A Concise History of Russia (Cambridge Concise Histories)

Index

Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.

Abkhazia 328, 451

Adams, John Quincy 147

Adashev, Aleksei 50, 51

Adenauer, Konrad 439

Adzhubei, Aleksei 406

Afghanistan 266–267

Soviet war in 412, 446, 449

Akhmatova, Anna 340, 345, 414, 421–423

Aksakov, Ivan 202

Aksakov, Konstantin 162, 164

Alaska 153, 252

Albania 402, 441

Alekseev, Mikhail 306, 308

Alekseev, Nikolai 231

Aleksei, Saint, Metropolitan of Kiev 29, 31, 35

Aleksei I, Tsar 64–74, 108

Aleksei Alekseevich, Tsarevich (son of Aleksei I) 71, 73

Aleksei Petrovich, Tsarevich (son of Peter the Great) 79, 82, 90–92

Alembert, Jean d’ 125

Alexander I, Tsar 130, 141–154, 160, 173, 176, 232, 254, 256–257

Alexander II, Tsar 174, 176, 187–196, 190, 203, 205–206, 257, 259, 272–273

Alexander III, Tsar 206–207, 234, 238–239, 242–243, 259–260, 272–277

Alexander Nevsky, Saint, Grand Prince of Vladimir and Novgorod 22, 27, 31, 95, 418–419

Alexandra, Tsaritsa (wife of Nicholas I) 176

Alexandra, Tsaritsa (wife of Nicholas II) 278–279, 290, 297

Alexei, Tsarevich (son of Nicholas II) 279, 290

Algirdas, Grand Prince of Lithuania 28

Allende, Salvador 444

All-Russian Peasant Union 287–288

All-Union Institute of Plant-Breeding 348

Amvrosii, elder 161

Anastasiia, Tsaritsa (wife of Ivan the Terrible) 48, 51, 53, 55

Andrei Bogoliubsky, Grand Prince of Vladimir and Kiev 12

Andropov, Yurii 411–412

Anna, Empress 99–102, 104

Anna, Duchess of Brunswick-Bevern-Lüneburg 102

Anna Petrovna, Duchess of Holstein-Gottorp 113

Anthès, Georges-Charles d’ 178–179

Anti-Comintern Pact (1936–37) 374

Antonii, Saint 8, 16

Apraksin, Fyodor and Petr 75, 87

Arakcheev, A.A. 151, 153–154

Araya, Francesco 104–105, 126

Argunov, Ivan 131

Aristotle 5, 10, 72, 296

Armenia 167, 449, 458

Armenian Church 16, 168, 265

Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Dashnaktsutiun) 265

Armenians 62, 167–168, 223, 263, 265, 282, 284, 316, 330, 366

arms race 409, 429–431, 437–439, 443, 445

Asaf’ev, Boris 418

Assembly of the Land 55, 58, 64

Astrakhan’ 37–38, 49, 66

Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal 316

Atkinson, John Augustus 124, 144, 158

Augustus of Saxony, King of Poland 83–84

Austerlitz, Battle of 146, 148

Austria (Austria-Hungary) 77, 81–82, 91, 104, 113, 114, 118, 137, 171, 250–251, 262, 274, 286

Napoleonic wars and 140–141, 146, 149–152

partitions of Poland and 121, 135

WW I and 291–294, 297, 306

WW II and 374, 391

Averbakh, Leopold 414–415, 420

Avvakum, Archpriest 68–70

Azef, Evno 281

Azerbaidzhan 21, 167, 449

Azeris 167, 223, 263, 265–266, 284, 288, 316, 327–328

Azov 80–81, 83–84, 102

Babel, Isaak 345, 420

Baku 220, 222–223, 265–266, 284, 316, 327–329, 386

Bakunin, Michael 162–164, 183, 203

Balakirev, Milii 232–234, 337

Balanchine, George 236, 342

Balkans 5, 46, 152, 274–275, 291–294, 377, 389

Balkan Wars (pre-1914) 121, 133, 169, 239, 249–251

Ballets Russes 334, 339, 342

Baltic provinces (republics) 1, 83, 85, 87, 93, 111, 120, 139, 254–256, 271, 274, 284, 302, 306, 312, 315, 375–376

