State and Revolution, 204

‘The Tasks of the Revolution’, 239, 253

letters:

from Lenin, 203–4, 247–8, 257–8, 268

soldiers threaten desertion, 209

torrent of, from peasantry, 116

Liberation of Labour, 11

liberty’s dim light, 3, 315, 320

Liebknecht, Karl, 109, 310

Lilina, Zlata, 103

Linde, Fedor, 117–8

literacy, 317

See also culture

Lomov, 247

Luga garrison, 230

Lukomsky, General, 200, 220

Lunacharsky, Anatoly, 62, 96, 146, 168, 172, 177, 189, 224, 290, 294–5, 299–300, 303, 317

arrest warrant for, 189

on Lenin, 12–3

and military demonstration, 147

in prison, 191

on soviet power, 183

Luxemburg, Rosa, 310

Lvov, Prince Georgu, 83, 88, 92, 99, 111, 129, 193

Lvov, Vladimir Nikolaevich, 214–21, 233

and Kerensky, 215

and Kornilov, 216

machine-gunners, 144, 158–9, 161, 166–73, 188, 234, 282

Makharadze, Filipp, 139

Makhno, Nestor, 310

Manchester Guardian (newspaper), 103

Mandelstam, Osip, 2

Marcu, Valeriu, 231

Mariinsky Palace, 56, 118, 259, 277, 288

map of, ix

soldiers take over, 288

martial law, 213–4, 216–9

Martov, Julius, 12–3, 101, 105, 130, 142–3, 151, 180–1, 183, 197, 210, 224, 238, 249, 280, 294–5, 298–300, 303

against coalition, 127, 131

proposes ‘sealed train’ deal, 88

split with Lenin, 16–7

Martynov, 30, 130

Marx, Karl, 11, 14, 29, 111, 132, 193, 317, 319

Communist Manifesto, 14

on history, 13

Marxists, 10–1, 23

and First World War, 32

Maslov, Semion, 293, 296

masses, 53, 57, 173

and counterrevolution, mobilisation against, 225, 266

inevitability of protest for, 168

Trotsky on insurrection of, 298–9

waiting for Bolsheviks, 267

Mayakovsky, Vladimir, 28

meetings, proliferation of, 105

Mensheviks, 55, 91, 142–3, 149, 154, 201, 210, 224, 237–8, 241, 248, 273, 283, 300, 315

aim for power, 53, 113

All-Russian Conference in Petrograd, 130

and Bolsheviks, 104, 110

counter-counterrevolutionary partnership, 206

Lenin on coalition between, 212, 315

and bourgeoisie, 30

and coalition government, 131, 139, 315

and counterrevolution, 222

First All-Russian Conference in Petrograd, 130

and First World War, 32–3, 105

membership, 197

minority in Russian, 17

not ready for power, 188

oppose revolutionary participation, 23, 290, 295

and Petrograd Soviet, 125

splintering of, 241

split between left and right of, 239

on transfer of power to Provisional Government, 66, 69

Mezhraiontsy group, 62–3, 129–30, 146, 168, 182, 191

calls for provisional revolutionary government, 66–7

and military protests, 146

Michael Alexandrovich, Grand Duke, 51, 82–3, 96

opposition to ascension of, 83

refuses throne, 84

Michael I, Tsar, 7

military:

and Bolsheviks, 95–6, 140

City Militia, 100

democracy in, 223

demonstrations, 142–50

discipline re-established in Petrograd, 119–20

Lenin calls for abolition of, 111

loyal to Duma, 52

machine-gunners, 144, 158–9, 161, 166–73, 188, 234, 282

march for nationalism, 158

and negotiations over power, 73–4

Petrograd Soviet struggles with Duma over, 58–9

and power, 100

and power struggle over Provisional Government, 67–70

and revolution, 100, 194

and Russia, 152

tsar wants war despite revolution, 72

and World War I, 98

See also Bolsheviks, Military Organisation; desertion; soldiers; World War I

Military Revolutionary Committee (MRC), 260, 263, 265, 269–76, 279, 281, 283–4, 286–92, 301, 303, 307

barricades cancelled by, 281

and Bolshevik MO, 269, 273

on defence, 278

and defence of Petrograd, 263

disarms loyalists, 285

inauguration of, 265

Kerensky wants liquidation of, 272–3

military authority cancelled, 275

not ready for insurrection, 270

to protect revolution from counterrevolution, 271

and soldiers, 273–4

takes Petrograd communications, 279

takes Provisional Government, 289

takes state bank, 286

takes Winter Palace, 301

threatens takeover without ammunition, 291

Milyukov, Pavel, 24, 31, 36, 73–4, 76–8, 83, 101–3, 107, 111, 117–20, 123–4, 129, 207, 228

note on war aims, 102, 117–8, 120

resignation of, 123–4

minorities, 242

mir, 8

Modern Circus, 273–4

map of, ix

modernity, 88–9

modernisation, 7–8

Moldovan National Party, 134

monarchy, revolutionaries despise, 77–8, 83, 93

Moscow:

