49. Ibid., introd., xxviif.
50. In Sextus Empiricus, Hypotyposes Pyrr., 1, 36f, and Gellius, xi, 5.6. For details cf. Owen, J., Evenings with the Sceptics, I, 323-5.
51. Sextus, Hyp. Pyrr., ii, 204.
52. III, 29; i, 135-8.
53. III, 210.
54. Adv. Dogmaticos, i, 148; Hyp. Pyrr., iii, 9-11.
55. Ibid., i, 7.
56. Ibid., i, 8, 25.
57. III, 235; Adv. Dogm., i, 49.
58. CAH, XII, 449.
59. Lucian, “Icaromenippus,” 25.
60. “Zeus Cross-Examined,” 2-18.
61. “Zeus Tragoedus,” 53.
62. Dialogues of the Dead, x.
63. “Hermotimus,” end.
64. “Charon,” 2.
65. “Icaromenippus,” 17.
66. “Charon,” 24.
67. “Menippus,” 21.
68. Inge, W., Philosophy of Plotinus, I, 82.
CHAPTER XXIV
1. Josephus, Against Apion, ii, p. 480.
2. Charlesworth, 26; Frank, Economic Survey, II, 330.
3. Ibid., 337.
4. 445; Rostovtzeff, Social and Economic History of the Hellenistic World, 1288.
5. Josephus, Wars, ii, 16.4; Frank, V, 245.
6. Breccia, E., Alexandria ad Aegyptum, 41
8. Dio Chr., xxxii, 69.
9. In Frank, V, 247; Mommsen, Provinces, II, 177.
10. Baron, S. W., Social and Religious History of the Jews, I, 196-7.
11. Edersheim, I, 61.
12. Josephus, Against Apion, ii, p. 489.
13. Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History, ii, 4.
14. Graetz, H., History of the Jews, II, 186.
15. Philo, Quod Deus sit immutabilis, 12.
16. Philo, De mundi opificio, i, 4; Inge, I, 98.
17. Philo, De confusione linguarum, 28.
18. In Sachar, A., History of the Jews, 110.
19. Philo, De vita contemplativa.
20. Usher, A., History of Mechanical Inventions, 40.
21. Bailey, 314.
22. Sarton, G., Introduction to the History of Science, I, 274.
23. Ibid., 202; Heath, Sir, T., History of Greek Mathematics, II, 306.
24. Ammianus, xxii, 16-19.
25. Philostratus, in Friedländer, I, 171.
26. Bailey, 283.
27. Sarton, 283.
28. Himes, 86.
29. Garrison, 30, 110.
30. Sarton, 282; Castiglione, 202.
31. Ibid.; Himes, 90.
32. Haggard, H., Devils, Drugs, and Doctors, 23.
33. Galen, On the Natural Faculties, introd., xv.
34. Galen in Thorndike, L., History of Magic and Experimental Science, I, 117, 152.
35. Ibid., 143.
36. Williams, I, 278.
37. In Friedländer, I, 174.
38. Castiglione, 225.
39. Thorndike, I, 171.
40. Strabo, xvi, 4.
41. Doughty, C., Travels in Arabia Deserta, I, 40.
42. Josephus, Antiquities, xv, 9.
43. MacGregor, R., Greek Anthology, v,
44. Tr. by Goldwyn Smith in Symonds, J. A., The Greek Poets, 521.
45. Leslie, S., Greek Anthology, vii, 476.
46. Ibid., p. 17.
47. Ibid., ix, 489.
48. Greek Anthology, ix, 570.
49. Strabo, xv, 2.23.
50. Frank, IV, 158.
51. Rostovtzeff, Roman Empire, 135; CAH, II, 634.
52. Breasted, J. H., Oriental Forerunners of Byzantine Painting, pref.
53. CAH, XI, 638.
54. Ibid., 646.
55. In Mahaffy, Silver Age, 211.
59. Philostratus, Apollonius, iv, 7.
60. Aelius Aristides, Orat., xvii, 8, in Frank, IV, 750.
61. Philostratus, Lives of the Sophists, i, 25.
62. Ibid.
63. Longus, Daphnis and Chloe, ad init., in Heliodorus, Greek Romances.
64. Dio Cassius, lxx, 4.
65. Appian, Roman History, xiv, 16.
66. Ibid.
67. Pliny, xxv, 3.
68. Ibid., xxxiii, 14.
69. Appian, xii, 4.
70. Ibid., 7.
71. Ferrero, I, 83.
72. Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander, i, 12.
73. Reid, 376.
74. Williams, I, 255.
75. Strabo, i, 1.22-3.
76. Ibid., 3.5.
77. Dio. Chr., xlvi, 3.
78. Ibid., x, 21.
79. In Bigg, C., Neoplatonism, 70.
80. Ibid., 73.
81. Dio. Chr., xii, 10; xiii, 28; xiv, 18; xxiii, 7.
82. Friedländer, III, 299.
83. Frazer, Adonis, Attis, and Osiris, 157.
84. Cumont, F., Oriental Religions in the Roman Empire, 53.
85. Ibid., 55.
86. Frazer, 306; Boissier, La réligion romaine, I, 383; Dill, 549f.
87. Plutarch, De Iside; Dill, 577; Halliday, W., Pagan Background of Early Christianity, 240.
88. Tarn, 296; Dill, 582.
89. Cumont, 41, 93.
90. Breasted, J., Ancient Times, 660; Weigall, A., The Paganism in Our Christianity, 129.
91. Dill, 610.
92. Ibid., 601, 623.
93. Cumont, 158.
94. Guignebert, C, Christianity, Past and Present, 71.
95. Hatch, E., Influence of Greek Ideas upon the Christian Church, 283.
96. Frazer, Adonis, 229; Halliday, 317.
97. Hatch, 147.
98. Philo, De vita contemplativa, 18-40.
99. Lucian, “Alexander the Oracle-Monger.”
100. Philostratus, Apollonius, i, 14.
101. Ibid., 19; iv, 45.
102. I, 33-4.
103. Apollonius, epistles xliii and xiv in Philostratus.
104. Philostratus, iv, 3.
105. Ibid., viii, 29-31.
CHAPTER XXV
1. Appian, Roman History, xii, 15.
2. Frank, IV, 197.
2a. In the State Museum, Berlin; reproduced in Pope, A., Persian Art, IV, 134A.
3. Rawlinson, G., Sixth Great Oriental Monarchy, 423.
4. Plutarch, “Crassus.”
5. Sachar, 105.
6. Josephus, Antiquities, xiv, 2.9; Strabo, xvi, 240.
7. Josephus, xiv, 11.
8. Id., Wars, i, 21.
9. Antiquities, xv, 7; xvi, 5.
10. Ibid., xv, 8.
11. Ibid., 11.
12. Ibid.; Wars, v, 5; Foakes-Jackson and Lake, Beginnings of Christianity, I, 5-7; Schürer, Div. I, Vol. I, 280.
13. Antiquities, xvi, 7.
14. Our sole authority for this is Josephus, Ant., xv, 8.1.
15. Ibid., 10.
16. XVII, 5.
17. Klausner, J., Jesus of Nazareth, 145.
18. Moore, G., Judaism, I, 23.
19. Baron, I, 131.
20. Ibid., 192-3.
21. Antiquities, iv, 10.
22. Against Apion, p. 456.
23. Finkelstein, L., Akiba, 33.
24. Schürer, Div. II, Vol. I, 162; Moore, I, 82; Goguel, M., Life of Jesus, 471; Graetz, II, 54-5.
25. Zeitlin, S., The Jews, 43; id., The Pharisees and the Gospels, 237; CAH, IX, 408.
26. Josephus, Wars, i, 8.14.
27. Philo, Quod omnis homo, 86; Hypothetica, 11.4 and 12; Josephus, Antiquities, xviii, 1.
28. Josephus, Wars, ii, 8.
29. Ibid., 9.
30. Graetz, II, 29; Ueberweg, F., History of Philosophy, I, 228.
31. Klausner, 231; Graetz, II, 145.
32. Josephus, Wars, ii, 8.
33. In Moore, I, 313.
34. Hastings, J., Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, s.v. Hillel.
35. Philo, in Eusebius, Praeparatio evangelica, viii, 7.
36. Babylonian Talmud, Abot, i, 42, Shab, 31a.
37. Abot, ii, 4.
38. Foakes-Jackson, 134; CAH, IX, 420.
39. Book of Wisdom, ii.
40. Ibid., v.
41. Isaiah, ix, 6.
42. Book of Wisdom, xviii, 13f.
43. Isaiah, liii.
44. Daniel, ii, 44; vii, 13f; Song of Solomon, xvii.
45. Sibylline Oracles, iii, 767f in Klausner, From Jesus to Paul, 159.
46. Isaiah, ii, 4; xi, 6; Book of Enoch, i-xxvi; Sib. Or., ii, 303f in Klausner, 150.
47. Book of Wisdom, iv; Enoch, cviii.
48. Book of Wisdom, ii-iii.
49. Finkelstein, 263.
50. Tacitus, Histories, v, 9.
51. Josephus, Wars, ii, 14.
52. Graetz, II, 239.
53. Josephus, l.c.
54. Ibid., v, if; Tacitus, v, 12.
55. Josephus, ii, 14.
56. Ibid., ii, 18.
57. Tacitus, v, 13.
58. Josephus, v, 11.
59. Dio Cassius, lxv, 4.
60. Josephus, ix, 3; Tacitus, v, 13.
61. Strabo in Josephus, Antiquities, xiv, 7.
62. Philo, Legatio ad Caium, 36.
63. Baron, I, 132-3; Bevan, E. R., Legacy of Israel, 29.
64. Josephus, Against Apion, ii, 3.
65. Josephus, Life of Flavius Josephus, p. 540.
66. Finkelstein, 141.
67. Baron, I, 191.
68. Dio Cassius, lxix, 12f; Renan, The Christian Church, 106.
69. Moore, Judaism, I, 93.
70. Finkelstein, 276.
CHAPTER XXVI
1. Reinach, S., Short History of Christianity, 22; Guignebert, Jesus, 63.
2. Josephus, Antiquities, xviii, 3.
3. Scott, E., First Age of Christianity, 46; Schürer, I, 143. This conclusion applies also to the Slavonic version of Josephus; cf. Guignebert, op. cit., 148.
4. Klausner, Jesus, 46; Goguel, 71.
5. Pliny the Younger, v, 8.
6. Tacitus, Annals, xv, 44.
7. Goguel, 94; Klausner, 60.
8. Suetonius, “Nero,” 16.
9. Id., “Claudius,” 25.
10. Acts of the Apostles, xviii, 2. Quotations from the New Testament are in most cases from the translation of E. J. Good-speed.
11. In Goguel, 9, 184.
12. E.g., Galatians, i, 19; I Corinthians, ix, 5.
13. I Cor., xi, 23-6.
14. Ibid., xv, 3; Gal., ii, 20.
15. Eusebius, E.H., iii, 39.
16. E.g., vi, 30-45; viii, 1-13, 17-20.
17. Klausner, From Jesus to Paul, 260.
18. Schweitzer, A., Quest of the Historical Jesus, 335.
19. Irenaeus, Contra Haereses, ii, 1.3.
20. Guignebert, Jesus, 30; CAH, XI, 260.
21. Guignebert, 467.
22. Foakes-Jackson and Lake, Beginnings of Christianity, I, 268.
23. Enc. Brit., X, 537.
24. Ibid., XIV, 477.
25. Partially listed in Enc. Brit., XIII, 95.
26. Scott, First Age, 217; Enc. Brit., XIII, 98; Goguel, 150; CAH, XI, 261.
27. Matthew, ii, 1; Luke, i, 5.
27a. Luke, iii, 1, 23.
28. Josephus, Wars, ii, 8.
29. Tertullian, Adv. Marcionem, iv, 19.
30. Enc. Brit., V, 642; III, 525.
31. Matt, xiii, 55; Mark, vi, 2.
32. Guignebert, Jesus, 127; Klausner, 23.
33. John, vii, 15; Mark, vi, 2.
34. Thorndike, 471.
35. Enc. Brit., XIII, 26.
36. Guignebert, Christianity, 58.
37. Josephus, Antiquities, xiii, 5. On the authenticity of the passage cf. Foakes-Jackson and Lake, I, 101.
38. Graetz, II, 145.
39. Matt., iii, 11-12.
40. Ibid., 23.
41. John, iv, 2.
42. Josephus, Antiquities, xviii, 5.
43. Mark, vi, 14-29.
44. Matt., xiv, 1-12.
45. Mark, i, 14; Matt., iv, 12.
46. Luke, iv, 14.
47. Isaiah, lxi, 1-2.
48. Luke, iv, 19.
49. Luke, vi, 14.
50. Mark, ix, 48; Matt., xiii, 37.
51. Luke, xvi, 25.
52. Mark, xi, 12-14.
53. Matt., xii, 46; Luke, viii, 19.
54. Mark, i, 7; Matt., v, 40; Luke, vi, 29.
55. Guignebert, Jesus, 186.
56. Klausner, 69.
57. Luke, vii, 36-59.
58. Mark, x, 16.
59. Cf. Robertson, J. M., Christianity and Mythology.
60. Matt., xiii, 57.
61. Mark, v, 35f.
62. Matt., xix, 28.
63. Luke, x, 1-4.
64. Guignebert, Jesus, 52, 253; Goguel, 282, 287.
65. E.g., Matt., xx, 1-16.
66. Matt., xxiv, 30.
67. John, xviii, 36.
68. Mark, iv, 11, 30; xii, 34.
69. Luke, xvii, 20.
70. Matt., xix, 29.
71. Cf. Schweitzer, 212; Guignebert, 341.
72. Mark, xiv, 25.
73. Matt., x, 23.
74. Matt., xvi, 28.
75. Luke, xiii, 30.
76. Mark, xiii, 32.
77. Matt., xxiv, 6-12.
78. E.g., Kautsky, K., Ursprung des Christentums; Kalthoff, A., Rise of Christianity.
79. Mark, x, 23; Matt., vi, 25; xix, 24; Luke, xvi, 13.
80. Matt., xix, 15.
81. Acts, ii, 44-5.
82. Matt., xxii, 21.
83. Matt., xxv, 14.
84. Luke, xix, 26.
85. Matt., xx, 15.
86. Matt., xxiv, 46; Luke, xvii, 7-10.
87. Matt., xi, 12.
88. Mark, i, 14-15; vi, 12; Matt., x, 7.
89. Luke, xviii, 29; xiv, 26; Matt., viii, 21f; x, 34; xix, 12.
90. Leviticus, xix, 17-18, 34.
91. Exodus, xxiii, 4-5.
92. Jeremiah, iii, 30.
93. Isaiah, i, 6.
94. Ibid., i, 2.
95. Hosea, ii, 1.
96. Matt., x, 5.
97. Acts, x-xi.
98. John, iv, 22.
99. Matt., xv, 24f; Mark, vii, 27.
100. Matt., viii, 4.
101. Matt., xxiii, 1.
102. Matt., v, 17.
103. Luke, xvi, 17; Matt., v, 18.
104. Foakes-Jackson and Lake, I, 316.
105. Matt., v, 31-2.
106. Matt., v, 21-2.
107. Mark, ii, 25.
108. Luke, xvi, 16; Matt., v, 18.
109. Matt., xxiii, 1-34; xxi, 31.
110. Cf. Mark, xxii, 32-3, and Klausner, Jesus, 113.
111. Luke, xiii, 31-3.
112. Acts, i, 6.
113. Mark, xii, 35-7.
114. Matt., xix, 17.
115. Matt., xvi, 39.
116. Daniel, vii, 13.
117. Matt., xii, 8.
118. Matt., xi, 27; Luke, x, 22.
119. Matt., xvi, 16f.
120. Luke, xix, 37.
121. John, xii, 13.
122. Mark, xiv, 49; Luke, xxi, 1; xxi, 37.
123. John, xi, 50.
124. Mark, x, 45; xiv, 24.
125. E.g., Guignebert, Jesus, 454; Brandes, G., Did Jesus Exist?, 104.
126. Cf. Goguel, 497.
127. Mark, xiv, 26; Klausner, 326.
128. John, xiii, 33.
129. Mark, xiv, 43.
130. Mark, xiv, 61; Matt., xxvi, 63.
131. Philo, Legatio, 38.
132. Matt., xxvii, 11.
133. John, xviii, 38.
134. Tacitus, Annals, xv, 44.
135. Luke, xxiii, 26.
136. Cicero, V in Verrem, 64.
137. Mark, xv, 32.
138. Luke, xxiii, 39-43.
139. John, xix, 25; Mark, xv, 37.
140. Justinian, Digest, xlviii, 20.6.
141. Luke, xxiii, 48.
142. Luke, xxiv, 13-32.
143. Matt., xxviii, 16-17.
144. John, xxi, 4.
145. Luke, xxiv, 52.
CHAPTER XXVII
1. Foakes-Jackson and Lake, II, passim, and especially, 305-6; Scott, First Age, 110; CAH, XI, 257-8; Klausner, From Jesus to Paul, 215; Ramsay, W. M., The Church in the Roman Empire, 6-8; Renan, Apostles, p. v.
2. Shotwell, J., and Loomis, L., The See of Peter, 56-7.
3. I Peter, iv, 7.
4. I John, ii, 18.
5. Acts, ii, 16.
6. Ibid., xi, 8.
7. V, 20.
8. Mark, vi, 13.
9. Acts, iv, 32-6; ii, 44-5.
10. IV, 4.
11. VI, 11.
12. VII, 51-3.
13. VIII, 2-3.
14. XI, 19.
15. I Cor., ix, 5; Clement of Alexandria, Stromata, vii, 11; Eusebius, E.H., iii, 30.
16. I Peter, i, i-iv, 8.
17. Shotwell and Loomis, 64-5.
18. Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum, 2.
19. Eusebius, ii, 25.
20. Ibid., iii, 1.
21. Renan, Antichrist, 93.
22. Acts, xiii, 9; Coneybeare and Howson, Life, Times, and Travels of St. Paul, I, 46, 150.
23. Guignebert, Christianity, 75-6; Livingstone, R. W., The Legacy of Greece, 33, 54.
24. Acts, xxi, 3.
25. Renan, Jesus, 167.
26. II Cor., x, 9.
27. Ibid., xii, 7.
28. Gal., v, 12.
29. II Cor., xi, 1.
30. Acts, ix, 1.
31. IX, 3-9.
32. IX, 18.
33. XV, 1.
34. XV, 27-9. The account in Acts harmonizes sufficiently well, pace Renan and others, with Paul’s report in Gal. ii.
35. Gal. ii, 10.
36. Ibid., ii, iii.
37. Acts, xvii, 18.
38. XVII, 22.
39. XVIII, 12.
40. II Cor., ii, 16.
41. Acts, xxi, 21-4.
42. XXVIII, 28.
43. Guignebert, Christianity, 65; Goguel, 105; CAH, XI, 257; Klausner, Jesus, 63.
44. Coloss., iii, 15.
45. II Cor., iii, 6.
46. I Cor., xv, 33.
47. Titus, i, 15.
48. I Timothy, vi, 10. The letters to Titus and Timothy, however, are of doubtful authenticity.
49. I Cor., ix, 19; x, 33.
50. Romans, v, 12.
51. Frazer, Sir J., The Scapegoat, 210, 413; Weigall, 70f.
52. Guignebert, Christianity, 88.
53. I Cor., xv, 51.
54. Ibid., i, 24.
55. Coloss., i, 15-17.
56. Rom., ix, 11, 18; xi, 5.
57. Hebrews, xi, l. Probably not Paul’s.
58. Gal. ii, 24f.
59. I Cor., xiii.
60. Ibid., ix, 5.
61. VII, 8.
62. Rom., xiii, 14.
63. Ibid., i, 26.
64. I Cor., vi, 15.
65. Ibid., vii, 2of.
66. Rom., xiii, 1.
66a. II Tim., iv, 9, 6.
67. Philippians, iii, 20.
68. I Cor., vii, 29; cf. I Thessalonians, iv, 15.
69. II Thess., ii, 1-5.
70. Acts, xvii, 7.
71. Eusebius, E.H., iii, 1.
72. Cf. Revelation, xvii, 10.
73. Renan, Antichrist, 95; CAH, X, 726.
74. Duchesne, Mon. L., Early History of the Christian Church, I, 99.
75. Eusebius, iii, 25.
76. Ibid., iii, 33.
77. Rev., vii, 4; xiv, 1.
78. Ibid., vi, 2-8.
79. VII, 14.
80. XX, 15; xxi, 8.
81. XIX, 18.
82. XXI.
83. Proverbs, viii, 22-31.
84. John, i, 5.
85. Justin, Apology, i, 66; Tertullian, De Baptismo, 5; Halliday, 9.
CHAPTER XXVIII
1. Duchesne, I, 38.
2. Tertullian, Contra Marcionem, v, 8.
3. Jerome, Letters, xciii.
4. Clement of Alexandria, Paedagogus, iii, 11.
5. Paul, I Cor., xi, 3.
6. Lucian, Peregrinus Proteus.
7. Tertullian, Apologeticus, xxxix, 11-12.
8. Ibid., 5.
9. Renan, Marc Aurèle, 600.
10. James, v, 1; ii, 5.
11. Ibid., i, 10.
12. Renan, St. Paul, 402.
13. Klausner, From Jesus to Paul, 113-4.
14. Tertullian, De jejuniis, i, 17; Duchesne, II, 253; Renan, Christian Church, 211; Robertson, History of Freethought, I, 244.
15. Clement of Alex., Paedag., iii, II; Renan, Marc Aurèle, 520.
16. Tertullian, Apol., ix, 8.
17. Gibbon, I, 480.
18. Tertullian, De spectaculis, 1, 3.
19. Sumner, W. G., War and Other Essays, 54-5.
20. Tertullian, Apol., xlvi, 10.
21. Friedländer, III, 204; Tertullian, De exhort. castitatis, 13; Lea, H. C, Historical Sketch of Sacerdotal Celibacy, 41; Robertson, History of Freethought, I, 244.
22. Pliny the Younger, x, 97.
23. Galen in Hammerton, IV, 2179.
24. Tertullian, De spect., 23.
25. Perhaps anthropophagic; cf. Sumner, Folkways, 451.
26. Renan, St. Paul, 268.
27. Frazer, Sir J., Spirits of the Corn and Wild, II, 92-3; Carpenter, Edw., Pagan and Christian Creeds, 65-7.
28. Acts, viii, 14-17; xix, 1-6.
29. Catholic Encyclopedia, IV, 217-8.
30. Matt., xvi, 18; John, xx, 23.
31. Friedländer, II, 364.
32. Renan, Marc Aurèle, 449.
33. Tertullian, Apol., xxxvii, 4.
34. Id., Ad uxorem, i, 5; Renan, Marc, 551; Glover, Conflict of Religions, 341.
35. CAH, XII, 456.
36. Lake, K., Apostolic Fathers, I, 395.
37. Murray, Sir G., Five Stages of Greek Religion, 196.
38. Renan, Marc, 292.
39. Duchesne, I, 196.
40. Friedländer, III, 192.
41. CAH, XII, 459.
42. Origen, Contra Celsum, in Glover, 252; Carpenter, 220.
43. Plotinus, Enneads, xliii.
44. Porphyry, Life of Plotinus, 14.
45. MacKenna, Stephen, Essence of Plotinus, 11n.
46. Plotinus, Enneads, iii, 4.
47. Ibid., vi, 9.
48. V, 1.
49. IV, 1; Inge, Philosophy of Plotinus, II 21-4. 92.
50. Plotinus, v, 1; iii, 7.
51. Ibid., v, 11.
52. MacKenna, introd., xx.
53. In Lake, Apostolic Fathers, I, 23
54. Tertullian, Apol., xxx, 4.
55. Ibid., xvii, 6.
56. Id., De spect., 30.
57. Id., De cultu feminarum.
58. In Ueberweg, I, 303.
59. CAH, XII, 593.
60. Eusebius, vi, 2.
61. Gibbon, I, 467.
62. Jerome, Letters, xxxiii.
63. Shotwell, Introduction, 292.
64. Origen, De principiis, i, 15-16, in Hatch, 76.
65. Origen, op. cit., iv, 1, in Hatch, 76.
66. Duchesne, I, 255f.
67. Inge, Plotinus, II, 19, 102.
68. In Watson, Marcus Aurelius, 305.
69. Matt., xvi, 18.
70. Shotwell and Loomis, 64-5.
71. Ibid., 60-1, 84-6.
72. Lake, I, 121.
73. Duchesne, I, 215.
74. CAH, XII, 198, 600.
75. Cyprian’s Letters in Inge, Plotinus, I, 62.
CHAPTER XXIX
1. Herodian, History of Twenty Caesars, II, 83.
2. Dio Cassius, lxxiv, 5.
3. Herodian, II, 100, 103; III, 155.
4. Historia Augusta, “Septimius Severus,” xviii, 11.
5. Herodian, III, 139.
6. Lot, F., End of the Ancient World, 10.
7. Dio, lxxix, 7.
8. Ibid., lxxviii, 16.
9. Herodian, IV, 210; Dio, lxxviii, 22.
10. Dio, lxxix, 23.
11. Historia Augusta, “Elagabalus,” 19-32; Dio, lxxx, 13; Herodian, IV, 253.
12. Dio, lxxix, 14; Gibbon, I, 141.
13. Historia Augusta, “Severus Alexander” 30, 39.
14. Herodian, VI, 5.
15. Hist. Aug., “Severus Alexander,” 20.
16. Ibid., 29.
17. Ibid., 33.
18. Herodian, VI, 8.
19. In Rostovtzeff, Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire, 399.
20. Gibbon, I, 294.
21. Maine, Ancient Law, 177.
22. West, L., “Economic Collapse of the Roman Empire,” in Classical Journal, 1932, p. 106.
23. Abbott, Common People, 174.
24. Rostovtzeff, op. cit., 424, 442-3
25. Ibid., 305.
26. Frank, Economic History, 489.
27. Ferrero, Ruin of Ancient Civilization, 58; Rostovtzeff, History of the Ancient World, II, 317.
28. Frank, Economic Survey, IV, 220.
29. Rostovtzeff, Roman Empire, 419.
30. Collingwood and Myres, 206.
31. Heath, II, 448.
32. Plato, Laws, 819.
33. Ball, W. W., Short History of Mathematics, 96.
34. Justinian, Digest, i, 1.4.
35. Hist. Aug., “Severus Alexander,” 51.
36. Roberts, W. R., introd. to “Longinus” on the Sublime, Loeb Library.
37. Heliodorus, Greek Romances, 1.
38. Ibid., 289.
39. In Catullus, Tibullus, etc., p. 343.
40. In Burckhardt, J., Die Zeit Constantins, 54.
41. CAH, XII, 273; Frank, Economic Survey, III, 633.
42. Ferrero, Ancient Rome and Modern America, 88.
43. Toutain, 326.
44. West, 1. c, 102.
45. Rostovtzeff, Ancient World, II, 329.
46. Toutain, 326; CAH, XII, 271; Cambridge Medieval History, I, 52.
47. Rostovtzeff, Roman Empire, 474.
48. Cunningham, W. C, Western Civilization in Its Economic Aspects, I, 191-2.
49. Paul-Louis, 283-5.
50. Translation based on that of Elsa Glaser in Frank, Economic Survey, V, 312.
51. Ibid., The prices are calculated on the valuation of gold at $35 per oz. in the United States of 1944.
52. Frank, Survey, III, 612.
53. Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum, vii.