collapse of USSR and 450–452

defined 254n

emancipation of serfs in 150, 166, 188, 254

Barclay de Tolly, Michael 147–148

Bariatinskii, Prince Alexander 264

Bashkirs 62, 67, 111, 123–124, 124, 263, 288, 327

Batu, Mongol ruler 20–21

Bayle, Henri 114

Beccaria, Cesare 119

Beiliss, Mendel 290

Bekbulatovich, Semen 52

Belarus (Belorussia) 28, 29, 121, 135, 253, 289, 306, 315, 326–327, 379, 383, 391, 452

Beliaev, Mitrofan 336–337

Belinski, Vissarion 162–163, 175, 181–183

Belov, Vasilii 426

Belyi, Andrey 340, 346

Benckendorf, Alexander von 156, 160, 172, 178, 252

Beneš, Edvard 433

Benois, Alexander 338

Beria, Lavrentii 363, 366, 394, 397, 399, 401, 430

Berlin 392, 434, 437, 439–440

Wall 440, 442, 450

Berlin, Treaty of (1878) 251

Berlioz, Hector 174, 233, 337

Bessarabia 146, 148

Bestuzhev-Riumin, Aleksei 103, 114–115

Bielfeld, Baron J.F. von 119

birch bark letters 25–26, 25

Birger, Earl of Sweden 27

Biron, Ernst-Johann 101–102

Bismarck, Otto von 201, 250–251, 274

Black Hundreds 285, 289

Blok, Alexander 336, 341, 346

Bobrikov, N.I. 258

Bolsheviks xviii, 280, 285, 288, 291, 294–297, 299–315, 321, 326, 330–331, 335, 340–345, 348–350, 360–361

See also Communist Party

Bolshoi Theater 417, 457

Bolyai, Janos 185

Boris, Saint 11, 16, 31

Borodin, Alexander 232, 234

Borodino, Battle of 148

Borovikovskii, Vladimir 131

Bortnyanskii, Dmitrii 130

Bosnia 250–251, 292

Botkin, V.P. 164

Brahe, Tycho 72

Brandt, Willy 444

Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of 305–306, 316

Brezhnev, Leonid 401–402, 406–410, 412, 425–426, 443–444, 446

Briullov, Karl 173

Brodsky, Joseph 425

Brusilov, Aleksei 297, 301

Budennyi, Semen 313–314

Bukhara 251, 266, 269, 329

Bukharin, Nikolai 306, 310–311, 321, 323–324, 352, 357, 360, 416

Bulgakov, Mikhail 345–346, 414–415, 420, 425

Bulganin, Nikolai 394, 398, 401

Bulgaria 121, 250–251, 274–275, 293, 373, 389, 391, 432

Bulgarin, Faddei 159, 181

Bunin, Ivan 342

Bürger, Gottfried 175

Byzantine Christianity 8–10, 13–16, 18, 26

Byzantine Empire 4–9, 35–36

Cadet Corps 104–105, 107, 125–126

Campbell, Thomas 175

Caresano, Aloisio da 43

Casimir the Great, King of Poland 28

Castro, Fidel 443

Catherine I, Empress 80, 88–92, 99

Catherine II, the Great, Empress, 89 113–137, 127, 143, 148, 152, 194

Catherine, Duchess of Mecklenberg 102

Caucasian Wars 177, 263–265

Caucasus 6, 49, 249, 284, 302, 316, 327–328, 386, 459

Central Asia 20–21, 249, 251, 263, 266–269, 316, 327, 329, 367, 385, 450, 452, 455

Central Committee of the Communist Party 310, 325, 327–328, 358–360, 397, 401–402, 406–407, 416

