Александр I

Примечания

1

Stephen Lessing Baehr, The Paradise Myth in Eighteenth Century Russia: Utopian Patterns in Early Secular Russian Literature and Culture, Stanford, 1991,p. 44.

2

Alan Palmer, Alexander I: Tsar of War and Peace, London, 1974, p. 24.

3

Madame la Comtesse de Choiseul-Gouffier, Historical Memoirs of the Emperor Alexander I and the Court of Russia, translated by Mary Berenice Patterson, London, 1904, p. 137.

4

C. M. Woodhouse, Capodistria: The Founder of Greek Independence, London, 1973, p. 80.

5

N. Tourgueneff [Turgenev], La Russie et les Russes, 3 vols, Paris, 1847, II, p. 291.

6

S. V. Mironenko, Samoderzhavie i reformy. Politicheskaia bor’ba v Rossii v nachale XIX v, Moscow, 1989, p. 81.

7

Статс-секретарь по иностранным делам. — Ред.

8

Allen McConnell, Tsar Alexander I: Paternalistic Reformer, New York, 1970, p. 29.

9

C.W.N.L. von Metternich, Mémoires, documents et écrits divers laissés par le Prince de Metternich chancelier de cour et dʼétat, 8 vols, Paris, 1881, III, p. 531.

10

Memoirs ofʼPrince Adam Czartoryski and his Correspondence with Alexander I, edited by Adam Gielgud, 2 vols, London, 1888,1, p. 117.

11

Sbornik Imperatorskago russkago istoricheskago obshchestva (hereafter SIRIO), XXIII, p. 205.

12

C. Joyneville, Life and Times of Alexander I. Emperor of all the Russias, 3 vols, London, 1875, I, pp. 38–9.

13

Alan Palmer, Alexander I: Tsar of War and Peace, London, 1974, p. 24.

14

Memoirs of Prince Adam Czartoryski and his Correspondence with Alexander I, edited by Adam Gielgud, 2 vols, London, 1888,1 pp. 128, 130.

15

SIRIO, op. cit. pp. 580, 583.

16

Memoirs of Prince Adam Czartoryski, p. 117.

17

Ibid., p. 111.

18

Kenneth R. Whiting, Aleksei Andreevich Arakcheev, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Harvard, 1951, p. 65.

19

Memoirs of Prince Adam Czartoryski, pp. 110–11.

20

Correspondance de Frédéric-César de la Harpe et Alexandre Ier, 3 vols Neuchâtel, I (1785–1802), 1978, p. 157.

21

James J. Kenney, Jr, ʼLord Whitworth and the Conspiracy against Tsar Paul I: The New Evidence of the Kent Archive’, Slavic Review, vol 36, 1977, p. 213.

22

James J. Kenney, Jr., ʼThe Politics of Assassination’ in Hugh Ragsdale, ed., Paul I: A Reassessment of his Life and Reign, Pittsburgh, 1979,p. 137.

23

Constantin de Grunwald, L’Assassinat de Paul Ier tsar de Russie, Paris, 1960, p. 173.

24

Ibid., p. 169.

25

N. A. Sablukov,ʽReminiscences of the Court and Times of the Emperor, Paul I, up to the Period of his Death’, Fraser’s Magazine for Town and Country, London, 1865, p. 230.

26

Ibid., p. 234.

27

Correspondence de Frederic-Cesar de la Harpe, II, pp. 215–16.

28

Grunwald, op. cit., p. 18.

29

Palmer, op. cit., p. 45.

30

N. Ia. Eidel’man, Gran’ vekov. Politicheskaia bor’ba v Rossii konets XVIII — nackalo XIX stoletiia, Moscow, 1982, p. 259.

31

J. H. Schnitzler, Secret History of the Court and Government of Russia under the Emperors Alexander and Nicholas, 2 vols, London, 1847,1, pp. 40, 39.

32

Madame la Comtesse de Choiseul-Gouffier, Historical Memoirs of the Emperor Alexander I and the Court of Russia, translated by Mary Berenice Patterson, London, 1904, p. 82.

33

N. Hans, ʽTsar Alexander I and Jefferson: Unpublished Correspondence’, Slavonic and East European Review, vol. 32, no. 78, 1953, p. 222.

