A Concise History of Russia (Cambridge Concise Histories)

Lesnaia, Battle of 86

Levitan, Isaak 239

Levitskii, Dmitrii 131

Liebknecht, Karl 296

Lithuania 19, 23, 26–29, 33, 38–39, 42, 253, 254n, 451

partition of Poland and 135

WW II and 375, 379, 383

Litvinov, Maxim 366, 372–373, 375

Livonia 93, 254

war of 1558–80 50–54

Livonian Order 27–28, 39, 50

Lobachevskii, Nikolai 185, 228

Lomonosov, Mikhail 106–107

Lönnrot, Elias 256–257

Loris-Melikov, Count Michael 205–206

Louis XVI, King of France 135

Lunacharskii, Anatolii 343

Lutheran church 92–93, 256

Luxemburg, Rosa 296

Lvov, Prince Georgii 298–299, 301

Lysenko, Trofim 406, 407, 415, 419–420, 422, 424–425

MacArthur, Douglas 436

Mach, Ernst 291

Machine-Tractor Stations 356, 403

Maistre, Joseph de 152

Makarii, elder 161

Makarii, Metropolitan of Moscow 48, 51

Makhno, Nestor 313, 315

Maksim the Greek 46–47

Malenkov, Georgii 359, 363, 394, 396–398, 400, 438

Malevich, Kazimir 335, 339–340

Mamai, Emir 23

Mamontov, Savva 337

Manchuria 220, 269–270, 272, 276, 284

Mandelstam, Osip 420

Mannerheim, Baron Gustav 315, 391

Mao Tse-tung 400, 402, 434–435, 441–442, 445

Marfa (regent and mother of Michael I) 58

Marfa Apraksina, Tsaritsa (wife of Fyodor III) 75

Mariia, Tsaritsa (second wife of Ivan the Terrible) 51

Mariia, Tsaritsa (wife of Aleksei I) 64, 73

Mariia Fedorovna, Empress (wife of Alexander III, mother of Nicholas II) 272, 282, 284

Mariia Nagaia, Tsaritsa (fourth wife of Ivan the Terrible) 53

Marshall Plan 434

Martov, Iulii 227, 280

Marx, Karl 200, 226–227, 296

Marxism xvii, 226–227, 260, 265, 279–280, 291, 296, 309, 340–341, 348–349, 361, 421

Matveev, Artamon 72–77

Maximos, Metropolitan of Kiev 23

Mayakovskii, Vladimir 340–341, 343, 346

Mazepa, Ivan, Hetman of Ukraine 77, 86, 93

Meck, K.F. von 214

Mehmed the Conqueror 36, 38

Mendeleev, Dmitrii 216, 228–229

Mengistu Haile Mariam 444

Mensheviks 280, 285, 288, 291, 294–295, 299, 301, 303–304, 310, 321, 325, 353, 358–360

Menshikov, Alexander 82, 84, 87–91, 99, 116

Merezhkovskii, Dmitrii 336, 340

Meshcherskii, Prince V.P. 242–243, 273

Metternich, Klemens von 151–152

Meyerhold, Vsevolod 343–344, 346, 420

Michael, Saint, Prince of Tver 22, 31

Michael I, Tsar 58, 60–61, 64, 65, 68

Mikhail Pavlovich, Grand Duke (brother of Nicholas I) 161, 174

Mikhoels, Solomon 395

Mikoyan, Anastas 363, 366, 394, 401

Miliukov, Pavel 297–299

Miliutin, Dmitrii 189, 196

Miliutin, Nikolai 189

Miloslavskii, Ilya 64, 73–74

Minin, Kuzma 58

Mirovich, Vasilii 103, 122–123

Mniszech, Jerzy 55

Mniszech, Marina 55, 57–58

Mohammed Ali, Khedive of Egypt 169–170

Molotov, Viacheslav 358–359, 361, 363–364, 364, 366, 375, 382, 391, 394, 398–402, 434, 438–439