Central Executive Committee of the Soviets 311

Chagall, Marc 340

Chamberlain, Neville 374–375

Chancellor, Richard 42

Charles XII, King of Sweden 84–87

Charter of the Nobility 132–133, 139

Charter of the Townspeople 132–133

Chateaubriand, François-René de 152

Chechens (Chechnia) 49, 168, 264, 302, 453–456

Cheka (later GPU) 304–305, 308, 312, 315, 319–320

Chekhov, Anton 336

Cherkasskii, Prince Mikhail 76

Chernenko, Konstantin 412, 447

Cherniaev, Mikhail 266

Chernobyl disaster 408, 448

Chernyshevsky, Nikolai 197–199, 201, 226, 241

Cherubini, Luigi 174

Chesme, Battle of 121

Chiang Kai-shek 332, 434–435

Chicherin, Boris 199–200

China 2, 19–20, 61, 82, 270, 276–277, 332

Communist xviii, 400, 402, 434–436, 440–443, 445–446

Chubais, Anatolii 455

Churchill, Winston xviii, 387–389

Church Slavic 8, 26, 68, 106

Chuvash 49, 67, 111

Circassians 49, 62, 67, 168, 264, 302

Civil War (1918–20) 304–310, 312–314, 319, 326–328, 341–344

Clinton, Bill 454

Cold War xvi, xvii, 412, 429–446

collective farms (kolhoz) 324, 351–357, 361, 369, 383, 396, 398–399, 403, 409–410

Commission for the Study of Natural Productive Forces 347

“communes” of 1930s 355

Communist International (Comintern) 311, 320, 331–333, 372–374, 389–390, 440

Communist Party

See also Bolsheviks, Central Committee of the Communist Party , Politburo

centralization of 317, 319–325, 328

Gorbachev reforms and 450

terror of 1936–38 358–360

Communist Party Congresses

of 1922 321

of 1952 396

of 1956 (Twentieth) 399, 438

Congress of People’s Deputies 450, 453–454

Congress of Soviets 302–304

Congress of Soviet Writers 415–416

Constant, Benjamin 152

Constantine XI, Emperor of Rome 35

Constantinople 6–9, 35–36, 38, 140

Constituent Assembly 299, 303–304, 306, 308

constitutional monarchy 144–145, 150, 152–154, 163–164, 187, 199–200, 257

Nicholas II and 285–292

copper revolt 66

Cossacks 55–61, 65–68, 74, 86, 110–111, 149

Civil War and 306, 308–309, 312–313, 327

revolts of 56–60, 66–67, 65–66, 123–125

Revolution of 1905 and 284

Council of Ministers 394

Council of People’s Commissars 363, 364

Council of State 138, 144, 191, 208, 286, 289

Councils of the National Economy 400

Crimea 6, 21, 34, 37–38, 48, 67, 73, 77–78, 121–122, 133, 288, 314–315, 400

Crimean War 168, 170–171, 184, 186–189, 196, 212–214, 244, 249–250, 253, 257, 261–264