34

Max M. Laserson, The American Impact on Russia — Diplomatic and Ideological 1784–1917, New York,1950, p. 80.

35

A. N. Pypin, Obshchestvennoe dvizhenie v Rossii pri Aleksandre I, Petrograd, 1918, pp. 69, 72, 75, 112.

36

F. F. Vigel’, Zapiski, 2 vols, Cambridge, 1974 (original; Moscow, 1928), I, p. 126.

37

Allen McConnell, ʽAlexander l’s Hundred Days: The Politics of a Paternalist Reformer’, Slavic Review, vol. 28, no. 3, 1969, p. 378.

38

M. M. Safonov, Problema reform v pravitel’stvennoi politike Rossii na rubezhe XVIII i XIX vv., Leningrad, 1988, p. 78.

39

A. McConnell, Alexander I: The Paternalistic Reformer, New York, 1970, p. 27.

40

Memoirs of Prince Adam Czartoryski and his Correspondence with Alexander I, edited by Adam Gielgud, 2 vols, London, 1888,1, pp. 247, 249.

41

Ibid., p. 250.

42

N. V. Minaeva, Pravitel’stvennyi konstitutsionalizm i peredovoe obshchestvennoe mnenie Rossii v nachale XIX veka, Saratov, 1982, p. 56.

43

Pypin, op. cit., p. 82.

44

Memoirs of Prince Adam Czartoryski, p. 260.

45

Pypin, op. cit., p. 66.

46

Nikolai Mikhailovich, Graf Pavel Aleksandrovich Stroganov (1774–1817). Istoricheskoe izsledovanie epokhi imperatora Aleksandra I, 3 vols, St Petersburg,1903, II, pp. 40–41.

47

Ibid., p. 77.

48

M. V. Dovnar-Zapol’skii, Iz istorii obshchestvennykh techenii v Rossii, Kiev, 1910, p. II.

49

Memoirs of Prince Adam Czartoryski, pp. 291, 294.

50

John P. LeDonne, Absolutism and Ruling Class: The Formation of the Russian Political Order 1700–1825, New York, Oxford, 1991, p. 107.

51

Correspondance de Frédéric-César de la Harpe et Alexandre Ier, 3 vols, Neuchâtel, 1978, I (1785–1802), p. 676.

52

Memoirs of Prince Adam Czartoryski, pp. 324–5.

53

George L. Yaney, The Systematization of Russian Government: Social Evolution in the Domestic Administration of Russia, 1711–1905, Urbana, Chicago, London, 1973, pp. 98–9.

54

Nikolai Mikhailovich, op. cit., p. 73.

55

Safonov, op. cit., pp. 62–3.

56

Nikolai Mikhailovich, op. cit., p. 111.

57

Ibid., pp. 231, 242–3.

58

Ibid., p. 167.

59

Michael Jenkins, Arakcheev: Grand Vizier of the Russian Empire, London, 1969, p. 101.

60

James T. Fiynn, The University Reform of Tsar Alexander I 1802–1835, Washington D. C., 1988, p. 24.

61

Richard Pipes, Karamzin’s Memoir on Ancient and Modern Russia: A Translation and Analysis, Cambridge, Mass., 1959, pp. 131–2.

62

W. P. Cresson, The Holy Alliance: The European Background of the Monroe Doctrine, New York, 1922, p. 10.

63

N. K. Shil’der, Imperator Aleksandr I: ego zhizn’ i tsarstvovanie, 4 vols, St Petersburg, 1897, II, p. 58.

64

Francis Ley, Alexandre Ier et sa Sainte Alliance (1811–1825) avec des documents inédits, Paris, 1975, p. 40.

65

M. F. Zlotnikov, Kontinentalʼnaia blokada i Rossiia, Moscow-Leningrad, 1966, pp. 89, 91.

66

Albert Sorel, L’Europe et la revolution française, 8 vols, Paris, 1903, VI (La Trève-Lunéville et Amiens 1800–1805), p. 151.

67

Shil’der, op. cit., p. 274.

68

Charles John Fedorak, ʽIn Search of a Necessary Ally: Addington, Hawkesbury, and Russia, 1801–1804’, The International History Review, vol. 13, no. 2, 1991, p. 231.