monasteries 8, 10, 29–33, 41, 46, 161

lands secularized 161

Peter the Great and 83, 95, 96

serfs and 108, 109

Monastery of the Caves (Kiev) 8, 12, 16, 29

Monastery of the Dormition of the Mother of God (Kirillo-Belozerskii) 30

Monastery of the Miracle of Saint Michael the Archangel 46

Monastery of the New Jerusalem 69–70

Mongol invasion 18–20

See also Golden Horde

Mongolia 2, 375

Moniuszko, Stanislaw 233

Mons, Anna 80, 89

Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de 114, 117, 119, 136, 152

Morozov, Boris 64, 73

Morozov, Savva 336

Morozov, Timofei 213

Morozova, Feodosia 239

Moscow Art Theater 336, 343, 415, 420

Moscow (city) 158–159, 212–214, 216, 219, 221, 231–232, 237–238, 261, 271

culture and 237, 339

early building and growth 41–46, 44, 61–63

industrialization 158–59, 212–14, 216, 219, 221, 231–32, 237–38

Kremlin 22, 40–41, 160

Napoleon invades 148–149

Polish occupation of 57–58

Revolution of 1905 and 285

Revolution of 1917 and 299, 302

riots of 17th century 64–66

Soviet capital moved to 306, 312

Soviet centralization of government in 328, 330

textile strike of 1885 213

WW II Battle for 380–382, 386

Moscow Conservatory 231–232, 235–236

Moscow Institute of Problems of Physics 419

Moscow (principality) 22–23, 29–36

annexes Novgorod and becomes Russia (1478) 37

Horde burns (1382) 23

Isodorios and 35–36

monastic revival in 29–33

Moscow show trials 358–361

Moscow University 105–107, 125–126, 128–129, 148, 162, 260, 347

Moscow Yiddish theater 395

Mstislav, Grand Prince of Kiev Rus 12

Mukden, Battle of 284

Münnich, Count Burkhard 101–102

Murav’ev, Nikita 153

musketeers 62, 78

revolts of 60, 75–76, 82, 234, 239

Mussolini, Benito 374, 378, 380, 388

Mussorgsky, Modest 56, 177, 232–234, 236

Nagorno-Karabakh 449

Nagy, Imre 441

Napoleon Bonaparte 140–142, 144–149, 152, 173, 245, 253

Napoleon III, Emperor of France 170, 250

Narva, siege of 84–85

Nasser, Gamal 441

Natalia Naryshkina, Tsaritsa (wife of Aleksei I) 74–76, 78–80

NATO 439

Navoi, Alisher 423

Nechaev, Sergei 202–203, 242

Nerchinsk, Treaty of 82

Nesselrode, Karl von 160, 252

Nestor, Monk 16–17

Netherlands (Dutch) 42, 53, 81, 96, 147

New Economic Policy (NEP) 317–320, 323–325, 329–330, 343–346, 349–350, 365

Nicholas I, Tsar 154–176, 178–181, 184, 186–187, 201, 215, 228, 249, 252, 256, 259

Nicholas II, Tsar 211, 258, 276–292, 278, 297–298, 308

constitutional government of 1907–14 288–292

execution of 308

Nicolai, Baron 252

Nietzsche, Friedrich 335

Nifont, Bishop of Novgorod 15

Nightingale, Florence 170

nihilists 196–199

Nijinskii, Vatslav 339

Nikon, Patriarch 64, 66, 68–70, 73

Nil Sorskii 46

Nixon, Richard 445

Nizami of Gandzha 423

Nizhnii Novgorod (Gorkii) 58, 109, 281, 412

NKVD (formerly GPU) 358–363, 365, 366, 385, 421

Nobel family 212, 220, 265

Nogai Horde 37, 38

North Caucasus 168, 263–265, 288, 302, 327, 400, 454

Nöteborg (Schlüsselburg), siege of 85

Novgorod 1–4, 6, 12–13, 19, 21, 23–28, 33, 45, 52, 58

archeological excavations of 24–26, 25

Moscow annexes 37, 41–42

pagan revolt of 1071 15

Novikov, Nikolai 128–129, 135, 139

Novosil’tsev, Nikolai 143, 150

nuclear industry 397, 408–410, 425, 430

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 439

nuclear weapons 421, 430–431, 436–439, 445

Nystad, Treaty of (1721) 95–96

October Manifesto 285, 289

Octobrist party 289

Odessa 134, 157, 221, 259, 284, 314–315, 329

pogrom of 1905 285

Odessa University 260

Ogedei, Khan 20

OGPU 362, 413

oil and gas industry 220, 222–223, 265, 316, 327–328, 386, 403, 405, 408–409, 454, 455