Crusaders 26–27

Cuban missile crisis 402, 407, 443

Cui, Cesar 232–234

Czartoryski, Prince Adam 143

Czechoslovak Corps 306–307

Czechoslovakia 432–433, 373–375, 388

Prague Spring of 1968 443

Dagestan 168, 264, 327

Daniil, Prince of Moscow 22

Darwin, Charles 199, 230

Dashkova, Princess Elizabeth 115, 116, 129

Decembrist revolt 152–156, 165–166, 176–178

Deng Xiaoping 445

Denikin, Anton 308–309, 312–314

Denmark 4, 39

war of 1700 and 83

war of 1762 and 115

Depression 332, 372

Derviz, P.G. von 214

Derzhavin, Gavriil 129–130

de-Stalinization 401, 424, 441

détente 445

Diaghilev, Sergei 337–339, 342

Diderot, Denis 125

Dimitrov, Georgii 364, 373

dissidents, Soviet 411–412, 426, 428, 445, 449

Dmitrii, Tsarevich (son of Ivan the Terrible) 53–54

See also False Dmitrii

Dmitrii Donskoi, Grand Prince of Moscow and Vladimir 23, 31

Dokuchaev, Vasilii 229

Dolgorukii, Prince Iakov 74, 77, 87

Dolgorukii, Prince Vasilii 87, 91–92, 99

Donbass (Don River basin) 213, 219, 222, 271, 312, 330, 357, 363, 366

Don Cossacks 304, 308–309

Dostoyevsky, Fyodor 165–166, 182, 201, 230, 240–243, 290, 424

Dubelt, General 160

Dudaev, Dzhokhar 454

dumas

See also Russian Duma

boyar 40, 53, 55, 60, 83, 176

city 274

Dutch East India Company 42

Dzerzhinskii, Felix 305

Eastern Europe 389–390, 398, 400, 409, 431–434, 437, 441, 444

collapse of Communism in 450

Eastern Slavs 1, 3, 7

East Slavic language 1, 28

Editorial Committee 189

Egypt 140, 169–170, 441

Ehrenburg, Ilya 423–424

Eisenhower, Dwight 438, 442

Eisenstein, Sergei 27, 51, 284, 344, 385, 418–419, 421

Ekaterina, Tsaritsa (wife of Alexander II) 205

Ekaterina Pavlovna, Grand Duchess (sister of Alexander I) 145

elections

of 1906–17 286–289

of 1996 455

Gorbachev reforms and 450

Elena Glinskaia, Grand Princess of Moscow (wife of Vasilii III) 47, 48

Elena Pavlovna, Grand Duchess 161, 174, 189, 231

Elizabeth, Empress 89, 99, 102–106, 113–115, 122, 126, 131, 302

Elizabeth I, Queen of England 50

Elphinstone, John 121

Emancipation Statute 216, 233

Engelhardt, V.V. 174

English Bible Society 150

English Muscovy Company 42

Erevan 167–168, 265

Estonia 26–27, 51, 84, 150, 254–256, 284, 314

Ethiopia 444

Etholén, Arvid Adolf 252

Evdokiia, Tsaritsa (wife of Peter the Great) 79, 82

Ezhov, Nikolai 358–360, 363

Factory Inspectorate 226

Falconet, Etienne-Maurice 89, 131

False Dmitrii, first (Grishka Otrep’ev) 55–58

False Dmitrii, second (thief of Tushino) 57

Faulkner, William 424

feminism 198–199

Feodosii, Saint 8, 16–17

Fichte, Johann G. 162

Fick, Heinrich 90

Fighting Organization 281

Filaret, Patriarch of Russia (Fyodor Romanov, father of Michael I) 55, 58, 60

Filipp, Metropolitan of Moscow 52

Finland 1, 27, 39, 87

annexation and autonomy of 144–146, 150, 153, 158, 166, 251–252, 256–258, 271, 376