54. Ibid., vii, 3.
55. Charlesworth, 98.
56. West, 105; Ferrero, Ruin of Ancient Civilization, 106.
57. Cunningham, I, 188.
58. Frank, Survey, II, 245; IV, 241.
59. Reid, Municipalities, 492; Arnold, 265.
60. Heitland, 382.
61. Davis, W. S., 233.
62. Frank, Economic History, 404; Rostovtzeff, Roman Empire, 409.
63. Gibbon, I, 377.
CHAPTER XXX
1. Renan, Marc, 592.
2. Tertullian, Apol., xl, 1.
3. Minucius Felix, Octavius, ix, 5, in Tertullian, Apol.
4. Guignebert, Christianity, 164.
5. I Cor., vi, 1; Renan, Marc, 597.
6. Origen Contra Celsum, viii, 69, in Halliday, 27.
7. Tertullian, Apol., xv, 1-7; Duchesne, I, 34.
8. Friedländer, III, 186.
9. Tertullian, Apol., iv, 1.
10. Ramsay, 253; CAH, X, 503.
11. Duchesne, I, 82.
12. Bury, J., History of Freedom of Thought, 42.
13. Tertullian, Apol., v, 4; Eusebius, iii, 17.
14. Pliny the Younger, x, 96-7.
15. Rescript of Hadrian in Eusebius, iv, 9. For a defense of its authenticity cf. Ramsay, 320.
16. From an account said to have been sent to the Christian churches by the elders of the church at Smyrna, in Lake, Apostolic Fathers, II, 321.
17. Renan, Marc, 331.
18. Tertullian, Apol., xlv, 14.
19. Memoirs of St. Perpetua, in Davis and West, Readings in Ancient History, 287.
20. Rostovtzeff, Ancient World, II, 349.
21. Duchesne, I, 267.
22. Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum, x.
23. Eusebius, viii, if.
24. Gibbon, II, 57.
25. Eusebius, viii, 17.
26. Tertullian, Apol., 1, 13.
27. Ambrose in Enc. Brit., VI, 297.
28. Eusebius, Life of Constantine, i, 28.
29. Eusebius, E.H., viii, 2.
30. Id., Life of Constantine, i, 28.
31. Lactantius, De Mortibus, xliv, 5.
32. Cambridge Medieval History, I, 4.
33. For the detailed evidence cf. Burckhardt, 252f.
34. Hist. Aug., “Elagabalus,” xxxiv, 4.
35. Lot, 29.
36. Flick, A. C., Rise of the Medieval Church, 123-4.
37. Duruy, V., History of the Roman People, VII, 510.
38. Kalthoff, 172; Lot, 98.
39. Eusebius, Life, ii, 36.
40. Ibid., iii, 62f.
41. Duchesne, I, 290.
42. Eusebius, E.H., viii, 1.
43. Duchesne, II, 99.
44. Eusebius, Historical View of the Council of Nice, 6.
45. Ibid.
46. Eusebius, Life, ii, 63, 70.
47. Eusebius, Nice, 6.
48. Ibid., 15.
49. Cambridge Medieval History, I, 121.
50. Socrates, Ecclesiastical History, i, 8.
51. Duchesne, II, 125.
52. Ferrero, Ruin, 170.
53. Gatteschi, 24; Reinach, Apollo, 89.
54. Gibbon, VI, 553.
55. Lactantius, Divinae Institutiones, v, 19.
56. Eusebius, Life, i, 1.
57. Cambridge Medieval History, I, 15.
EPILOGUE
1. Reid, J. S., in Cambridge Medieval History, I, 54.
2. Cyprian, Ad Demetrium, 3, in Inge, Plotinus, I, 25.
3. Cf. West, op. cit., 103.
4. Frank, Survey, III, 575.
5. In Eusebius, E. H., vii, 21.
6. Rostovtzeff, Roman Empire, 424.
7. Frank, Survey, III; 74.
8. Gibbon, I, 421.
9. Davis, Influence of Wealth, 214.
10. Gibbon, I, 274.
11. Id., chap, xvi, etc.
12. Renan, Marc, 589; Ferrero, Ruin, 7, 74; White, E. L., Why Rome Fell, passim.
13. Montesquieu, Grandeur et décadence des Romains, 36.
14. Cambridge Medieval History, I, 10.
15. Abbott, 201.
16. Rostovtzeff, Roman Empire, 445.
Index
I am indebted for this index to the careful scholarship of Mr. Arnold Canell.—W. D.
A
Abeona, 59
abortion, 211, 222, 313, 363-364, 396-397, 479, 505, 598, 666
About Nature, see Physeos, Peri
Abraham, 626, 662
absentee landlordism, 77, 233, 311, 631
Abstinents, 605
Abtolim, Jewish rabbi (fl. 1st century B.C.), 538
Ab Urbe Condita (Livy), 250-252
Academic, see Platonic
Academica (Cicero), 163*
Academy, Plato’s, 421, 489, 495, 497
Acca Larentia (Lupa), nurse of Romulus and Remus, 12
Accius, tragic dramatist (170-? B.C..), 98
Achaea, 216, 424, 482
Achaean League, 86
Achaemenids, 507, 528, 529, 641
Acheron, 147, 238, 389
Achillas, Egyptian general (fl. 1st century B.C..), 187
Achilleid (Statius), 316
Achilles, 37, 100, 353, 354, 381
Acropolis, 487
Acta Diurna, 172, 382, 435, 447
Acta Senatus, 435
Acte, Claudia, mistress of Nero (1st century), 277, 284
acting, in Etruria, 18;
in Rome, 18, 73-74, 83, 99, 223, 265-266, 278-279, 283, 378-379, 428
Actium (naval battle, 31 B.C..), 128, 139, 207, 208, 217, 218, 219, 241, 358, 434, 442, 465, 482
Acts of the Apostles, The, 403, 554, 556, 573, 575-595
Acts of the Martyrs, 648, 652
Adam, 588-589, 509
Addison, Joseph, English essayist and poet (1672-1719), 304
Adelphi (Terence), 101
Aden (anc. Adena), 325, 508
Adige (anc. Athesis), 454
administration, of Caesar, 190-194;
of Augustus, 215-217;
of Claudius, 270-271;
of Nero, 275-276;
of Vespasian, 287-288;
of Domitian, 291;
under the Principate, 293, 328, 330, 344, 391, 434;
of Trajan, 409, 441;
of Hadrian, 414-416, 419-420;
of Antoninus Pius, 422-424;
of Commodus, 447-448;
of Alexander Severus, 626-627;
of Gallienus, 629;
of Diocletian, 639-645;
of Constantine, 664;
monarchic, 668-669
Adonis, 256, 523, 553, 595
Adoptionists, 605
Ad Pisones (Horace), 249
Adramyttium, 518
Adria (anc. Hadria, or Atria), 11, 414
Adrian of Tyre, Greek rhetorician (ca. 112 ca. 192), 488-489
Adrianople (anc. Adrianopolis), 483, 655, 670
Adriatic Sea, 37, 47, 50, 157, 183, 184, 203, 207, 232, 324, 325, 414, 455, 480, 496, 602
Aduatici, 175
adultery, 69, 134-135, 144, 157, (Caesar’s) 168-169, 202, 211, 222-224, 229, 230-232, 248, 253, 255, 272-273, 274, 279, 290, 293, 297-298, 302, 312, 363, 369-370, 396, 424, 430, 438, 479, 485, 495, 529, 562, 599, 618, 621, 622
Adversus Haereses (Irenaeus), 612
Aebutia, lex, 401
Aedes Vestae, 359
aediles, 22, 28, 29*, 74, 82, 99, 328, 336, 369
Aedui, 174-175, 177
Aegatean (Aegadean) Isles, 45
Aegean Sea, 139, 157, 429, 514, 592, 602, 630
Aelia Capitolina, see Jerusalem
Aelianus, Claudius, historian (fl. 2nd century), 442
Aelius, see Aristides, Publius Aelius
Aelius, Pons, 422
Aemilia, stepdaughter of Sulla and wife of Pompey (fl. 1st century B.C..), 134
Aemilian (Marcus Julius Aemilius Aemilianus), Roman emperor (?-253), 629
Aemilian Way, 78
Aemilii, Roman clan, 21, 364
Aemilius, Pons, 340, 438
Aeneas, 12, 61, 98, 148, 167, 237, 239-241, 382, 456
Aeneid (Virgil), 225, 239-244, 254, 456
Aenesidemus of Cnossus, Greek Skeptic (1st century), 494
Aequi, 36
aerarium, 220
Aeschines, Athenian orator (389-314 B.C..), 95
Aeschylus, Greek dramatist (525-456 B.C..), 258
Aesculapius, 62, 75, 311, 487, 526
Aesopus, Claudius, tragic actor (fl. 1st century B.C..), 133, 160, 378
Aethiopica (Heliodorus), 636-637
Aetna, 265
Aetolian League, 85
Afranius, politician (?-46 B.C..), 129, 185
Africa, 38, 39, 40, 53, 54, 78, 85, 105, 106-107, 111, 112, 119, 123, 138, 183, 189, 190, 203, 216, 237, 246, 297, 308, 313, 320, 322, 326, 328-329, 336, 346, 347, 356, 366, 413, 417, 418, 431, 441, 442, 455, 464-466, 468, 470, 475, 499, 513, 523, 602, 603, 606, 613, 618, 621, 628, 631, 633, 636, 658, 659, 669-670
Africanus, Sextus Julius, Christian historian (?-232), 555
Against Apion (Josephus), 500, 546
Against Catiline (Cicero), 142
Against Celsus (Origen), 606, 615
agape, 386, 597-598
Agathocles, Tyrant of Syracuse (361?-289 B.C..), 42
ager publicus, 76, 113-114, 116, 121, 171, 287, 320, 336
Aglibol, 511
Agnus Dei, 578-579
Agricola, Cnaeus Julius, governor (37-93), 288, 291, 433-434, 435-436, 476
Agricola (Tacitus), 433-434, 435-436
agriculture, Carthaginian, 39-40, 42;
under Rome, 54, 76-77, 103-104, (agrarian revolt) 111-127, 190, 192, 211, 235, 237-239, 311, 319-321, 338, 348, 410-411, 448, 464, 473, 474, 476, 478, 483, 498, 522, 528-529, 535, 631-633, 644, 665, 668, 671
Agrigentum (Girgenti), 52, 112, 464
Agrippa, King of Chalcis (30-100), 586-587
Agrippa, Herod, King of the Jews (reigned 41-44), 543
Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius, general (63-12 B.C..), 205, 207, 212, 214, 215, 219-220, 230-232, 263*, 308, 340, 359, 375, 420, 474
Agrippa, Baths of, 290, 340, 359, 375
Agrippina, wife of Germanicus (?-33 A.D.), 262-265, 273
Agrippina the Younger, mother of Nero (?-59), 263*, 272, 273-275, 277, 279, 280, 302, 479
Ahenobarbi, Domitii, Roman family, 274
Ahenobarbus, Cnaeus Domitius, father of Nero (fl. 1st century), 273, 274, 282, 334
Ahriman, 524
Ahura-Mazda, 524, 529
Aisne (anc. Axona), 175
Akiba ben Joseph, Jewish rabbi (40-138), 547-549
Alalia, battle of (535 B.C..), 7
Alaric, King of the Visigoths (376?-410), 670
Alba Longa, 11, 12, 241, 344
Alban hills, 77, 82
Albania, in Asia, 413
Alban poetry contest, 316
Albinus, procurator of Judea (fl. 1st century), 543
Albinus, Clodius, rival of Septimius Severus for emperorship (?-192), 621
Alcaeus, Greek lyric poet (620-580 B.C..), 247
Alcibiades, Athenian politician and general (450-404 B.C.), 147
Alciphron, Greek letter writer (fl. 180), 488
Alcmaeon, 278
Alcmena, 93, 100
Alcon, surgeon (fl. 1st century), 312
Aldobrandini, Villa, 454*
“Aldobrandin” Wedding, 354
Alemanni, 175, 627, 629, 638
Alesia (Alise Ste.-Reine), 177
Alexander the Great, King of Macedon (356-323 B.C..), 28, 37, 39, 169, 194, 208, 218, 226, 302, 413, 500, 557*, 623, 636, 641
Alexander, Bishop of Alexandria (fl. 4th century), 658-660, 662
Alexander, son of Herod the Great (?-6 B.C..), 534
Alexander of Abonoteichus, Greek worker of miracles (fl. 1st century), 525-526
Alexander Severus (Marcus Alexianus Bassi-anus Aurelius Severus Alexander), Roman emperor (208?-235), 375, 623, 625-627, 628, 634, 635, 645, 650
Alexander Severus, Baths of, 375
Alexandria, 93, 155, 158, 159, 186, 187-188, 190, 204, 206, 207, 211, 218, 234, 253, 266, 280, 291, 299, 312, 323, 325, 326, 329, 331, 339, 347, 352, 355, 356, 368, 374, 378, 380, 386, 389, 419, 431, 465, 494, 498-506, 508, 516, 521-522, 544, 545, 546, 604, 608, 611, 613, 615, 623, 626, 630, 634, 635, 650, 658-659, 660*, 666
Alexandria, library of, 188, 291, 516, 635
Alexandria, Museum of, 415, 419
Alexandria Issi (Alexandretta), 513
Alexandrian style, 361
Alexandria Troas, 516, 583, 602
Alfieri, Vittorio, Count, Italian dramatist (1749-1803), 3
algebra, 633-634
Alighieri, Dante, Italian poet (1265-1321), 8, 240, 243, 422, 437, 671
alimenta, 407, 411, 427, 461, 666
Allia (battle, 390 B.C..), 36
alphabet, Latin, 73, 269
Alps, 3, 5, 6, 11, 36, 47, 48-49, 53, 87, 118, 119, 137, 175, 178, 324, 429, 454, 474, 602, 628, 640, 654, 670
Altamira, 468
Altar of the Augustan Peace, see Ara Pacis Augustae
Altinum, 461
Amasea (Amasia), 520
Amastris (Amasra), 157, 520
Ambarvalia (Feast of the Arval Brotherhood), 59, 66
Ambiani, 175, 471*
Ambracia (Arta), 92
Ambracian Gulf (Gulf of Arta), 207
America, 132, 307, 352
America, Latin, 671
American Revolution, 192, 670
Amhaarez, 562
Amicitia, De (Cicero), 163*
Amiens (anc. Samarobriva, later Ambiani), 471*
Amisus (Samsun), 520
Amiternum, 455
Ammianus Marcellinus, historian (fl. 4th century), 322*, 365, 380, 402, 471, 504
Amores (Ovid), 254
amphitheaters, 82, 90, 111, 133, 277, 355, 359-361, 362, 378, 383-387, 410, 454, 455, 456, 459, 460-461, 465, 466, 474, 508, 512, 532, 612-613, 648, 649, 653
Amphitryon (Plautus), 100
Ampurias (anc. Emporium), 47
amulets, 60, 62, 373
Amulius, legendary usurper to the throne of Latium (8th century B.C..), 12
Amulius, painter (fl. 1st century), 352
Amyot, Jacques, French savant, and Bishop of Auxerre (1513-1593), 637
Anabasis of Alexander (Flavian), 520
Anacreon, Greek lyric poet (560?-475? B.C..), 158, 235, 247, 509
Analogy, On (Caesar), 162
Anastasius I, Roman Pope (?-401), 615
ancestor worship, 56, 59, 83-84, 226
Anchises, 240-241, 382
Ancona, 410
Ancus Marcius, fourth King of Rome (fl. 7th century B.C..), 14
Ancyra (Angora), 513
Andrew, apostle, 563
Andria (Terence), 101
Androcles, slave (dates uncertain), 385
Andromeda, 256
anesthetics, 313, 505
Anger, On (Seneca), 302
Anglo-Saxon, 477
Anicetus, Roman Pope (ca. 157-ca. 168), 617
Anicetus, courtier of Nero (fl. 1st century B.C..), 279
Anima, De (Tertullian), 613
animals, feeling for, in Lucretius, 147;
in Virgil, 238;
Pliny on, 310;
Hadrian’s, 414
animism, 60
Anio, 22
Anio Novus Aqueduct, 270
Anna, daughter of Phanuel, 542
Annales (Ennius), 98, 164
Annales (Tacitus), 434-437, 442
Anna Perenna, 65
Annas, priest (in the Bible), 571
Annona, 388
Annunciation, 558
Anthony, Saint, Egyptian founder of monachism (251-356?), 445, 657
anthropology, Lucretius on, 152-153
Antibes (anc. Antipolis), 78, 474
Anti-Cato (Caesar), 195
Antichrist, 575, 593
Antigonus, King of Judea (fl. 43 B.C..), 531
Anti-Lebanon Mountains, 511
Antinoöpolis, 419
Antinoüs, Greek favorite of Hadrian (?-122), 419, 442, 523
Antioch (Antakia), 54, 205, 280, 329, 413, 418, 428, 495, 504, 534, 546, 576, 582-583, 585, 588, 602, 608, 611, 623, 626, 629, 635, 650
Antioch (in Pisidia), 582
Antiochus III the Great, King of Syria (reigned 223-187 B.C..), 55, 86, 88, 91, 528
Antiochus IV Epiphanes, King of Syria (200?-164 B.C..), 107, 418, 487, 534, 540
Antiochus of Ascalon, Greek Platonic philosopher (fl. 1st century B.C..), 489
Antipater, son of Herod the Great (?-4 B.C..), 534-535
Antipater the Idumean, father of Herod and procurator of Judea (?-43 B.C..), 531
Antiquities of the Jews, The (Josephus), 546, 554
anti-Semitism, 546, 595
Antium (Anzio), 280, 340, 453
Antonia, mother of Germanicus and Claudius (1st century B.C..-1st century A.D.), 262, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 274, 371
Antonines, 324, 392, 405, 411, 437, 442, 449, 516, 620
Antoninus Pius (Titus Aurelius Fulvius Boionius Arrius Antoninus Pius), Roman emperor (86-161), 345, 368, 392, 395, 396, 398, 408, 421-425, 426, 427, 428, 430, 444, 511, 549, 611, 648
Antoninus, Wall of, 476
Antonius, governor (fl. ca. 190), 605
Antonius, Lucius, governor (fl. 1st century B.C..), 204-205
Antonius, Marcus (Mark Antony), Roman general (83-30 B.C..), 70, 155, 160, 161, 169, 181, 185, 188, 191, 195-208, 211, 226, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 236, 239, 261, 265, 268, 273, 274, 309, 312, 329, 371, 372, 373, 412, 413, 418, 448, 482, 512, 516, 531, 583, 640
Antonius, Marcus, Roman general, father of Antony (fl. 1st century B.C..), 144, 160
Antonius Primus, general of Vespasian (fl. 1st century), 285, 301
Antyllus, ophthalmologist (fl. 1st century), 505
Anubis, 390
Apamea, 512, 514, 629
Apamea Celaenae, 513
Apelles, Greek painter (fl. 330 B.C..), 352, 355
Apennines, 3, 11, 50, 121, 141, 236, 253, 270, 344
Aphrodite, 512, 516
Aphrodite, Temple of (Jerusalem), 663
Aphrodite Pandemos, Temple of, 487
Apicata, divorced wife of Sejanus (?-31 A.D.), 264
Apicius, famous epicure (fl. reign of Tiberius), 376-377
Apion, Greek grammarian (fl. 1st century), 546
apocalypse, 540-542, 564-570, 575, 590-591, 592-595, 605, 616
Apocolocyntosis or Pumpkinification (Seneca), 275, 350
Apocrypha, 539-540, 559, 575*
Apollinaris Sidonius, Caius Sollius, Saint, bishop and poet (430?-482?), 473
Apollo, 8, 62, 64, 236-237, 240, 280, 351, 358, 381, 458, 513
Apollo the Healer, 62
Apollo, Temple of, 358
Apollo, Temple of (Pompeii), 459
Apollo the Healer, Temple of, 62
Apollo Belvedere, 349, 453
Apollodorus, Greek architect (fl. reign of Trajan), 411, 421
Apollodorus, attendant of Cleopatra (1st century B.C..), 187
Apollonia (near Valona), 200, 480, 482
Apollonia (in Palestine), 508
Apollonius of Athens, Greek sculptor in Rome (fl. ca. birth of Christ), 349
Apollonius of Rhodes, Greek poet and grammarian (fl. 222-181 B.C..), 241
Apollonius of Tyana, Greek philosopher (fl. 1st century), 515, 526, 622, 626
Apollonius, Life of (Philostratus), 526, 622
Apollonius Molo of Alabanda, Greek rhetorician (fl. 1st century B.C..), 141, 514
Apollo of Veii, 10
Apollo Room, 132
Apologeticus (Tertullian), 612
Apologia (Apuleius), 467
“Apologies,” 611
apostles, 556, 557, 563-565, 567, 571, 572, 575-595
Appian (Appianus), historian (fl. 2nd century), 189, 196, 197, 424, 442, 471, 518, 519
Appian Aqueduct, 29, 81, 340
Appian Way (via Appia), 29, 77-78, 138, 340, 617
Apuleius, satirist and philosopher (fl. 2nd century), 155, 299, 402, 442, 465, 466-468, 485, 487, 525, 612, 636, 637
Apulia, 50, 53, 112, 139, 244, 455
Aquae Aureliae (Baden-Baden), 480
Aquae Salis (Bath), 477
Aquae Sextiae (Aix), battle in 102 B.C.., 119
Aqua Virgo Aqueduct, 327*
aqueducts, 81, 92, 103, 220, 270, 326-328, 340, 343, 356, 410, 411, 418-419, 464, 470, 474, 509, 627
Aquila, called Ponticus, Greek-Jewish translator of the Old Testament (fl. 117-138), 614
Aquileia (Aquileja), 322, 324, 347, 429, 455, 628
Aquilia, lex, 312
Aquilius, Manius, general (?-88 B.C..), 121, 518
Aquincum, 480, see also Budapest
Aquinum, 437, 453
Aquis Urbis Romae, De (Frontinus), 328
Aquitania (Gallia Aquitanica), 472, 473
Aquyrion, 664
Arabia, 204, 217, 325, 329, 337, 346, 366, 419, 507-508, 546, 581, 602, 630
Arabia Deserta, 508
Arabia Felix (Yemen), 508
Arabia Petrea, 413, 508
Arabic, 504, 507
Arabs, 464, 470, 500, 503, 504, 507, 508, 529, 634
Aramaic, 508, 512, 529, 535, 556, 572
Ara Pacis Augustae, 225, 229, 346, 348, 349
Aratus of Soli, Greek didactic poet (315-245 B.C..), 238, 308, 584*
Arausio (Orange), 118, 119, 474
Arcadia, 101
Arcadius, Roman emperor in the East (?-408), 412
Arcesilaus, Greek sculptor in Rome (fl. 1st century B.C..), 342, 349
arch, 92, 327, 339, 340, 348, 349, 355-361, 443, 454, 455, 466*, 470, 473, 474, 511, 529, 623, 635, 662, 671
Archagathus the Peloponnesian (Carnifex), physician (fl. 219 B.C..), 75-76
Archelaus, King of the Jews (reigned 4 B.C.-A.D. 6), 535, 542-543
Archias, Aulus Licinius, Greek poet in Rome (ca. 120-? B.C..), 141, 163
Archilochus, Greek lyric poet (714?-676 B.C..), 158, 244, 246, 247
Archimedes, Greek mathematician and scientist (287?-212 B.C..), 72, 77, 503, 634
Architectural (Second) Style (painting), 353
architecture, Etruscan, 8-9, 18;
Carthaginian, 40-41, 42;
Byzantine, 421;
Parthian, 529;
under Rome, 18, 75, 81, 92-93, 133, 281, 287, 338-354 Passim, 355-362, 410, 411-413, 418-421, 442-443, (Pompeian) 458-459, 464, 465, 477, 511, 514, 515, 516, 532-533, 631, 633, 635, 661-662, 669, 671
Architecture, On (Vitruvius), 356
Archon, Peri (Origen), 614
archon basileus, 13
Ardashir I (or Artaxerxes), King of Persia (reigned 227-240), 530, 627
Ardea, 10, 16, 35
Arellius, painter (fl. end of 1st century B.C..), 352
Areopagus (Hill of Mars), 487, 584
Arescon, hermaphrodite mentioned by Pliny, 310
Aretas IV, King of Saba (9 B.C..-A.D. 40), 508
Arethusa, 256
Areus, Greek philosopher in Rome (fl. reign of Augustus), 299
Arezzo (anc. Arretium, q.v.), 9
Argentoratum (Strasbourg), 480, 633
Argiletum, The, 234
Argonautica (Apollonius of Rhodes), 241
Argos, 139, 310, 487, 630
Ariadne, 157, 256, 352
Aricia, 35, 61
Aries, 298
Ariminum (Rimini), 11, 78, 182, 455
Ariovistus, German chief (fl. 1st century B.C..), 174-175
Aristarchus of Samos, Greek astronomer (fl. 280-264 B.C..), 502
Aristides, Greek writer of romance (fl. 2nd century B.C..), 636
Aristides, Publius Aelius, surnamed Theodorus, Greek rhetorician (117-187), 328, 424, 515, 516
Aristippus, Greek philosopher (435?-356? B.C..), 494
Aristobulus II, King of Judea (reigned 67-63 B.C..), 530
Aristobulus, grandson of Hyrcanus II (1st century B.C..), 532, 534
Aristobulus, son of Herod the Great (?-6 B.C..), 534
aristocracy, in Etruria, 6, 17;
in Carthage, 40-43, 46;
under Rome, 16-17, 21-31, 34, 64, 69, 70, 76, 77, 81, 82, 85, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 98, 103, 104, 111-208, 212, 215-216, 222, 234, 243, 251-252, 258, 260, 267, 270, 271, 279, 282, 286-287, 292, 296, 297, 313, 319, 332, 335, 348, 351, 363-364, 372, 373, 384, 409, 433, 434-435, 440, 441, 446, 449, 460, 622, 626, 628, 633, 641, 644, 670;
Cicero on, 165
Aristonicus, pretender to throne of Pergamum (?-129 B.C..), 516
Aristophanes, Greek comic dramatist (448?-380? B.C..), 74, 99
Aristotelian (Peripatetic) philosophy, 95, 432, 489-490
Aristotle, Greek philosopher (384-322 B.C..), 4, 25, 42, 79, 123, 302, 308, 311, 421, 490, 497, 506, 507, 610, 611
arithmetic, 72, 75
Arithmetica (Diophantus of Alexandria), 634
Arius, Greek priest of Alexandria, and founder of Arianism (280?-336), 658-660, 662, 663
Ark of the Covenant, 533
Arles (anc. Arelate or Arelas), 192, 474, 658
Arles, Council of, 658
Armageddon, 593
Armenia, 132, 179, 206, 217, 231, 275, 280, 320, 366, 413, 414, 517, 528, 602, 629, 630;
Lesser, 188
Arminius, chief of German tribe of Cherusci (18 B.C..-A.D. 19), 218
army, of Pyrrhus, 38;
of Carthage, 43, 46, 48, 50-51, 53, 106;
under the Republic, 33-34, 46, 49, 50-51, 53, 80, 87, 116, 118-120, 126, 178-179;
under the Principate, 216-217, 220, 232, 260, 268, 269, 271, 284-285, 292, 293-294, 330, 336, 340, 417, 429, 620-621;
under the monarchy, 621-622, 626, 628-629, 632, 633, 638-639, 641, 661, 669, 670
Arnus (Arno), 454
Arpinum (Arpino), 118, 141, 162, 453
Arretium (Arezzo), 6, 77, 322, 328, 346, 454