ancient city of, 6

insurrection in, 24

Moscow State Conference, 205–9, 222

protests against Provisional Government, 119

and revolution, 61, 308

revolutionary parades, 93

strikes in, 30, 34, 40, 50, 205

Moscow garrison, 206

Moscow Soviet, 89–90, 184, 205–6, 241, 258, 296

Muslims, 28, 85, 121, 134, 154, 242

All-Russian Muslim Women’s Conference, 121–2, 134, 340

Jadidist movement, 121–2

Muslim National Committee, 154

Pan-Turkestan Muslim Congress, 121

Sharia law, 121

Union of Muslim Soviets, 228–9

narodniki, 8

Naryshkin, Colonel, 81

Natanson, Mark, 138

nationalism, 101, 154, 158

Neue Zürcher Zeitung (newspaper), 77

New Economic Policy, 312–3

news, 50, 166

Bolsheviks take command of, 281

and Lenin, 184–5, 231

of Lenin’s return from Switzerland, 106

Military Revolutionary Committee takes command of, 279

and revolution, 60, 288–9

spread of, 89–93, 171

See also information; leaflets; newspapers; slogans; telegrams

newspapers, 54, 93, 95, 210

Biulleten, 162

Bolsheviks’ debate over, 170

British Daily News, 167

Daily Chronicle, 189

Delo naroda, 84, 100

fake news, 184–5

Gazeta-kopeika, 133, 264

Golos soldata, 191, 270

Groza, 192

Izvestia, 84, 99, 116, 135, 149, 154, 191, 200, 206, 261

and Lenin, 203, 249

letters from peasantry, 116

Manchester Guardian, 103

Neue Zürcher Zeitung, 77

Novaya zhizn, 156, 191, 233, 268

Okopnaya pravda, 146

Petrogradsky listok, 190

Pravda, 87, 97–100, 108, 130, 148, 150, 154–5, 161, 170–1, 175, 184–5, 277

Rabochaya gazeta, 85, 100, 135

Rabochy i soldat, 193

Rabochy put, 220, 232–3, 240, 252–4, 268, 275

radicals takeover, 178

Rech, 191

and revolution, 275–6

Russkaya volia, 145

San Francisco Bulletin, 295

Smolensk Bulletin, 257

Soldatskaya pravda, 146, 148–9, 161, 166

Trud Press, 275–6

Työmies, 195

Volia naroda, 128, 191, 244

Nicholas II, Tsar, 10–1, 15, 18

abdication of (March), 80–4

asked to abdicate, 72, 74, 77

call for overthrow of, 18–9, 61

despised by revolutionaries, 77

Duma unwilling to rebel against, 50–1

and First World War, 31

in denial (February), 51

in denial (March), 75–6

justice wanted for, 88

military rushes to pre-empt (February), 59

October Manifesto, 23–5

and Rasputin, 35–6, 38

reality check for (March), 71–2

requests permission to join his family (March), 88

restore order (February), 49, 52, 56

roams by train during revolution, 64–5

told to form new government, 48

Nikolaevich, Grand Duke, 80

Nilov, Admiral, 81

Nogin, Viktor, 104, 147–8, 206

Norman, Henry, 11

Novaya zhizn (newspaper), 156, 191, 233, 268

Novayia rus (journal), 275

Novosyolov, A. M., 62

October Manifesto, 23–5

Octobrists, 24

Okhrana, 10, 39, 41–2, 52, 244, 267

Okopnaya pravda (newspaper), 146

Order Number 1, 70, 73–4, 85, 100, 135, 159, 194

Order Number 2, 85–6, 100

Ossetia, 121

Osvobozhdenie (journal), 18

Paléologue, Maurice, 15

Panina, Sofia, 296

Parvus. See Helphand, Aleksander

patriotism, 31, 33–4, 83, 101–2, 124, 154, 158–9, 162, 194

peace, 287, 306

Brest-Litovsk treaty ends Russia’s role in First World War, 309

and land, 280–1

peasantry:

attacks estates, 24, 115–6, 153–4, 243

and bourgeoisie, 183

Constitutional Assembly of the All-Russian Peasants Union, 23

crackdown on, 27

democratic dictatorship of workers and peasants, 23, 30, 113

First All-Russian Congress of Peasants’ Soviets, 128, 137

ill temper escalating, 132

and land, 111, 137, 181, 210, 223, 234, 243, 259, 304, 312, 317

letters from, 116

as man of future, 8

patriots demand food from, 159

population of, 28

and power, 113, 224, 230, 234, 245, 258

and revolt, 8, 18, 195, 310

and revolution, 23, 298

serfdom of, 7, 13

and soldiers, 159

and soviets, 263

uprisings of, 91

and White forces, 311

and young radicals, 9

People’s Will, 9–10

Perevezev, P. N., 145, 157, 178–9, 185

permanent revolution, 28–30, 114

Peshekhonov, A. V., 129

Pestkovsky, Stanislav, 279

Peter and Paul Fortress, 6, 19, 26, 47, 95, 176, 178, 186–8, 270, 273–4, 278, 291–4, 303