Civil War and 315, 376

Winter War and 376

WW II and 376–377, 384, 391

Finns 26, 67, 360

Fioravanti, Aristotele, of Bologna 43

First Cavalry Army 313

five-year plans 325, 351–353, 368–369, 373

Florence, Council of (1439) 35, 36

Fonvizin, Denis 129

Ford, Henry 352

Fourier, Charles 165

France 4, 102, 118, 250, 274, 275, 291, 332

Crimean War and 169–170

culture of 105, 107–108, 125, 152, 176, 199

Holy Alliance and 151–153

Indochina and 435, 440

July Revolution of 1830 167, 178

Napoleonic 140–141, 143–150

Revolution of 1789 xviii, 134–140, 143

Russian Revolution and 299, 308, 314

Seven Years War and 114–115

WW I and 293–294, 306

WW II and 372–375, 377, 388–391

Franco, Francisco 373

Franco-Prussian War 275

Franklin, Benjamin 129

Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria 292, 294

Frederick the Great, King of Prussia 104, 113, 115, 121

Free Association of Artists 237

Free Economic Society 125–126, 229

Freemasons 128, 135, 153

Free Music School 237

French language 107–108

Friedland, Battle of 146

Fuchs, Klaus 430

Furtseva, Elena 401–402

Furuhjelm, Hampus 252

Fyodor Ivanovich, Tsar 53–55

Fyodor Alekseevich, Tsar 72–76

Gagarin, Iurii 405

Galich 12, 14, 33

Galicia 28

Galuppi, Baldassare 126

Gamsakhurdia, Zviad 451

Gapon, Georgii 282–283

Garcia-Viardot, Pauline 183

Gasprinskii, Ismail Bey 267–268

Gauss, Christian 185

Gazprom 449

Gediminas, Grand Prince of Lithuania 27–28

Gendarmes 151, 156–157

Geneva Conference (1955) 398, 438

Genghis Khan 19–20

Georgia 62, 223, 263, 265, 282, 284, 288, 291, 316, 328, 330, 366, 396

annexation of 146, 167

collapse of USSR and 450–452, 458

German Communists 330–331, 372, 433

German Crusaders 26–27

Germans, Russian society and

nobility, in Baltic provinces 254–256, 274, 284

pre-1917 72, 80, 208, 212, 252, 274

terror of 1936–38 and 360

German Social-Democrats 296

German-Soviet pact (1939) 375, 389

Germany 4, 13, 20, 38, 147, 162, 201, 250, 274–275, 286, 320

post-WW II 389, 392, 430, 433–434

Revolution of 1848 167

Russian Revolution and 299–300, 305–307, 309, 312, 316

socialism and 226, 330

Weimar 331–332, 372

WW I and 291–296

WW II and Nazi 24, 369–370, 372, 375–392

WW II invasion of USSR 378–388

Germany, Democratic Republic of (East) 434, 437, 439–440

Germany, Federal Republic (West) 434, 439–440, 444

Ginzburg, Baron Horace 212, 260

Gleb, Saint 11, 16, 31

Glinka, Mikhail 174–175, 231

Godunov, Boris, Tsar 53–56, 58–59, 234

Godunov, Irina, Tsaritsa 53, 54

Goethe, J.W. von 152, 175, 181

Gogol, Nikolai 2, 175, 180–184

Golden Horde 20–24, 34–35, 37, 48

end of Russian dependency on 42–43

gold standard 220, 279

Golitsyn, Prince Alexander 150–151

Golitsyn, Prince Boris 76–78, 99

Golitsyn, Prince V.V. 75, 76

Golovin, Fyodor 81–82, 84, 87

Gomulka, Wladyslaw 441

Gorbachev, Mikhail 412, 428, 446–452

Gorchakov, Prince 250, 267, 274

Gordon, Patrick 80, 82

Gorky, Maxim 335, 342–343, 364, 416

Gosplan (State Planning Committee) 325, 365

Gottwald, Klement 432

GPU (Main Political Administration) 353–355

Great Britain (England) 42, 53, 81, 107, 134, 152, 186–187, 274, 291–293

Central Asia and 266–267, 291, 293

Cold War and 430, 440

Crimean War and 170–171, 257

early USSR and 331–332

Napoleonic wars and 140–141, 145–146, 149–150

Ottoman Turks and 169–170, 249–251

Russian Revolution and 299, 308, 314–316

Seven Years War and 114–115