Okudzhava, Bulat 426

Old Believers 71–72, 111, 123, 156, 161, 212–213, 239

Oldenburgskii, Prince A.P. 347

Oleg, Grand Prince of Kiev 3, 6, 15

Olga, Grand Princess of Kiev 6

oligarchs 449, 453–458

Oprichnina 52–53

Order 00447 359

Order no. 1, 299

Ordin-Nashchokin, Afanasii 73

Ordzhonikidze, Sergo 316, 328, 353, 357–358, 363, 366

Orenburg, seige of 123–124

Orlov, Aleksei 116, 121

Orlov, Grigorii 115–116

Orlova, Liubov’ 418

Orthodox Church xvii, 7–10, 14–17, 21, 28, 60, 65, 107, 111, 118, 130, 151, 160–161, 230, 241, 243, 247, 338–339, 368, 406–407

adopted by Vladimir 7–8

autocephaly 45, 54

Council of 1666–67 70–72

Council of Florence and 35–36

Judaizers and 45

lands secularized 117, 126

monastic controversy of 16th century 46–47

monastic revival of 14th century 29–32

Nikon reforms of, and Old Believers 64, 68–72

Ottoman Empire and 169, 171

Peter the Great and 83, 90, 92, 95–96

Slavophiles and 164

schism of 1054 and 9–10, 16

Orwell, George 346

Ostermann, Count Andrei 101–102

Ottoman Empire (Turks) 38, 39, 48, 73, 77, 263

Alexander I’s war vs. 146, 148, 152

Anna’s war vs. 102

Crimean War and 170–171

Greek revolt of 1821 and 152

Peter the Great’s war vs. 80–83

war of 1769–74 and 118–119, 121–122, 148

war of 1787–91 and 133–134

war of 1827–29 168–170

war of 1877–78 249–251

WW I and 291–293, 297

paganism 6, 15, 16, 26, 28

Pahlen, Count Peter von der 141

Pakistan 446

Panin, Count Nikita 115, 117, 123, 129

Panin, Count N.P. (nephew) 141

Paris, Peace of (1856) 171, 188, 250

Paskevich, Ivan 252–253

Pasternak, Boris 345–346, 414–415, 417, 420, 424–425, 428

Paul, Tsar 114, 123, 128–129, 138–142, 145, 151–152, 254–255

Pavlov, Ivan 347, 349

Pechenegs 5–7, 12

Pereiaslav Treaty (1654) 66–68

Perestroika 428, 448–451, 459

Perovskaia, Sofia 206

Pestel’, Pavel 153, 155

Peter, Saint, Metropolitan of Kiev 23, 31

Peter I, the Great, Emperor, xvii, xxi, 60, 74–100, 89, 106, 131, 164, 199, 208, 239, 257, 336