Kronstadt sailors takeover, 182

map of, ix

Peter I the Great, Tsar, 5–6

Petrograd:

All-Russian Conference of Soviets, 105, 110, 145, 147, 149, 152

All-Russian Congress of Peasants’ Soviets, 128, 137

All-Russian Menshevik Conference in Petrograd, 130

All-Russian Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies, 105, 142–3, 271, 276, 287

anarchy in, 244

appropriation of buildings (February–March), 109–10

Bolshevik City Conference, 114, 118, 168, 170–1

bourgeoisie threat to, 272

bourgeoisie to abandon, 257, 260

bridges, 277–9, 284

Committee of Public Safety, 215, 217, 280, 283

and counterrevolution, 224–31

mobilisation against, 225–7

crime, 190–1, 244, 256

crisis in (April), 115

crisis in (August), 210

defence of, 259–60, 263, 265, 272, 274

delirium of, 167

electricity taken over, 283

explosions, 210–1

First Conference of Petrograd Factory Committees (Fabzavkomy), 140

First World War threatens, 211–2

geography of, 42

Germany could take, 211, 247, 254

Interdistrict Conference of Soviets, 215, 226

left slide of, 107, 241

Lenin’s return (April), 108

‘Let God take care of Petrograd’, 211

machine-gunners, 144, 158–9, 161, 166–73, 188, 234, 282

martial law in, 213–4, 216–9

military discipline re-established in, 119–20

military suppresses disorder, 39

protests, 42, 142–59, 171–84

against coalition, 173–4

against Provisional Government, 119

counterrevolutionary reaction, 186–7

Red Guards swarm, 229

and revolution, 56, 60, 77, 85, 283–7

Duma takes power, 61–2

revolutionary fervour, 50

soldiers join workers, 47–9

St Petersburg becomes, 31

strikes in, 19, 40–1, 45–6, 48, 169

banning of, 217

unrest increases, 143–4

women march on, 41–2

workers in, 39–40, 42

See also Petrograd Soviet

Petrograd garrison, 70, 95, 159, 161, 234

and First World War 159

Soviet has more authority over, than Provisional Government, 120

Petrograd Soviet, 62, 242

anti-war manifesto, 102

begs Kronstadt sailors to leave, 176

and Bolsheviks, 187, 243, 253

contradictions of, 145

counter-demonstration of, 152–5

and counterrevolution, 224–5, 228

defence of, 276

disorganisation of (April), 126

and Dual Power, 57–8

executive committee (Ispolkom), 53–5, 147, 158, 160, 174, 180, 185, 224, 234, 251

on Kerensky, 223

and Milyukov note, 117, 120

name change to VTsIK, 105

and new cabinet of Provisional Government, 76–9

soldiers inquire about Bolsheviks, 210

and First World War, 159

formation of, 22, 52–4

Lenin wants Bolsheviks to win a majority of, 114

letters from peasantry, 116

and machine-gunners, 167

membership of, 94

and Mensheviks, 125

military commission, 58–9, 67

and Milyukov note, 118

name changes to All-Russian

Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’

Deputies, 105

negotiations with Duma on taking power, 72–4

Order Number 1, 70, 73–4, 85, 100, 159, 194

Order Number 2, 85–6, 100

and power, 118, 182–3

on power to soviets, 141

and protests, 181–2

and Provisional Government, 106, 139

attempted oversight of, 85–6

and coalition, 123–9, 173–4

debates transfer of power to, 66–70, 78

denounced as bourgeois, 79–80

dispute over war aims, 102, 117–8

government overthrown, 292

government powerless without, 89

Soviet rejects collaboration, 124

and revolution, 289

Smolny Institute as new home of, 199

and soldiers, 63

at Tauride Palace, asked to leave, 195

‘the Soviet’, 90

Trotsky returns, 253

wants tsar brought to justice, 88

and women, 94

Petrograd Soviet Day, 270–1

Petrogradsky listok (newspaper), 190

Plehve, Viatcheslav von, 17

Plekhanov, Georgy, 11, 13, 31–2, 62

Podvoisky, 173, 188, 270, 290

Pokrovsky, Michael, 16

Poland, 242

police, 42–3

abolished after tsar’s abdication, 85

Cossacks shoot at, 46

crowds attack, 46, 61

Lenin calls for abolition of (April), 111

Okhrana, 10

and power, 100

shoot at crowd, 45, 47

shoot at workers, 47

shooting of, 9

unions, 16, 18

political prisoners, 79

Polkovnikov, General, 258, 271–2, 290–1

Polovtsev, General, 174, 180, 187

polygamy, 121–2

power, 143

and Bolsheviks, 189, 197, 246, 258, 261, 269

Bolsheviks aim for, 53

call to supress, 149–51

and bourgeoisie, 104, 188, 261

Duma Provisional Committee takes, 57

Lenin on

premature seizure of, 160

struggle for, 111

take it now, 246, 254–5, 258, 261, 279, 282–3

negotiations between Duma and Soviet on (March), 72–4

and peasantry, 113, 224, 230, 234, 245, 258

and Petrograd Soviet, 118, 182–3

and proletariat, 113, 189

and protests, 180

Provisional Government lacks, without Soviet approval, 89

and Provisional Government (March), 66–70

and soldiers, 89, 100, 130, 224, 230, 258

Soviet not yet ready for, 58

and soviets, 118, 120, 122, 130, 132, 139, 141, 146–7, 155, 166, 168, 170, 177–8, 182, 184, 188, 201, 224, 230, 234, 237, 239, 246, 258–9, 270, 274, 296, 303