WW I and 293, 294

WW II and 371–378, 387–388

Great Horde 34, 37, 42–43

Greece 169, 389, 433–434

antiquity 5, 8

revolt of 1821 152, 169

Greeks 8, 12, 17, 40, 62, 72–73, 133

Green Lamp society 153, 176

Gregory, Johann 72

Grimm, Baron Friedrich M. 125

Grozny, Battle for 454, 456–457

GULAG (Chief Administration of Camps) 362–363, 365, 396–398, 400, 411

Gustavus III, King of Sweden 133, 134

Hansa League 13, 24, 27

Haskalah 259

Heeckeren, Baron van 179

Hegel, G.W.F. xvii, 162–164, 182, 199, 296

Herzen, Alexander 162–163, 183, 187, 191–193, 197–198

Hitler, Adolf 369–370, 372–375, 377–379, 382–384, 386–388, 390, 392, 434

Ho Chi Minh 332, 435

Holy Alliance 151–152, 159

Holy League 77

Holy Roman Empire 9, 38, 48

Holy Synod 92, 107, 150, 160, 243, 273

Homer 5

Hoover, Herbert 319

Hoxha, Enver 441

Hughes, John 213

Hungary 1, 20, 38, 167, 330, 389, 391, 432

Revolution of 1956 400–401, 441–442

Huxley, Aldous 346

Iagoda, Genrikh 360, 364

Iakovlev, Alexander 412, 448

Iaroslav “The Wise,” Grand Prince of Kiev Rus 11, 17

Iavorskii, Metropolitan Stefan 83, 90–91

ICBMs 409, 437, 443

icons 18, 26, 31–33, 407

Igor, Prince of Kiev 3

Ilarion, Metropolitan of Kiev 12

Ilf, Ilya 345

imperialism 296, 331–332, 371

India 92, 114, 169, 251, 266–268, 440

Indonesia 42

Ingrians 27, 67

Ioakim, Patriarch of Moscow 72

Ioffe, Abram 216, 346–349, 419, 430

Iona of Riazan, Metropolitan of Moscow 36

Iosif, Patriarch of Russia 69

Iran (Persia) 20, 38, 92, 146, 167, 263, 266–267, 329

British Treaty on (1907) 291, 293

war of 1826–28 167–168

Iraq 20

Irina, Tsarevna (aunt of Fyodor Alekseevich) 74–75

Isidoros, Metropolitan of Kiev 35, 36

Islamic revolt (1898) 269

Islam (Muslims) 4–5, 21, 49, 67, 168, 264–265, 267–269

Elizabeth and 111

Russian Revolution and 288, 302

Soviet federalism and 326–329, 367

Israel 395, 411

ancient, Russia as “new,” 45

Italy 4, 43–44, 96, 104, 151, 155, 173, 175, 250

Napoleonic wars and 140, 147

post-WW II 434–444

WW II and 374, 388

Itinerant Association of Russian Artists 238–240, 337

Iudenich, General Nikolai 314

Iurii Danilovich, Prince of Moscow 22

Iurii (uncle of Vasilii II) 33

Ivan III, Grand Prince of Moscow 36–45

Ivan IV, the Terrible, Grand Prince of Moscow 42, 46–53, 84, 234, 239

Ivan V, Tsar (co-ruler with Peter the Great) 73–76

Ivan VI, Tsar 102–103, 122

Ivan Ivanovich (heir of Ivan the Terrible) 52

Ivan “Kalita,” The Moneybag, Prince of Vladimir 22–23

Ivanov, Alexander 173, 238

Iziaslav I, Prince of Kiev 17

jadidism 268

Jadwiga, “King” of Poland 28–29

Jan III Sobieski, King of Poland 77

Japan 275–277, 308, 313–314, 316, 332, 430, 434–435

war of 1904–5 220, 269–270, 272, 283–284

WW II and 374–375, 388–389

Jesuits 68, 72, 82

Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee 395

Jewish Pale of Settlement 214, 258–259, 261, 274

Jewish Workers’ League (Bund) 260

Jews 121, 212–215, 222, 243, 251, 253, 258–261, 269, 271, 274, 278, 280

emigration of Soviet 411–412, 445, 453

pogroms and 206, 251, 259–260, 285, 290, 312–313

Russian Revolution and 282, 283, 315

Soviet 326, 330, 346, 366, 395–396, 423

WW II and 375, 377, 383, 393, 424

Jochi 20

Jogailo, King of Poland 28–29

Jones, John Paul 134

Joseph II, Emperor of Austria 133, 137

Joseph of Volokolamsk, Saint 45–46

Judaism 5, 7, 16

Judaizers 45

judicial system 63–64, 132

reform of 1864 193–195