69

P. K. Grimsted, The Foreign Ministers of Alexander I: Political Attitudes and the Conduct of Russian Diplomacy, Berkeley, 1969,p. 70.

70

Ibid., p. 85.

71

Memoirs of Prince Adam Czartoryski and his Correspondence with Alexander I, edited by Adam Gielgud, 2 vols, London, 1888, I, p. 279.

72

Nikolai Mikhailovich, Graf Pavel Aleksandrovich Stroganov (1774–1817). Istoricheskoe izsledovanie epokhi imperatora Aleksandra I, 3 vols, St Petersburg, 1903, II, pp. 70, 200.

73

H. Beeley, ʽA Project of Alliance with Russia in 1802’, English Historical Review, vol. 49, no. 195, 1934, p. 500.

74

Grimsted, op. cit., p. 88.

75

«Ангельский образ» и «небесное явление» (фр.). — Ред.

76

Ibid., р. 89.

77

Memoirs of Prince Adam Czartoryski, II, pp. 9, 10.

78

Grimsted, op. cit., p. 124.

79

Ibid., pp. 129, 130.

80

Memoirs of Prince Adam Czartoryski, II, pp. 45–7.

81

M. Kukiel, Czartoryski and European Unity 1770–1861, Westport, Connecticut, 1981 edn, p. 47.

82

Более точные цифры: русско-австрийская армия — 85 тысяч, потери — 27 тысяч; французская (главные силы) — 50 тысяч, потери — свыше 12 тысяч (СИЭ, 1961). — Ред.

83

Alan Palmer, Alexander I: Tsar of War and Peace, London, 1974, p. 102.

84

Theodor Schiemann, Geschichte Russlands unter Kaiser Nikolaus I, 4 vols, Berlin, 1904, I, Kaiser Alexander I und die Ergebnisse seiner Lebensarbeit, p. 63.

85

Serge Tatistcheff [S. S. Tatishchev], Alexandre Ier et Napoléon d’après leur correspondance inédite 1801–1812, Paris, 1891, pp. 148–9.

86

Albert Vandal, Napoléon et Alexandre Ier. L’Alliance Russe sous le premier empire, 3 vols, 8th edn, Paris, 1914, I (De Tilsit à Erfurt), Paris, 1914, p. 58.

87

Palmer, op. cit., p. 137.

88

Grand-Duc Nicolas Mikhailowitch [Nikolai Mikhailovich], Correspondance de l’Empereur Alexandre Ier avec sa soeur la Grande-Duchesse Catherine, Princesse d’Oldenbourg, puis Reine de Würtemberg 1805–1818, St Petersburg, 1910,p. 18.

89

R. Edling, Mémoires de la Comtesse Edling (née Stourdza) demoiselle d’honneur de Sa Majesté l’impératrice Élisabeth Alexéevna, Moscow, 1888, p. 29.

90

The Russian Journals of Martha and Catherine Wilmot 1803–1808, edited by the Marchioness of Londonderry and H. M. Hyde, London, 1934, p. 299.

91

I. A. Bychkov, ʽAleksandr I i ego priblizhennye do epokhi Speranskago’, Russkaia starina, vol. 113, 1903, p. 233.

92

The Russian Journals of Martha and Catherine Wilmot, p. 216.

93

Marc Raeff, Michael Speransky: Statesman of Imperial Russia 1772–1839, The Hague, second edn. 1969, p. 167.

94

M. M. Speranskii, Proekty i zapiski edited by S. N. Valk, Moscow-Leningrad, 1961. This was published four years after the first edition of Raeff’s biography of Speransky in 1957; no substantial changes were made to the second edition, in 1969, although Raeff consulted Valk’s volume.

95

Ibid., p. 43.

96

N. V. Minaeva, Pravitel’ stvennyi konstitutsionalizm i peredovoe obshchestvennoe mnenie Rossii v nachale XIX veka, Saratov, 1982, p. 112.

97

M. V. Dovnar-Zapol’skii, ʽPoliticheskie idealy M. M. Speranskago’ in Iz istorii obshchestvemiykh techenii v Rossii, Kiev, 1910, p. 123.