as transition from capitalism, 240

turn away from, 197

and workers, 113, 130, 197, 224, 230, 234, 245, 258, 287

See also Dual Power; insurrection

Pravda (newspaper), 87, 97, 154–5, 161, 171, 184, 277

‘The Armed People’, 100

blank page published during violent protests, 175

Bolsheviks debate over, 170

Kronstadt edition, 176

Lenin in, 98–9

Lenin ridicules Kamenev’s work for, 108

Lenin’s April Theses published along with disagreements, 113

map of editorial offices, ix

and Mezhraiontsy, 130

and military demonstration, 148, 150

ransacked by loyalists, 184–5

takeover of, 97–8

Price, Morgan Philips, 93

prisons, 7, 25, 49, 138, 157, 159, 196, 303

Bolsheviks in, 191

can’t hold prisoners, 244

jailbreak, 52–3, 61, 157, 286

political prisoners, 79, 191, 263

private property, 11

abolition of, 23, 306

soldatki raid, 115

See also land

Prizyv (newspaper), 33

Prokopovich, Sergei, 297, 318

proletariat:

arming of, 87

and power, 113, 189

revolutionary, 104, 232, 264

protests, 16, 142–59

against Kerensky’s Directory, 241

and Bolsheviks, 155–6, 173–5, 184, 186–7

head for Winter Palace (1905), 19

inevitability of, 168

and Kronstadt, 201

for overthrow of Provisional Government, 118–9

in Petrograd, 42, 142–59, 171–84

against coalition, 173–4

against Provisional Government, 119

counterrevolutionary reaction, 186–7

and Petrograd Soviet, 181

and power, 180

for revolution, 91

slogans, 155–6

of soldiers, 169

and soldiers, 155, 172, 175, 180–1, 184

soldiers angry at Milyukov, 118

soldiers’ wives march, 115

and violence, 172, 175, 180

and workers, 155, 181, 184

See also insurrection; rebellion/revolt/riot/uprising

Protopopov, 62, 93

Provisional Government, 74–80, 83–92, 94–128, 135, 137, 139, 142, 150, 155, 162, 169, 171, 183, 187, 192, 200, 205, 209–10, 213, 221, 223–4, 230, 232, 236, 241, 256, 278, 280–1, 284–5, 287–90, 292–3, 296–7, 302

announcement of, at Tauride Palace, 77

and appropriation of buildings (February–March), 110

arrest of, 284, 287–90, 302

attempted oversight of, by Soviet, 85–6

Bolsheviks dismiss, 124, 223, 236–7

business as usual at, 95

coalition government, 127–41, 147

protests against, 173–4

decline of, 209–10

distrust in, 278–80

divided after July Days, 192–3

electricity taken over, 283

‘in so far as’, 84–5

and Kerensky, 256

on land seizure, 92

Lenin on, 111–2, 114, 288, 290

on Lenin’s return, 101

Moscow State Conference, 205–9

new cabinet of (March), 76–8

opposition to, 86–7, 170–1

calls to overthrow, 118–20, 159, 169, 176

denounced by Soviets as bourgeois, 79–80

Lenin against, 111–2, 114

Soviet rejects collaboration, 124

and Petrograd Soviet, 106, 139

and coalition, 123–9, 173–4

dispute over war aims, 102, 117–8

government overthrown, 292

Soviet rejects collaboration, 124

and power of revolution, 104

power transferred to (March), 66–70, 74

powerless without Soviet approval, 89

powerlessness of (August), 200

reforms of, 85, 92

Second Coalition Government, 196, 220

and socialism, 124–5, 130, 181

telephones taken over, 286

war aims of, 102, 117–8

western powers’ recognition of, 89

Purishkevich, Vladimir, 21, 36–7, 107, 307

Pylaeva, Liza, 186–7

Rabochaya gazeta (newspaper), 85, 100, 135

Rabochy i soldat (newspaper), 193

Rabochy put (newspaper), 220, 232–3, 240, 252–4, 268, 275

Rabotnitsa (journal), 273

Radek, Karl, 103

radicals:

and counterrevolution, 222

Kerensky smothers agitation by, 239

more combative than ‘power to soviets’, 171

as radical as reality, 231

spread of, 178

and violence, 9

Rahja, Eino, 202, 282

Rahmanqulova, Zulaykha, 121

railway. See trains

Ransome, Arthur, Swallows and Amazons, 167

Raskolnikov, Fyodor, 108, 133, 176, 180, 186, 272

snubs Spiridonova, 177

Rasputin, Grigori, 35–8

rebellion/revolt/riot/uprising, 16

and Bolsheviks, 259–60

Buryat revolts, 121

historic, 7

inevitability of, 168

military suppression of, 39

and peasantry, 8, 18, 310

spread of (1905), 20

spread of (1917), 56, 195

See also insurrection; protests

Rech (newspaper), 191

Red Guards, 100, 170, 226, 244, 266, 278, 282, 291, 295, 302

Petrograd humming with, 229

Red Terror, 311–2

Reed, John, 211, 292, 297, 318

Remizov, Alex, 245

revolt. See rebellion

revolution:

appropriation of buildings, 109–10

armed people to defend, 100

bourgeois vs proletarian, 104

and bourgeoisie, 14, 29–30, 113, 132, 180, 262

celebration of, 317

and compromise, 298–9

Council of People’s Commissars, 284–5

and counterrevolution, 217

criticism of, 208

defence of, 109

demonstrations in favour of, 91

and Duma, 292–3, 296–7

and Europe, 23, 29, 40, 109, 113, 247, 254

and First World War, 30, 33, 105

government as obstacle for, 104

international, 106, 109, 129–30, 262, 309–10

receding prospects of, 314

and Kronstadt, 63–4, 176–8, 180–2

leftward shift of political spectrum (April), 107

Lenin on, 86, 98, 109–10, 113, 151, 247, 255, 290, 304, 309–10

little revolutions everywhere, 93

martyrs of, 96

and military, 100, 194

and Moscow, 61, 308

necessary interrogation of, 315

and news, 60, 288–9

and newspapers, 275–6

and peasantry, 23, 298

permanent revolution, 28–30, 114

and Petrograd, 56, 60, 77, 85, 283–7

Duma takes power, 61–2

rural, 8

and Russia, 113, 215, 247

and soldiers, 288, 290, 296, 298, 303–4

and soviets, 308

and trains, 60, 64, 75, 319–20

Trotsky on, 270–1

unrealized, 306

and violence, 9–10, 60, 132, 178, 195, 302

and women, 93–4

and workers, 98, 104, 284, 290, 298, 303–4, 307

and working class, 23, 29

See also counterrevolution; February insurrection; insurrection; rebellion

Revolution of 1905, 22–5

counterrevolutionary bombardment, 24–5

as possible catalyst for socialist revolution, 23

revolutionary defeatism, 34, 86–7, 96, 164–5, 231

revolutionary ‘defencism’, 102, 104–5, 110–1, 117, 123, 125–6, 131, 152

Lenin denounces, 110–1, 123

See also ‘defencism’

Riazanov, 264, 269, 275

Riga Bolshevik Committee, 91

Riga Soviet, 90

right, 197–8, 200, 206, 208, 210, 213

begins to slip, 227–8, 231

and counterrevolutionary plan, 216

and martial law, 213–4

rise of, 186, 192, 195

See also counter-revolution

rights, 34, 41, 317

See also women

riot. See rebellion

Rodzianko, Michael, 36, 48, 51, 57–8, 66–8, 71–3, 75–6, 80–3, 94, 200, 211, 233, 265

‘Let God take care of Petrograd’, 211

Roshal, 133

Rovio, Kustaa, 203–4, 248

Rozanova, Olga, 28

Russia:

autonomous regions, 121, 134, 154, 242

Bolshevisation of, 241

constructed anew, 6

empire, 28

insurrections of, 1

Julian calendar in, 3

left slide of, 244, 246

Lenin on defence of, 86–7

and military, 152

misery of, 311–2, 314

modernisation, 7–8

New Economic Policy, 312–3

not yet ready for revolution, 316

not yet ready for socialism, 13

occupation of, 310–1

polarisation of, 240

protests everywhere, 155

and revolution, 113, 215, 247

rise of the right, 186, 192

serfdom in, 7, 13

state authority dwindling (1905), 21

Trotsky on, 7

war with Japan, 17–8

and World War I, 32, 86–7, 124, 154, 158–9, 162

Brest-Litovsk treaty ends Russia’s involvement, 309

Russia-ness, 2

Russian Social-Democratic Workers Party (RSDWP), 13–4, 27, 122

Bolsheviks’ official name, 122

collapse of, 27

Second Congress (1903), 16–7

Seventh Congress (1917), 122

See also Bolsheviks

Russkaya volia (newspaper), 145

Ruzskii, General, 71–2, 75–7, 80–2

Ryabushinsky, Pavel, 200

Ryasov, Nikolai, 9

Ryazanov, David, 62

San Francisco Bulletin (newspaper), 295

Savage Division, 204, 212, 228–9, 232

Saveliev, M. A., 174–5

Savic, General, 80

Savinkov, Boris, 193–4, 199, 213–4, 217–8, 220, 229, 232

Schakovsky, Zinaida, 77–8

Schulz, Bruno, 319

‘sealed train’ deal, 88

Second Socialist International, 32–3

self-determination, 85, 102, 121, 127, 134–5, 304, 317

Semashko, A. I., 144, 147, 161, 169

Semenov, Grigory, 311

serfdom, 7–8, 13

Serge, Victor, 25, 315–6

Sergei Mikhailovithc, Grand Duke, 72

Shamil, Imam, 229

Sharia law, 121

Shaumian, Stepan, 91, 241

Shklovsky, Viktor, 163

Shlyapnikov, 53, 55, 79, 309, 313

Shotman, Alexander, 202

Shreider, Grigorii, 292, 297, 301

Shulgin, V. V., 57–8, 73–5, 81–3

Sidorin, Colonel V. I., 220, 231

Sinegub, Lieutenant, 301–2

Skalov, G. B., 166

Skobelev, Matvey, 54–5, 67, 129

denounces Lenin, 111

slogans, 155–6, 184

‘All Power to the Soviets’, 177, 188–9, 197, 224, 230, 237

‘Complete Liquidation of the Dictatorship of the Counterrevolutionary Bourgeoisie’, 198

‘Down with the Ten Capitalist Ministers’, 172

Smilga, Ivar, 147, 253, 284

Smolensk Bulletin (newspaper), 257

Smolny Institute, 222, 258, 261, 269, 272, 276, 282–4, 286, 289, 292–3, 295–7, 303–4

crowds and Lenin push into, 282

map of, ix

Petrograd Soviet relocates to, 199

revolutionary planning in, 284

socialism/socialist, 13–4

government, 298, 300

by coalition, 283, 295, 308, 315

‘in one country’ says Stalin, 313–4, 316

Lenin calls for exclusively socialist government, 237

Lenin calls for worldwide socialist revolution, 109

Lenin on, 306

multi-ethnic, 15

not immediate task to introduce, 113–4

and Provisional Government, 124–5, 130, 181

revolution as step towards, 98, 113

revolution, celebration of, 317

Second International, 123

Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs), 22, 24–5, 24–7, 33, 53, 55, 62, 66, 68, 77, 84, 91, 94–5, 100, 103, 116, 125–7, 129, 137–9, 142, 149, 151, 154, 156, 165–6, 170, 174, 181, 183, 188, 191, 201, 205–6, 212, 222, 224, 226, 231–2, 236–45, 248, 294–7, 303, 308

Battle Organisation, 193

on First World War, 31

formation of, 10

Left, 91, 98, 126, 138, 145, 151, 177, 181, 191, 201, 234, 263, 265, 274–5, 277–8, 280, 283, 294–5, 297, 299, 304, 306, 308–9

Lenin on coalition with, 212

not ready for power, 188

Right, 33, 194, 244, 273, 293, 296, 300, 307–8

widening split between left and right, 125

Sokolov, 54, 67, 70, 72, 76

Soldatskaya pravda (newspaper), 146, 148–9, 161, 166

soldiers:

All-Russian Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies, 105, 140, 142–3, 170, 271, 276, 287

and anarchism, 157

appropriation of buildings (February–March), 110

await Lenin’s return, 108

await news of revolution by train, 75, 82

Bloody Sunday, 19

and Bolsheviks, 101, 210

concert sponsors anti-war literature for, 168

and counter-revolution, 225, 228, 234

Declaration of the Rights of Soldiers, 99–100

and desertion, 32, 101, 132, 136–7, 162–4, 209, 243, 319

order to kill deserters, 194

and dignity, 70–1

election to power of, 73, 76, 99–100

and First World War, 135–6, 159–60, 162

plunging morale, 136–7, 162, 164, 200, 209, 265

protest against, 169, 259

and hell of war, 153

ill temper escalating, 132, 170

and Kerensky, 135–6, 140

and Kornilov, 245

mobilisation against, 223

letter requesting books, 116

looting houses of rich (March), 78

and machine-gunners, 144, 158–9, 161, 166–73, 188, 234, 282

march for nationalism, 158

march on Tauride Palace, 52

and Military Revolutionary Committee, 273–4

‘On the Rights of Soldiers’, 135

and Order Number 1, 70, 73–4, 85, 100, 135, 159, 194

and peasantry, 159

in Petrograd, 43, 45, 217

and Petrograd Soviet, 63, 94

and power, 89, 100, 130, 224, 230, 258

and power struggle over Provisional Government, 67–70

protest Milyukov note, 118

and protests, 155, 172, 175, 180–1, 184

rebellion inevtiable, 168

and revolution, 288, 290, 296, 298, 303–4, 307

self-recrimination, 48

soldatki (soldiers’ wives), 115, 138

and soviets, 263

and workers, 47, 49, 53–4, 277

See also military; Military Revolutionary Committee; Red Guard; World War I

soviets:

All-Russian Congress of Soviets, 105, 110, 145, 147, 149, 152, 159, 161, 253–5

Second Congress, 258, 267, 269, 272, 287, 290, 293–7, 300, 304, 306, 315

criticism of, 208

Lenin calls for, 111–2

Northern Region Congress of Soviets, 263

opposed to Provisional Government, 124

and peasantry, 263

Petrograd Interdistrict Conference of, 215

and power, 118, 120, 122, 130, 132, 139, 141, 146–7, 155, 166, 168, 170, 177–8, 182, 184, 188, 201, 224, 230, 234, 237, 239, 246, 258–9, 270, 274, 296, 303

as transition from capitalism, 240

turn away from, 197–8

and revolution, 308

and soldiers, 263

spread of, 24, 90, 105, 115, 121

Union of Muslim Soviets, 228–9

and workers, 263

See also Kronstadt Soviet; Moscow Soviet; Petrograd Soviet; Riga Soviet

Speransky, Countess, 198

Spiridonova, Maria, 25, 138, 176–7, 181, 294, 309

Raskolnikov snubs, 177

St Petersburg:

becomes Petrograd, 31

building of, 5–6

strikes in, 30

urban growth, 11

Stahl, Ludmila, 98, 112, 114, 118

Stalin, Joseph, 96–7, 104, 110, 122, 174, 188, 261, 269, 284

consolidates his control, 314

Lenin suspicious of, 313

as result of revolution, 315

‘socialism in one country’, 313–4, 316

Stalinism, 97, 315

Stark, Leonid, 281

Steklov, Yuri Mikhailovich, 53, 72, 106, 180, 201

Stites, Richard, 93

Stolypin, Pyotr, 25, 27

strikes, 16, 22, 30, 158, 160, 244

and Cossacks, 44–5

in Europe, 310

and First World War, 34

and monks, 93

in Moscow, 30, 34, 40, 50, 61, 205

in Petrograd (1905), 19

in Petrograd (1917), 40–1, 45–6, 48, 169

banning of, 217

and Revolution of 1905, 22, 24

spread of (1905), 20

Struve, Peter, 14

Stürmer, Boris, 36

Sukhanov, Nikolai, 69, 72–3, 76, 97, 109–10, 143, 156, 181–2, 212, 226, 260–1, 272, 293, 315

Sverdlov, Yakov, 148, 177, 271, 276

switchmen, 318

Sytin publishing house, 22

Tarasova, E., 186

Tauride Palace:

crowds at, 50, 52

Lenin’s interventions at (April), 110–1

map of, ix

as military camp, 57

protest at, 170, 173, 178, 181

Provisional Government announced at (March), 77

soldiers march on, 52

Soviet debates problem of power at, 66

Soviet asked to leave, 195

tsarist ministers turn themselves in, 62

women march on, 94

Teffi, Nadezhda, 152

telegrams/telegraphs/telephones, 60, 64, 75, 80–1, 83, 87, 185, 217–8, 220–1, 226, 230, 279, 286

Bolsheviks take command of, 281

map of office locations, ix

Military Revolutionary Committee takes command of, 279, 286

and power, 89

and revolution, 287, 291–3, 301–3

Tereshchenko, Michael, 129, 225

theory of uneven and combined development, 29

Thomas, Albert, 124

Tomsky, Mikhail, 152, 172

trains, 52, 74–5, 88, 175

and information, 20, 48, 59, 75, 82

Lenin returns from Switzerland, 103–4, 106–7

Lenin returns to hiding, 190, 202–3

Lenin returns to Petrograd, 282

military rushes to control, 59

and power, 89

and protests, 172

and revolution, 60, 64, 75, 319–20

and revolutionary ideas, 24

switchmen, 318

tracks ruined by workers against counterrevolution, 228

Trans-Siberian Railway, 11, 17, 121

and Trotsky, 319

Tsar Nicholas II boards train after abdicating, 82

Tsar Nicholas II roams during revolution, 64–5

trams, 22, 41, 45, 50, 172, 189, 264, 278, 282, 288

Trepov, Fyodor, 9

troops. See soldiers

Trotsky, Leon, 60, 62, 99, 123, 133, 143, 168, 171, 182, 189, 242, 246, 251, 258, 261, 265, 273, 284–5, 290, 294, 300, 303, 311, 315 1905, 28

alert for Kerensky’s attack, 276

‘All power to the soviets! All land to the people!’, 259

arrest warrant for, 189

and Bolsheviks, on insurrection, 262

and Broido, 259–60, 263

Chernov saved by, 180

death of, 315

on defence, 277

on desertion, 163

dream of, 317

early debates with Lenin, 23

isolation of, 314

and Lenin, 130, 285

mass insurrection needs no justification, 298–9

and Mezhraiontsy group, 146

on Order Number 1, 70

and permanent revolution, 28–30, 114

Petrograd in danger of bourgeoisie, 272

and Petrograd Soviet, 253

in prison, 191

Results and Prospects, 28

returns to Russia, 128–30

on revolution, 270–1

and revolutionary defeatism, 34

on Russia, 7

and trains, 319

as young soviet leader, 22

Trubetskov, Prince, 225

Trud Press, 275–6

map of, ix

Trudoviks, 31

Tsereteli, Irakli, 104–6, 125, 129, 131, 142–3, 155, 181, 183, 185, 207, 210, 224, 230, 250–1

