Augustus

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

A generous grant from the Authors’ Foundation enabled me to visit places associated with Augustus’ career. I am most grateful to Dr. Irene Jacopi, director of the Palatine Hill and the Roman Forum, and architect Giovanna Tedone, both of the Soprintendenza per i beni archeologici di Roma, for taking the trouble to show me around the houses of Augustus and Livia (closed to the public for restoration).

The London Library, its helpful staff and its wide collection, greatly assisted my researches.

I am grateful to the following copyright-holders for reproduction permissions: Roman Forum reconstruction by John Connolly, akg-images; Palatine Hill, Photo Scala, Florence; Julius Caesar, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin; Mark Antony at Kingston Lacy, Bankes Collection, the National Trust; Sextus Pompeius, Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg; a Roman warship at the Gregorio Profano Museum, the Vatican Museums; water-color of Alexandria by J-P Golvin, George Braziller, Inc.; Cleopatra, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin; Octavia, Museo Nazionale Romano, Roma; Livia, Musei Capitolini, Roma, author’s photograph; Augustus, trustees of the British Museum; Agrippa, Musée du Louvre; Ara Pacis at Rome, Alinari; Tiberius at the museum of Ventotene, author’s photograph; Gaius Caesar, trustees of the British Museum; Agrippa Postumus, Musei Capitolini, author’s photograph; Gemma Augustea, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Wien oder KHM, Vienna; Room of the Masks, Photo Scala, Florence; Augustus of Prima Porta, Alinari.

When quoting from Roman poets, I have used the following translations: James Michie’s Odes of Horace (Penguin Books, 1964: copyright David Higham Associates); Niall Rudd’s Satires and Epistles of Horace (Penguin Books, 1979); Peter Green’s versions of Ovid, Erotic Poems (Penguin Books, 1964) and Poems of Exile (Penguin Books, 1994: copyright David Higham Associates); Cecil Day Lewis’s Aeneid by Virgil (Oxford University Press, 1952); and E. V. Rieu’s Eclogues by Virgil (Penguin Books, 1949). I have used John Carter’s translations of Appian, The Civil Wars, and Cassius Dio, The Age of Augustus (Penguin Books, 1996 and 1987); D. R. Shackleton Bailey’s translation of Cicero’s letters (Penguin Books, 1978); Aubrey de Sélincourt’s Livy: The Early History of Rome; Propertius’ The Poems, translated by W. G. Shepherd (Penguin Books, 1985: copyright University of Oklahoma Press); Ian Scott-Kilvert’s selection from Plutarch, Makers of Rome (Penguin Books, 1965); Rex Warner’s selection from Plutarch, Fall of the Roman Republic (Penguin Books, 1958); Robert Graves’s version of Suetonius, revised by Michael Grant, The Twelve Caesars (Penguin Books, 1979); and Michael Grant’s translation of Tacitus’ Annals, On Imperial Rome (Penguin Books, 1956). On occasion and for other prose authors I have either depended on the Loeb Classical Library or translated passages myself. The quotation from “Alexandrian Kings” can be found in C. P. Cavafy’s Collected Poems, translated by Edmund Keeley and Philip Sherrard (The Hogarth Press, 1975).

The battle maps follow Johannes Kromayer and Georg Veith, Heerwesen und Kriegführung der Griechen und Römer, Munich, 1928.