98

M. Korf, Zhizn’ grafa Speranskago, 2 vols, St Petersburg, 1861,11, p. 25.

99

N. K. Shil’der, Imperator Aleksandr I: ego zhizn’ i tsarstvovanie, 4 vols, St Petersburg, 1897,III, p. 35.

100

Ibid., p. 38.

101

A. V. Predtechenskii, Ocherki obshchestvenno politicheskoi istorii Rossii v pervoi chetverti XIX veka, Moscow-Leningrad, 1957, p. 265.

102

Полное название — «О древней и новой России в ее политическом и гражданском отношениях». — Ред.

103

Richard Pipes, Karamzin’s Memoir on Ancient and Modern Russia: A Translation and Analysis, Cambridge, Mass., 1959, p. 204.

104

Michael Jenkins, Arakcheev: Grand Vizier of the Russian Empire, New York, 1969, p. 136.

105

Grand-Duc Nicolas Mikhailowitch [Nikolai Mikhailovich], Correspondance de T Empereur Alexandr Ier avec sa soeur la Grande-Duchesse Catherine, Princess d’Oldenbourg, puis Reine de Würtemberg, (1815–1818), St Petersburg, 1910, p. 25.

106

K. Ordin, Pokorenie Finliandii. Opyt opisaniia po neizdannym istochnikam, 2 vols, St Petersburg, 1889, II, supplements, p. 88.

107

Sboniik Imperatorskago russkago istoricheskago obshchestva, XXI, p. 456.

108

Albert Vandal, Napoléon et Alexandre Ier. L’Alliance Russe sous le premier empire, 3 vols, 8th edn, Paris, 1914, I, de Tilsit à Erfurt, p. 299.

109

Muriel Atkin, Russia and Iran 1780–1828, Minneapolis, 1980, p. 101.

110

I. S. Dostian, Rossiia i balkanskii vopros: iz istorii russko-balkanskikh politiclieskikh sviazei v pervoi treti XIX v., Moscow, 1972, pp. 75–6.

111

Nikolai Mikhailovich, Graf Pavel Aleksandrovich Stroganov (1774–1817): Istmicheskoe izsledovanie epokhi imperatora Aleksandra I, 3 vols, St Petersburg, 1903, II, p. 413.

112

Grand-Duc Nicolas Mikhailowitch [Nikolai Mikhailovich], L’Empereur Alexandre Ier: essai d’étude historique, 2 vols, St Petersburg, 1912,1,pp. 363–4.

113

M F. Zlotnikov, Kontinental’naia blokada i Rossiia, Moscow-Leningrad, 1966, p. 172.

114

Ibid., p.239.

115

Alan Palmer, Alexander I: Tsar of War and Peace, London, 1974, p. 159.

116

Nicolas Mikhailowitch, Correspondance de l’Empereur Alexandre Ier, p. 20.

117

Albert Vandal, Le Second manage de Napoléon. Decline de lʼalliance, 3 vols, 8th edn, Paris, 1918, II, p. 77.

118

Serge Tatistcheff [S. S. Tatishchev], Alexandre Ier et Napoléon d’après leur correspondance inédite 1801–1812, Paris, 1891, pp. 551, 563.

119

Albert Sorel, L’Europe et la révolution française, 8 vols, Paris, 1911, VII, Le Blocus Continental — Le Grand Empire, 1806–1812, p. 566.

120

Madame la Comtesse de Choiseul-Gouffier, Historical Memoirs of the Emperor Alexander I and the Court of Russia, translated by Mary Berenice Patterson, London, 1904, pp. 92, 94.

121

Michael and Diana Josselson, The Commander: A Life of Barclay de Tolly, Oxford, 1980, p. 102.

122

Ibid., p.122.

123

H. A. Vossler, With Napoleon in Russia, translated by Walter Wallich, London, 1969, pp. 51–2.

124

N. K. Shil’der, Imperator Aleksandr I, ego zhizn’ i tsarstvovanie, 4 vols, St Petersburg, 1897,111, p. 98.

125

Grand-Duc Nicolas Mikhailowitch [Nikolai Mikhailovich], Correspondance de l’Empereur Alexandre Ier avec sa soeur la Grande-Duchesse Catherine, Princess d’Oldenbourg, puis Reine de Würtemberg 1815–1818, St Petersburg, 1910, pp. 76, 81.