Arrian (Flavius Arrianus), Greek historian and philosopher (100?-170?), 418, 490, 520
Arsaces, King of Parthia (fl. ca. 248 B.C..), 528
Arsacids, 528-529, 622
Ars Amatoria (Ovid), 255
Arsinoë, 499
art, Etruscan, 5, 8-11, 18, 149, 339, 350, 359, 443;
Campanian, 37;
Greek, 92-93, 95-96, 338-339, 349, 351-361;
German, 479;
Byzantine, 512, 529;
Parthian, 529;
Christian, 601;
under the Republic, 18, 77, 92-93, 95, 102, 108, 123, 125, 132;
under the Principate, 215, 225, 233-234, 269, 277-279, 280, 291, 310, 338-362, 376, 415, 421, 442-443, 456, 459-460, 461, 511-512;
under the monarchy, 621, 629, 630, 632, 634-635, 661;
of Rome, 671, 672
Artabanus IV, King of Parthia (?-227), 529, 530
Artaxata, 528
Artemis, 63, 514, 515, 585
Artemis, Festival of, 515
Artemis, Temple of (Ephesus), 515, 518, 585, 630
Artemis, Temple of (Magnesia), 514
Artes Liberales, 342
Artibus, De (Celsus), 313
artisans, see craftsmen
“Art of Poetry, The” (Horace), see Ad Pisones
Art Poétique, L (Boileau), 249*
Arval Brotherhood, 59, 66, 73, 388
Ascalon, 508
Ascanius (Iulus), 167, 240-241
asceticism, 303, 426, 445, 490, 497, 502, 525-526, 527, 537-538, 560, 562, 577, 580, 605, 606, 607-609, 613, 615, 657, 658, 667
Asclepiades of Prusa, Greek physician in Rome (fl. 1st century B.C..), 312, 507
Asclepieum of Pergamum, 516, 518
Asclepius, see Aesculapius
Ascyltos, 297
Ashoka, Indian ruler and religious teacher (reigned 273-232 B.C..), 559*
Ashur (city), 529
Asia, 40, 60, 86, 88, 89, 91, 92, 94, 112, 117, 124, 134, 139, 140, 147, 157, 167, 171, 207, 211, 225, 226, 308, 324, 347, 355, 359, 366, 389, 392, 412, 423, 431, 433, 483, 508, 514, 516, 517, 518, 519, 524, 526, 540, 578, 590, 592, 606, 630, 640, 649*, 655, 659, 669
Asia Minor, 5, 8, 116, 130, 187, 216, 262, 320, 329, 364, 381, 418, 429, 431, 483, 513-516, 518, 520, 522, 578, 583, 585, 588, 592, 602-603, 605, 617, 627, 629, 632, 633, 640
“Asianic” style, 161, 169
Asiatic style, 361
Asiaticus, freedman of Vitellius (fl. 1st century), 285
Asisium (Assisi), 455
Aspasia of Miletus, consort of Pericles (470?-410 B.C..), 187, 487
Aspendus, 513
assassination as a political method, 260
Assembly, Centurial, 23-30, 33, 34, 44, 50, 52, 85, 91-92, 107, 116-117, 119, 139-140, 200, 232, 260, 265, 269, 393
Assembly, Curial, 25-26, 393, 395
Assembly, Tribal, 24, 26-28, 30, 34, 47, 91, 113-115, 121-122, 123, 126, 145, 171, 173, 179, 180, 181, 188, 191, 201, 213, 223, 232, 260, 340, 393
Assyria, 413, 414, 511
Astarte, 41
Astraea, 237*; see also Virgin
astrology, 75, 147, 164, 231, 259, 278, 292, 308, 311, 388, 415, 425, 435, 503, 512, 514, 525, 559, 621
astronomy, 75, 307-308, 309, 367-368, 472, 488, 502-503, 514
Asturae (Astura), 162
Atalanta, 256
Atargatis (dea Syria), 390, 522
Atella (Aversa), 237
Athanasius, St., Greek father of the Church (296?-373), 660, 663
atheism, in Lucretius, 147-154; 388, 485, 490, 497, 522
Athenaeum, 415
Athenaeus of Naucratis, Greek grammarian (fl. 3rd century), 325, 334, 635-636
Athenagoras, Greek philosopher (fl. 168), 611
Athene, see Pallas Athene
Athenion, leader of slave rebellion (?-101 B.C..), 121
Athenodorus Cananites of Tarsus, Greek Stoic philosopher (fl. ist century B.C..), 228
Athens, 13, 40, 68, 79, 87, 95, 96, 98, 99, 100, 104, 123, 124, 131, 141, 186, 203, 205, 207, 228, 234, 239, 244, 254, 300, 325, 349, 368, 389, 418, 428, 431, 432, 462, 465, 466, 482, 483, 484, 486, 487-490, 495, 504, 514, 515, 519, 520, 534, 546, 579, 583-584, 585, 604*, 621, 630, 661
athletics, in Etruria, 7;
under Rome, 72, 223, 277-279, 314, 340, 351, 360, 375, 377, 382, 430, 438, 510, 532, 625
Atlantic Ocean, 175, 217, 252, 307, 325, 326, 466, 470, 475, 514, 521
Atlas Mountains, 464
Atman, see soul
atomic philosophy, of Lucretius, 150-154; 164
Atreus, 293
atrium, 343-344
Atrium Vestae, 359, 635
Attalids, 516
Attalus, King of Perganum (reigned 241-197 B.C..), 94
Attalus III Philometor, King of Pergamum (reigned 138-133 B.C..), 114, 516
Attalus, Gallic Christian martyr (?-177), 649
Attalus, Stoic philosopher (fl. 1st century), 301
Attianus, Caelius, guardian of Hadrian (fl. end of 1st century), 414
Attica, 4, 487
Attic Nights (Aulus Gellius), 442
Attic style (art), 348, 349, 361, 635
“Attic” style (literature), 161
Atticus, Titus Pomponius, scholar and philosopher (109-32 B.C..), 130, 131-132, 159, 163, 169, 189, 202
Atticus Herodes, Tiberius Claudius, Greek rhetorician and millionaire (104?-180), 487, 515
Attila, King of the Huns (4o6?-453), 670
Attis, 94, 385, 523, 553, 588, 598
“Atys” (Catullus), 157
Aude (anc. Atax), 470
Auditoria, 312
Augsburg (anc. Augusta Vindelicorum), 324, 480
augury, 63-64, 93, 388, 435, 651
Augustales, 226
Augustalia, 649
Augustan Age, 188, 211-258, 271, 295, 297, 338, 361, 454, 533
Augusta Rauricorum (Augst), 480
Augusta Taurinorum, see Turin
Augusta Trevirorum (Trèves), 474, 635, 640
Augusta Vindelicorum, see Augsburg
Augustine, Saint, Bishop of Hippo and father of the Church (354-430), 42, 60, 307, 465, 493, 494, 603, 606, 611
Augustonemetum (Clermont-Ferrand), 473
Augustus (Caius Julius Caesar Octavianus), Roman emperor (63 B.C..-14 A.D.), iii, 121, 128, 154, 159, 199-258, 259, 260, 262, 265, 266, 269, 270, 273, 274, 285, 286, 288, 290, 294, 299, 308, 309, 312, 319, 323, 325, 326†, 331, 335, 338, 340, 341, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 350, 352, 356, 357, 358, 360, 363, 365*, 381, 383, 387, 388, 391, 394, 396, 397, 398, 407, 410, 411, 413, 414, 417, 419, 432, 434, 454, 455, 460, 464, 465, 469, 472, 473, 474, 478, 482, 487, 499, 508, 511, 514, 516, 528, 530, 531, 532, 543, 558, 640, 645, 663, 664
Aulis, 149
Aulularia (Plautus), 100
aurea mediocritas, 245-246, 249
Aurelia, mother of Caesar (2nd and 1st centuries B.C..), 167
Aurelian (Lucius Domitius Aurelianus), Roman emperor (212?-275), 606, 628, 632, 638-639, 640, 642, 654, 664, 665
Aurelian Way, 78
Aurelius, Marcus (Marcus Annius Aurelius Antoninus), Roman emperor and philosopher (121-180), 13, 28, 97, 108, 159, 299, 322, 329, 330, 331, 335, 346, 349, 396, 398, 412, 422, 423, 424, 425-432, 442, 443-446, 447, 448-449, 460, 465, 469, 478, 480, 489, 490, 492, 495, 505, 507, 606, 611, 622, 627, 631*, 633, 645, 649, 650, 662, 665, 666
Aurelius, Severus, brother of Marcus Aurelius (fl. 2nd century), 426
Aurelius, Column of, 412, 443
Aurelius Imperator, 443
aureus, 192
Aurignacian man, 470-471
Aurora, 241, 255
Austria, 471
Austria-Hungary, 480
autobiography, Hadrian’s, 415
Autun (anc. Augustodunum), 175, 474
Auvergne, 176
Avare, L’ (Molière), 100
Avaricum (Bourses), 177, 471*, 473
Aventine, 12*, 74, 81, 117, 339-340, 360
Avernus, Lacus (Lake Averno), 220, 240, 456
Avignon (anc. Avenio), 417, 474
Aviola, Marcus Acilius, consul (fl. 1st century B.C..), 311
Aziz, 390
B
Baal (Bel), 45, 390, 511, 606, 623-625, 639;
Baal-Haman, 41, 42, 47;
Baal-Moloch, 41
Baalbek, see Heliopolis
Babylonia or Babylon, 7, 9, 88, 133, 308, 322, 374, 538, 540, 546, 549, 588
Babylon, whore of, 593
Babylonian Captivity, 545
Bacchae (Euripides), 178, 529
Baachanalia, 94
Bacchantes, 204
Bacchus, 94, 164, 347, 354, 511; see also Dionysus
bachelors, 68, 224, 237, 250, 363
Bacon, Francis, Baron Verulam, Viscount St. Albans, English philosopher and statesman (1561-1626), 304
Baedeker, Karl, German publisher of guidebooks (1801-1859), 324
Baetica (Andalusia), 216, 470
Bagradas (Medjerda) River, 39, 464-465
Baiae (Baja), 133, 135, 185, 266, 370, 377, 422, 456
Balbinus (Decimus Caelius Balbinus), Roman emperor (?-238), 628
Balbus, Lucius Cornelius, consul (fl. 1st century B.C..), 191, 192, 195, 333, 340, 360
Balbus and Ollius, banking firm, 331
Balearic Islands, 40, 42, 470
Balkans, 431, 483, 519, 630, 638, 669
ballet, 378-379, 487
Baltic Sea, 478
Balzac, Honoré de, French novelist (1799-1850), 412
banking, 79-80, 88, 111, 130, 169, 323, 331-332, 336, 499, 514, 515, 536, 671
bankruptcy, 58, 79, 111, 192, 331-332, 396
baptism, 558, 560, 577, 598, 600, 618, 649, 658, 664
barbarian invasions, 174-178, 188, 294, 406, 424, 428-429, 431, 448-449, 480-481, 507, 627-633, 638-639, 644, 650, 665-670
Barcino (Barcelona), 470
Bar Cocheba, Simeon, Jewish rebel leader (?-135), 542, 548, 549
Bardesanes, Syrian heretic (fl. 200), 604
Barnabas, Joses, apostle, 582-583, 590, 603
Basilica Aemilia, 92
Basilica Julia, 267
Basilica Porcia, 92
basilicas, 92-93, 130, 219, 340, 345, 355, 362, 465, 466, 476, 477, 480, 511, 601, 618-619, 661-662, 671
Basilica Ulpia, 411
Basilides, Alexandrian heretic (fl. 117), 604
Bassa, 317
Batanea, 535
Bath, see Aquae Salis bathing, 81, 343, 344, 345, 374-375, 459, 477, 599, 624; see also watering places
baths, public, Carthaginian, 40, 465;
Roman, 81, 219, 220, 277, 289, 290-291, 317, 327, 343, 355, 356-357, 359-360, 362, 363, 374-376, 412, 418, 440, 459, 460-461, 465, 466, 473, 474, 476, 477, 480, 509, 511, 512, 515, 548, 623, 627, 635, 661
Bathyllus of Alexandria, artist in pantomime (fl. end of 1st century B.C..), 378
Baucalis, 658
Baucis, 256
Bauer, Bruno, German theologian (1809-1882), 554
Baur, Ferdinand Christian, German Protestant theologian (1792-1860), 553-554
beards, 415, 471, 529
Beaumarchais, de (Pierre Auguste Caron), French dramatist (1732-1799), 101
Beauvais (anc. Caesaromagus), 471*, 474
Beersheba, 535
Beethoven, Ludwig van, German composer (1770-1827), 381
Behistun inscription, 528
Belgae, 175
Belgica, see Gaul, Belgic
Belgium, 36, 329
Belgrade (anc. Singidunum), 480
Bellerophon, 10
Bellona, 62, 447
Bellovaci, 471*
Beloch, Karl Julius, German historian in Italy (1854-1929), 333, 364
Benacus, Lacus, see Garda, Lago di
Benedicta, 426
Benefits, On (Seneca), 302
Beneventum (Benevento), 37, 38, 78, 410, 440, 455
Ben-Giora, Simon, Jewish hero (fl. 1st century), 404
Berenice, Jewish queen (28?-?), 288
Berenice (Benghazi), 499
Berkeley, George, Bishop of Cloyne, Irish philosopher (1685-1753), 310
Berlin, 350
Beroea (Aleppo), 512
Beroea (Verria), 583, 585
Berytus (Beirut), 510, 511, 534, 545
Bethar, 548
Bethlehem, 535, 558, 663
Bethsaïda, 535
betrothal, 68, 369, 374
Bible, 539-542, 553, 555, 578, 598, 599, 606, 613*, 614, 615, 616, 618, 658
bibliotheca, 343, 344
Bibliotheca Ulpiana, 635
Bibracte (near Autun), 175
Bibulus, Marcus Calpurnius, politician (?-48 B.C..), 171-172, 196
Bilbilis (Bámbola), 316, 318
biography, 160, 269, 433-434, 442, 483-484, 635, 662-663
birth control, 56, 88, 90, 132, 134, 158, 193, 211, 222-225, 232, 286, 363-364, 438, 483, 487, 505, 606, 666
bisexuality, 132, (Caesar’s) 168, (Antony’s) 199, 246, 253, (Domitian’s) 290, (Martial’s) 317-318, (Horace’s) 369, (Commodus’) 447, (Meleager’s) 509, (Greek Anthology) 510
Bithynia, 55, 120, 140, 155, 157, 167, 170, 216, 276, 366, 441, 516, 518-519, 521, 578, 630, 636, 653, 659;
Bithynia-Pontus, 520
Bicuriges, 471*
Black (Euxine) Sea (anc. Pontus Euxinus), 112, 157, 194, 217, 232, 256-257, 275, 291, 329, 418, 480, 483, 516, 517, 518, 520, 528, 629, 630
Black Stone of Pessinus, 513
Blandina, Gallic Christian martyr (?-177), 649
Blissful Groves, 241
Blossius, Caius, Greek philosopher (fl. 2nd century B.C..), 113, 516
Blue Glass Vase, 347
Boadicea or Boudicca, Queen of the Iceni in Britain (?-6i), 476
Boccaccio, Giovanni, Italian novelist (1313-1375). 258
Boeotia, 310, 483
Bohemia, 406, 431, 432
Boii, 49
Boileau-Despréaux, Nicolas, French poet, satirist, and critic (1636-1711), 249*
Boissier, Marie Louis Gaston, French historian, critic, and archaeologist (1823-1908), 441
Bolingbroke, Henry Saint-John, Viscount, English statesman and political writer (1678-1751), 553
Bologna (anc. Felsina, later Bononia), 5, 11, 78, 455
Bona Dea, 59, (feast of) 65, 172
books, 158, 234, 267, 269, 333, 346
bookshops, 234, 342
Bordeaux (anc. Burdigala), 324, 470, 473
Borghese Gladiator, 453
Borysthenes (Dnieper), 521
Boscoreale, 346, 459
Bosporus, kingdom of, 219, 413, 629
Bosporus (strait), 483, 518-519
Bossuet, Jacques Bénigne, French Bishop of Meaux, and pulpit orator (1627-1704), 662, 663
Boston Museum, 259
Bostra (Basra), 508, 535, 602
Botticelli, Sandro (Alessandro Filipepi), Italian painter (1447?-1510), 354
Boulogne (anc. Gesoriacum), 324, 653
bourgeoisie, 88, 89, 116, 171, 286, 343, 633
Bourges, see Avaricum
boxing, in Etruria, 7;
in Rome, 90, 99, 377, 382
Boy, 351
Brahman, 610
Brahmans, 526, 536, 608
Brahmanism, 537
Bramante, Donato d’Agnolo, Italian architect and painter (1444-1514), 661
bread, see grain
Brenner Pass, 454, 480
Brevity of Life, On the (Seneca), 302
bridges, 17, 77, 176, 266-267, 324, 326, 336, 410, 411, 455, 470, 473, 474, 627, 671
Briseis, 354
Britain, 40, 176, 234, 270-271, 288, 291, 302, 322, 324, 326, 327, 329, 366, 413, 417, 428, 470, 471, 472, 475-477, 479, 602, 620, 622, 633, 638, 641, 651, 669
Britanni, 475
Britannicus, son cf Claudius and Messalina (42-55), 273-275
British Empire, 406
British Museum, 347, 350, 351
Britons, 176
Bronze, Age of, 471
bronzework, 9-10, 18, 82, 227, 346, 349-351, 359, 420, 443, 457, 459-460, 469, 510
brothels, see prostitution
Brothers Pettius, banking firm, 332
Brumalia, 512
Brundisium (Brindisi), 78, 97, 125, 170, 173, 183, 184, 200, 205, 239, 244, 325, 326, 410, 455, 602
Bruttians, 35, 37, 51
Bruttium, 53
Brutus, Decimus Junius, commander (?-43 B.C..), 177, 197, 200, 201
Brutus, Lucius Junius (fl. 6th century B.C..), consul, 16, 17, 196, 197
Brutus, Marcus Junius, politician (85-42 B.C..), 130, 161, 185-186, 189, 194, 196-204, 211, 244, 426, 448, 482, 484, 513, 583
Brutus (in Martial), 318
Bubastis, 498
Budapest, 480
Buddhism, 537, 559
building materials, 356-357, 420, 477, 533, 635
building trades, 322
Bulgaria, 480
bullfights, in Etruria, 6;
in Crete and Thes-saly, 384;
in Rome, 385
bureaucracy, 191, 215, 220, 270-271, 275, 409, 416, 448, 498, 640, 642-645, 665, 668
Burgundy, 473
Burrus, prefect of the Praetorian Guard (fl. ist century), 273, 275, 276
Bury, John Bagnell, Irish historian (1861-1927), 273*
business, see trade
buttress, 635, 661
Byblus, 39, 534
Byron, George Gordon, sixth Baron, English poet (1788-1824), 249*
Byrsa, 41, 465
Byzantine Empire, 419, 641
Byzantinism, 641
C
Cabala, 538
Cabillonum (Chalon-sur-Saône), 474
Cádiz, see Gades
Cadmea, 483
Caecilius (in Octavius, by Minucius Felix), 611
Caecilius Statius, comic dramatist (?-168 B.C..), 101
Caelian hill, 12*, 340, 361
Caelius, Marcus Caius Rufus, orator (fl. 1st century B.C..), 135, 155, 184, 188-189
Caenis, mistress of Vespasian (ist century), 288
Caepiones, Roman family, 76
Caere (Cervetri), 7, 8, 10, 11, 121
Caesar, Caius Julius, Roman general, statesman, and historian (100-44 B.C..), 3, 23, 27, 31, 34, 48, 66, 70, 73, 102, 116, 118, 119, 123, 128, 129, 133, 134, 136, 139, 140, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 155, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 165, 166, 167-202, 204, 205, 208, 211, 212, 213, 219, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 231, 235, 242, 256, 260, 270, 271, 283, 291, 293, 296, 303, 312, 319, 323, 324, 326, 329, 330, 335, 340, 341, 346, 349, 350, 354, 356, 360, 361, 364, 365, 372, 383, 385, 386, 391, 392, 400, 412, 414, 419, 431, 448, 456, 457, 462, 465, 466, 469, 471-476, 482, 487, 500, 508, 514, 516, 523, 528, 557*, 562, 638, 641, 654
Caesarea (Kaisaria), 508, 534, 535, 544, 577, 586, 615, 662
Caesarea (Cherchel), 466
Caesarean birth, 167
Caesarea Philippi, or Paneas (Banias), 545, 569
Caesarion, Egyptian prince, son of Cleopatra 47-30 B.C..), 188, 189, 195, 206, 208
Caesarodunum (Tours), 474
Caesars, the, 175, 362, 460, 593
Caesonia, fourth wife of Caligula (?-41 A.D.), 266, 268
Caiaphas, Jewish high priest (fl. 18-36), 571
Cairo, 350
Caius Caesar, grandson of Augustus (?-4 A.D.), 230-231, 473
Calagurris (Calahorra), 313
Caledonia, see Scotland calendar, Roman, 66-67, 75, 193;
Julian, 193;
Druidic, 472
Calidus, Quintus, politician (fl. 1st century B.C..), 129
Caligula (Caius Caesar Germanicus), Roman emperor (12-41), 264-268, 269, 270, 273, 279, 293, 300, 301, 304, 344, 345, 365*, 378, 380, 384, 388, 390, 434, 456, 466, 482, 500, 501, 543
Callimachus, Greek grammarian and poet (320-?—240-? B.C..), 155, 158, 636
Callistus, Roman Pope (reigned 217-222), 617-618
Callistus, secretary of Claudius (fl. 1st century), 270
Calpurnia, last wife of Caesar (1st century B.C..), 172, 189, 195, 197, 198
Calpurnia, third wife of Pliny the Younger (1st-2nd centuries), 440
Calvin, John, French Protestant reformer at Geneva (1509-1564), 592
Calvus, Licinius, poet (fl. 1st century B.C..), 146, 161, 174
cameos, 346
Camillus, Marcus Furius, general and patrician leader (?-365 B.C..), 24, 36, 68, 120
Campagna di Roma, 320, 631, 666
Campania, 11, 18, 37, 62, 74, 77, 171, 213, 231, 265, 303, 326, 328, 339, 346, 455-456, 608
Campus Martius, see Field of Mars Camulodunum (Colchester), 476, 477
Canaan, 567
canals, 77, 410, 464, 499, 500, 631
Canary Islands, 308
Candia, 247
Cannae (battle of, 216 B.C..), 34, 50-51, 70, 71, 86, 93, 164
Cannus, musician (fl. 1st century), 381
canonization, 226
canon law, 406, 619
Canopus (Abukir on site of), 500
Cantii, 476
Canuleius, Caius, tribune (fl. 445 B.C..), 24
Canusium (Canosa), 51
Capernaum, 563
capital, 90, 323, 333, 633, 668
Capitol, 36, 52, 60, 82, 83, 169, 198, 206, 263, 280, 291, 358, 388, 419, 443
Capitol, in Washington, 421
Capitolias, 535
Capitoline, 12*, 13, 36, 61, 81, 82, 316, 340, 341, 358
Capitoline games, 291, 381
Capitoline Museum, 349, 351, 443
Cappadocia, 140, 147, 188, 357, 366, 418, 462, 490, 496, 513, 517, 520, 523, 524, 528, 578, 629, 630
Capri (anc. Capreae), 263, 265, 344, 456
Captivi (Plautus), 100
Capua, 11, 37, 51, 52, 78, 116, 137, 138, 181, 194, 322, 346, 457, 546
Caracalla (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Bassianus Caracallus), Roman emperor (188-217), 331, 375, 621-623, 632, 633, 634, 635
Caracalla, Baths of, 375, 627, 635
Caractacus, king of the Silures in Britain (fl. ist century), 271
Carales (Cagliari), 464
Career Tullianum, 404
Care of the Hair, On the (Domitian), 289
Caria, 513, 514, 518
carmen saeculare, 225, 248, 380
Carneades, Greek philosopher and orator (213-129 B.C..), 95-96, 489, 497
Carnutes, 471*
Carpathian Mountains, 431
Carrara, 10, 357, 454
Carrhae (Harran), 131, 178, 529, 623
Carrinas Secundus, rhetorician (fl. 1st century A.D.), 267
Carteia (Algeciras), 470
Carthage, 25, 34, 38, 39-54, 57, 70, 76, 77, 80, 82, 85, 86, 87, 88, 91, 101, 105-108, 116, 117, 118, 192, 194, 240, 269, 326, 332, 418, 454, 465, 466, 467, 468, 469, 472, 482, 546, 603, 612, 613, 617, 633, 649, 650, 671
Carthage, Council of, 618
Casanova de Seingalt, Giovanni Jacopo, Italian adventurer (1725-1798), 487
Casinum, 461
Caspian Sea, 528
Cassius, Avidius, general and rebel (fl. 2nd century), 428, 431
Cassius, Spurius, consul (?-486 B.C..), 23
Cassius Longinus, Caius, general and conspirator (?-42 B.C..), 168, 186, 194, 196-204, 211, 448
Cassius Longinus Varus, Caius, governor (fl. ist century B.C..), 137
Cassivelaunus, British chief (fl. 1st century B.C..), 176
Castel Gandolfo, 11
Castor, 35, 62
Castor and Pollux, Temple of, 268, 358, 359
castration, see emasculation
catacombs, 601
Catana (Catania), 66, 464
Catechetical School, 613, 614
Catholicae Ecclesiae Unitate, De (St. Cyprian), 618
Catiline (Lucius Sergius Catilina), conspirator (108?-62 B.C..), 126, 142-144, 147, 168, 169, 170, 172, 184, 189, 202, 395
Catiline (Sallust), 160
Cato, Marcus Porcius (the Elder), general and patriot (234-149 B.C..), 4, 68, 69, 70, 73, 87, 88-90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97, 102-105, 106-108, 136, 160, 238, 312, 315, 370, 396, 399, 415, 454, 456, 618
Cato, Marcus Porcius, son of Cato Uticensis (?-42 B.C..), 190, 203
Cato Uticensis, Marcus Porcius (the Younger), philosopher and patriot (95-46 B.C..), 56, 75, 108, 131, 133, 134, 135-136, 144-145, 168, 171, 173, 174, 180, 181, 183, 186, 189-190, 195, 196, 203, 282, 296, 426
Catoptrica (Hero), 504
cattle raising, 104, 131, 238, 319-321, 455, 464, 478, 483, 513
Catullus, Caius Valerius, poet (87-54 B.C..), 69, 102, 135, 154, 155-158, 174, 225, 235
Catulus, Quintus Lutatius, aristocratic leader (fl. 1st century B.C..), 145, 146
Caucasus, 329, 448, 517, 528
Caudine Forks (battle of, 321 B.C..), 37
Caunus, 518
Celer, architect (fl. 1st century), 345
Celer, Asinius, epicure (fl. 1st century), 376
celibacy, 132, 134, 222-224, 237, 250, 363, 524, 526, 537, 566, 598;
clerical, 660†
Cellini, Benvenuto, Italian artist (1500-1571), 9, 349
Celsus, general of Trajan (?-118), 414
Celsus, Antichristian philosopher (fl. 2nd century), 559, 596, 606-607, 615, 616, 647
Celsus, Aurelius Cornelius, writer on science (fl. 1st century), 295, 308, 313
Celtiberians, 87
Celtic languages, 73, 477
Celts, 36, 49, 118-120, 126, 174-177, 235, 468, 471, 472, 475, 477