Justinian, Emperor of Rome 7, 17

Kadar, Janos 441

Kadets (Constitutional Democrats) 286–288, 297–298, 304, 349

Kadyrov, Ahmad 456

Kaganovich, Lazar 359, 363, 364, 366, 394, 399–400, 402

Kaledin, Alexei 304

Kalinin, Mikhail 310–311

Kamenev, Lev 303, 307, 310–311, 321–323, 358

Kandinsky, Wassily 335, 339

Kankrin, Georg 252

Kant, Immanuel 152, 162

Kapitsa, Piotr 419–420

Karakozov, Dmitrii 203

Karamzin, Nikolai 142, 145, 175–176

Karl VI, Holy Roman Emperor 90, 91

Kasso, Lev 347

Katkov, Mikhail N. 162, 164, 201, 242, 245

Katyn massacre 375

Kaufman, Konstantin von 267

Kaunas massacre 383

Kaunitz, Count Wenzel Anton 114

Kazakhs 222, 249, 329, 408

Kazakhstan 2, 21, 266, 269, 329, 367, 404, 458

Kazan’ 34, 37–38, 43, 48, 49, 124

Kazan’ University 142

Kennedy, John F. 440

Kerenskii, Aleksandr 298–299, 301–303

KGB 411–412, 425, 456

Khalkhin Gol, Battle of 375

Khalturin, Stepan 205

Khar’kov 261–262, 386

Khar’kov Technological Institute 216

Khar’kov University 142, 260, 262

Khasbulatov, Ruslan 454

Khazars 5, 6

Khitrovo, Bodgan 74

Khiva 251, 266, 269, 329

Khmel’nyts’kyi, Bohdan, Hetman of the Ukraine 65–66, 261

Khovanskii, Prince Ivan 76

Khrushchev, Nikita 363, 366, 394, 397–407, 424–425, 438–444

“secret speech” on Stalin 399, 424, 442

Khwarezm 20, 21

Kiev 60, 68, 73, 221, 262, 302, 304, 306, 315, 379, 390–391

Kiev Academy 68–69

Kiev Archeographical Society 262

Kiev Polytechnical Institute 216, 347

Kiev Rada 304

Kiev Rus (principality), xix 1–22, 28–29, 135

Mongol invasion 18, 20–23

Kim Il Sung 435–436

Kipchaks (Polovtsy) 5–6, 15, 18, 20–21

Kiprian, Metropolitan of Kiev 35

Kirghiz 268, 329

Kirill of Belozero, Saint 30, 31

Kirov, Sergei 358, 363

Kishinev pogrom 260

Kissinger, Henry 445

Knights of Malta 140

Kochubei, Viktor 252

Kokand khanate 251, 266

Kolchak, Alexander 308–309, 312, 314, 327

kolhoz. See collective farms

Komsomol (Communist League of Youth) 400, 404, 448–450, 454

Konstantin Nikolaevich, Grand Duke (brother of Alexander II) 188–191, 19, 214

Konstantin Pavlovich, Grand Duke (brother of Alexander I) 154

Korean War 435–436

Kornilov, Lavr 301–302, 308

Korolev, Sergei 421

Korsun, Battle of 391

Kosciuszko, Tadeusz 135, 139

Kostomarov, Nikolai 262

Kosygin, Aleksei 407

Kramskoi, Ivan 237–238

Kravchuk, Leonid 450

Krestinskii, Nikolai 310–311

Kronstadt 88, 170

revolt 318

Krüdener, Baroness Julie von 150

Krzhizhanovskii, Gleb 325

Kuchuk Kainardzha, Treaty of (1774) 121

Kuibyshev, Valerian 363

kulaks 218, 354–355, 362

Kulikovo, Battle of 23

Kurbskii, Prince Andrei 51

Kurchatov, Igor 430, 438

Kursk, Battle of 390

Kussevitskii, Sergei 339

Kutuzov, Mikhail 146, 148–149, 245

labor movement 226, 282–283, 288, 294

LaHarpe, Frederic 143

Land and Freedom 204

Landau, Lev 420

Latin language 68–69, 71, 82

Latvia 26–27, 150, 254–256, 284, 288, 330, 360

LeFort, Francois 80, 81, 82

Leibniz, Gottfried 107

Leipzig, Battle of 149

Lend-Lease 388

Lenin, Vladimir Il’ich Ul’ianov 227, 291, 341, 364, 371, 448–449

“April Theses,” 300

background of 279–280

culture and 341, 343–344

Civil War and early Soviet state 307–312, 307, 314, 321, 321–322, 325–326, 328

death of 321

foreign policy and 330–332

NEP and 316–319

Revolution of 1905 and 285

Revolution of 1917 and 299–303

WW I and 295–296, 306

Leningrad. See St. Petersburg

Leningrad Affair 395–396

Lermontov, Mikhail 175, 179–182