126

Shil’der, op. cit., p. 83.

127

Choiseul-Gouffier, op. cit., p. 94.

128

Grand-Duc Nicolas Michailowitch [Nikolai Mikhailovich], L’Empereur Alexandre Ier: Essai d’étude historique, 2 vols, St Petersburg, 1912,1,P-97.

129

Nicolas Mikhailowitch, Correspondance de lʼEmpereur Alexandre Ier, p. 82.

130

Philippe-Paul de Ségur, Napoleon’s Russian Campaign translated by J. D. Townsend, London, 1959, pp. 76–7.

131

Nicolas Mikhailowitch, Correspondance de l’Empereur Alexandre Ier, p. 83.

132

Francis Ley, Alexandre Ier et sa Sainte-Alliance (1811–1825) avec des documents inédits, Paris, 1975, p. 45.

133

Nicolas Mikhailowitch, L’Empereur Alexandre Ier, II, p. 1.

134

De Ségur, op. cit.,p. 51.

135

Armand Domergue, La Russie pendant les guerres de l’Empire (1805–1815): Souvenirs historiques, Paris, 1835, pp. 338–9.

136

Judith Cohen Zacek, The Russian Bible Society, 1812–1826, unpublished PhD thesis, Columbia University, 1964, p. 19.

137

Albert Sorel, L’Europe et la revolution française, 8 vols, 1st edn,Paris 1903,VII, Le Blocus Continental — Le Grand Empire 1806–1812, pp.591–2.

138

Constantin de Grünwald, La Campagne de Russie, Paris, 1963, p. 252.

139

Shil’der, op. cit., p. 134.

140

Choiseul-Gouffier, op. cit., pp. 138, 147.

141

Йорк фон Вартенбург, командующий прусским вспомогательным корпусом. — Ред.

142

Sorel, op. cit., 1st edn, Paris 1904, VIII, La Coalition, les traités de 1815. 1812–1815, p. 56.

143

Hans A. Schmitt, ʽ1812: Stein, Alexander I and the Crusade against Napoleon’, Journal of Modern History, vol. 31, no. 4,1959, p.328.

144

Ley, op. cit., pp. 63–4.

145

Shil’der, op. cit., p. 212.

146

A. A. Lobanov-Rostovskii, Russia and Europe, 1789–1825, New York, 1968, p. 323.

147

Nicolas Mikhailowitch, L’Empereur Alexandre Ier, II, p. 7.

148

H. L. Empaytaz., Notice sur Alexandre, Empereur de Russie, Geneva, 1828, pp. 13, 28.

149

Wendy Hinde, Castlereagh, London, 1981, p. 217.

150

Ibid., p. 218.

151

An Account of the Visit of His Royal Highness the Prince Regent and Their Imperial and Royal Majesties the Emperor of Russia and the King of Prussia to the University of Oxford in June MDCCCXIV, Oxford, 1815, p. 57.

152

An Account of the Visit of His Royal Highness The Prince Regent, with their Imperial and Royal Majesties the Emperor of all the Russias and the King of Prussia, to The Corporation of Load on, in June 1814, London,1815, pp. 83–5.

153

W. Allen, Life of William Allen with Selections from his Correspondence, 3 vols, London, 1846. I, pp. 197, 198.

154

Richenda C. Scott, Quakers in Russia, London, 1964, p. 56.

155

C. M. Woodhouse, Capodistria: the Founder of Greek Independence, London, New York, Toronto, 1973, p. 84.

156

Enno E. Kraehe, Metternich’s German Policy, 2 vols, Princeton, New Jersey, 1983, II, The Congress of Vienna, 1814–1815, p. 135.

157

Nicolas Mikhailowitch, L’Empereur Alexandre Ier, I, p. 115.

158

Shil’der, op. cit., pp. 236–7.

159

M. Kukiel, Czartoryski and European Unity 1770–1861, Princeton, 1955, p. 109.

160

Неприкосновенности личности (лат.). — Ред.