call to supress Bolshevik pursuit of power, 149–51

denounces Lenin, 111

and military demonstration, 147

Tskhakaya, Mikha, 139

Tsvetaeva, Marina, 193

Työmies (newspaper), 195

Ukraine, 154, 169, 191, 195, 242

Ulyanov, Alexander (Lenin’s brother), 10, 12

Ulyanov, Maria (Lenin’s sister), 98, 108, 166, 175, 189

Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class, 11

Union of the Russian People, 21

Uritsky, Moisei, 62, 261, 309

utopia, 8, 305, 314

Utro Rossii (journal), 211

Uzbekistan, 242

Verderevsky, Admiral, 288

Viazemsky, Prince, 243

Vikzhel, 222, 226

violence, 167

against Jews, 192

and counter-revolution, 307

of peasantry seizing land, 210, 243

in Petrograd, 190–1, 256–7

and protests, 172, 175, 180

racial, 21, 25

and revolution, 9–10, 60, 132, 178, 195, 302

of workers response to succession of royal throne, 83

Viren, General, 64

Voeikov, Vladimir, 81

Volia naroda (newspaper), 128, 191, 244

Volodarsky, 152, 170, 267, 272, 290, 309

war:

and imperialism, 87

See also Russia, war with Japan; World War I

War Communism, 312–3, 316

Weinstein, 225–6

White forces, 310–1, 316

and peasantry, 311

Williams, Harold, 189

Winter Palace:

endgame at, 300–3

insurrection unfolds at, 283–4, 286, 289–92, 295–6

peculiar standoff, 297

Kerensky moves in, 195

Lenin on, 284, 288–9

map of, ix

military buildup at, 274–5

protests against Provisional Government, 119

protests head for (1905), 19

violent last day of old regime at (February 1917), 60

Witte, Count Sergei, 23, 27

women:

All-Russian Muslim Women’s Conference, 121–2, 134, 340

International Women’s Day, 41, 94

march on Petrograd, 41–2

and Petrograd Soviet, 94

and polygamy, 121–2

Rabotnitsa (journal), 273

and revolution, 93–4

rights, 121–2, 134, 317

soldiers’ wives, 115, 138

suffrage, 93–4

Women’s Battalions of Death, 207, 275, 278

Woolf, Virginia, Orlando, 2

workers:

all-Russian conference of party, 104

All-Russian Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies, 105, 140, 142–3, 170, 271, 276, 287

await Lenin’s return, 108

and Bolsheviks, 151, 191

and bourgeoisie, 183

and counterrevolution, 225–8, 234

demand pay for punctuation, 22

democratic dictatorship of workers

and peasants, 23, 30, 113

and dignity, 26, 70–1, 93

eight-hour day, 19, 30, 90, 113, 133, 223

fired at machine plant (1905), 18

First Conference of Petrograd Factory Committees (Fabzavkomy), 140

and First World War, 34

forced labour, 6

ill temper escalating, 132–3, 170

and Kornilov, mobilisation against, 223

march on Winter Palace (1905), 19

militias, 100

monarchy despised by, 78, 83

in Moscow, 61

in Petrograd, 39–40, 42

in Petrograd Soviet, 94

police shoot at, 47

and power, 113, 130, 197, 224, 230, 234, 245, 258, 287

and production, 317

protest against Provisional Government, 119

and protests, 155, 181, 184

and revolution, 98, 104, 284, 290, 298, 303–4, 307

and Revolution (1905), 24

and soldiers, 47, 49, 53–4, 277

and soviets, 263

struggle, 11

See also strikes

Workers’ Opposition, 313

working class, 8, 13–4, 16–9, 23, 29–30, 40, 89, 100, 113, 120, 132, 141, 155, 159, 180, 234

growing movement of, 16

militant increase of, 141

in Petrograd, 40

and protests, 155, 180

and revolt, 18

and revolution, 23, 29

Woytinsky, Wladimir, 171, 174, 180, 186, 272

Yemelyanov, Ivan, 190, 202

Yermolenko, Lieutenant, 185

Yurenev, Konstantin, 62–3

Yusupov, Felix, 37

Zasulich, Vera, 9, 11

Zavoiko, 216–8

announces execution of Kerensky, 217

Zhelyabov, Andrei, 9

Zhivoe slovo (journal), 185–6, 264, 275, 277

Zimmerwald, anti-war conference, 33

Zinoviev, Grigory, 33, 79, 87, 103, 112, 144, 148, 152, 155, 171, 175, 181, 186–90, 202, 252, 261–3, 266–9, 284, 290, 294, 308, 315

arrest warrant for, 189

on insurrection, lobbies against, 263

at odds with Lenin, 254–5