culture and state transformed by 79, 82–83, 92–99, 106

death of 99–100

navy and 80–81

Orthodox church and 90, 95–96

personality and travels by 77, 79–82, 84–85, 88–90

regency of Sofia and 76–78

son Aleksei attempts to overthrow 90–92

St. Petersburg built by 85, 87–88, 90

war vs. Sweden and 82–87

Peter II, Tsar 99, 102

Peter III, Tsar 113–116, 122–123, 138

Petipa, Marius 236

Petliura, Semyon 312, 314

Petrashevski, Mikhail 165–166, 241–242

Petrov, Yevgeni 345

Photios, Metropolitan of Kiev 35

Piatakov, Georgii 358

Pirogov, Nikolai 170

Plato 5

Platon Levshin, Metropolitan of Moscow 126

Plehve, Viacheslav 279, 282

Plekhanov, Georgii 226–227, 295

Pobedonostev, Konstantin 242–243, 272–273

Poland 1, 28–29, 50, 73, 77, 117–118, 158, 166, 213, 251–255, 258, 270, 288

Anna’s war vs. 102

constitution of 1791 134–135, 153

constitution of 1815 166–167

Napoleonic wars and 147, 149–150

partition of 1772 121, 258

partition of 1791 134–135

partition of 1794 135

Peter the Great and 83–84

post-WW II 389, 400, 432, 441, 444

revolt of 1768–72 118, 121

revolt of 1787 133–134

revolt of 1830 and 167

revolt of 1863–64 193, 201, 250, 253–254

Revolution of 1905 and 284, 288

Revolution of 1917 and 314–315, 326

serfdom and 137, 152, 253

treaty of 1667 66, 73

war of 1632 vs. 60

Warsaw riots of 1861 193

WW I and 297

WW II and 372, 374–375, 377, 389, 391–392

Poland, Kingdom of 150, 253–254

Poland-Lithuania 28–29, 38–39, 47, 50–51, 57–58, 65–66

Poliakov, Samuel 214–215

Poliane/Rus tribe 6

Polish Home Army 391

Polish National Democrats 254, 288

Politburo (later Presidium) 310, 325, 328, 359, 364–366, 423, 448

Polotskii, Simeon 71–72

Poltava, Battle of 86

Poniatowski, Stanislaw, King of Poland 114, 118, 121, 133–135

Popov, Alexander 423

Portsmouth Treaty (1905) 277, 284

Pospelov, P.N. 399, 400

Potemkin, Grigorii 122–124, 130, 133, 134, 211

Potemkin mutiny 284

Pozharski, Prince Dmitrii 58

Prague conference (1912) 291

Preobrazhenskii, Evgenii 322

Presidium (formerly Politburo) 397–398, 401, 402

Prezent, Isaak 419–420

Primary Chronicle 3–4, 8–9, 15, 29

Princip, Gavrilo 292, 294

Prokofiev, Sergei 27, 339, 341–342, 346, 418, 422, 427

Prokopovich, Bishop Feofan 90, 92

Proskurov massacre 312

Protasov, Count N.A. 160–161

Protestantism 69, 72, 118, 150, 151, 164

provincial administration 63–64

Alexander II and 193–194

Alexander III and 273–274

Catherine II and 126, 131–133

Paul I and 139

Peter the Great and 83, 87, 93–94, 98

Provincial Assembly of Nobility 132

Provisional Government 298–303, 308, 327

Prussia 26–27, 113, 118, 121, 133, 135, 137, 151, 152, 250, 274

Crimean War and 171

Napoleonic Wars and 146–147, 149–150

Seven Years War and 104, 108, 114–115

Puffendorf, Samuel 94–95, 136

Pugachev, Emelian 123–125, 130, 157, 178

Pugacheva, Alla 427

Pushkin, Alexander 56, 106, 112, 165, 175–182, 185, 234, 243, 367

Pushkina, Natalia 178–179

Putin, Vladimir 427, 456–458

Radek, Karl 358, 416

Radishchev, Alexander 135–136, 139

Rakhmaninov, Sergei 337, 339, 342

Rall, Alexander 174

Rasputin, Grigorii 290, 297–298

Rastrelli, Bartolomeo 104, 131

Razin, Stenka 59–60, 66–67

Razumovskii, Aleksei 103, 111

Razumovskii, Kirill, Hetman of Ukraine 111

Red Army 306–308, 310, 312–316, 327, 372–382, 385, 387, 389–392

Air Force 377–379, 384

purge of 1937–38 359, 377

Red Guards 301, 303–304, 306

Red Terror of 1918 308

Repin, Ilya 238–239

Reutern, Mikhail 214

Rhee, Syngman 436

Rhineland 140, 150, 373

Ribbentrop, Joachim von xvi, 375

Rimskii-Korsakov, Nikolai 232–234, 236, 337, 339

Rokotov, Fyodor 131

Roman Catholic Church 7, 9–10, 28–29, 69, 97, 72, 107, 111, 118, 164

Romanov, Fyodor Nikitich. See Filaret

Romanov-Koshkin, Iurii 48

Roosevelt, Franklin D. 388–389

Roosevelt, Theodore 284

Rosen, Baron G.F. 174

Rostovtsev, Iakov 189–190

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 136, 152

Rubinstein, Anton 174, 231–233

Rubinstein, Nikolai 231–232, 234, 237

Rublev, Andrei 32–33, 426

Ruffo, Marco 43

Rumania 21, 169, 171, 372, 377, 389, 391, 402, 432, 441, 450

Rurik, ruler of Novgorod 3–4

Rurikovichi dynasty 3–4, 6–7, 13

Rus, origin of xvi, 3–4

See also Kiev Rus

Rus Justice 11–12

Russia

idea of xviii

formation of state, with rise of Moscow 22–25

maps of xx–xxiii

post-Soviet See (Russian Federation)