161

M. Oginski, Mémoires de Michel Oginski sur la Pologne et les Polonais, depuis 1788 jusqu’ à la fin de 1815, 4 vols, Paris, 1827, 111, p. 251.

162

Jacques-Henri Pirenne, La Sainte-Alliance: Organisation européenne de la paix mondiale, 2 vols, Neuchâtel, 1946,1, Les traités de paix, p. 165.

163

V. K. Nadler, Imperator Aleksandr I i ideia sviashchennago soiuza, 5 vols, Riga, 1892, V, p. 629.

164

Nicolas Mikhailowitch, L’Empereur Alexandre Ier, I, pp. 171–2.

165

W. P. Cresson, The Holy Alliance: The European Background of the Monroe Doctrine, New York, 1922, p. 29.

166

Dieter Groh, Russland und das Selbstverständnis Europas: Ein Beitrag zur europäischen Geistesgeschichte, Neuwied, 1961, pp. 125, 126,130,136.

167

Grand-Duc Nicolas Mikhailowitch [Nikolai Mikhailovich], L’Empereur Alexandre Ier: Essai d’étude historique, 2 vols, St Petersburg, 1912, II, pp. 250, 259.

168

Jacques-Henri Pirenne, La Sainte Alliance: Organisation européenne de la paix mondiale, 2 vols, Neuchâtel, 1949, II, La rivalité Anglo-Russe et le compromis autrichien 1815–1818, p. 391.4, Ibid., p. 257.

169

Frank W. Thackeray, Antecedents of Revolution: Alexander I and the Polish Kingdom, 1815–1825, New York, 1980, pp. 52–3.

170

W. P. Cresson, The Holy Alliance; The European Background of the Monroe Doctrine, New York, 1922, p. 70.

171

Maurice Bourquin, Histoire de la Sainte Alliance, Geneva, 1954, p. 231.

172

Francis Ley, Alexandre Ier et sa Sainte Alliance (1811–1825), Paris, 1975, p. 215.

173

Pirenne, op. cit., p. 379.

174

Nicolas Mikhailowitch, op. cit., I, pp. 201–2.

175

P. K. Grimsted, The Foreign Ministers of Alexander I: Political Attitudes and the Conduct of Russian Diplomacy, Berkeley, 1969,p. 58.

176

N. K. Shil’der, Imperator Aleksandr I: ego zhizn’ i tsarstvovanie, 4 vols, St Petersburg, 1898, IV, p. 497.

177

Thomas Clarkson’s Interview with the Emperor Alexander I of Russia at Aix-la Chapelle, as told by himself, Wisbech, 1930, рр. 10, 21,22–3.

178

Nicolas Mikhailowitch, op. cit., II p. 289.

179

Thackeray, op. cit., pp. 76, 77.

180

Kenneth R. Whiting, Aleksei Andreevich Arakcheev, unpublished Ph.D. thesis. Harvard University, 1951, p. 238.

181

Shil’der, op. cit., IV, p. 470.

182

Nicolas Mikhailowitch, op. cit., I, p. 222.

183

Nikolai N. Bolkhovitinov, The Beginnings of Russian-American Relations, 1775–1815, translated by Elena Levin, Cambridge, Mass, and London, 1975, p. 144.

184

S. M. Solov’ev, Imperator Aleksandr pervyi: politika i diplomatiia, St Petersburg, 1877,p. 457.

185

Eberhard Schütz, Die Europäische Allianz politik Alexanders I. und der Griechische Unabhängigkeitskampf 1820–1830, Wiesbaden, 1975, p. 28.

186

Спаситель наш. Государь; спасите веру от ее притеснителей (фр.). — Ред.

187

Ley, op. cit., pp. 261–2.

188

Judith Cohen Zacek, The Russian Bible Society 1812–1826, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Columbia University, 1964, p. 154.

189

Nicolas Mikhailowitch, op. cit., II, p. 376.

190

Ibid., p. 391.

191

Schütz, op. cit., p. 96.

192

Édouard Driault and Michel L’Héritier, Histoire diplomatique de la Grèce de 1821 à nos jours, 5 vols, Paris,1925,E. Driault, I, L’Insurrection et l’indépendance (1821–1830), p. 224.