cena, 70
Cenabum (Orleans), 177, 474
Cena Trimalchionis, 297-298
censors, 24, 28, 29, 191, 214-215, 270, 272, 286, 290
censorship, 74, 99, 229, 300
census, 193, 214, 333, 463, 558
central heating, 343, 344, 477, 671
Centum Cellae (Civita Vecchia), 410, 461
ceramics, Etruscan, 9;
Carthaginian, 42;
Roman, 77, 322-323, 336, 346-347, 454, 473, 474, 477, 498
Cerberus, 389
Ceres, 59, 62, 84, 164, 381
Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de, Spanish novelist (1547-1616), 637
Cethegus, Caius Cornelius, conspirator (?-64 B.C..), 143-144
Cévennes mountains (anc. Cebenna), 176
Ceylon, 329, 406
Chaerea, Caius Cassius, tribune of Praetorian Guard (?-4i A.D.), 268
Chaeremon, Greek Stoic philosopher (fl. 1st century), 274
Chaeronea, 124, 483, 484
Chalcedon (Kadiköi), 133, 629
Chalcis, 73, 483
Chaldaic, 537
Chaldea, 64
Châlons-sur-Marne, 638, 670
Champollion, Jean François, French Egyptologist (1790-1832), 5
Chance, 349
Chariclea, 636-637
chariot races, in Etruria, 7;
in Rome, 265, 267, 274, 278-279, 377, 382-383, 447, 465
charity, 71
Charmion, Egyptian handmaiden of Cleopatra (?-3o B.C..), 208
Charmis of Marseilles, physician in Rome (fl. 1st century), 313
charms, 60, 64, 388
Charon, 387, 496-497
Charondas, Sicilian lawgiver (ca. 500 B.C..), 32
Chartres, 471*
Charybdis, 602
Chasidim, 536-537
Chastity, 349
Châtelet, Marquis du, Florent-Claude (1695-?), 135
Chatti, 291, 428, 429, 431
Chaucer, Geoffrey, English poet (1340?-1400), 258
Chephren, 350
chess, 375
Chester (anc. Deva or Devana Castra), 477
Chichester (anc. Cissaceaster), 477
Chimera, 9
China, 134, 329, 529, 669
Chinese Wall, 669
Chiusi (anc. Clusium q.v.), 9
Chloe, 247
Christ, 72, 75, 154, 160, 235, 281, 347*, 390, 449, 466, 475, 493-494, 502, 509, 510, 527, 529, 535, 537, 541*, 550-619, 626, 646-664, 667
Christianity, 63, 65, 95, 165, 307, 335, 358, 404, 405, 406, 465, 467-468, 489, 490, 493-494, 497, 510, 520, 523, 524, 527, 538, 549, 550-619, 621, 625, 626, 628, 635, 637, 646-664, 667-668, 671-672
Christians, 281, 292, 308, 365, 366, 386, 416, 423, 442, 447, 507, 529, 554-619, 626, 646-664, 665
Chrysoloras, Manuel, reviver of Greek in Italy (1355?-1415), 96
Chrysopolis (Scutari), 655
Chrysostom, Saint John, Greek father of the Church (347?-407), 494
Church, early, 557, 558, 575, 577, 588, 591-595, 596-619, 646-664, 668
Church, Roman Catholic, 475, 554, 592, 617-619, 671-672
churches, 662, 663
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, orator and man of letters (106-43 B.C..), 11, 13, 14, 32, 68, 70, 73, 82, 95, 96-97, 98, 102, 108, 115, 118, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 135, 136, 140-145, 146, 154, 160, 161-166, 167, 168, 169, 171, 172-174, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 185, 188, 189, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 108, 201, 202, 212, 216, 228, 258, 307, 308, 313, 315, 324, 325, 356, 365, 368, 378, 379, 387, 391, 393, 398, 403, 405, 415, 439, 453, 454, 456, 457, 462, 463, 464, 489, 510, 513, 514, 516, 557, 572, 587, 612, 662, 671
Cicero, Quintus Tullius, governor, brother of M. Tullius Cicero (ca. 102-43 B.C..), 143*, 173
Cilicia, 129, 139, 140, 167, 180, 196, 203, 204, 205, 378, 413, 500, 505, 513, 579, 629, 630
Cimbri, 118-120, 472
Cinara, 247
Cincian law (204 B.C..), 32, 132, 402
Cincinnatus, Lucius Quinctius, dictator (519?-439? B.C..), 31
Cineas, Greek philosopher (fl. 280 B.C..), 28, 37
Cinna, Helvius, poet (?-44 B.C..), 155
Cinna, Lucius Cornelius, dictator (?-84 B.C..), 123-125, 167, 519
circumcision, 530, 546, 548, 559, 577, 580, 582-583, 585, 586, 587, 625
circuses, see games
Circus Flaminius, 82, 340, 360
Circus Maximus, 18, 82, 280, 360-361, 382-383, 625
Ciris, 270
Cirta (Constantine), 105, 466
citizenship, Roman, 25-27, 58, 99, 100, 114, 115, 116, 118, 121, 122, 126, 182, 193-194, 216, 235, 270-271, 283, 394-395, 398, 460, 462, 473, 476, 546, 586, 591, 622-623
city-states, in Etruria, 6;
in Greece, 6, 86, 482;
in Latium, 11;
Rome, 35, 81, 212;
Tarentum, 455;
in the Roman Empire, 460-461
Civilis, Julius, Batavian rebel leader (fl. 71), 473
Civil War in Rome, 122-126, 168, 169, 177, 180-208, 211, 220, 225, 252, 283-286, 293-294, 296, 301, 514, 644
civitates, 324
clan (gens), 56, 69
clan council, in the early Republic, 57
clan name (nomen,) 56-57
Clarissa Harlowe (Richardson), 637
classicism, 249, 258, 302, 338-339, 381, 442, 635
class war, in Greece, 86, 87, 482;
in Rome, 23-24, 38, 47, 51, 77, 108, 111-208, 242, 632, 633, 656, 665, 668, 669
Claudia, first wife of Augustus (fl. 1st century B.C..), 229
Claudia or Clodia, Vestal Virgin (3rd century B.C..), 94
Claudian Aqueduct, 270, 340
Claudii, Roman clan, 21, 35, 155, 172, 205, 259, 364
Claudius I (Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus), Roman emperor (10 B.C..-A.D. 54), 216, 267, 268-275, 293, 295, 301, 302, 312, 322, 326, 336, 350, 365*, 371, 383, 384, 390, 397, 402, 410, 419, 434, 456, 466, 473, 476, 501, 543, 554
Claudius II (Marcus Aurelius Claudius Gothi-cus), Roman emperor (214-270), 630, 638
Claudius, Caius, naval commander (fl. 3rd century), 44
Claudius Caecus, Appius, politician and writer (fl. 312 B.C..), 29, 32, 37, 77-78, 81
Claudius Regillensis Sabinus, Appius, lawmaker (fl. 450 B.C..), 23-24, 29, 72
Cleander, Praetorian prefect (?-190), 447-448
Cleanthes, Greek Stoic philosopher (300?-220? B.C..), 584*
Cleisthenes, Athenian statesman (fl. 510 B.C..), 15
Clemency, On (Seneca), 302
Clemens, Flavius, relative of Domitian (?-05), 292
Clement I, or Clemens Romanus, Roman Pope (30?-100?), 588, 617
Clement of Alexandria (Titus Flavius Clemens) Christian father and writer (150?-220?), 558, 610-611, 613, 614, 616
Clementia, De (Seneca), 275
Cleopatra VII, Queen of Egypt (69-30 B.C..), 70, 168, 187-190, 195, 204-208, 228, 237, 247, 329, 344, 347, 512, 531, 630
clepsydra (water clock), 66, 308, 356
clientes, 22
climate, 455, 476
Clitias, Greek potter, 9
Clivus Victoriae, 341
Cloaca Maxima, 81
Clodia, wife of Caius Caecilius Metellus Celef (fl. 1st century B.C..), 135, 155-157, 172, 235
Clodius Pulcher, Publius, politician (?-52 B.C..), 132, 135, 171-174, 180, 202, 219
Clorinda, 637
clothing, in Etruria, 6, 18;
in Carthage, 40, 41;
in Rome, 18, 70, 76, 89, 108, 132, 134, 215, 223, 321-322, 328-329, 372-373, 624;
in Spain, 468;
in Gaul, 471;
in Egypt, 499;
in Parthia, Clusium (Chiusi), 17, 36
Clyde, 476;
Firth of, 476
Clytie, 351
Cnidus, 513
Code (Justinian), 394, 406
Codex Gregorianus, 634
Coele-Syria, 204
coinage, Etruscan, 6, 17;
Carthaginian, 40;
Roman, 17, 78-79, 87, 192-193, 195, 275, 291, 329, 330-331, 346, 358, 372, 627, 632, 639, 641, 656;
British, before Caesar, 476;
Pontic, 517
coitus interruptus, see birth control
Colchis, 413
Collatinus, Lucius Tarquinius, friend of Sextus Tarquín (fl. 6th century B.C..), 16
collegia, of priests, 63, 225;
of workers, 80, 128, 173, 192, 335, 371, 427, 627, 644;
of physicians, 312
Colline Gate, battle of (82 B.C..), 125
Cologne (anc. Oppidum Ubiorum; later Colonia Agrippinensis), 175*, 176, 324, 408, 479-480
coloni, see tenant farmers colonization, Etruscan, 11;
Latin, 12, 38;
Greek, 35;
Roman, 24, 38, 47, 116-117, 120, 192, 194, 218, 410, 419, 457, 465
Colonna, Piazza, 443
Colosseum, 287, 289, 345, 351, 356, 361, 383-387, 455, 627
Colossians, The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the, 587*, 588
Colossus of Rhodes, 514
Columbus, Christopher, Genoese discoverer of America (1446?-1506), 308, 325, 329, 503
Columella, Lucius Junius Moderatus, writer on agriculture (fl. 1st century), 319, 320, 473
column, 355-361, 411-413, 420, 427*, 443, 453, 465, 466, 474, 499, 500, 508, 509, 511, 512, 515, 516, 533, 661-662
Columna Lactaria, 364*
Comana Pontica, 517
comedy, 73-74, 93, 95, 98, 99-102, 232, 269, 378
Comedy of Errors, 100
comites, 479
comitia centuriata, see Centurial Assembly
comitia curiata, see Curial Assembly
comitia populi tribuna, see Tribal Assembly
Commagene, 322, 495, 513
Commentaries (Caesar), 146, 169, 178
Commentarii (Sulla), 126
commerce, see trade Commodus (Lucius Aurelius Commodus), Roman emperor (161-192), 214, 221, 323, 330, 390, 396, 430, 432, 446-448, 505, 620, 622, 632, 649
communication, 271, 323-324
communion, 525, 598, 599-600, 613
communism, in Saturnia Regna, 61; 526, 537-538, 565, 576, 597, 604*, 605, 646
Como (anc. Comum), 322, 368, 411, 439, 440, 454
Como, Lake (Lacus Larius), 4, 344, 454
Compitalia (Feast of the Crossroads), 59
Composite order (architecture), 338, 357
Comum, see Como
concilium principis, 215
Concord, 358;
Temple of, 24, 358
concubinage, 134, 204, 222, 272, 288, 290, 300-301, 396, 423, 516, 529, 653
confession, 525, 600
confirmation, 600
Confucius, Chinese philosopher (551-479 B.C..), 567
conquistadores, 600*
conscription, 34, 51, 87, 90, 111, 114, 118, 178, 179, 182, 222, 429, 482, 621, 631*, 647, 650, 667, 668
Conservatori, Museo de’, 443*
Conservatori, Palazzo dei, 662
consolatio, 301
Consolatio ad Helviam (Seneca), 301
Consolatio ad Polybium (Seneca), 301
Consolatione, De (Cicero), 163*
Constancy of the Sage, On the (Seneca), 302
Constantia, sister of Constantine I (2nd and 3rd centuries), 663
Constantine I the Great (Flavius Valerius Constantinus), Roman emperor (272-337), 331, 349, 375, 426, 483, 607, 639, 643, 644, 645, 653-664, 665, 666, 668
Constantine, Arch of, 443*
Constantine, Basilica of, 661-662
Constantine, Baths of, 375
Constantine, Life of (Eusebius), 663
Constantine, anc. Cirta, q.v.
Constantinople (Byzantium, Istanbul), 95, 332, 354, 406, 410, 412, 482, 483, 509*, 518, 529, 622, 633, 640, 656, 657, 661, 663, 670
Constantinople, Council of, 615
Constantius I (Flavius Valerius Constantius Chlorus), Roman emperor (reigned 305-306), 635, 640-641, 644, 651, 653, 655
constitution of Rome, 670;
under the Republic, 25-35, 51, 114, 123, 125, 126, 139, 174;
under the Principate, 212-217, 285, 292, 391
consulship, 23-25, 27, 29-31, 34, 126, 180-181, 191, 213, 216
Contra Celsum (Origen), see Against Celsus
contraception, see birth control
contracts, in the early Republic, 57
Copenhagen, 350
Copernicus, Nikolaus, Polish astronomer (1473-1543), 502, 503
Coponius, Caius, senator (fl. 1st century B.C..), 202
Corbulo, Cnaeus Domitius, general (fl. 1st century), 271, 275
Corcyra (Corfu), 383
Corduba (Cordova), 296, 425, 470
Cordus, Aulus Cremutius, historian (?-25), 301
Corfinium, 78, 122, 182, 184
Corinna, 254-255
Corinth, 87, 107, 192, 193, 194, 283, 332, 374, 383, 487, 546, 584-585, 602, 617, 630;
Isthmus of, 283, 487
Corinthian order (architecture), 338, 345, 355, 357, 420, 427*, 465, 474, 511, 533, 661
Corinthians, The First Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the, 554, 580, 587*, 589, 591
Corinthians, The Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the, 554, 587*
Coriolanus, Caius (or Cneius) Marcius, hero (banished 491 B.C..), 35
Corioli, 35
corn, see grain
Corneille, Pierre, French dramatist (1606-1684), 302, 412
Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi (fl. 2nd century B.C..), 113, 115, 117
Cornelia, lex, 312
Cornelia, sister of the Gracchi and wife of Scipio Aemilianus (fl. 2nd century B.C..), 113, 115
Cornelia, second wife of Caesar (?-68 B.C..), 167, 168
Cornelian Laws, 126
Cornelii, Roman clan, 21, 91, 364
Cornelius, Roman Pope (?-253), 618
Corneto (anc. Tarquinii, q.v.), 11
corporations, 78-80, 88, 340
Corsica, 38, 40, 43, 46, 52, 301, 302, 463-464
Coruncanius, Tiberius, consul (fl. 280 B.C..), 32
Corvini, Roman family, 255
Corvus, Marcus Valerius, consul and dictator (fl. 350, B.C..), 71
Cos, 312, 329, 504, 514
cosmetics, 89, 187, 255, 329, 372-373, 465, 596, 599, 624, 657
Cossutia, first wife of Caesar (1st century B.C..), 167
Costoboii, 431
Cotta, Aurelius, political leader (fl. 241 B.C..), 78
Cotta, Lucius, friend of Caesar (fl. 1st century B.C..), 197
Cottian Alps, 454
Country Life, On (Varro), 159
courtesans, in Etruria, 7;
under Rome, 62, 68, 132, 138, 199, 204, 244, 254, 255, 366, 369, 636
court life, 235, 303, 640-641, 643, 655, 661, 662, 668
courts, 129, 160, 180, 216, 220, 231, 261, 270, 275, 340, 397-398, 401-403, 448
crafts, 80, 111, 243, 321-323, 333, 335, 338, 365, 373, 479, 510, 513, 528, 536, 642-644, 671
Crassus, Lucius Licinius, orator (fl. 1st century B.C..), 160
Crassus Dives, Marcus Licinius, general and triumvir (112-53 B.C..), 126, 130-131, 137-139, 168-169, 170-179, 192, 194, 217, 312, 529, 531, 623
Crates of Mallus, Stoic philosopher (fl. 2nd century B.C.), 95
cremation, 84, 232, 443, 472
Cremona, 47, 87, 236, 285, 454, 461
Crescens, colleague who forsook St. Paul (1st century), 590
Crete or Candia (anc. Creta), 17*, 55, 200, 216, 505
Crimea, 517, 519
criminals, in labor, 78, 322;
in games, 383-387;
law and, 398;
in the army, 665
Crispus, son of Constantine I (?-326), 663-664
Crispus, Caius, husband of Agrippina the Younger (fl. 1st century), 273
Critolaus, Greek philosopher (fl. 2nd century B.C..), 95-96
Croesus, King of Lydia (fl. 560 B.C..), 516 Cronus, 62-63, 588*
Crotona, (Cotrone), 35, 37, 51, 363
Crucifixion, 555, 559, 572-574
crucifixion, 112, 138, 168, 281, 385, 397, 404, 469, 543, 544, 545, 572-573, 578, 591, 606, 652
Ctesiphon, 413, 428, 528, 529, 531, 602, 605, 622
Cuba, 59
cults, see religion
culture, Italian, 3-5;
Villanovan, 5;
Etruscan, 5-11, 17-18, 36;
Celtic, 36;
Latin, 38;
Carthaginian, 40-42;
Greek, 95, 96;
German, 479;
under the Republic, 75, 177;
under the Principate, 234-235, 287, 311, 379, 419-420, 449, 455, 459, 461, 474, 478, 481, 625;
under the monarchy, 661, 666-667;
of Rome, 670-672
Cumae, 17, 35, 37, 64, 73, 113, 121, 126, 240, 346, 347, 456
cuneiform, 529
Cupid, 255, 352-353, 468
Curio, Caius Scribonius, orator and consul (?-53 B.C..), 168
Curio, Caius Scribonius, general (?-49 B.C..), 133, 168, 181, 183, 361
Curius, Marcus Dentatus, hero and consul (fl. 275 B.C..), 71
currency, see mediums of exchange
cursus honorum, 28-29, 636
cursus publicus, see post
Curtius, Marcus, legendary hero, 64
Cutilia, Lake (Pozzo di Ratignano), 288
Cybele, 94, 157, 276, 358, 513, 523, 524-525, 526, 527, 606; see also Magna Mater
Cybele, Temple of, 358
Cyclades, 519
Cydnus, 204
Cynicism, 136, 286, 292, 300, 489-490, 493, 509, 537, 657
Cynoscephalae (battle, 197 B.C..), 85
Cynthia, 253
Cyprian, St. (Thascius Caecilius Cyprianus), Latin father of the Church and Bishop of Carthage (200?-258), 603, 613, 617, 618, 650, 657, 665
Cyprus, 173, 174, 196, 204, 206, 216, 310, 322, 505, 513, 548, 582, 583, 630
Cyrenaica, 40, 328, 364
Cyrene, 200, 216, 413, 548, 559*
Cyropaideia (Xenophon), 636
Cyzicus, 418, 516;
Temple of, 418
D
Dacia (Rumania), 291, 322, 330, 366, 410, 412, 414, 424, 429, 434*, 480, 632, 638
Daedalus, 256, 352
Daily Doings, see Acta Diurna
Dalmatia, 217, 366, 455, 480, 629, 639, 653
damage suits, 58, 396
Damascus, 78, 320, 508, 511, 530, 534, 544, 577, 581, 602
Damis the Epicurean (in Lucian), 496
dancing, in Etruria, 7, 11;
under Rome, 83, 135, 204, 266, 314, 354, 367, 377-379, 430, 437, 470, 500
Dancing Faun, 459
dancing girls (puellae Gaditanae), 470
Daniel, Book of, 539, 540, 541, 559, 564, 569, 593
Dante, see Alighieri
Danube (anc. Danubius or Ister), 112, 194, 217, 257, 291, 329, 410, 411, 412, 414, 417, 429, 431, 432, 441, 446, 448, 475, 478, 480, 523, 606, 620, 627, 628, 630, 631*, 638, 639, 640, 669
Daphne, park in Antioch, 512
Daphnis, grammarian of slave class (fl. 1st century B.C..), 334
Daphnis and Chloë (Longus), 637
Dardanelles, see Hellespont
Dares, 382
Darius I Hystaspis, King of Persia (558?-486? B.C..), 528
Dark Ages, 470
David, King of the Jews (reigned 1010-974 B.C..), 534, 541, 557, 558*, 559, 569
Dawn, 241, 340
Day of Atonement, 533
Dead Sea (anc. Lacus Asphaltites), 537
death masks, 350
debts, 184, 192, 213, 331, 399-400, 514, 536, 644
Decapolis, 535
Decebalus, King of the Dacians (?-106), 291, 410, 412
Decemvirs, 23, 31, 399, 670
decimal system, 75
Decius (Caius Messius Quintus Traianus Decius), Roman emperor (200?-251), 615, 628-629, 635, 650, 657
Decius Mus, Publius, consul (?-340 B.C..), 37*, 64
Decius Mus, Publius, son of preceding, consul (?-295 B.C..), 64
deforestation, 77, 270, 487, 665
Deianeira, 354
deification, 226-227, 256, 260, 266, 268, 269, 274, 280, 291-292, 309, 316, 388, 430, 432, 523, 623, 640-641, 646
Deipnosophists (Athenaeus of Naucratis), 635-636
delatores, 262, 264, 269, 279, 289, 290, 292, 302-303, 438, 447
Delia, 253
Delos, 80, 86, 92*, 112, 139, 330, 519, 546
Delphi (Kastri), 64, 124, 472, 517
Delphic oracle, 64, 484
Demas, colleague who forsook St. Paul (1st century), 590
Demeter, 62, 511;
Feast of, 525
Demetrius, Cynic philosopher (fl. 1st century), 300
Demetrius, Bishop of Alexandria (fl. 3rd century), 615
Demetrius, Greek image-maker (at time of Saint Paul), 515, 585
demigods, 241
democracy, in Carthage, 54;
Cicero on, 165;
under Rome, 34, 54, 91, 116, 122, 128, 136, 160, 179-180, 208, 212, 251, 260, 335, 340, 395, 406, 449, 460, 641, 670
Democritus, Greek philosopher (460?-362? B.C..), 150, 153, 164, 497 Demonax, Greek Cynic philosopher (50-150), 487, 490
Demosthenes, Athenian orator and statesman (384?-322 B.C..), 95, 161
dentistry, Etruscan, 6;
Roman, 75, 313
Derbe, 513, 582
Deuteronomy, 536
Dialogue on Orators (Tacitus), 433
Dialogues of the Dead (Lucian), 496-497
Dialogues of the Hetairai (Lucian), 495-496
Diana, 61, 62, 63, 81, 389, 459
Diatribai (Epictetus), see Discourses
dice, in Etruria, 7;
in Rome, 269, 375, 403
dictatorship, in Rome, 30-31, 34, 119, 124, 126, 128, 136, (Cicero on), 165, 179-184, 189-197, 208, 213, 214, 645
Didius, general (fl. 1st century B.C..), 136
Didius Julian (Marcus Didius Salvius Julianus Severus), Roman emperor (133?-193), 620-621
Dido (Elissa), daughter of King Belus of Tyre, 39, 42, 240-241, 256
Didyma, 514
Diels, Hermann, German classical philologist (1848-1922), 504*
Digest (Justinian), 393, 406, 409, 634
Digesta (Salvius Julianus), 392
di indigetes, 61; di novensiles, 62
Dio Cassius, see Dion Cassius Cocceianus
Dio Chrysostom, see Dion Chrysostomus
Diocletian (Caius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus Jovius), Roman emperor (245-313), 359, 367, 375, 426, 474, 480, 520, 606, 622, 634, 635, 639-645, 651, 653, 657, 664, 668
Diocletian, Baths of, 359, 375, 635
Diodorus Siculus, Greek historian (1st century B.C..), 42, 234
Diogenes of Seleucia (the Babylonian), Stoic philosopher (fl. 2nd century B.C..), 95-96, 491
Diogenes Laertius, Greek historian of philosophy (2nd century), 635
Diognetus, Stoic philosopher (fl. 2nd century), 425
Dion Cassius Cocceianus (Dio Cassius), Bi-thynian historian of Rome (155-240?), 14, 24, 207, 212, 219, 225, 262, 267, 268, 272, 280*, 290, 302, 414, 442, 516, 545, 548, 620, 622, 636
Dion Chrysostomus, Greek rhetorician (fl. reign of Trajan), 408-409, 483, 486, 487, 488, 500, 521-522
Dionysian Artists, 80
Dionysian cult, 94, 354, 458
Dionysius, Bishop of Alexandria (fl. 3rd century), 650, 651, 666
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Greek historian 54?-7 B.C..), 234, 513
Dionysus, 62, 94, 204, 352, 353, 523, 525, 553, 588, 595, 598, 605; see also Bacchus
Dionysus, Theater of, 487
Diophantus of Alexandria, Greek algebraist (fl. 250), 633-634
Dioptra (Hero), 504
Dioscorides of Cilicia, Greek writer on medicine (40-90 A.D.), 505
Dioscurides, gem cutter (fl. reign of Augustus), 346
Discourses (Epictetus), 490-494
Dispersion, the (Diaspora), 545-549, 577, 579
Disputationes Tusculanae (Cicero), 163*, 454
dissection, 313, 504, 506
Divinae Institutiones (Lactantius), 662
divination, see soothsaying
Divinatione, De (Cicero), 163*
Divine Antiquities (Varro), 159
divorce, 69, 89, 134-136, 167, 223-224, 229, 230, 254, 266, 272, 279, 370, 438, 479, 529, 539, 560, 568, 590, 598
Docetists, 605
Dolabella, Cnaeus Cornelius, governor (fl. 1st century B.C..), 169
Dolabella, Publius Cornelius, consul and governor (?-43 B.C..), 188-189, 191, 200
dole, see grain
Doliche (Kakava), 390
dome, 355-361, 420, 421, 635, 662, 671
Domitia, wife of Domitian (1st century), 292
Domitia, Via, 473
Domitian (Titus Flavius Domitianus Augustus), Roman emperor (51-96), 234, 287, 289-293, 311, 316, 317, 320, 336, 340, 344, 345, 348, 351, 365*, 372, 390, 398, 399, 407, 412, 415, 433, 434, 437, 440, 476, 490, 521, 526, 547, 575, 592, 647;
Domitii, Roman clan, 284
Domitilla, St. (?-100), 601
Domitius, Lucius, politician (fl. 1st century B.C..), 174, 176, 184
Domna, Julia, wife of Septimius Severus (?-217), 621-623, 635
Domus Aurea, see Golden House
Domus Flavia, 290, 316, 345
Domus Gaiana, 344
Domus Tiberiana, 344
Domus Transitoria, 280
Donar (Tor), 479
Donatists, 658