Soviet See (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)

Russian Academy of Sciences 94, 105, 107, 125–126, 135, 347, 349, 406–407, 416, 419

Russian Association of Proletarian Music 414

Russian Association of Proletarian Writers (RAPP) 414

Russian Constitution

(Fundamental Laws) of 1906 285–286

of 1993 456

Russian Duma

1905–17 211, 285–288, 290, 295, 297–298, 327, 338

post-Soviet 454, 456, 458

Russian Federation (post-Soviet) xvi–xvii, 457–459

Russian language 19, 35

first dictionary 129

grammar codified 106

Russian Ministry of Education 142, 150–151, 159–160, 172, 228, 230, 260, 274

Russian Ministry of Finance 208, 214, 215, 220, 228, 229, 269, 276, 281

Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs 176, 208, 267, 303

Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs 156

Russian Ministry of Justice 144

Russian Ministry of the Court 173, 230, 236, 338

Russian Ministry of the Interior 188–189, 193–195, 205–206, 208, 279

Special Department 151, 176–177

Russian Ministry of the Navy 188–189

Russian Ministry of War 147, 151, 189, 196, 266

Russian Navy 80–81, 102, 121, 170, 252, 284, 294

Russian Revolution of 1905 221, 248, 272, 283–288, 294, 338

Russian Revolution of 1917 xviii, 293, 296, 298–304, 335, 341–342, 346–347, 360–361

Russian Senate (Tsarist) 87, 90–91, 101–103, 138, 144, 208

Secret Department of 136

Russification 258, 270, 274

Russo-Japanese War (1904–5) 269–270, 282–284, 293–294

Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) 215, 243, 251

Rustaveli, Shota 423

Rutherford, Ernest 349

Rutskoi, Alexander 454

Rykov, Aleksei 324, 360

Ryleev, Kondratii 153, 155

Sakharov, Andrei 406–407, 411–412, 426, 448–449

salt trade 42, 64, 110

Saltykov, Sergei 114

Samoilovych, Ivan, Hetman of the Ukraine 77

Sand, Georges 181–182

Sarai 20–22

Savvatii, Saint 30–31

Schelling, Friedrich 162

Scott, Sir Walter 175

Scythians 2, 147

Sechenov, Ivan 229–230

Secret Chancellery 102

Semenov, Iulian 427

Senkovskii, Osip 178, 181

Seraphim of Sarov, Saint 161

Serbia 169, 250, 291, 293–294

serfs and serfdom 67, 139–140, 145, 152–153, 157, 159, 164, 166, 171, 183–184, 253, 261–262

Catherine II and 117, 120–121, 123–126, 136–137

emancipation of 188–193, 197

emancipation of, in Baltic provinces 150, 254

emancipation of, in Georgia 167

ended on church lands 117

established 27, 54–56, 59, 61–62, 108–112, 120

Sergii of Radonezh, Saint 29–31, 46

Serov, Valentin 337

Sevastopol, siege of 170–171, 186, 244

Seven Years War 104, 114–115, 117

Shaliapin, Fyodor 337, 342

Shamil, Imam 168, 264

Shemiaka, Dmitrii 33–34

Sherwood, John 154

Shevchenko, Taras 261–262, 367, 423

Shishkin, Ivan 239

Sholokhov, Mikhail 414, 420, 428

Shostakovich, Dmitrii 343–344, 385, 414, 416–418, 421–424, 427–428

Shuiskii, Prince Vasilii 57

Shulalov, Alexander 103

Shulalov, Peter 103

Shuvalov, Count Ivan 104–106

Shuvalov, Count Petr 203

Siberia 1, 37–38, 42, 53, 59, 70–71, 110, 155–156, 216–218, 222, 249

border of 61

Civil War and 308, 312–314, 316

railroad and 276–277

USSR and 329, 365–366, 368, 394, 408

WW II and 380, 385, 386

Sigismund, King of Poland 57

Sikorsky, Igor 221, 342

Silvestr, Priest 50–51

Skobelev, Mikhail 266

Skoropadskii, Ivan 93

Skoropadskii, Pavel 306

Skriabin, Alexander 337

Slansky, Rudolf 433

Slavophiles 95, 162, 164, 181, 200–202, 213, 241–242, 244, 255, 272

Smolensk 14, 28, 47, 58, 60, 66

Smol’nyi Institute 126, 302–303

Sobchak, Anatolii 456

Social Democratic Workers’ Party 227

Social Democrats 282, 285, 288

“socialism in one country,” 322–323

socialist realism 335, 416

Socialists-Revolutionaries, Party of (SRs) 227, 280–283, 288, 294, 299–304, 306–308, 310, 321, 325