193

Wendy Hinde, George Canning, London, 1973, p. 387.

194

Schütz, op. cit., p. 109.

195

Some Official Correspondence of George Canning, edited by Edward J. Stapleton, 2 vols, London, 1887, I, pp. 232, 234.

196

Harold Temperley, The Foreign Policy of Canning 1822–1827: England, the Neo-Holy Alliance, and the New World, 2nd edn, London, 1966, pp. 345–6.

197

N N. Bolkhovitinov, ʽRussian America and International Relations’ in S. Frederick Starr, ed., Russia’s American Colony, Durham, N. Carolina, 1987,p. 268.

198

S. V. Mironenko, Samoderzhavie i reformy. Politicheskaia borʼba v Rossii v нас hale XIX v, Moscow, 1989, p. 147.

199

Georges Vernadsky, La Charte constitutionnelle de lʼempire Russe de l’an 1820, Paris, 1931, p. 38.

200

Grand-Duc Nicolas Mikhailowitch [Nikolai Mikhailovich], L’Empereur Alexandre Ier: Essai dʼétude historique, 2 vols, St Petersburg, 1912, II,p. 8.

201

N. K. Shil’der, Jmperator Aleksandr pervyi: ego zhizn’ i tsarstvovanie, 4 vols, St Petersburg, 1898, IV, p. 95.

202

V. I. Semevskii, Politicheskiia i obshchestvennyia idei Dekabristov, St Petersburg,1909,pp. 267, 270.

203

N. Tourgueneff [Turgenev], La Russie et les Russes, 3 vols, Paris, 1847, I, p. 61.

204

J. L. Black, Nicholas Karamzin and Russian Society in the Nineteenth Century: A Study in Russian Political and Historical Thought, Toronto, Buffalo, 1975, pp. 86, 57.

205

Recounted in A. Fatéev, ʽLe Problème de l’individu et de l’homme d’état dans la personnalité historique d’Alexandre I, empereur de toutes les Russies, Russkii svobodnyi universitet v Prage, Prague, 1939, no. 65, pp. 26–7.

206

Leonce Pingaud, ʽL’Empereur Alexandre Ier, roi de Pologne — la «Kongressovka» (1801–1825)ʼ, Revue d’histoire diplomatique, vol. 32,no. 4,1918,p. 536.

207

Marc Raeff, Siberia and the Reforms of 1822, Seattle, 1956, p. 40.

208

Обзор конституционного устава Российской империи (фр.). — Ред.

209

Vernadsky, op. cit, p. 77.

210

Mironenko, op. cit., p. 81.

211

Ibid.

212

Ibid., рр. 79–80, 86–7, 96.

213

Semevskii, op. cit., p. 270.

214

Ibid., p. 271.

215

Richard E. Pipes, ʽThe Russian Military Colonies’, The Journal of Modern History, vol. 22, no. 3, 1950, p. 206.

216

Kenneth R. Whiting, Aleksei Andreevich Arakcheev, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Harvard University, 1951, pp. 145–6.

217

Pipes, op. cit.,p. 214.

218

Robert Lyall, An Account of the Organization, Administration, and Present State of the Military Colonies in Russia, London, 1824, p.43.

219

Nicolas Mikhailowitch, op. cit., II, p. 286.

220

V. A. Fedorov, ʽBor’ba krest’ian Rossii protiv voennykh poselenii (1810–1818)’, Voprosy istorii, no. 11, 1952, p. 115.

221

Lyall, op. cit., pp. 40–1.

222

Semevskii, op. cit., p. 176.

223

S. B. Okun’, Ocherki istorii SSSR konets XVIII — pervaia chetvert’ XIX veka, Leningrad, 1956, p. 294.

224

Judith Cohen Zacek, The Russian Bible Society, 1812–1826, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Columbia University, 1964, p. 48.

225

John Paterson, The Book for Every Land: Reminiscences of Labour and Adventure in the Work of Bible Circulation in the North of Europe and in Russia, London, 1858, p. 312.

226

Memoirs of the Life and Gospel Labours of Stephen Grellet, edited by Benjamin Seebohm, 2 vols, London, 1860,1, p. 417.