Donatus, Bishop of Carthage and founder of the Donatists (fl. 4th century), 657-658
Dorchester (anc. Durnovaria)
Doric order (architecture), 338, 355, 357, 411
Doryphoros (Polycleitus), 350
dowry, in Etruria, 7;
in Rome, 57, 68, 69, 89, 134, 141, 167, 223, 230, 370, 396, 440
drainage, 81, 103, 193, 326, 410, 454, 461, 466, 473, 511, 631, 639
drama, 74-75, 97-102, 235, 255, 269, 277, 301-302, 307, 314, 378-379, 461;
Horace on, 249
drawings, in Varro’s Imagines, 159
dream analysis, 388, 485, 507, 525, 621
“Dream of Scipio” (Cicero), 165
Drepana (Trapani), battle in 249 B.C.., 45
Drews, Arthur, German philosopher (1865-1935), 554
drinking, in Etruria, 7;
in Carthage, 41;
under Rome, 65, 71, 88-89, 94, 123, 196, 199, 200, 204, 220, 247, 263, 267, 269, 297-298, 320, 324, 334, 342, 354, 372, 377, 408, 423, 447, 458, 512, 562, 599;
in Gaul, 471;
in Germany, 478;
in Parthia, 529
drugs, 310, 312-313, 329, 342, 505, 506-507
Druids, 472, 473, 479
Drunken Satyr, 459
Drusi, Roman family, 122
Drusilla, sister of Caligula (?-38 A.D.), 266
Drusus, Marcus Livius, statesman (fl. 2nd century B.C..), 117, 121
Drusus, Marcus Livius, statesman, son of preceding (?-91 B.C..), 121-122
Drusus Caesar, son of Tiberius (?-23), 263, 264
Drusus Senior, Nero Claudius, general, stepson of Augustus, (38-9 B.C..), 217, 229, 230, 248, 259, 261, 269, 299, 323, 371
Dryden, John, English poet and dramatist (1631-1700), 239, 671
Duchesne, Louis Marie Olivier, French Roman Catholic prelate and scholar (1843-1922), 658
Dura, 602
Dura-Europus, 512, 529
Dürer, Albrecht, German painter and engraver (1471-1528), 580
Duties, On (Panaetius), 97
dyeing, 322-323, 329, 331, 342, 373, 471, 510
Dyrrhachium (Durazzo), 184-185, 480, 482, 602
E
East, the, 78, 86, 94, 95, 121, 124, 125, 129, 138, 139, 147, 154, 157, 161, 170, 171, 178, 186, 188, 195, 203, 204, 206, 208, 213, 226, 251, 253, 262, 292, 320, 323, 329, 330, 331, 335, 364, 373, 378, 389, 406, 410, 413, 419, 420, 442, 455, 463, 471, 482, 507, 511-512, 524, 525, 564, 576, 603, 605, 616-617, 621, 622, 629, 630, 638, 639, 644, 651, 655, 659, 666, 670, 671
Easter, 617, 647, 660†, 664
Ebionim, 577
Eboracum, see York Ebro (anc. Iberus), 47, 48, 215, 469
Eburones, 176
Ecbatana (Hamadan), 528
Ecclesiastes, 540
Ecclesiastical History (Eusebius), 649*, 663
Ecclesiasticus, 539
Eclogues (Virgil), 205, 236, 243
Ecnomus (naval battle off, 256 B.C..), 44
Eden, Garden of, 614
Edessa (in Greece), 483
Edessa (Urfa), 513, 602, 604, 629
Edictum de Pretiis (Diocletian), 642-643
Edom, 530
education, Etruscan, 7;
Carthaginian, 48;
Athenian, 487-488;
Roman, 70, 72, 75, 90, 95, 137, 141, 217, 259, 265, 314, 367-368, 424, 440, 477, 509, 511, 513, 661, 671
education, state, 287, 368, 424, 461, 466, 476, 661, 671
effeminacy, 132, 215, 251, 438, 442
Egeria, 13, 63, 365*
Egnatia, Via, 324, 482, 602
Egypt, 5, 6, 8, 10, 71, 77, 91, 92*, 107, 159, 168, 170, 186-188, 193, 203, 204, 206, 207-208, 211, 212, 213, 216, 217, 218, 225, 233, 247, 266, 284, 301, 308, 313, 322, 323, 324, 325, 327, 329, 331, 336, 342, 347*, 349, 352, 355, 357, 359, 364-365, 366, 374, 381, 389, 390, 413, 424, 429, 431, 437, 482, 483, 484, 487, 495, 498-507, 508, 514, 523, 525, 526, 530, 532, 548, 559, 588, 595, 602, 606, 613, 623, 630, 631, 632, 633, 634, 638, 639, 641, 653, 655, 657, 658, 671
Egyptian, 187, 630
Egyptian Tales (Heliodorus), see Aethiopica
Eighth Legion, 182
Elagabal, 621, 625, 626
Elagabalus (Marcus Varius Avitus Bassianus Aurelius Antoninus Heliogabalus), Roman emperor (205?-222), 390, 622, 623-625, 626, 639
Elba, 6, 322
Elbe (anc. Albis), 217, 432
Elders (presbyteri), 579, 582, 586
Elea, see Velia Eleusinian mysteries, 418, 487, 525
Eleusis, 431, 487, 525, 606
Elijah, Jewish prophet, 574
Elis, 482
Elizabeth, mother of John the Baptist, 560
Elizabethan Age, 258, 510
Elysian Fields, 84, 241
emancipation, 57, 112, 221-222, 335, 363, 365, 384, 398, 631
emasculation, 94, 157, 282, 200, 385, 512, 515, 523, 567, 580, 613, 614, 615, 625, 666
embalming, 282
Emerita (Mérida), 470
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, American essayist, poet, and philosopher (1803-1882), 307, 367
Emesa, 621, 623, 625, 638, 639
emetics, 377
emigration, 117, 118, 482, 487
Emmaus (Kuloniyeh), 535, 573
Empedocles, Greek philosopher (500-430? B.C..), 148, 153
emperor-worship, see deification emphyteusis, 416
Empire, growth of, 87, 95, 107, 108, 177-178, 206, 217-218, 248
Emporiae, 470
Emporium, 339, 342
Encheiridion, of Epictetus (Arrian), 490*, 494
Encolpius, 297-298
Encratites, 605
Engadi, 537
engineering, Etruscan, 6, 18;
Roman, 75, 81, 176, 193, 219-220, 266-267, 270, 326-328, 356, 359-361, 410, 418-421, 464, 465, 470, 473, 474, 480, 511, 635
England, 249*, 258, 302, 346, 406, 475, 535
English, 671
English Channel, 176, 470, 475, 476
engraving, 278, 346
Enna (Castrogiovanni), 112
Enneads (Plotinus), 608-611
Ennius, Quintus, poet and dramatist (239-169 B.C..), 67, 97-98, 148, 155, 159, 164, 234, 241, 315, 442, 667
Enoch, 574;
Book of, 540, 541, 559, 564, 593
Entellus, 382
Epaphroditus, freedman of Nero (fl. 1st century), 284, 292, 490
Ephesians, The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the, 587*
Ephesus (Ayasoluk), 204, 312, 329, 417-418, 504, 513, 515, 518, 546, 577, 585, 592, 602, 603, 630
Epicharis, conspirator (?-65), 371
epic poetry, 74, 98, 239-244, 278, 296, 316, 317
Epictetus, Stoic philosopher (60?-120?), 295, 301, 307, 415, 424, 425, 482, 486, 490-494, 520, 611
Epicureanism, 95, 131, 132, 148, 154, 164, 236, 249, 304, 370, 432, 485, 489-490, 491, 496, 602, 671
epicureanism, 68, 98, 147, 154, 215, 230, 244, 247, 253, 260, 276, 279, 282, 285, 286, 300, 304, 373, 388, 456, 487, 522, 540-541
Epicurus, Greek philosopher (342?-270 B.C..), 95, 132, 148, 149, 153, 154*, 250, 304, 305, 307, 346, 388, 490
Epidaurus, 62, 124, 139, 482, 487, 563
epigram, 135, 155, 160, 174, 234, 247, 290, 295-296, 302, 316-318, 369, 389, 398, 436, 437, 509-510
Epiphanius, Christian writer (fl. 4th century), 616
Epirus, 37, 38, 112, 131, 184, 482
Epistles (Horace), 248-249
Epistolae Morales (Seneca), 304
Epodes (Horace), 246
equites (equestrians), 15, 21, 22, 24, 26, 27, 32, 80, 121, 126, 139, 142, 191, 286, 332-333, 363-364, 384, 433, 440, 622, 633
Eratosthenes, Greek geometer and astronomer (276?-195? B.C..), 521
Eretria, 483
Ergotimus, Greek potter, 9
Eros, 353
Eros, 461
erosion, 339, 487, 665
Esdraela, 535
espionage, Hannibal’s, 48
Eshmun, 41, 42
Esperanto, 671
Esquiline, 12*, 215, 253, 312, 340, 342, 354
essay, 241, 304, 671;
Cicero, 163-166;
Seneca, 302-304;
Plutarch, 485-486
Essay on Criticism (Pope), 249* Essenes, 537-538, 559, 560, 562, 568, 577, 597
Etesian winds, 325
ethics, of Lucretius, 148-154;
of Zeno, 196;
of Marcus Aurelius, 444-446;
of Epictetus, 491-494;
Jewish, 548, 591, 618;
of Christ, 566-567, 602, 618, 667
Ethiopia, 188, 217, 328, 364, 366, 500, 546
Etna, Mt., 418
Etruria (or Tuscia), 3-18, 35, 36, 37, 50, 51, 64, 73, 112, 113, 139, 143-144, 269, 339, 350, 440, 454, 601
Etruscan Federation, 5-6, 17*
Etruscans, 5-18, 35, 36, 37, 52, 122
Etruscan style, see Tuscan style
Euboea, 73, 310, 357, 483, 519
eucharist, see communion Eucopion, slave, 334
Eudoxus of Cnidus, Greek astronomer (409?-353? B.C..), 165
Euhemerus, Greek mythologist (fl. 300 B.C..), 98
Eumenes II, King of Pergamum (reigned 197-159 B.C..), 516
Eunapius, Greek sophist and historian (fl. end of 4th century), 636* Eunoe, Queen of Numidia (1st century B.C..), 168
Eunuch, The (Terence), 101
eunuchs, 329, 334, 363, 515, 624, 640, 666
Eunus, Sicilian slave leader (fl. 2nd century B.C..), 112
Euphrates, Greek Stoic philosopher (?-138), 422
Euphrates, 178, 194, 217, 414, 495, 511, 512, 513, 627
Euripides, Athenian dramatist (480-406 B.C..), 98, 154, 178, 258, 302, 513
Europe, 78, 86, 95, 132, 154, 166, 178, 308, 320, 322, 324, 421, 475, 478, 497, 507, 524, 583, 640, 641, 653, 655, 664, 670
Eurydice, 94, 256
Eusebius Pamphili, Bishop of Caesarea, ecclesiastical historian (260?-340?), 501, 592, 649*, 651, 654, 657, 659-660, 662-663
Euxine Sea, see Black Sea evil eye, 60
evolution, Lucretius on, 150-153
excommunication, among Jews, 547;
Church, 554, 605, 618
Exodus, 567
expansion, see Empire, growth of Ex Ponto (Ovid), 257-258
extreme unction, 600
F
Fabia, third wife of Ovid (fl. 1st century), 256, 257, 258
Fabian strategy, 50, 185
Fabii, Roman clan, 21, 76, 255, 364
Fabius (Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus, Cunctator), general and dictator (?-203 B.C..), 50, 68
Fabius Pictor, Caius, painter (fl. 303 B.C..), 82, 352
Fabius Pictor, Quintus, general and historian (fl. end of 3rd century B.C..), 71, 73
Fabricius, Pons, 327
Fabulina, 59
factories, 321-323, 333, 342, 477, 498, 642, 644
fairs, 78, 328
Faith, 358;
Temple of, 358
Falernian wine, 456
family, in Etruria, 7;
in Germany, 479;
in early Rome, 56-59, 67, 72, 88, 91;
in the later Republic, 134, 147;
under the Principate, 222-225, 300, 321, 334, 348, 363-364, 366, 371, 441;
under the monarchy, 656
family name (cognomen), 56-57
Fannia, wife of Helvidius Priscus (1st century), 371, 441
Far East, 84, 529
Farnese Bull, 634
Farnese Hercules (Glycon), 349, 634
Farnese Juno, 349
Farnese Palace, 351
Fasti (Ovid), 256-257
Fate, 242, 304
father, the (paterfamilias), in the Republic, 56, 57, 59, 68-69, 226;
under the Principate and Empire, 395
Fathers of the Church, 308, 524, 603, 611-615
Fato, De (Cicero), 163*
Faunus, 59, 65
Fausta, second wife of Constantine I (4th century), 663-664
Faustina Senior, wife of Antoninus Pius (2nd century), 423, 427, 430
Faustina Junior, wife of Marcus Aurelius (?-175), 423, 425, 427-428, 430, 442
Faventia (Faenze), 455
Favorinus of Gaul, philosopher at Hadrian’s court (fl. 2nd century), 367, 415
feasting, Etruscan, 6, 7;
Carthaginian, 41;
under Rome, 65-66, 68, 69, 71, 82, 88-89, 90, 132, 133, 147, 186, 190, 202, 223, 245, 266, 276, 285, 296, 297-298, 334, 335, 372, 376-377, 386, 461, 476, 515, 562, 624
Feast of Tabernacles, 65
Febris, 75
februa, 67
Felix, Antonius, procurator of Judea (fl. 1st century A.D.), 271, 543, 586
Feralia, 65
feriae (holy days), 65
Ferrara (anc. Forum Alieni), 454
Ferrero, Guglielmo, Italian historian (b. 1872), 273*
fertility, 56, 59, 60, 61, 65, 66, 67, 159, 193, 212, 221-222, 224-225, 232, 363-366, 431, 449, 479, 480-481, 515, 525, 545, 666
fertilizers, 76, 320-321
festivals, 59, 63, 65-67, 71, 74, 76, 98, 223, 225-226, 239, 256, 334, 335, 347, 377-379, 381, 390, 423, 461, 484, 512, 515, 523, 542-543, 579, 598, 672
Festus, procurator of Judea (fl. 62), 543, 586
fetiales, 63
fetishism, 60
feudalism, 631*
Fidenae (Castel Giubileo), 11
Field of Mars, 65, 128, 143, 173, 192, 232, 280, 291, 308, 340, 348, 360, 362, 365, 390
Figaro, 101
Fimbria, Caius Flavius, politician and general (?-84B.C..), 124-125
finance, 190, 192-193, 330-332, 336, 411
Finibus, De (Cicero), 163*, 165
fire brigade, Crassus’, 131
first name (praenomen), 56-57
First Principles (Origen), see Peri Archon
fisci 221*
fiscus 221-222
fishing, 321, 336, 423, 470, 483, 515, 520, 563, 573
Flaccus, Avillius, governor (fl. 1st century), 500-501
Flaccus, Lucius Valerius, consul (?-86 B.C..), 124
Flaccus, Valerius, senator (fl. 3rd century B.C..), 102
flaggelation, 354
flamines, 63
Flaminian Way, 78, 455
Flaminius, Caius, political leader (?-217 B.C..), 47, 49, 78, 340
Flaminius, Titus Quinctius, general (fl. 200 B.C..), 85, 96, 382
Flanders, 174
Flaubert, Gustave, French novelist (1821-1880), 239
Flaviales, 291-292
Flavian Amphitheater, see Colosseum
Flavian Dynasty, 285-293, 351, 407, 412, 442
fleet, see navy
floods, 159, 193, 339, 365, 429, 649
Flora (goddess), 65, 381
Flora, courtesan (fl. 1st century B.C..), 138-139
Floralia, 65, 378, 381
Florence (anc. Florentia), 9, 348*, 454
Florus, Lucius Annaeus, historian (fl. 1st century), 473
Florus, procurator of Judea (fl. 1st century), 543-544
flute, 379-381
Fontana dei Trevi, 327*
food, in the Roman army, 34;
in Carthage, 40, 41;
under Rome, 38, 54, 70-71, 76, 88-89, 133, 215, 227, 245, 247, 298, 320-321, 328-330, 373, 376-377, 636
forgery, in art, 342
Formiae (Formia), 162, 202
Fornax, 59
Forth, 476;
Firth of, 476
Fortuna Primigenia, Temple of, 454
Fortuna Virilis, Temple of, 358
Fortune (Fortuna), 358, 388, 424, 655
Fortune, Temple of, 340, 358
fortunetelling, see soothsaying
Forum, 23, 24, 27, 47, 64, 66, 72, 79, 84, 89, 115, 123, 125, 126, 136, 141, 146, 160, 161, 166, 169, 179, 189, 192, 198, 199, 202, 228, 231, 239, 280, 284, 340, 341, 342, 352, 358, 362, 378, 393, 394, 402, 421, 423, 427*, 429, 635
Forum Boarium, 340, 342, 358
Forum Holitorium, 342
Forum Iulii (Fréjus), 474
Forum Iulium, 192, 341
Forum Piscatorium, 342
Forum Traianum, 411
forums, 464, 466, 473, 477
fountains, 343-345, 348, 384, 515
Fourth Gospel, see John, Gospel of Saint Fracastaro, Girolamo, Italian astronomer, poet, and physician (1483-1553), 154
Fragonard, Jean Honoré, French painter and engraver (1732-1806), 351
France, 174-175, 234, 302, 369, 406, 470-475484, 671
Francis, Saint, Italian founder of Franciscan order (1182-1226), 455
François Vase, 9
Franks, 175, 629, 653
Frascati, 454*
Frazer, Sir James George, Scottish anthropologist (1854-1940, 588*
free cities, 462, 474, 482
freedmen, status of, 270, 271, 287, 290, 292, 298, 333, 334, 338, 415, 543, 620, 639
French, 73, 295, 475, 637
French civilization, 177-178, 470, 475
French Revolution, 192, 641, 670
frescoes, in Etruria, 10;
in Pompeii, 74, 352-354;
under Rome, 82, 338, 352-354, 372, 512;
Christian, 601
Freya, 479
friendship, Cicero on, 165-166;
Horace on, 247, 250;
in Rome, 441
From Jesus to Paul (Klausner), 557*
From the Pontus (Ovid), see Ex Ponto
Frontinus, Sextus Julius, engineer and statesman (fl. 1st century), 327-328
Fronto, Marcus Cornelius, rhetorician (110?-180?), 108, 302, 315, 417, 425, 430, 442, 443, 466
frumentaria, lex, 116
Fucinus, Lake (Lago di Celano), 193, 270, 326, 410
fuels, 76, 77, 322-323, 343, 477
Fufia Caninia, lex, 222, 398
Fulvia, wife of Antony (?-40 B.C.), 202, 204-205, 206, 208
Fulvius, general (fl. 3rd century B.C..), 92
Fulvius, Aulus, conspirator (1st century B.C..), 395
Funck-Brentano, Frantz, French historian (b. 1862), 475
Fundamentalism, 592
funeral rites, 83-84, 98, 101, 157, 180, 190, 199, 232, 282, 335, 378, 379, 381-382, 568, 601
furniture, 88, 92, 133, 303, 345-346, 352, 373, 459, 532
G
Gabinian Law, 139-140
Gabinius, Aulus, politician (?-48 B.C..), 139, 172, 174, 186, 211
Gabriel, 289
Gadara (Katra), 297, 509, 530, 535
Gades (Cádiz), 40, 133, 169, 252, 325, 469, 470, 514
Gaiseric, King of the Vandals (fl. 429-455), 670
Gaius, jurist (fl. 2nd century), 392, 394, 396, 397, 399, 401, 405
Galatia (Anatolia), 86, 218, 513, 578, 583, 585, 630
Galatians, The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to, 554, 571*, 585, 587*
Galba (Servius Sulpicius Galba), Roman emperor (3 B.C..-A.D. 69), 283-285, 323, 434, 436
Galba, Servius Sulpicius, statesman (fl. 2nd century B.C..), 87
Galen (Claudius Galenus), Greek physician (130-200?), 313, 334, 375, 428, 430, 505-507, 513, 516, 599
Galerius (Caius Galerius Valerius Maxi-mianus), Roman emperor (ca. 250-311), 635, 640-641, 644, 651, 652, 653, 654, 662
Galicia, Danubian, 432
Galilee, 530, 535, 543, 544, 557, 558, 560, 563, 573, 577
Galla, 317
Gallia Lugdunensis, 472, 474
Gallic War, 169, 174-178, 179
Gallienus (Publius Licinius Valerianus Egna-tius Gallienus), Roman emperor (reigned 253-268), 608, 629-630, 635, 650, 666, 669
Gallio, see Novatus, Marcus Annaeus
Gallus (Caius Vibius Trebonianus Gallus), Roman emperor (ca. 207-253), 629
Gallus, Aelius, general (fl. 1st century B.C..), 336-337, 508
Gamaliel II, Jewish Patriarch (fl. ca. 100), 547
Gamaliel, a Pharisee, and president of the Sanhedrin (fl. 1st century), 576, 579-580
gambling, in Etruria, 7;
under Rome, 62, 269, 383, 447, 456, 458, 488
games, in Etruria, 6-7;
under Rome, 82, 90, 99, 111, 121, 133-134, 168-169, 171, 212-213, 219, 220, 223, 224, 225, 260, 265, 270, 274, 277-279, 289, 290-291, 302, 316, 319, 332, 340, (children’s) 367, 372, 375, 376, 377-378, 379, 380, 381-387, 388, 389, 410, 415, 423, 427, 428, 438, 443, 447, 456, 458-459, 461, 486-487, 500, 515, 532, 545, 598, 629, 631, 640, 646, 647, 649, 668
Ganymede, 510
Gard, Pont du, 474
Garda, Lago di (anc. Lacus Benacus), 4, 155, 158, 454
gardens, 76, 132-133, 141, 160, 185, 199, 215, 245*, 266, 272, 278, 280, 319, 327, 340, 343, 344, 353, 354, 362, 421, 440, 454, 459, 500, 532
Gargantua, 299
Garonne (anc. Garumna), 470
Gassendi, Pierre, French philosopher and savant (1592-1655), 154
Gaul, 43, 48, 53, 73, 89, 107, 112, 118, 119, 129, 144, 167, 168, 174-178, 180-181, 183, 184, 188, 191, 192, 217, 219, 231, 270, 283, 320, 322, 326, 329, 330, 331, 348, 366, 417, 429, 431, 468, 470-475, 476, 478, 479, 481, 495, 513, 514, 602, 604, 627, 629, 633, 638, 639, 649, 651, 653-654, 666, 669-670
Gaul, Belgic (Gallia Belgica), 176, 431, 433, 472, 474
Gaul, Cisalpine (northern Italy), 36, 47, 49, 51, 87, 88, 155, 172, 174-175, 182, 189, 193, 196, 200, 201, 235, 236, 454
Gaul, Narbonese (Gallia Narbonensis), 172, 174-177, 216, 472, 473
Gaul, Transalpine, 49, 271, 454
Gauls, 12, 23, 24, 35, 36, 37, 47, 48-51, 86, 124, 130, 174-177, 191, 235, 271, 340, 375, 454, 471-475, 478, 513
Gaza, 508, 530, 535
Gazith, 536
Gellius, Aulus, Latin grammarian (ca. 117-ca. 180), 368, 442
Gemala, Lucilius, millionaire (fl. 1st century), 461
Gemma Augusta, 346
generalship, of Hannibal, 48-54;
of Scipio Africanus, 52-54;
of Caesar, 174-178, 182-189;
of Antony, 199, 203, 206-207;
of Tiberius, 217-218, 231, 259-260;
under Claudius, 271;
of Marcus Aurelius, 428-429, 431-432;
of Septimius Severus, 622;
of Constantine, 664
Genesis, 444, 540, 614
Geneva, 175
Genghis Khan, Asiatic conqueror (1162?-1227), 606
Genoa (anc. Genua), 78, 454
Geographical Outline (Ptolemy), 503
geography, 220, 308, 503, 514, 520-521
Geography (Strabo), 520
geometry, 75, 314, 368, 503, 507, 634
Georgics (Virgil), 215, 225, 237-239
Gerasa (Djerasch), 508-509, 530, 535
Gergovia, 177
Gerizim (Jebel et Tôr), 535
Germanicus Caesar, general (15 B.C.-A.D. 19), 224, 261-262, 263*, 273, 291, 301, 371
Germans, 174-178, 217, 428-431, 434, 446, 475, 478-481, 627, 631*, 639, 653, 666, 669
Germans, On the Situation and Origin of the (Tacitus), 434
Germany, 36, 112, 118, 176, 178, 194, 217-218, 231, 248, 261, 284, 285, 308, 320, 326, 329, 366, 406, 410, 417, 424, 428, 430, 431, 432, 471, 472, 473, 475, 478-481, 633, 644;
Upper Germany, 291, 439, 479-480;
Lower Germany, 479
Gesco, Carthaginian general (3rd century B.C..), 46
Geta (Publius Septimius Geta), Roman emperor (?-211), 621-622, 634, 635
Getae, 257
Gethsemane, 569, 571
Gibbon, Edward, English historian (1737-1794), 364, 425, 613*, 662, 667
Gibraltar (anc. Calpe), 39, 40, 43, 194
Gil Bias (Lesage), 299
Gilgamesh, 428
Giorgione da Castelfranco (Giorgio Bar-barelli), Venetian painter (1478?-1511), 355
Giton, 297
gladiators, Etruscan, 7;
Roman, 52, 90, 131, 133-134, 137, 173, 179-180, 198, 223, 265, 267, 274, 279, 303, 313, 351, 370, 377, 382, 383-387, 410, 428, 429, 430, 447, 453, 456, 459, 465, 487, 532, 545, 622, 649, 665;
schools for, 385-386, 447, 505
glass, 322, 328, 329, 342, 347, 361, 374-375, 456, 473, 474, 499-500, 510; see also murrhine glass
Glevum (Gloucester), 477
Gloria, De (Cicero), 163* Glycera, 247
Glycon, Athenian sculptor in Rome (fl. 1st century B.C..), 349
Gnosticism, 502, 556, 595, 604-605, 606, 609, 614
God, Seneca on, 304;
Marcus Aurelius on, 444-445;
Plutarch on, 484-485, 486;
Panae-tius on, 490;
Epictetus on, 491-494;
Philo on, 501-502;
Galen on, 507;
Poseidonius on, 514;
Dion Chrysostomus on, 522;
Apollonius of Tyana on, 526;
Plotinus on, 610;
Origen on, 614-615
gods, in Etruria, 7;
in Carthage, 41-42;
under Rome, 58-67, 69, 75, 76, 81-82, 84, 93-94, 104, 164, 214, 225-227, 235, 238-239, 240, 242, 243, 248, 251, 256, 259, 265, 268, 274, 280, 293, 300, 316, 335, 340, 343, 349, 352, 371, 372, 377, 388-390, 427, 429, 430, 438, 444, 449, 457, 489, 510, 512, 522-526, 557, 588, 601, 607, 625, 646-651, 655;
Lucretius on, 147-153;
Cicero on, 162;
in the Aeneid, 242, 243;
Horace on, 248-249;
Pliny on, 309;
Sextus Empiricus on, 495;
Lucian on, 495-497
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, German writer (1749-1832), 354
Golden Age, Saturn’s, 61, 225, 236;
Augustus’, 233-258, 346;
Diocletian’s, 645
Golden Ass, The (Apuleius), 299, 442, 467-468
Golden Bough, 62
Golden Horn, 483
Golden House, 280, 282, 283, 344-345, 352, 358, 361
golden mean, see aurea mediocritas
Golden Milestone, see Millenarium Aureum
Golden Thoughts (Marcus Aurelius), see Meditations