Sofia, Tsarevna (regent, sister of Peter the Great and Ivan V) 76–79, 82

Solari, Pietro Antonio 43

Solomoniia Saburova, Grand Princess of Moscow (wife of Vasilii III) 47

Solzhenitsyn, Alexander 411–412, 424–426

Sophia Paleologue, Grand Princess of Moscow (wife of Ivan III) 47

South Ossetia 328, 451

South Western Railway 275

Soviet Union. See Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Soviet Ministry of Defense 402

Soviet Ministry of Education 347

Soviet Ministry of Finance 346, 347

Soviet Ministry of Internal Affairs and State Security 397

Soviet Ministry of Natural Gas Industry 449

Soviet Ministry of State Security 396

Soviet People’s Army (1918–20) 306, 308

See also Red Army

Soviet People’s Commissariat of Food Supplies 309

Soviet People’s Commissariat of Health 368

Soviet People’s Commissariat of Heavy Industry 357, 358

Soviet People’s Commissariats 305, 325, 359

soviets 285, 299–303

Spain 4–5, 45, 147, 151, 155

Civil War 373–374, 377

special settlements 354–355, 362, 375, 396, 400

Spencer, Herbert 199

Speranskii, Michael 144–145, 155, 157

Sputnik 437

Stael, Germaine de 152

Stakhanov, Aleksei 357

Stalin, Joseph xvi, 291, 295, 364, 403, 407, 415–416, 418, 420–423, 429–436, 440

Civil War and 309–311, 314–315

centralized power under 363–366

collectivization and industrialization and 350–357, 367–369

Comintern and 331–333

death of 397–399

Eastern Europe and 432–434

federalism and 326, 328, 366–367

Hitler and WW II and 369–378, 380–383, 386–392, 399

Khrushchev’s secret speech of on 399–400

post-WW II repression by 393–397

purges and GULAG under 353, 358–365, 399–400

Revolution of 1917 and 300, 303

struggle for control of Party and 321–326

Stalingrad, Battle of (1942–43) 386–387, 390

Stanislavsky, Konstantin 336, 343

Stankevich, Nikolai 162–165, 183

Stasov, Vladimir 232–238, 337

Stefan Bathory, King of Poland 52

Steiner, Rudolf 340

Stendhal 149

Stolypin, Peter A. 211, 221–222, 287–289, 291, 294

St. Petersburg (Petrograd, Leningrad) 131, 142, 144, 153, 158–159, 161, 165, 172–181, 208–213, 219–220, 225–226, 236–240, 252, 257–261, 271, 323, 339, 341

Anna moves capital to 102, 104–105

Finnish border and 257, 376

renamed Petrograd 295

Peter the Great builds 84–85, 87–90, 95, 98

Revolution of 1905–6 and 282–285

Revolution of 1917 and Civil War and 298, 300–302, 305, 311–312, 314, 341

WW I and 294, 298

WW II and, siege of (1941–44) 379–380, 384–386, 391

St. Petersburg Academy of Arts 105, 130–131, 173, 237–239, 261

St. Petersburg Conservatory 231, 233–234

St. Petersburg Philharmonic Society 174, 338

St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute 216, 346

St. Petersburg Technological Institute 159, 215–216, 228–229

St. Petersburg University 197

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaties (SALT, 1972, 1979) 445