227

Life of William Allen with Selections from his Correspondence, 3 vols, London, 1846, II, p. 265.

228

Zacek, The Russian Bible Society, op. cit., p. 72.

229

Black, op. cit. p. 84.

230

Walter Sawatsky, entry on ʽAlexander Iʼ in The Modern Encyclopedia of Religions in Russia and the Soviet Union, edited by Paul D. Steeves, vol. I, Gulf Breeze, Florida, 1988, p. 109.

231

Pia Pera, ʽThe Secret Committee on the Old Believers: Moving away from Catherine II’s Policy of Religious Toleration’ in Roger Bartlett and Janet M. Hartley, eds., Russia in the Age of the Enlightenment: Essays for Isabel de Madariaga, London, 1990, p. 226.

232

James T. Flynn, The University Reform of Tsar Alexander I 1802–1825, Washington D. C., 1988, p. 72.

233

Ibid., p. 97.

234

Judith Cohen Zacek, ʽThe Lancastrian School Movement in Russia’, Slavonic and East European Review, vol. 45, no. 105, 1967, p.347.

235

Ibid., p.352.

236

B. Hollingsworth, ʽJohn Venning and Prison Reform in Russia, 1819–1830’, Slavonic and East European Review, vol. 48, no. 113, 1970, p. 541.

237

Paterson, op. cit., p. 364.

238

Zacek, The Russian Bible Society, op. cit., p. 283.

239

Paterson, op. cit., p. 392.

240

Robert Lee, The Last Days of Alexander and the First Days of Nicholas (Emperors of Russia), London, 1854, p. 45.

241

Prince Vladimir Bariatinsky, Le Mystere d’Alexandre Ier (1825–1925), Paris, 1925, рр. 17–18.

242

Lee, op. cit., p. 32.

243

Ibid., p. 40.

244

K. V. Kudriashov, Aleksandr pervyi i taina Fedora Koz’micha, Peterburg (sic), 1923,reprinted.Moscow, 1990, p. 29.

245

Mikhail Zetlin, The Decembrists, translated by George Panin, New York, 1958, p. 179.

246

Marc Raeff, The Decembrist Movement, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1966, p. 50.

247

Zetlin, op. cit., p. 139.

248

Ibid., p. 130.

249

L. Ia. Pavlova, Dekabristy — uchastniki voin 1805–1814 gg., Moscow, 1979, p. 94.

250

M. V. Nechkina, Dekabristy, 2nd edn., Moscow, 1982, p. 18.

251

John L. H. Keep, Soldiers of the Tsar: Army and Society in Russia 1462–1874, Oxford, 1985, p. 254.

252

V. I. Semevskii, Politicheskiia i obshchestvennyia idei Dekabristov, St Petersburg, 1909,p. 206.

253

Glyn Barratt, The Rebel on the Bridge. A Life of the Decembrist Baron Andrey Rozen (1800–84), London, 1975, pp. 37, 38.

254

Semevskii, op. cit., pp. 330–1.

255

Patrick O’Meara, K. F. Ryleev: A Political Biography of the Decembrist Poet, Princeton, 1984, p. 204.

256

Anatole G. Mazour,The First Russian Revolution 1825, 2nd edn., Stanford, 1961, p. 91.

257

M. V. Dovnar-Zapol’skii, Idealy dekabristov, Moscow, 1907, p. 204.

258

Semevskii, op. cit., pp. 206–7.

259

Raeff, op. cit., p. 56.

260

O. V. Orlik, Dekabristy i evropeiskoe osvoboditel’noe dvizhenie, Moscow, 1975, pp. 73, 65.

261

O. V. Orlik, Dekabristy i vneshniaia politika Rossii, Moscow, 1984, p. 50.

262

Orlik, Dekabristy i evropeiskoe, op. cit., p. 95.

263

Isabel de Madariaga, ‘Spain and the Decembrists’, European Studies Review, vol. 3, no. 2, 1973, p. 149.

264

Ibid., p. 153.

265

John Gooding, ‘Speransky and Baten’kov’, Slavonic and East European Review, vol. 66, no. 3, 1988, p. 411.

266

Madariaga, op. cit., p. 149.

267

Dovnar-Zapol’skii, op. cit., p. 94.