Golgotha, 572-573, 581
Good Goddess, see Bona Dea Gorboduc (Sackville and Norton), 302
Gordian I (Marcus Antonius Gordianus), Roman emperor (158-238), 628
Gordian II (Marcus Antonius Gordianus), Roman emperor (?-238), 628
Gordian III (Marcus Antonius Gordianus), Roman emperor (226-244), 628
Gospels, 553-574, 591
Gothic architecture, 661
Gothic letters, 479
Goths, 316, 480, 622, 628, 629-630, 638, 669-670
gout, 311, 389, 622
government, in Etruria, 6;
in Latium, 11-17;
in Carthage, 42-43;
under the Republic, 21-35, 57, 89, 93-94, 99, 113, 128-130, 136, 146, 174, 180-208;
Cicero on, 165;
under the Principate, 212-217, 227, 266, 270-271, 285-294, 328, 336, 338, 405, 415-416, 418-420, 422-424, 425, 436, 447-449;
under the monarchy, 623, 626-627, 632, 639, 640-645, 647, 664, 668-669;
of Rome, 670, 672
governors, 87, 129, 155, 174, 194, 198-199, 215, 216-217, 261, 462-463, 661
Gracchi, 23, 47, 91, 111, 113-117, 122, 126, 140, 165, 171, 192, 194, 319, 363, 391, 469, 516, 640
Gracchus, Caius Sempronius, statesman (153?-121 B.C..), 113, 115-117, 465
Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius, statesman, father of the Gracchi (fl. 2nd century B.C..), 87, 92, 113
Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius, statesman (162?-133 B.C..), 113-115
grace, 589
Graecia Magna, 37, 38
graffiti, 458-459
Graii, 4
grain, 111, 116, 117-118, 120, 126, 139-140, 173, 174, 179, 183, 184, 186, 189, 190, 192, 212-213, 214, 219, 220, 221, 237, 260, 265, 267, 270, 320-321, 325, 328-329, 333, 336, 339, 348, 362, 376, 388, 411, 423, 427-428, 429, 438, 446, 453, 461, 463, 464, 483, 498, 513, 631, 633, 641-642, 666, 668
grammar, 29, 72, 95, 146, 234, 295, 308, 367, 415
Grand Central Terminal (in New York), 360*
Granna (Gran), 431
Great Exposition (Simon Magnus ?), 604
Great Leptis, see Leptis Magna
Great Mother, see Magna Mater and Cybele
Greece, 5, 6, 8, 10, 23, 34, 38, 47, 48, 51, 54, 57, 62, 68, 70, 75, 76, 77, 78, 84, 85-87, 89, 92, 93, 94, 95-102, 104-105, 108, 112, 113, 125, 130, 141, 147, 154, 158, 163, 164, 173, 178, 183, 186, 187, 192, 203, 211, 233, 235, 239, 240, 241, 246, 256, 259, 269, 278-279, 282-283, 287, 311, 317, 320, 323, 324, 328, 329, 330, 331, 333, 338-339, 342, 344, 347t, 349, 351-361, 364, 371, 379-381, 391, 392, 406, 414, 419, 420, 429, 431, 442, 455, 456, 459, 468, 472, 474, 480, 481, 482-527, 532, 542, 579, 588, 594-595, 602, 618, 630, 633, 636, 666, 667, 670-671; see also Hellenistic
Greek, 72-73, 95, 97, 104, 135, 141, 167, 187, 196, 233, 244, 259, 269, 274, 308, 312, 313, 365, 393, 415, 432, 440, 442, 443, 455, 479, 535, 556, 560, 563, 571, 572, 579, 582, 594-595, 596, 601, 612, 614, 634, 661; see also Hellenistic
Greek Anthology, 509, 633
Greek Asia, 482, 486, 490, 512, 518, 542, 630, 659
Greeks, 4, 17, 18, 35, 37, 38, 39, 43, 44, 51, 52, 58, 59, 62, 71, 72, 74, 76, 78, 82, 86-87, 89, 92, 94-95, 99, 104-105, 121, 132, 152, 164, 240, 242, 249, 253, 255, 256, 263, 277, 311, 312, 326, 328, 348, 352, 356, 364-365, 366, 367, 370, 388, 438, 457, 468, 469, 480, 482-527, 529, 532, 535, 544, 554, 558, 579, 582, 595, 634, see also Hellenistic
Guadalquivir, 39, 470
guilds, 499, 536, 642, 644; see also collegia
gymnastics, see athletics
gynecology, 313, 505
H
Hadad, 522
Hades, 63, 84, 94, 240, 242, 389, 509, 525
Hadrian (Publius Aelius Hadrianus), Roman emperor (76-138), 4, 220, 234, 322, 344, 351, 359, 361, 368, 379, 392, 394, 395, 396, 398, 403, 408, 411, 413-422, 423, 425, 426, 427, 428, 437, 442, 454, 455, 476, 482, 487, 489, 491, 499, 512, 516, 548, 549, 603, 624, 648, 662, 665
Hadrian’s Villa, 421, 454
Hadrian’s Wall, 476, 524
Hadrumetum (Sousse), 39, 465
Haggada, 547
Halacha, 547
Halicarnassus (Budrum), 234, 513
Halstatt iron culture, 471
Hamburg, 553
Hamilcar Barca, Carthaginian general and father of Hannibal (?-229 B.C..), 44-47, 48
Hammurabi, King of Babylon (ca. 1950 B.C..), 405, 557
Hannibal, Carthaginian general (247-183 B.C..), 39, 47-55, 57, 70, 71, 81, 85, 90, 91, 93-94, 105, 118, 120, 121, 252, 429, 457, 469
Hanno, Carthaginian navigator (ca. 490 B.C..), 40, 42
Happy Life, On the (Seneca), 302-303
harbors, 78, 193, 220, 270, 324, 325, 326, 328, 410, 454, 455, 456, 465, 480, 483, 499, 508, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516, 534
harems, 199, 447, 517
haruspicy, in Etruria, 7, 18;
in Rome, 18, 60, 63-64, 93, 164, 228, 651, 656
Harvey, William, English anatomist and physician (1578-1657), 506
Hasdrubal, Carthaginian general, son-in-law of Hamilcar (?-221 B.C..), 47, 48
Hasdrubal, Carthaginian general, brother of Hannibal (?-207 B.C..), 47, 50, 52-53
Hasdrubal, Carthaginian general in the Third Punic War (2nd century B.C..), 107
Hasmoneans, Jewish family, 530-532, 536
Hatra, 529
Haverfield, 477*
Head of Caesar, 350
Health, 358
Health, Temple of, 82, 352, 358
hearth, 58
Heath, Sir Thomas Little, English mathematician (1861-1940), 504*
Heauton Timoroumenos (Terence), 101
heaven, 241-242, 243, 485
Hebrew language, 41, 501, 533, 535, 556, 579, 614
Hebrews, The Gospel according to the, 616
Hebron, 535
Hecatompylus, 528
Hector, 240
Hecyra (Terence), 101
Heiberg, Johan Ludvig, Danish classical philologist (1854-1928), 504*
Heine, Heinrich, German poet (1797-1856), 72, 484, 583
Helen, 256, 354, 516
Helena, concubine of Constantius I (fl. 3rd century), 653, 655, 663
Heliodora (in Meleager), 509
Heliodorus of Emesa, Greek writer of romance (fl. 3rd century B.C..), 636-637
Heliogabalus, see Elagabalus
Heliopolis (Baalbek), 498, 511
Hell, belief in, 8, 84, 147, 149, 241-242, 485, 542, 561, 593-594
Hellas, see Greece
Hellenism, 37, 85, 92, 101, 108, 339, 367, 417, 420, 442, 472, 495, 502, 534, 535, 549, 579-580
Hellenistic age and culture, 78, 79, 84, 86, 92*, 95, 96, 107, 113, 121, 125, 158, 233, 297, 323, 339, 343, 344, 348, 349, 352, 378, 419, 442, 443, 482-527, 530, 532, 534, 540, 576, 577, 579, 581, 584†, 585, 594-595, 606, 630, 632
Hellespont (Dardanelles), 124, 518, 630, 638
Helvetii, 175
Helvidius, see Priscus, Helvidius
Hephaestus, 63, 352
Hera, 418, 516
Heraclea (battle, 280 B.C..), 37
Heraclea, in Egypt, 636
Heracleitus, Greek philosopher (fl. 500 B.C..), 484, 502
Heracles, 63, 226, 278, 385
Herculaneum, 354, 456, 457-460
Hercules, 62, 63, 286, 354, 447, 479, 513, 640
Hercynian Mountains, 431
Herder, Johann Gottfried von, German philosopher, poet, and critic (1744-1803), 553
heresy, 577, 592, 595, 603-606, 612, 615, 616, 618, 646, 657-661, 662, 664
hermaphrodites, 310, 334
Hermes, 63, 352, 496, 525
Hermogenes, Greek architect (fl. 2nd century B.C..), 514
Hernici, 36
Hero or Heron, Alexandrian mathematician and inventor (fl. 3rd century), 503-504
Hero, 256
Herod the Great, King of the Jews (62?-4 B.C..), 487, 508, 512, 531-535, 536, 539, 542, 545, 546, 557
Herod Antipas, King of the Jews (fl. 1st century), 535, 560, 568
Herodes, see Atticus Herodes
Herodian, Greek writer on Roman history (180-238), 620, 622, 628
Herodias, wife of Herod Antipas (1st century), 560
Herod Philip, half brother of Herod Antipas (fl. 1st century), 560
Herodotus, Greek historian (484?-425 B.C..) 454-455, 486, 513
Heroides (Ovid), 256, 258
Hertha, 479
Hesiod, Greek epic poet (ca. 800 B.C..), 238, 495
hetairai, 7, 68
Heywood, Jasper, English translator of Seneca (1535-1598), 302
Hexapla (Origen), 614
Hierapolis, 390, 490, 522
Hiero II, King of Syracuse (324?-216 B.C..), 44, 51
Higher Griticism, 553-557
Hillel, Jewish rabbi, President of Sanhedrin (60 B.C.?-A.D. 10?), 536, 538-539, 542, 547, 567, 580
Himilco, Carthaginian navigator (ca. 450 B.C..), 40
Himly, Karl, German professor of medicine (1772-1837), 310
Hinduism, 444, 525, 609
Hippalus, Greek navigator (fl. 1st century), 325
Hipparchus of Nicaea, Greek astronomer (160?-125? B.C..), 503
Hippocrates, Greek physician and writer on medicine (460-357 B.C..), 313, 505, 507, 514
Hippodamus of Miletus, Greek architect (fl. 5th century B.C..), 356
Hippo Diarrhytus (Bizerte), 39, 465, 603
Hippolytus, Christian schismatic (?-ca. 230), 617-618
Hippolytus, 254
Hippo Regius (Bone), 39, 465
Hirtius, Aulus, Roman consul (?-43 B.C..), 201
Hispalis, see Seville
Hissarlik, see Troy
Historia Augusta, 655
Historiae (Tacitus), 434-437, 442
Historia Naturalis (Pliny the Elder), 296, 308-311, 439
Histories (Appian), 442
Histories (Sallust), 160
historiography, 83, 290, 295-296, 500, 671;
Varro, 159-160;
Sallust, 160;
Caesar, 178;
Livy, 250-252;
Claudius, 269;
Pliny the Elder, 308-311; (art) Pasiteles, 349;
Tacitus, 433-437;
Suetonius, 442;
Plutarch, 483-484;
Nicolaus of Damascus, 512-513;
Arrian, 520;
Josephus, 546;
Dion Cassius Cocceianus, 636;
Eusebius, 662-663
history (in schools), in Carthage, 48;
in Rome, 72, 367
History of Rome (Q. Fabius Pictor), 73
Hittites, 513, 516, 528
holidays, see festivals
Holland, Philemon, English classical scholar (1552-1637), 167, 442
Holland, 479
holy orders, 600, 658, 660†
Holy Sepulcher, Church of the, 663
Holy Spirit, 576, 582, 590, 600, 604, 605, 658, 660
Homer (fl. 9th century B.C..), 98, 147, 213, 241, 242, 243, 254, 441, 495, 522, 614
homosexuality, 65, 89, 94, 132, 144, 158, 167-168, 199, 237, 246-247, 266, 276, 279, 282, 290, 297-298, 317-318, 369, 408, 438, 447, 456, 509*, 598, 625, 627; see also bisexuality
Horns (anc. Emesa), 511
honestiores, 332
Honor, 358;
Temple of, 358
Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus), Latin poet (65-8 B.C..), 60, 61, 73, 95*, 98, 154, 155, 158, 215, 224, 225, 233, 234, 235, 243, 244-250, 252, 258, 367, 369, 380, 437, 455, 509, 546, 671
Horatii, Roman clan, 21
Horatius (Horatius Codes), hero (fl. 6th century B.C..), 17
horse racing, 277, 377, 382-383, 500
Hortensia, lex, 24
Hortensius, Quintus, orator (114-50 B.C..), 131, 132, 136, 141, 160, 161, 185, 213
Hortensius Hortalus, Quintus, noble (?-42 B.C..), 203
horticulture, 308
Horus, 523
Hosea, 567
hospitals, 312
housing, 341-345, 362, 373, 465, 477, 510
Huan-ti, Emperor of China (fl. 2nd century), 329
Hugo, Victor Marie, Viscount, French writer (1802-1885), 249*
human sacrifice, 588*;
in Etruria, 7-8;
in Carthage, 42, 465, 588*;
in Rome, 51, 64, 65, 94, 149;
in Gaul, 472;
in Germany, 479;
in Antioch, 512
Hume, David, Scottish philosopher and historian (1711-1776), 494, 609
humiliores, 332, 644
Hungary, 406
Huns, 480, 669, 670
hunting, 96, 321, 408, 414, 415, 423, 425, 428, 430, 446-447, 478, 529, 531, 622, 630
hydrotherapy, 312-313
Hymettus, 322
hymns, 73, 82, 226, 588, 601, 638
Hypsus, Peri (Longinus), see Sublime, On the Hymn to Zeus (Cleanthes), 584*
Hyrcanus II, King of Judea (?-30 B.C..), 530-531, 534
I
Iamblichus, Syrian Neoplatonic philosopher in Alexandria (?-333?), 635, 636
Iazyges, 429, 431
Iberia, in Asia, 413
Iberians, 468, 472, 475
Icarus, 256, 385
Iconium (Konia), 513, 582
Ides of March, 197
Idumea, 530, 535
ientaculum, 70
Ignatius, Saint, called Theophorus, Bishop of Antioch (?-107?), 588, 611, 648
Iliad, 240, 241, 516
Ilium, see Troy
illuminated manuscripts, 662
Illyria, 47, 51, 52, 200, 217, 454, 628, 638
Illyricum, 639
Imagines (Varro), 159
immigration into Rome, under the Republic, 81, 94, 95, 121, 126, 179;
under the Principate, 221, 364-366
immortality, 527;
Cicero on, 165;
Caesar on, 170;
Virgil on, 242;
Horace and, 250;
Seneca on, 305;
in religion, 429;
Tacitus on, 435-436;
Marcus Aurelius on, 446;
Plutarch on, 485;
Jews on, 536, 575;
Christian, 592, 595, 599, 602, 603, 656, 657;
Plotinus on, 610
imperator, 191, 213, 268, 350
imperialism, Roman, 54, 85, 90, 105, 107, 175, 242, 252, 261, 409-410, 414
impressionism (art), 339, 353, 355
Inacha, 247
incest, 172, 266, 274, 290, 495, 623
Incitatus, 267
Incrustation (First) Style (painting), 353
indeterminacy, principle of, 151*
India, 134, 325, 326, 329, 337, 338, 346, 413, 499, 500, 508, 512, 514, 521, 526
Indian Ocean, 325, 413, 499
Indians, 600* Indica (Arrian), 520
Indies, 503
Indo-European languages, 73
Indo-Europeans, 36, 60, 528
Indus, 413
Industrial Revolution, 477
industry, Etruscan, 6;
Carthaginian, 40;
under Rome, 77-81, 88, 190, 310, 321-323, 328, 330, 332-334, 336-337, 342, 370, 448, 455, 456, 457, 463, 473, 477, 482, 498-499, 510, 529, 631-633, 641-642, 644, 668, 671
infanticide, in Greece, 42;
in Rome, 56, 222, 363-364, 396, 434, 666;
forbidden among Jews and Christians, 546, 598
Inferno (Dante), 8
inflation, 211, 330-331, 632-633
informers, see Delatores
Ingenuus, ruler of eastern provinces (fl. 258), 629
inheritance, 57, (taxes) 58, 222-224, 245, 267, 301, 363, 396, 397, 399, 438, 479, (tax), 622, 657
initiation, 524-525, 606
Innocenza, 351
In Pisonem (Cicero), 161
“In Praise of Nero” (Lucan), 296
Inquisition, 649
insanity, 312
inscriptions, Etruscan, 5;
Roman, 73, 271, 293;
Pompeian, 458;
Italian, 461
Institutes (Justinian), 406
Institutiones (Gaius), 392
Institutio Oratoria (Quintilian), 314-315
insulae, 341-342
interest, 79, 88, 129-130, 131, 169, 170, 184, 192, 211, 212, 219, 302, 310, 331-332, 336, 627, 657
intermarriage, of Phoenicians with natives, 39;
in Rome, 221-224, 395
international law, 48
interregnum, 30
Intricate (Fourth) Style (painting), 353
invention, 287-288, 323, 328*, 503-504
Ionia, 86, 125, 132, 133, 158, 204, 513, 514, 523, 594, 629, 630, 636
Ionian Sea, 206
Ionic order (architecture), 338, 355, 357
Iphigenia, 149, 353
Iranians, 471, 516, 529
Ireland, 36, 73, 471, 472
Irenaeus, St., Greek Bishop of Lyons (130?-202?), 556, 611-612, 616, 617
Iris, Egyptian handmaiden of Cleopatra (?-30 B.C..), 208
Iron, Age of, 236
irrigation, Etruscan, 6;
Roman, 320, 464, 631, 665
Isaeus, Greek rhetorician in Rome (end of 1st century), 368
Isaiah, 540, 541, 560-561, 567, 574
Isiac cult, see Isis Isis, 193, 266, 358, 390, 447, 467-468, 523-524, 525, 526, 527, 596, 606, 635
Isis, Temple of, 291, 358, 369, 390
Islam, 606
Isocrates, Athenian orator and rhetorician (436-338 B.C..), 103, 166
Israel, see Jews
Isthmian games, 85, 283, 486-487
Istria, 73, 455
Istrus, 480
Italian, 73, 295
Italica (Sevilla la Vieja), 414, 470
Italus, King of the Sicels, 4
Italy, 3-5;
city-states, 6;
art, 10;
Roman conquest, 34-38;
Second Punic War, 49-52, 54;
soil, 76-77;
trade, 78;
population, 81;
music, 82;
northern boundary, 87;
farming, 104, 111;
Celtic attack, 119, 472;
Social War, 122;
slave revolt, 137-138;
troops in, 172;
saved by Caesar, 177-178;
supports Caesar, 182;
chaotic state in 45 B.C.., 190;
citizenship, 193;
Augustus in, 205-206;
exhaustion, 211-212;
agriculture, 237, 319-321;
industry, 323;
trade, 328-330;
lack of grain, 336;
water of, 356;
law, 404-406;
plague in, 429;
in the 2nd century, 448-449;
under the Principate, 453-461;
religion, 522-523, 542;
barbarian invasions, 629, 638;
economic and political condition under the monarchy, 632, 666-669
Ithaca, 241
Iucundus, Lucius Caecilius, Pompeian auctioneer, 459-460
lulus, see Ascanius
ius civile, 393-404, 405
ius gentium, 393, 404-406
Ixion, 352
J
Jairas, father of girl awakened by Christ (1st century), 563
James, Christ’s brother, 558
James, son of Alphaeus, called the Just, apostle (?-62), 555, 577, 583, 597
James, son of Zebedee, apostle (?-41?), 563, 577, 592
James, The General Epistle of, 600, 616
James I, King of England (1566-1625), 555
Jamnia, 535, 547-548
Janiculum, 12, 340
Janus, 58-59, 61, 67, 82, 358
Janus, Temple of, 211, 285, 358
Japan, 295, 374, 421
javelin, 308
Jeremiah, Hebrew prophet, 567
Jericho, 535
Jerome, Saint (Hieronymus, Sophronius Eusebius), Latin father of the Church (340?-420), 154, 392, 578, 596, 612, 614
Jerusalem, 288, 349, 358, 365, 404, 419, 508, 530, 531, 532, 535, 537, 538, 542-549, 558, 559, 562, 569-571, 574, 576, 577, 579, 581-583, 585, 586, 587, 602, 603, 616, 650, 663
Jerusalem, Temple of, 268, 349, 365, 530-531, 533, 536, 537, 538, 539, 542-545, 548, 560, 568, 570-571, 574, 575, 577, 583, 586, 599, 603
Jerusalem Delivered (Tasso), 637
Jesus, see Christ
Jesus, Life of (Renan), 554
Jesus, Life of (Strauss), 553
jewelry, in Etruria, 6;
in Carthage, 41, 42;
under Rome, 70, 89, 132, 134, 193, 215, 223, 273, 328-329, 345, 346, 373, 429, 465, 471, 489, 529, 578, 596, 624-625, 640
Jewish Commonwealth, Second, 530
Jews, 41, 65, 66, 192, 193, 199, 225, 288, 292, 365-366, 390, 394, 407, 413, 419, 421, 423, 438, 487, 500-502, 507, 512, 525, 529-549, 554, 556, 559, 563-595, 598, 601, 614, 626, 646
Job, 540
Jocasta, 623
Johanan ben Zakkai, Jewish rabbi (fl. 1st century), 547
John, St., apostle and evangelist, 555, 556, 559, 561-562, 563, 571-572, 575*, 577, 592-595, 611, 648
John, The Epistles of, 557, 575*, 592;
First, 575
John, The Gospel of St., 502, 553, 559, 561-562, 565, 570, 571-572, 575*, 592-595, 603
John the Baptist, 558, 560-561, 562, 563, 564, 568, 569, 570
John the Elder, early Christian, 555
joint-stock companies, 79-80, 323
Joppe or Joppa (Jaffa), 508, 535, 577
Jordan, 535, 560, 577
Joseph, Christ’s brother, 558
Joseph, husband of Mary, mother of Christ, 559
Josephus, Flavius, Jewish historian (37-95?), 325, 498, 500, 531, 536, 537, 538, 543, 544-545, 546, 554, 558, 560
Joshua, son of Sirach, 539
Jotopata, 544
Jove, see Jupiter Juba I, King of Numidia (?-46 B.C..), 189, 466
Juba II, King of Numidia and historian (?-ca. 19 A.D.), 42, 466
Judah, Jewish Patriarch (fl. ca. 200), 547
Judaism, 63, 366, 501-502, 529, 549, 575-595, 597-599, 601, 602, 604-605, 606, 614, 625, 626
Judas, Christ’s brother, 558
Judas the Gaulonite, Jewish rebel leader (fl. beginning of 1st century), 543
Judas Iscariot (of Kerioth) apostle, 563-564, 571
Judea, 140, 203, 204, 268, 281, 283, 285, 390, 508, 530-549, 557, 558, 560, 569, 570, 577, 618
Judgment, Last, 243, 542, 553, 559, 560, 563, 567, 593-594, 595, 597, 599, 603, 607, 612
Jugurtha, King of Numidia (?-104 B.C..), 118-119, 404
Jugurthine War, 118-119
Jugurthine War (Sallust), 160
Julia, sister of Caesar (1st century B.C..), 200
Julia, daughter of Caesar and fourth wife of Pompey (?-54 B.C..), 134, 171, 179
Julia, daughter of Augustus (?-14 A.D.), 220, 229-232, 235, 257, 259, 262, 263*, 265
Julia, granddaughter of Augustus (1st century A.D.), 232, 235
Julia, daughter of Germanicus (1st century), 301
Julian (Flavius Claudius Julianus), called the Apostate, Roman emperor (331-363), 18, 474, 635
Julian Aqueduct, 220
Julian Laws, of Caesar, 171-173;
of Augustus, 223-224, 230, 235, 255, 256, 290
Julianus, see Didius Julian
Julianus, Salvius, jurist (fl. 2nd century), 392, 394, 416
Julii, Roman clan, 21, 167
Julio-Claudian dynasty, 211-285, 286, 289, 293, 349
Jullian, Camille, French historian (1850-1933), 475
Juno, 61, 67, 81, 82, 83, 349, 358;
of Veil, 62
Juno Moneta, Temple of, 358
Jupiter (Jove), 61, 63, 67, 81, 82, 83, 93, 100, 144, 151, 167, 242, 256, 268, 284, 306, 317, 349, 350, 357-358, 388, 389, 419, 458, 496, 548, 625, 626, 640;
Jupiter Optimus Maximus, 358;
Jupiter Pluvius, 61;
Jupiter Stator, 358;
Jupiter Tonans, 61, 357;
planet, 309
Jupiter, Temple of, 92, 341
Jupiter, Temple of (Pompeii), 459
Jupiter Heliopolitanus, Temple of, 511
Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva, Temple of, 81, 83, 287, 289, 290, 358
Jupiter Stator, Temple of, 358
Jupiter Tonans, Temple of, 61, 357
juries, 114, 116-117, 121, 126, 178, 192, 403
jurisprudence, see law
Justice, see Astraea
Justin, Christian martyr (?-108), 611
Justin Martyr (Justinus Flavius), Church father in Palestine (100?-166), 592, 611
Justinian I the Great (Flavius Anicius Jus-tinianus), Byzantine emperor (483-565), 392, 393, 394, 399, 406, 409, 416, 605, 634
Juvenal (Decimus Junius Juvenalis), satirical poet (ca. 60-ca. 140), 67, 73, 234, 272, 295, 312, 314, 319, 325, 332, 334, 341, 343, 363, 364, 365, 366, 367, 369, 370, 371, 372-373, 376, 381, 387, 388, 389, 402, 433, 436, 437-439, 440, 453, 466, 546, 612, 671
Karlsburg, 633
Keats, John, English poet (1795-1821), 147, 157
Kent, 476
Kerasous, or Cerasus (Kerasun), 320
Kerch, see Panticapaeum
Kerch, Strait of, 517
Kingdom of Heaven, 538, 540-542, 557, 559, 560, 562, 564-570, 575, 582, 593, 594-595, 596, 597, 602, 603-604, 605, 617
Klausner, Joseph, Jewish scholar (b. 1874), 557*
“knucklebones,” 354
Krishna, 553
Kuban River, 517
L
labarum, 654
Labeo, Antistius, jurist (?-42 B.C. .), 203, 391-392
Labienius, Quintus, general (?-39 B.C..), 205
Labienus, Titus, politician and soldier (?-45 B.C..), 182, 186, 189, 205
Lactantius Firmianus, Lucius Caelius, father of the Latin church, in Africa (260?-325?), 578, 643, 651, 654, 662
Lady of Elche, The, 469
Laelius Sapiens, Caius (ca. 186-? B.C..), 96-97, 101, 102, 107, 114
Laenas, Caius Popilius, consul and ambassador (fl. 172-168 B.C..), 107
Laetus, Praetorian prefect (fl. reign of Commodus), 448
Lais (Greek Anthology), 510
Lake Garda, see Garda, Lago di
Lake Regillus, Battle of (496 B.C..), ...