Stravinskii, Igor 335, 339

strikes 213, 226, 283–285, 294

Stroganov, Pavel 143

Sumarokov, Alexander 105, 126, 128

Sun Yat-sen 332

Supreme Economic Council 305, 324–325, 330, 349, 353, 357

Supreme Executive Commission 205

Supreme Privy Council 99, 102

Supreme Soviet 450, 453–454

Surikov, Vasilii 239

Suvorov, Alexander 134–135, 140

Sviatopolk-Mirskii, Prince Petr 282

Sviatopolk “the Cursed,” Grand Prince of Kiev Rus 16

Sviatoslav I, Grand Prince of Kiev Rus 7

Sviatoslav II, Grand Prince of Kiev 17

Sweden 39, 58, 67, 90, 93, 98, 146, 286

early wars vs. 27, 51, 54

treaty of 1609 and 57

war of 1700–21 82–87, 92, 95–96

war of 1741–43 102–103

war of 1787 133

WW II and 378

Swordbearers 26–27

Table of Ranks 92

Tacitus 114

Tadjikistan 329

Tadzhiks 63

Tambov revolt 318

Tamerlane 23–24, 34

Tamm, Igor 406

Tarkovsky, Andre 426–427

Tatars 21, 37–39, 42–43, 47, 49, 61–63, 67, 77, 111, 123, 263, 288, 327, 400

Tatarstan 1, 453

taxes and tariffs 63, 64, 83, 93, 98, 110, 158, 211, 215, 220

Tchaikovsky, Ilya 215, 235

Tchaikovsky, Peter xvii, 177, 230–232, 234–237, 235, 337

Teheran Conference 388–389

Temporary Regulations of 1881 273

Temriuk, Prince of Circassia 51

terrorism (pre-1917) 203–205, 211, 227, 260, 279, 281

Terror of 1936–38 358–363, 366–368, 399, 402, 420

Teutonic Knights 26–29, 38

Theodore, Saint 18

Theognostos, Metropolitan of Kiev 23

Theophanes the Greek 26, 32

Third Section 156–157, 159, 165, 172, 178, 184, 191, 198, 203, 205, 252

Thucydides 5

Time of Troubles 56–58, 60, 84

Timmerman, Frans 77

Timoshenko, Marshal Semyon 376, 378–380

Tito, Josip Broz 391, 401, 433

Tokhtamysh, Khan 23–24

Tolstoi, Count I.M. 214–215

Tolstoi, Peter 91

Tolstoy, Alexei 342

Tolstoy, Lev Nikolaevich (Leo) xvii, 106, 148, 230, 240, 243–248, 246, 338, 416

Tolstoy, Sofya Bers 245

Tomskii, Mikhail 324

Tomsk Polytechnical Institute 216

Toon, Konstantin 160

township courts 195

Transcaucasia 146, 167–168, 263, 265–266, 450, 455

Transcaucasian Federation 316, 327–328

Transsiberian Railroad 217, 220, 269, 276–277, 282, 284, 306

Trepov, General Fyodor 204

Tretyakov, Pavel 238

Trivolis, Michael 46–47

Trotsky, Leon 280, 285, 291, 295, 301, 303, 305–311, 307, 314, 316, 318, 321–325, 343, 345, 358–360, 364

Tsaritsyn, Battle of (1918) 309

See also Stalingrad, Battle of

Tsarskoe Selo (Detskoe Selo, Pushkin) 159, 348

Tsarskoe Selo Lycée 161, 165, 176

Tsvetaeva, Marina 342–343

Tukhachevskii, Marshal M.N. 314–315, 318, 359, 373

Tupolev, Andrei 421

Turgenev, Ivan 112, 183–185, 196, 230, 240–241, 340, 417

Turkestan 239, 327

Turkey 316

See also Ottoman Empire

Turkic people 2, 5–6, 168, 266, 329

Turkmenistan 408

Tver 22, 33, 42, 67

U-2 flight 437, 442

Ukraine 1, 29, 135, 139, 243, 252–253, 258, 261–262, 271

Civil War and 312–316, 326–327

collapse of USSR and 450, 452, 458

Cossacks revolt (1648) 65, 66

Hetmanate 67–68, 73–74, 77, 86, 93, 111

Revolution of 1905 and 284, 289

USSR and 326–327, 329, 352, 365–367, 408

WW I and 306, 309

WW II and 379, 380, 383, 390–391, 393

Ukrainian Church 29, 68–70, 126

Ukrainian language 262, 329

Ukrainian Rada 302, 304, 312

Ulanova, Galina 423

Ulbricht, Walter 434, 440

Uniates 65

Union of Liberation 282

Union of Salvation 153

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union, USSR)

boundaries of, at end of Civil War 315–317

collapse of xv, xviii, 447, 452–453

Constitution of 1936 366

creation of 310–312, 319–320, 324, 328–331

federal structure of 326, 365–367

map of, in WW II xxiv

Union of St. Michael the Archangel 275

Union of the Russian People 285

Union of Welfare 153

Union of Zemstvos 298

United Nations 389, 436

United States 152, 186, 232, 260, 319, 320, 348–349

Cold War and 409, 429–430, 437, 442–446

Russian Civil War and 308, 314

WW I and 306

WW II and 388

Urals 1, 53, 70, 110, 111, 123–124, 215, 222, 312, 327, 352, 368, 380, 394

Uvarov, Count S.S. 159–161, 201

Uzbek, Khan 21–22

Uzbekistan 329, 408

Uzbek khanates 266

Vasilii I, Grand Prince of Moscow 33

Vasilii II, Grand Prince of Moscow 33–34, 36

Vasilii III, Grand Prince of Moscow 37, 47–48

Vasilii IV (Shuiskii), Tsar 57

Vasilii Iur’evich “the Squint-eyed,” 33

Vavilov, Nikolai 348–349, 415, 420

veche (popular assembly) 11, 13

Vereshchagin, Vasilii 239

Vernadskii, Vladimir 347, 349

Viazemskii, Prince Peter 179

Vienna

siege of 1529 38

siege of 1683 77

Vienna, Congress of 150, 253

Vietnam 20, 435–436, 443–445

Vikings 3–4, 12

Vladimir I, Saint, Grand Prince of Kiev Rus 7–8, 16, 45

Vladimir II Monomakh, Grand Prince of Kiev Rus 12

Vladimir, Principality of 12, 14, 14, 20–24

Volga Bulgaria 1, 7, 20–21

Volga Tatars 263, 268–269

Voltaire 105, 107–108, 114, 125

Volunteer Army 306, 308

Volynskii, Artemii 102–103

Vonifat’ev, Stefan 68

Voroshilov, Kliment 309, 363, 366, 375, 394, 401

Voznesenskii, Nikolai 396

Vsevolod, Grand Prince of Kiev 12, 17

Vyshinskii, Andrei 360

Vysotskii, Vladimir 426

Wagner, Richard 233, 337

War Communism 310, 316–318

Warsaw Pact 439

Warsaw Polytechnical Institute 216

Warsaw uprising (1944) 391

Westernizers 95, 162, 164, 181–183

Whistler, G.W. 159

White armies 306, 308–309, 312–315, 326–328, 342, 346

Wielhorski, Count Matvei 174–175

Wielhorski, Count Mikhail 174–175, 179, 231

Winter Palace 88, 104–105, 144, 176, 208, 283, 303

Winter War 376–377

Witte, Count Sergei 211, 216, 220, 269, 272, 275–277, 277, 279, 285–287, 346

Wladyslaw, Prince of Poland 57

Wolff, Georg Christian 107

Women’s Battalion of Death 303

World of Art 210, 334, 337–338

Wrangel, Baron Peter 314–315

Writers’ Union 415–417

Yalta Conference 389

yasak (tribute) 49, 67, 111

Yedigei, Emir 47

Yeltsin, Boris 308, 447–448, 450–458

Yermak the Cossack 53

Yevtushenko, Evgenii 424

Youth Scientific-Technical Groups 449

Yudenich, Nikolai 297

Yugoslavia 389, 391, 432–433, 437

Zamiatin, Evgenii 346, 414

Zarutskii, Ivan 58

Zasulich, Vera 204

zemstvos 193–195, 200, 202, 206, 219, 262, 273, 281–282, 289, 297

Zhdanov, Andrei 363–364, 394, 416, 421–422

Zheliabov, Alexander 206

Zhirinovsky, Vladimir 457

Zhukov, Georgii 379–380, 386, 390–391, 395, 397, 401–402, 438

Zhukovskii, Vasilii 174–176, 178–181, 261–262

Zinoviev, Grigorii 303, 310–311, 314, 321–323, 331, 358

Zionists 260, 271, 411

Ziuganov, Gennadii 455, 457

Zoe Paleologue, Grand Princess of Moscow (wife of Ivan III) 43

Zola, Emile 241

Zoshchenko, Mikhail 421–422

Zosima, Saint 30

Zubatov, Sergei 282