Lalage, 247
Lambaesis (Lambèse), 466
Lamia, Lucius Aelius, consul and patron (fl. 1st century B.C.. and 1st century A.D.), 233
Lampridius, Aelius, Latin historian (fl. early 4th century), 624, 634
land distribution, in Greece, 86;
in Rome, 47, 87, 113-117, 119, 120, 121, 126, 128, 136, 171, 174, 184, 192-193, 213, 218, 287, 319, 336, 407, 465, 627, 631*
landownership, 57, 76-77, 90, 111-118, 192, 213, 219, 319-320, 333, 336, 483, 631, 644, 657
landscape, see painting
language, Etruscan, 5, 17;
Celtic, 36;
Carthaginian, 41;
Latin, 17, 38, 72-73
Lanuvium (Civita Lavinia), 35, 371, 423
Laocoon, 345
Laodicea (Latakia), 512, 513, 516
lararium, 343
Lares, 7, 58, 69, 226
lares compitales, 81
Larissa, 186
Larius, Lacus, see
Lake Como Lasa (or Mean), Etruscan goddess, 7
Last Supper, 555
La Tène iron culture, 471, 472
Lateran Museum, 350
latifundia, 77, 104, 105, 107, 111-114, 118, 130, 190, 297, 319, 336, 411, 464, 465, 473, 498, 631, 668
Latin, 72-74, 97, 98, 101, 102, 103-104, 156, 158-162, 164, 166, 167, 177, 233, 258, 259, 295, 304, 312, 313, 319, 365, 393, 410, 415, 441, 442, 443, 455, 469, 474, 476, 477, 507, 514, 517, 572, 612, 619, 630, 661, 671
Latina, Via, 77
Latin Language, On the (Varro), 159
Latin League, 35, 37, 38
Latins, 5, 11, 21, 35, 36, 39, 241
Latinus, 240-241
Latium, 11, 12, 14, 18, 21, 35, 37, 43, 51, 61, 200, 240-241, 344, 437, 453, 666
laurel, 83, 191
Laurentum, 344, 440
Laureolus, robber, crucified (1st century), 385
Lavinia, 12, 241
Law, see Torah
law, under the Republic, 22-33, 57, 67, 70, 71, 72, 73, 79, 83, 89, 99, 104-105, 113-118, 126, 133, 138, 139-140, 144, 171-173, 174, 176, 179, 182, 189, 191-194, 198;
Cicero on, 165-166;
under the Principate, 213-217, 219, 221-225, 230-231, 250, 261, 262, 264, 269, 270-271, 293, 312, 323, 324, 331-332, 335, 338, 340, 341, 364, 369, 391-406, 416, 418, 420, 424, 427-428, 443, 448, 465, 473, 474, 477, 481, 488, 510, 619, 646;
under the monarchy, 633-634, 642-652, 656-657, 661;
of Rome, 670
law, practice of, 141, 160, 316, 317, 466, (Ovid’s) 254, (Seneca’s) 301, 401-403, (Juvenal’s) 437, (Pliny’s) 439-441, (Apuleius’) 467-468, (Lucian’s) 495, (Tertullian’s) 612, (L. Septimius Severus’) 621
Law of the Nations, see ius gentium
Laws (Cicero), see Legibus, De
lays, 73
Lebanon (Libanus), 329
Lebanon (anc. Libanus) Mountains, 511
lectures, 135, 443, 465, 483-485, 488-490, 495, 505, 511, 514, 521-522, 635
legates, 216
legend, in Livy, 251, 256, 308
Legibus, De (Cicero), 141, 163*
Leicester (anc. Ratae Coritanorum), 477
Leiden (anc. Lugdunum Batavorum), 324
leisure, 235
Lemures, 59-60;
Feast of, 65
Lentuli, Roman family, 76
Lentulus, Gnaeus, senator (fl. 1st century), 332
Lentulus Batiates, trainer of gladiators (fl. 1st century B.C..), 137
Lentulus Crus, Lucius Cornelius, consul (?-48 B.C..), 181, 183, 185
Lentulus Sura, Publius Cornelius, conspirator (?-63 B.C..), 129, 143-144, 202
Leochares, Athenian sculptor (fl. 4th century B.C..), 349
Leonardo, see Vinci, Leonardo da
Lepidus, Marcus Aemilius, consul (?-216 B.C..), 382
Lepidus, Marcus Aemilius, triumvir (?-13 B.C..), 201, 203, 225
Leptis Magna (Lebda), 39, 105, 465
Leptis Minor, 40, 465
Lesbia, 135, 155-157
Lesbos, 253
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, German critic and dramatist (1729-1781), 100, 553
letters, Cornelia’s, 113;
Cicero’s, 162-163, 165, 195;
Marcus Aurelius’, 425, 430;
Pliny the Younger’s, 440-441;
Fronto’s, 442
Leucas (It. Santa Maura), 139
Leuce Come, 508
Leviticus, 539, 567
lex talionis, 32, 398
Liber, 62, 65-66
Libera, 65-66
Liberalia, 66
Libra, 298
libraries, in Carthage, 42;
in Athens, 418;
under Rome, 96, 131, 132, 159, 219, 234, 343, 459, 635, 662
libraries, public, 159, 193, 219, 234, 257, 291, 358, 360, 376, 411, 421, 440, 461, 466, 515, 627
Libya, 43, 46, 48, 413, 500
Licinian laws, 24, 114
Licinianus, son of Licinius and nephew of Constantine I (?-326), 663-664
Licinius (Caius Flavius Valerius Licinianus Licinius), Roman emperor (?-325), 653-655, 656, 659, 663
Licinius Calvus (Stolo), Caius, tribune and consul (fl. 376-361 B.C..), 24
Liege, 176
Life of the Roman People (Varro), 160
lighthouses, 325
Ligurians, 4, 35, 468
limes, 417, 480, 627
Limonum (Limoges), 473
Lindum (Lincoln), 477
Linus, Bishop of Rome (fl. 1st century), 617
Lisbon, see Olisipo literary criticism, 315, 513, 633, 636
Literature, Etruscan, 5;
Greek, 95-96, 104, 123, 259, 630;
under the early Republic, 5, 73-75, 97-105, 108, 113, 123;
under the Revolution, 144-146, 174, 178;
under the Principate, 215, 225, 233-258, 259, 263, 287, 291, 293, 295-319, 367-368, 408, 415, 433-446, 456, 464, 467-468, 477, 483-486, 490-497, 509-510, 539-542, 555-595, 603, 606-616, 618, 620, 621;
under the monarchy, 621, 625, 629, 635-638, 661, 662-663;
of Rome, 671
Liternum (Patria), 92, 347
Lives of Illustrious Men (Suetonius), 442
Lives of the Sophists (Philostratus), 635
Livia, third wife of Augustus (1st century B.C.. and 1st century A.D.), 205, 223, 229-232, 262, 264, 268, 286, 299, 348, 350, 354
Livia Orestilla, wife of Caligula (1st century A.D.), 266
Livias, 508
Livilla, daughter of Antonia and wife of Drusus (?-31 A.D.), 264, 268
Livius Andronicus, earliest Roman poet (fl. 240 B.C..), 74
Livy (TitusLivius), historian (59 B.C..-A.D. 17), 13, 14, 15, 21, 36*, 48, 53, 60, 72, 89, 94, 112, 225, 233, 250-252, 434, 636, 671
Lixus, 39
Locri, 35, 37, 51
Logia (sayings of Christ), 556
logic, 164, 425
Logos, 501-502, 540, 541, 556, 589, 594-595, 604, 615, 658
Loire (anc. Liger), 470
Loisy, Alfred Firmin, French Orientalist and Biblical scholar (1857-1940), 554
Lollia Paulina, wife of Caligula (1st century A.D.), 266, 273, 373
Lollius, governor of Britain (fl. 2nd century), 476
Lombards, 431
Lombardy, 670
London (anc. Londinium), 324, 476, 477, 523-524
Longinus, Caius Cassius, jurist (fl. 1st century), 282
Longinus, Dionysius Cassius, Greek philosopher and critic (213?-272), 630, 636
Longinus, Lucius Cassius, governor of Syria (?-42 B.C.), 531
Longobardi, see Lombards
Longus, Greek sophist and novelist (fl. 3rd century), 516, 637
lotteries, 219, 624
Louis XIV, King of France (1638-1715), 258
Lourdes, 563
Louvre, 348*
love feast, see agape
Luca (Lucca), 175
Lucan (Marcus Annaeus Lucanus), poet (39-65), 282, 295, 296, 316, 319, 408, 435, 470
Lucanians, 35, 37, 51, 519
Lucanus, Publius Terentius, senator (2nd century B.C.), 101
Lucian, Greek satirical author (120?-200?), 60, 84, 299, 304, 312, 428, 487, 489, 494-497, 513, 597, 636
Lucifer, 241, 289
Lucilius, Caius, satirist (180-103 B.C.), 73, 97, 245, 437, 509
Lucilius Junior, governor and Epicurean (fl. 1st century), 304, 306
Lucilla, daughter of Marcus Aurelius (2nd century), 426
Lucilla, sister of Marcus Aurelius (2nd century), 447
Lucina, 60, 236
Lucius (in Apuleius’ Golden Ass), 467-468
Lucius Caesar, grandson of Augustus (?-2 A.D.), 230-231, 473
Lucretia, wife of Collatinus (6th century B.C..), 16, 23
Lucretia (in Martial), 318
Lucretius Carus, Titus, poet (99?-55? B.C..), 61, 73, 95, 98, 102, 146-154, 155, 164, 225, 234-235, 238, 241, 243, 245, 258, 296, 308, 388, 637, 667, 671
Lucrinus, Lacus, 220
Lucullus, Lucius Licinius, general and patron (?-57? B.C..), 129, 130, 132, 138, 139, 140, 171, 211, 265, 272, 322, 342, 353, 373, 508, 519
Lucullus, Lucius Licinius, proconsul (fl. 2nd century B.C..), 87
ludi (games), 74, 377-378, 381-387;
ludi iu-venales, 277;
ludi saeculares, 225-226, 248, 387;
ludi scenici, 74, 377-378
Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus, 635
Ludovisi Juno, 349
Lugdunum (Lyons), 234, 269, 271, 283, 324, 332, 470, 473, 474, 504, 611, 649
Luke, St., evangelist (fl. 1st century), 553, 555-574, 575*, 583, 590
Luke, The Gospel of St., 555-574, 575*, 583, 605
Luna (Luni), 322, 357, 454
Lupanaria, see prostitution
Lupercalia, 63, 65, 195-196, 388
Luperci (Brotherhood of the Wolf), 63, 65, 388
Lusitania (Portugal), 87, 277, 311, 322, 470, 671
lustrum, 29, 63
Lutetia, see Paris
Luther, Martin, leader of German Reformation (1483-1546), 592
luxury, under the Republic, 54, 70-71, 88-89, 92, 97, 103, 128, 132, 136, 160, 185, 186, 204;
under the Principate, 211, 213, 219, 223, 224, 232, 248, 251, 256, 297, 303, 305, 308, 311, 328-330, 331, 333, 337, 342, 364, 373-377, 438, 456, 465, 474, 478, 522, 608, 666, 667
Lycaonia, 513
Lyce, 247
Lyceum, Aristotle’s, 421, 489-490
Lycia, 203, 218
Lyciscus, 369
Lycopolis, 608
Lycurgus, Spartan lawgiver (9th century B.C..), 32, 226
Lydda, 548
Lydia, 5, 6†, 9, 125, 513, 514-515, 523
Lydia (Horace), 247
Lyons, see Lugdunum
lyre, 379-381
lyric poetry, 82, 155-158, 244-250, 252-254, 278, 315-318, 379, 509-510, 637-638
Lysias, Athenian orator (450?-380? B.C..), 95
Lystra, 513, 582, 583
M
Ma, 147, 523
Maccabee, Judas, Jewish patriot (fl. 167 B.C.), 542
Maccabee, Simon, King of Judea (fl. 142 B.C.), 530
Maccabees, see Hasmoneans
Macedon or Macedonia, 51, 52, 85-87, 88, 90, 91, 94, 96, 136, 200, 203, 212, 216, 482, 483, 519, 583, 585, 623, 630, 633
Macedonian Wars, 85-87, 482
Macellum, 342
machinery, 323, 356
Macrina, Caelia, millionaire (2nd century), 411
Macrinus (Marcus Opellius Severus Macrinus), Roman emperor (164?-218), 529, 623-624
Madaura (Medaura), 466, 467
Madeira, 40, 308
Madonna della Febbre, La (Our Lady of the Fever), 75
Maeander (Menderez), 514
Maecenas, Caius Cilnius, statesman and patron (?-8 B.C..), 212, 215, 219, 224, 225, 234, 237, 239, 244, 246, 250, 253, 280, 454
Maelius, Spurius, politician (?-439 B.C..), 23
Maesa, Julia, sister of Julia Domna (?-222), 623-626
Maggiore, Lago (anc. Lacus Verbanus), 4, 454
Magi, 525, 526, 529, 559, 606, 608
magic, 60, 64, 75, 94, 308, 311-312, 388, 415, 419, 466-467, 485, 507, 512, 525-526, 537-538, 559, 656
Magna Mater (Great Mother), 94, 147, 381, 390, 523, 595, 672; see also Cybele
Magnesia (Manissa), battle in 190 B.C.., 55, 86, 208, 514
Magnificat, 558
Mago, Carthaginian general, brother of Hannibal (fl. end of 3rd century B.C..), 47
Mago, Carthaginian writer in agriculture, 40, 42, 464
Maia, 60, 67
maiestate, lex lulia de, 262, 264, 269, 279, 416, 591
Maimonides, Spanish Jewish rabbi and philosopher (1135-1204), 548
Mainz (anc. Magontiacum), 291, 324, 627, 633
Maison Carrée, 357, 473
Malaga (anc. Malaca), 469, 470
malaria, 193, 311, 312, 326†, 631, 666
Malchus, Tyrian dyeing firm, 331
Mallonia, critic of Tiberius, and suicide (1st century), 371
Mallus, 95
Malta, 40, 587
Mamaea, Julia, daughter of Julia Maesa and mother of Alexander Severus (?-235), 623-627
Mamertines, 43-44
Mammon, 340, 597
Manes, 59
Man, Isle of (anc. Monapia or Monarina), 476, 477
Manchester (anc. Mancumium), 477
Mani of Ctesiphon, Persian mystic (215-273), 605-606
Mania, 7
Manicheism, 606
manifest destiny, 43
Manilian Law, 140
Manilius, senator (fl. 2nd century B.C.), 103
Manilius, Caius, Roman tribune (fl. 66 B.C.), 140
Manlii, Roman clan, 21
Manlius, Lucius, conspirator (fl. 1st century B.C.), 144, 157
Manlius, Marcus, general (?-384 B.C.), 23
manners, 70-72, 90, 101, 102, 108, 134-135, 234-235, 286, 310, 316, 335
mansio, 324
mansions, 88, 92, 132, 133, 160, 162, 190, 195, 202, 213, 223, 245*, 290, 297, 326, 327, 328, 339, 340, 343-345, 351, 355, 362, 373-374, 421, 453, 456, 508, 635
Mantua, 3, 8, 11, 235, 454
Mantus, 7
manumission, see emancipation
manuscripts, 280, 662
maps, 220, 308
Marathon, battle in 490 B.C., 208, 442, 641
Marcellinus, Roman Pope (reigned 296-304), 652
Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, consul and conqueror of Syracuse (268?-208 B.C.), 50, 52, 82, 92
Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, son-in-law of Augustus (43-23 B.C.), 219, 230, 239, 357
Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, consul (?-46 B.C.), 181, 195
Marcellus, Varius, father of Elagabalus (fl. 2nd century), 623
Marcellus, For (Cicero), 195
Marceotis, Lake, 525
Marcia, wife of Cato, the Younger and Hortensius (fl. 1st century B.C.), 136
Marcia, daughter of Cremutius Cordus (1st century), 301
Marcia, Christian mistress of Commodus (2nd century), 447-448
Marcian Aqueduct, 220, 340
Marcion, Gnostic of Sinope (fl. 2nd century), 604-605, 616
Marcomanni, 346, 429, 431, 432, 606, 627, 629
Marcomannic Wars, 428-432, 443, 505
Marcus, Gallic Gnostic (fl. 2nd century), 604
Mariaba, 508
Mariamne, wife of Herod the Great (fl. end of 1st century B.C.), 534
Marinus of Alexandria, famous surgeon (fl. 1st and 2nd centuries), 505
Maritime Alps, 474
Marius, Caius, general and consul (157-86 B.C.), 3, 26, 27, 116, 118-120, 122-126, 128, 144, 146, 160, 167, 169, 391, 453
Marius, Caius, consul, son of preceding (109?-82 B.C.), 125
Mark, St., evangelist (fl. 1st century), 553, 555-574, 576
Mark, The Gospel of St., 555-574, 576
markets, 78, 342
Marquardt, Joachim, German antiquarian (1812-1882), 364
marriage, in Etruria, 7;
under the Republic, 57, 67, 68-69, 132, 134, 204;
under the Principate, 222-224, 262, 266, 301, 363-364, 369-371, 396, 397, 438, 441, 443, 599, 605;
under the monarchy, 656, 666;
ancient concept of, 240, 369-370;
St. Paul and the Church on, 590, 598, 600, 647
Mars, 12, 59, 61, 63, 65, 66-67, 82, 193, 211, 346, 353, 388, 479; Ultor (the Avenger), 358
Mars (planet), 309
Mars Ultor, Temple of, 358, 383
Marseilles (anc. Massalia), 43, 49, 119, 180, 184, 231, 313, 326, 470, 474, 504, 654
Marsians, 270
Marsyas, 298
Martial (Marcus Valerius Martialis), Latin epigrammatist (40?-102?), 158, 234, 289, 290, 291, 295, 296, 312, 315-318, 319, 341, 342, 366, 369, 370, 371, 381, 385, 389, 398, 403, 408, 437, 441
Mary, mother of Christ, 527, 558-559, 560, 572
Mary, aunt of Christ, 572-573
Mary Magdalene, cured by Christ (1st century), 563, 572-573, 577
Masada, 544
Masinissa, King of Numidia (238-148 B.C.), 53, 105-106, 107, 118, 166, 464
Mass, Catholic, 578-579, 595, 599, 602, 603
Massalia, see Marseilles
Materia Medica (Dioscorides), 505
Mater Matuta, Temple of
materialism, in Lucretius, 146-154;
in Seneca, 304
mathematics, 414, 488, 503-504, 507
Mathematiké Syntaxis (Ptolemy), 502-503
Matho,.Libyan rebel leader (fl. 241-237 B.C.), 46
Matius, citizen and friend of Caesar (fl. 1st century B.C.), 191, 195
Matthas, Dutch biblical scholar, 554
Matthew, St., evangelist and apostle, 553, 555-574
Matthew, The Gospel of St., 555-574, 613
Mauretania (Morocco), 268, 413, 417, 466
Mauretania Caesariensis, 466
Mauretania Tingitana, 466
Mauri, see Moors
Mausoleum of Hadrian (Castel Sant’ Angelo), 4, 422
Maxentius (Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius), Roman emperor (reigned 306-312), 653-654, 656, 661
Maximian (Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxi-mianus Herculius), Roman emperor (240?-310), 635, 640, 644, 651, 653-654, 663
Maximilla, Montanist heretic (2nd century), 605
Maximinus (Caius Julius Verus Maximinus “Thrax”), Roman emperor (i72?-238), 627-628
Maximinus Daza, Roman emperor (reigned 308-314), 653-654
Maximus Tyrius, Greek philosopher (fl. 2nd century), 426
Maximus and Vibo, banking firm, 332
measures, 78
Mechanica (Hero), 504
Medea, 256, 353, 385
Medea (painting), 354
Medea (Ovid), 255
Medea (Seneca), 307
Media, 413
Medicamina Faciei Feminineae, De (Ovid), 255
Medici, Lorenzo de’, Florentine poet, patron, and scholar (1448-1492), 131
Medicina, De (Celsus), 313
medicine, in Etruria, 6;
under Rome, 75-76, 104, 135, 227, 308, 310, 311-313, 324, 368, 414, 465, 467, 488, 504-507, 510, 512, 514, 515, 516, 517, 661, 671
Mediolanum, see Milan
Meditations (Marcus Aurelius), 425-426, 430, 431, 442, 443-446, 449
Mediterranean, 3, 6, 18, 25, 29, 34, 38, 39, 40, 43, 54, 76, 78, 80, 81, 85, 105, 107, 112, 139, 169, 170, 177, 187, 188, 212, 218, 221, 241, 251, 266, 310, 320, 324, 325, 328, 337, 339, 355, 367, 419, 453, 462, 464, 465, 466, 468, 469, 470, 474, 484, 498, 499, 500, 508, 512, 513, 518, 523-524, 527, 535-536, 545, 547, 596, 602, 670
mediums of exchange;
in Etruria, 6, 17;
in Carthage, 40, 46;
under Rome, 17, 78-79, 184, 192, 205, 218, 287*, 330-332, 336, 448, 632, 641, 643, 668
Megalesia (Feast of the Great Goddess), 94
Megara, 239, 300, 487
Meir, Jewish rabbi (fl. 2nd century), 547
Mela, Lucius Annaeus, father of Lucan and brother of Seneca (?-65), 282
Mela, Pomponius, geographer (fl. 1st century), 308
Meleager, Greek epigrammatist (fl. 1st century B.C.), 509-510
Melkart, 42, 45, 465
Memmius, Caius, statesman (?-100 B.C.), 120
Memmius, Caius Gemellus, politician and man of letters (fl. first century B.C.), 148, 155, 157
memoirs, 123, 159, 275
Memoirs (Agrippina the Younger), 275
Memoirs (Sulla), 123
Memphis, 498
Menaechmi (Plautus), 100
Menander, Greek comic dramatist (342-291 B.C.), 99, 100, 102, 513
Menippus, Syrian Cynic philosopher (fl. 60 B.C.), 297, 509
Menippus (in Lucian), 495, 497
Mephitis, 75
mercenaries, 43, 46, 48, 53, 106, 207, 429, 517, 624, 669, 670
Mercury, 62, 63, 93, 342, 387, 473, 479, 601
Mesopotamia, 342, 349, 413, 414, 428, 528, 530, 548, 608, 622, 627, 629, 630, 641
Messala, Marcus Valerius, consul (fl. 1st century B.C.), 129
Messala, Marcus Valerius Corvinus, general and patron (fl. 1st century B.C.), 221, 233-234, 252-253
Messalina, Valeria, wife of Claudius (?-48), 272-273, 302
Messana (Messina), 44, 464
Messene, 329, 413
Messiah, 226, 243, 538, 540-542, 548, 554, 558*, 559, 560, 564-57o, 577, 581, 582, 585, 588-589, 591, 593, 595, 603, 604, 605
metallurgy, 77, 322-323, 328, 469, 479
Metamorphose on Libri XI (Apuleius), see Golden Ass
Metamorphoses (Ovid), 256, 257, 258
metaphysics, 95, 147, 154, 164, 196, 300, 304, 591, 613
Metapontum, 35, 51
Metaurus (Metauro) River (battle of, 207 B.C.), 53
Metellus, Lucius Caecilius, politician (fl. 1st century B.C.), 183
Metellus Celer, Caius Caecilius, husband of Clodia (fl. 1st century B.C.), 135
Metellus Macedonicus, Quintus Caecilius, general (fl. 1st century B.C.), 134
Metellus Numidicus, Quintus Caecilius (fl. 109-99 B.C.), 119
Metellus Pius, Caecilius (?-63 B.C.), general, 137
Metellus Pius Scipio, Quintus Caecilius, general (? -46 B.C.), 186, 189, 194
meteorology, 308
Metrodora, Alexandrian woman physician (fl. 1st century), 505
Metrodorus, Greek Epicurean philosopher (? -277 B.C.), 133
Metronax, philosopher (fl. 1st century), 303
Metropolitan Museum of Art, 347, 351
Mexico, 469, 600*
Michael, Archangel, 593
Michelangelo (Buonarroti), Italian artist (1475-15 64), 4, 356, 443, 635
Middle Ages, 178, 243, 249*, 258, 307, 308, 310, 311, 312, 313, 503, 507, 592, 633, 644, 661, 672
mid wives, 312
migrations, Celtic, 118; into towns, 190
Milan (anc. Mediolanum), 236, 454, 629, 635, 640, 644, 653, 654
Milan, Edict of, 654, 657, 658
Miles Glorio sus (Plautus), 100
Milesian Tales, 297, 514, 636
Miletus, 168, 312, 329, 513-514, 546
military science, 327-328
millefiori, 347
Mill, John Stuart, English philosopher (1806-1873), 609
Millenarium Aureum, 340-341
millennium, see Kingdom of Heaven
Milo, Pyrrhus’ general, 38
Milo Papinianus, Titus Annius, politician (?-48 B.C.), 169, 173, 180, 184, 188, 189
Milton, John, English poet (1608-1674), 243, 671
mimes, 378, 389, 430
Minas de Rio Tinto, 469
Mincio (anc. Mincius), 235
Minerva, 61, 81, 83, 311, 358; Pallas Minerva, 61; see also Pallas Athene
Minerva, Temple of, 74
Minervina, first wife of Constantine I (fl. 4th century), 663
mining, Etruscan, 6;
Carthaginian (in Spain), 40, 47, 469;
Roman (in Spain), 54, 346, 469;
Roman, 77, 80, 131, 218, 310, 320, 322, 330, 336, 448, 455, 477, 483, 513, 632, 665
Minos, 284
Minotaur, 354
Minturnae, 113, 322
Minucius, Quintus, proconsul (fl. 2nd century B.C.), 87
Minucius Felix, Latin Christian writer (fl. 2nd century), 611, 612
Minucius Rufus, Marcus, dictator (fl. 216 B.C.), 50
miracles, 60, 75, 93, 435, 442, 466, 512, 525-526, 553, 556, 557, 559, 562-563, 576, 580, 585, 607
Miranda (anc. Continum Lusitanorum), 427*
Misenum (Miseno), 132, 265, 325, 326, 457
Mithraism, see Zoroastrianism
Mithras, 280, 390, 524, 529, 540, 553, 598, 600*, 606, 639, 654; see also Zoroastrianism
Mithridates I, King of Pontus (fl. ca. 302, B.C.), 517
Mithridates VI the Great, King of Pontus (132?-63 B.C.), 122-125, 132, 140, 188, 347, 482, 507, 517-519, 528
Mithridatic Wars, 122-125, 132, 140, 188, 516-519
Mnester, dancer (fl. 1st century), 272
Moab, 530
Modalists, 605
Modena, see Mutina
Modernism, 554
Moesia, 218, 291, 480, 653, 670
Moguntiacum (Mayence), 480
Moliere (Jean Baptiste Poquelin), French dramatist (1622-1673), 100
Mommsen, (Christian Matthias) Theodor, German historian (1817-1903), 48, 88, 175, 178, 265, 432, 475
Monarchians, 605
monarchy, in Etruria, 6;
in Rome, 13-16, 34, 139, 190, 193-197, 198, 208, 670;
Cicero on, 165;
the Principate, 209-549;
the later monarchy, 621-670
monasticism, 595, 657, 668
Mondragone, Villa, 454*
money-changers, 533, 570
moneylending, 79, 88, 103, 129-130, 131, 140, 169-170, 192, 196, 219, 246, 302, 303, 331-332, 336, 482, 500, 539, 627, 657
Monophysites, 605
monopolies, 80, 642
monotheism, 365-366, 390, 502, 507, 578, 582, 612, 639, 656
Monothelites, 605
Montaigne, Michel Eyquem de, French philosopher and essayist (1533-1592), 304, 307, 440, 466, 484
Montanism, 613
Montanus, Phrygian heretic (fl. ca. 156), 605
months of the Roman year, 66-67; Quinctilis renamed Julius, 193
Montignac, 470-471
Moors, (anc. Mauri), 387, 417, 431
Moralia (Plutarch), 483, 485-486
morals, in Etruria, 7;
in Carthage, 41; in
Capua, 52;
in Germany, 479;
in Corinth, 487;
under the Republic, 54, 57, 58, 67-69, 71, 72, 84, 89, 90, 92, 95, 97, 102, 104, 108, 112, 132-133, 134, 146, 155, 159, 160, 164, 205, 211;
under the Principate and monarchy, 221-225, 232, 235, 239, 247-248, 251, 253-257, 260, 274, 276, 286, 293, 296-299, 300-301, 305, 307, 308, 315, 316, 363-366, 368, 369-371, 373, 443, 456, 500, 522, 593, 598-599, 602, 626-627, 628, 646, 656, 665-667;
Caesar’s, 167-169;
Clodius’, 172-173;
Antony’s, 199-200, 204-206;
Julia’s, 230-232;
Horace on, 247-250;
Livy on, 251;
Tiberius’, 263;
Caligula’s, 266-267;
Claudius’, Messalina’s, and Agrippina’s, 272-273;
Nero’s, 276-277, 279;
Galba’s, 284;
Vespasian’s, 288;
Titus’, 288, 289;
Domitian’s, 290;
Juvenal on, 438-439;
Marcus Aurelius’, 444-446;
Commodus’, 446;
Herod’s, 532;
Christ’s moral ideas, 566-567;
Elagabalus’, 624-625;
Alexander Severus’, 625-627
Morgantia, 121
Mortibus Persecutorum, De (Lactantius), 662
mosaic, 343, 345, 442, 459, 477, 601, 635
Mosaic Code, 537, 538, 542, 567, 585
Moses, 536, 567, 574, 576, 582, 586
Moslems, 507
Mosul, 529
mother, the, in the Republic, 58, 59
Mt. Alban, 11
Mt. Moriah, 533
Mount of Olives, 570
Mucianus, Licinius, general and historian (fl. 1st century), 310
Mulvian Bridge, 654, 662
Mummius Achaicus, Lucius, general (fl. 2nd century B.C.), 87, 297
Munda, battle in 45 B.C., 190, 470
murals, see painting
Muratori, Ludovico Antonio, Italian archaeologist (1672-1750), 616
Murena, Lucius Licinius, propraetor in Asia (fl. 83-81 B.C.), 519
murrhine glass, 347, 374
Musa, Antonius, physician (fl. end of 1st century B.C.), 227, 313
Musa Paidiké (Strabo of Sardis), 509*
Muses, 150, 247, 510, 609
Museum (Alexandria), 500
music, in Etruria, 7, 11, 18;
under Rome, 18, 69, 74, 82, 83, 90, 99, 133, 135, 159, 204, 226, 277-279, 282-283, 291, 302, 314, 335, 354-355, 367, 376, 377, 379-381, 384, 414, 421, 430, 440, 456, 487, 500, 511, 512, 523, 532, 599, 624, 625, 635;
Christian, 601-602
Musica, De (Varro), 379
Mutina, (Modena, q.v.), 11, 78, 87, 201, 322, 455
Mycale, 514
Myos Hormos, 499
Myrlea, 520
Myron, Greek sculptor (fl. ca. 450 B.C.), 338, 358
Myrtale, 247
Mysia, 513, 605
mysteries, see Eleusinian mysteries, Orphic doctrine, Pythagoreanism
Mysteries, Temple of the, 431
mysticism, 468, 501-502, 514, 522, 524-525, 537, 547, 549, 553, 582, 589, 594-595, 604-611, 614-615, 633, 667; see also pantheism
mythology, 75, 84, 94, 165, 241, 248, 251, 256, 316, 317, 353, 367, 522-525, 604
Mytilene, 186, 516
N
Naber, Dutch biblical scholar, 554
Naevius, Cnaeus, dramatist and poet (?-ca. 202 B.C.), 74-75, 98, 155, 241
Naissus (Nish), 630, 653
names, 56-57, 76
Naples (anc. Neapolis), 4, 35, 37, 52, 141, 236, 237, 278, 316, 356, 455, 456, 457, 461; Bay of, 11, 133, 325
Naples Museum, 349, 350, 351, 352, 354, 459-460, 634
Napoleon I (Bonaparte), Emperor of the French (1769-1821), 412, 416, 484, 553, 670
Narbo (Narbonne), 116, 473
Narcissus, secretary of Claudius (?-54 A.D.), 270-273
Narcissus (or Dionysus), 459
Nativity, 558-559
Natura Deorum, De (Cicero), 163*
Natural History (Pliny the Elder), see Historia Naturalis
nature, love of, in Lucretius, 147;
in Virgil, 238;
in Horace, 246;
in Rome, 343;
in Pliny the Younger, 440;
Christ’s, 559
Nature of Things, On the (Lucretius), see Rerum Natura, De
Naucratis, 498, 499
naumachia, 270, 377, 383, 470
naval battles, sham, see naumachia
navigation, 308, 324-326
navy, Carthaginian, 43, 44, 45, 54, 106, 107;
under the Republic, 44-45, 80, 106, 107, 139-140, 183-185, 206-207, 518;
under the Principate, 217, 219, 220, 308, 325, 337, 413, 455
Nazarenes, 559-560, 576
Nazareth, 535, 554, 558, 560, 562, 563
Neaera, 247
Neapolis, see Naples
Near East, 5, 211, 254, 559, 615
Nebuchadrezzar II, King of Babylon (reigned 605-562 B.C.), 39
Nemean games, 283, 486-487
Nemi (Aricia), 61, 351
Neoplatonism, 502, 514, 595, 604, 607
Neo-Pythagoreans, 497, 594, 604, 607, 614
Nepos, Cornelius, historian and biographer (100-29 B.C.), 146, 160, 162
Neptune, 60, 63
Nero (Nero Claudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus. Originally Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus), Roman emperor (37-68), 56, 68, 81, 92, 159, 263, 273, 274-285, 286, 289, 293, 295-296, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 306, 307, 323, 324, 326†, 330, 334, 336, 339, 344-345, 347, 350-351, 352, 358, 359, 361, 363, 366, 371, 372, 374, 375, 379, 380, 384, 388, 397, 418, 434, 443, 456, 479, 482, 483, 485, 490, 491, 525, 528, 554, 575, 578, 587, 591, 593, 594, 603, 632, 633, 646, 647, 667
Nero, Baths of, 359, 375
Nero, Circus of, 578
Nero, son of Agrippina the Elder (fl. 1st century A.D.), 262, 263*, 264
Nero, Tiberius Claudius, noble, father of Tiberius (fl. 1st century B.C.), 205
Neronia, 277, 296, 381
Nerva (Marcus Cocceius Nerva), Roman emperor (32-98), 307, 365*, 371, 407-408, 425, 433, 434, 521, 633
Nerva, 407, 442, 547
Nervii, 175
Nestus, 630
Neumagen, 474
New Academy, 164, 308
New Babylon, 260
New Carthage, see Nova Carthago
New Comedy (in Athens), 99
New Jerusalem, 594, 605
Newman, John Henry, Cardinal, English writer (1801-1890), 493
newspapers, Caesar’s, 172
New Testament, 553-595;601, 603, 605, 615, 616
New Year, 65, 221
New York, 81, 100, 325, 337, 340, 360*
Nicaea (Is-nik), 418, 516, 520, 629, 636, 659
Nicaea, Council of, 659-661, 662, 663
Nice (anc. Nicaea), 474
Nicene Creed, 660*
Nicias, (Greek Anthology), 510
Nicodemus, Jewish Pharisee (1st century), 569
Nicolaus of Damascus, Greek historian (fl. 1st century B.C.), 512-513, 532, 534
Nicomedes II Epiphanes, King of Bithynia (reigned 142-91 B.C.), 120, 518
Nicomedes III Philopator, King of Bithynia (reigned 91-74 B.C.), 167, 518-519
Nicomedia (Is-nikmid), 418, 490, 516, 520, 629, 635, 640, 644, 651, 655, 659, 661
Nicopolis, 482, 490
Niebuhr, Barthold Georg, German historian and philologist (1776-1831), 16*, 392
Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, German philosopher (1844-1900), 104
Nigrinus, general of Trajan (?-118), 414
Nike, 461
Nile, 188, 419, 498, 499, 502, 636
Nile, Battle of the, 188
Nîmes (anc. Nemausus), 357, 417, 422, 473
Nineveh, 9*
Nisibis (Nisibin), 530
Nisida (anc. Nesis), 132
Noah, 528
Nola (Nola), 37, 122, 232
Nomentum, 316
Norba Caesarina (Alcantara), 470
Noreia (Neumarkt), 118
Noricum, 218, 429, 480
North, the, 481
North Sea, 470, 478
Nova Carthago, or New Carthage (Cartagena), 47, 49, 53, 112, 470
Novatian, Christian schismatic (fl. 3rd century), 618
Novatus, Christian schismatic (fl. 3rd century), 618
Novatus, Marcus Annaeus (Gallio), governor (?-65), 282, 470, 584
Nova Via, 340, 341
novel, the, 295, 296-299, 514, 633, 636-637
Nubians, 366, 500
Numa Pompilius, second King of Rome (fl. 8th and 7th centuries B.C.), 13, 66, 80, 167*
Numantia, 87, 115, 118
Numbers, 536
Numidia, 49, 53, 105-106, 118, 160, 168, 190, 357, 366, 462, 466
numina, 59-60
Numitor, legendary King of Latium (8th century B.C.), 12
nursing of children, in the Republic, 58; under the Principate, 367
Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, 350
nymphaea, see fountains
Nymphs, 238-239
O
obelisk, 308
obscenity, in Catullus, 158;
in Horace, 246;
Caligula’s, 268;
in Petronius, 299;
in Martial, 316-318;
in mimes, 378;
in Hadrian, 415;
in Pliny the Younger, 440;
in graffiti, 458;
in Roman theater, 612, 647
obstetrics, 313, 505
Ocean, On the (Poseidonius), 514
Octavia, sister of Augustus (?-11 B.C.), 179, 205-206, 208, 230, 239, 268, 269, 274, 371
Octavia, wife of Nero (40-62), 273, 277, 279-280
Octavian, see Augustus
Octavius (Minucius Felix), 611
Octavius, Caius, see Augustus
Octavius, Cnaeus, consul (?-87 B.C.), 123-124
Octavius, Marcus, tribune (fl. 2nd century B.C.), 114
Odenathus, ruler of Palmyra (?-266), 630
Odes (Horace), 215, 246-250, 252
Odessus (Varna), 480
Odoacer, first barbarian ruler of Icaly (434?-493), 670
Odysseus, 240, 353
Odyssey, 74, 240
Oea (Tripoli), 465, 466
oecus, 343
Oedipus, 278, 623
Oenotria, 4
Cfficiis, De (Cicero), 163*, 165
old age, 83;
Cicero on, 165-166;
Seneca on, 304, 306
Old Comedy (in Athens), 99
Old Testament, 501-502, 540, 541* 555, 556, 557, 559, 578, 601, 604-605, 614
oligarchy, in Etruria, 6;
in Carthage, 54;
in Rome, 91, 119, 139-140, 190, 208, 212, 214, 460, 670;
Cicero on, 165
Olisipo (Lisbon), 470
Olympia, 124, 277, 486, 489, 521-522
Olympic games, 277, 282-283, 486
Olympieum, 418, 487
Olympus, 35, 60, 92, 242, 275, 357, 495-496
omens, 60, 73, 93, 147, 171-172, 197, 228, 251, 311, 388, 435, 442, 525, 621
ophthalmology, 313, 505
Oppian Law, 89
Oppius, Caius, tribune (fl. end of 3rd century B.C.), 89
Caius, Caius, citizen and friend of Caesar (fl. 1st century B.C.), 191
Ops, 62;
Temple of, 200
Optica (Ptolemy), 503
oracles, 64, 164, 197, 243, 251, 415, 429, 454, 459, 485, 513, 525-526, 540
Orator, 9, 10
oratory, 73, 95, 103-104, 108, 115, 132, 141, (Cicero’s) 160-162, 163*, 167, (Caesar’s) 169, 250, (Livy’s) 251-252, 265, 277, 295, 302, 304, 308, 314-315, 317, 356, 362, 367-368, 425, 433, 487, 488, (Dion Chrysostomus’) 521-522, 671
Orchomenus, 124
Orcus, 84, 147
Orestes, 278
Orestes, Pannonian general (?-476), 670
organ, 380-381
Oriental civilization, 366
Orientals, 78, 364, 366, 438
Origen (Origines Adamantius), Christian Alexandrian teacher (185?-254?), 578, 591, 606-607, 608, 610, 613-615, 616, 618, 626, 647, 658, 662
Origines (Cato the Elder), 104, 160
Ornate (Third) Style (painting), 353
Orontes, 366, 512
Orpheus, 94, 256, 385, 525, 626
Orphic doctrine, 241, 242, 525, 604
Oscans, 457
Osiris, 468, 523, 553, 588
Osrhoene (Diar Modhar), 413, 513
Osroes, King of Parthia (fl. 2nd century), 413
Ostheim, 175
Ostia, 78, 94, 193, 257, 270, 272, 283, 325, 326, 339, 389, 410, 411, 453, 456, 461
Ostia, Via, 591
Otho (Marcus Salvius Otho), Roman emperor (32-69), 277, 284-285, 390
Otricoli (anc. Oriculum), 461
outlines, 159, 305
Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso), poet (43 B.C.-A.D. 17), 61, 68, 154, 155, 224, 225, 229, 232, 234, 235, 245, 252, 253-258, 301, 332, 334, 369, 370, 373, 388-389, 404, 455
Oxus (Amu Darya), 669
Oxyrhynchus (Behnesa), 498
P
Pachomius, St., Egyptian founder of first monastery (292?-346?), 657
pacifism, 538
Pacuvius, Marcus, tragic dramatist (220-130 B.C.), 98
Padua (anc. Patavium), 11, 78, 250, 455
Padus, see Po
Paestum (Pesto), 3, 35, 455
Paeta, Arria, wife of Caecina Paetus (1st century), 371
Paetus, Caecina, aristocrat (?-42), 371
Pahlavi, 529
painting, Etruscan, 6, 10-11;
under Rome, 82, 92, 233, 278, 310, 338, 339, 345, 349, 351-355, 358, 359, 374, 376, 386, 414, 418, 442, (Pompeian), 459, 477, 511-512, 625, 634, 662;
Christian, 601
Pais, Ettore, Italian historian (b. 1856), 15†
palaces, see mansions
Palatine, 12, 13, 65, 162, 173, 263, 280, 340, 341, 344, 358, 359, 360, 361, 635
Pales, 59
Palestine, 170, 505, 508-509, 510, 522, 530, 532, 533, 535, 537, 543, 544, 546, 547-549, 559, 587, 615, 617, 632, 644
Palladio, Andrea, Italian architect (1518-1580), 356
Palladium, 61, 240, 663
Pallas, treasurer of Claudius (fl. 1st century), 270-273, 543
Pallas Athene, 240, 663
Palma, Aulus Cornelius, general of Trajan (?-118), 414
Palma, 470
Palmyra (Bib. Tadmor), 329, 419, 454, 508, 511-512, 529, 636, 638, 669
Pamphilus, Bishop of Caesarea (?-310), 662
pamphlets, 159
Pamphylia, 218, 582
Pan, 238-239, 353
Panaetius of Rhodes, Stoic philosopher (ca. 180-ca. 110 B.C.), 97, 164, 490, 514
Pandateria (Vandotena), 231, 264, 279
Panathenaic games, 487
Panegyric (Pliny the Younger), 433
Panhellenia, 487
Pannonia, 217, 218, 231, 429, 480, 620, 627, 629, 655, 670
Panormus (Palermo), 45, 464
Pansa, Caius Vibius, consul (?-43 B.C.), 201
Pantagruel, 299
Panthea, beauty of Antioch (2nd century), 428
pantheism, Marcus Aurelius’, 444;
in Stoicism, 490, 497
Pantheon, 220, 290, 356, 359, 361, 420-421, 661
Panticapaeum (Kerch), 518
pantomime, 74, 99, 290, 378-379, 380, 381, 437, 489
paper, 159, 498, 499
paper currency, equivalent of in Carthage, 40
Paphlagonia, 418, 519
Paphnutius, Egyptian Bishop of Upper Thebes (fl. 4th century), 660†
Paphos, 582
Papia Poppaea, lex, 224
Papias, Bishop of Hierapolis and writer (fl. 2nd century), 555-556, 592
Papinian (Aemilius Papinianus), jurist (?-212), 392, 510, 621, 634, 635
papyrus, 159, 498
Paraclete, see Holy Spirit
paradise, see heaven
Paradise Lost (Milton), 244
Parallel Lives (Plutarch), 483-484
parchment, 159, 529
Paré, Ambroise, father of French surgery (1517-1590), 505
Parentalia, 65
Paris, 278, 487, 516
Paris, famous pantomime actor (fl. 1st century), 437
Paris (anc. Lutetia), 100, 324, 412, 471*, 474
Parisii, 471*, 474
Parliament, Houses of, 635
Parma, 11, 455
Parmenides of Elea, Greek* philosopher (fl. 6th century B.C.), 455
Paros, 322, 411
Parousia (Second Appearance), 591, 603-604
Parseeism, see Zoroastrianism
Parthenius, Roman freedman (fl. 1st century), 316
Parthenon, 328, 348, 359
Parthia, 131, 178-179, 181, 194, 197, 205-206, 217, 253, 275, 322, 329, 337, 350*, 366, 390, 412-413, 414, 428, 448, 508, 512, 513, 528-530, 531, 546, 622, 623, 641
Pasiphaë, 284, 352, 385
Pasiteles, Greek artist in Rome (fl. 60-30 B.C.), 349
Passover, Feast of the, 542, 559, 570-571, 579, 588*
pastoral poetry, 235, 236
Patavium, see Padua
paterfamilias, see father
pater patriae, 221
Patmos, 592
Patrae (Patras), 125, 325, 486, 546
patricians, see aristocracy
patriotism, 67, 72, 74, 85, 242, 251-252, 300, 650, 668
Patroclus, 381
patronage, 233-234, 316-317, 333, 335, 339, 374, 415, 423, 621, 661
patronus, 22
Paul, St. (Saul), apostle to the Gentiles (10?-64?), 271, 282, 325, 404, 470, 492, 513, 515, 554-556, 559, 568†, 570*, 571, 573, 575, 576, 578, 579-592, 604, 605, 646
Paul, Epistles of St., 553, 555, 579, 585, 587-591, 592, 605
Paul of Samosata, Syrian heretic (fl. 2nd century), 605
Paul the Hermit, Egyptian Christian monk (fl. 3rd and 4th centuries), 657
Paul-Louis, 642
Paul and Virginia (Saint-Pierre), 637
Paulina, Pompeia, wife of Seneca (1st century), 301, 306-307, 371
Paulinus, Caius Suetonius, governor and general (fl. 1st century), 271, 476
Paulus, Heinrich Eberhard Gottlob, German Protestant theologian (1761-1851), 553
Paulus, Julius, jurist (fl. 2nd and 3rd centuries), 392, 621, 634
Paulus, Lucius Aemilius, consul and general (?-216 B.C.), 50, 86, 92
Paulus Macedonicus, Lucius Aemilius, general (229-160 B.C.), 86, 92, 96, 101
Pauly, August, German classical philologist (1796-1845), 504*
Pausanias, Greek traveler and topographer (fl. 2nd century), 324
Pausanias, Greek sophist (fl. 2nd century), 506
Pavia (anc. Ticinum), 49
Pax, 287, 348
Pax Augusta, 232
Pax Romana, 194, 217, 218, 232, 325, 424, 473, 631, 670
Peace, Goddess of, see Pax
Peace, Temple of, 358
Pedanius Secundus, prefect (fl. 1st century), 366, 397
pederasty, 158, 282, 369, 398, 408
Pedius, Quintus, painter (fl. reign of Augustus), 352
Pedum (Gallicano), 252
Peel Sir Robert, English statesman (1788-1850), 324
Peisistratus, Athenian tyrant (605-527 B.C..) 418
Peleus, 157
“Peleus and Thetis” (Catullus), 157
Pelicitas, 342
Pella, 483, 530, 577
Peloponnesian War, 383
Peloponnesus, 322, 454, 486, 497
penalties, legal, 403-404
penance, 600, 652
Penates, 7, 58, 69
Penelope, 256
Pennsylvania Station (in New York), 360*
Pentateuch, 535, 547
Pentecost, 543, 579, 585
Pentelicus, 487
Pentheus, 178, 531
Pera, Brutus, aristocrat (?-264 B.C.), 382
Peraea, 535, 560
Peregrinus, Greek Cynic philosopher (?-165), 489
Perennis, Praetorian Prefect (?-185), 447
perfumes, in Carthage, 41;
under Rome, 132, 134, 144, 266, 286, 298, 328-329, 337, 342, 345, 376, 377, 438, 498
Perga (Murtana), 582
Pergamum (Bergama), 86, 94, 95, 114, 312, 334, 348, 418, 430, 504, 505, 515, 516, 518, 534, 592
Pergamum, library of, 635
Periclean Age, 258, 351, 370, 418, 522
Pericles, Athenian statesman (495?-429 B.C.), 214, 428, 442
Perinthus, 483
Peripatetic, see Aristotelian
Periplus of the Erythrean Sea, 326
peristylium, 343, 345
Perpenna (or Perperna) Vento, Marcus, general (?-72 B.C.), 137
Perpetua, Carthaginian Christian martyr (?-203), 649
Perpetual Edict, see Praetorian Perpetual Edict
Persephone, 525;
Temple of, 516
Perseus, last King of Macedon (reigned 178-168 B.C.), 86, 88, 96
Perseus (mythology), 256
Perseus and Andromeda, 349
Persia, 77, 92*, 212, 320, 323, 329, 500, 524, 526, 528-530, 540, 595, 605, 608, 623, 627, 628, 629, 638, 639, 641, 644, 650, 653
Persian Gulf, 413
Persiles y Sigismunda (Cervantes), 637
Persius Flaccus, Aulus, satirical poet (34-62), 437
Pertinax (Publius Helvius Pertinax), Roman emperor (?-193), 333, 620, 633, 665, 668
Peru, 409, 600*
Perusia (Perugia), 6, 205, 454
perversion, see abortion, birth control, bi-sexuality, homosexuality, incest, pederasty
Pervigilium Veneris, 637-638
Pessinus, 94, 513
Peter, St., also called Simon or Simon Peter, apostle (?-64?), 404, 555, 557, 563, 569, 575-579, 581-582, 583, 587, 590, 591-592, 604, 617, 618, 646
Peter, The First Epistle General of, 575, 577-578
Petra* 508, 602
Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca), Italian poet (1304-1374), 307
Petronia, lex, 397
Petronius Arbiter, Gaius, author (?-66), 60, 247*, 276, 282, 295, 296-299, 312, 317, 319, 333, 336, 347, 363, 368, 401, 435, 466, 636, 637
Phaedo (Plato), 190
Phaedra, 256
Phaëthon, 256
Phainomena (Aratus), 584*
phallic worship, 60, 66, 458
Phanuel, 542
Phaon, freedman (fl. 1st century), 283
Pharaohs, 5, 226, 266, 507
Pharisees, 530, 532, 536-539, 545, 547, 562, 566, 567-570, 576, 579-580, 586
Pharnaces, King of Pontus (?-47 B.C.), 188, 519
Pharos, 188, 207
Pharsalia (Lucan), 296
Pharsalus (Pharsala), battle in 48 B.C., 185-186, 189, 208
Pheidias, Greek sculptor (ca. 490-432 B.C.), 96, 338, 354, 412, 442, 459, 486, 522
Philadelphia, 508, 535
Phile, municipal officer of Priene (fl. 1st century B.C.), 514
Philemon, Greek comic dramatist (361-263 B.C.), 99
Philemon, The Epistle of Paul to, 587*
Philemon (mythology), 256
Philip II, King of Macedon (382-336 B.C..), 483
Philip V, King of Macedon (220-179 B.C.), 51, 85, 86
Philip, Asiarch (fl. 155), 648
Philip, King of the Jews (fl. 1st century), 535
Philip the Arab (Marcus Julius Philippus “Arabs”), Roman emperor (reigned 244-249), 628
Philippi, battle in 42 B.C., 203, 221, 358, 546, 583, 585
Philippians, The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the, 587*, 591
“Philippics,” Cicero’s, 201, 202
Philippopolis, 483
Philo Judaeus, Jewish Hellenistic philosopher (ca. 20 B.C..-ca. 54 A.D.), 424, 500, 546, 589, 594-595, 604, 611, 614, 658
Philodemus of Gadara, Epicurean philosopher and poet (fl. 1st century .B.C.), 510
Philosophus Platonicus, 467
philosophy, 93, 95-97, 102, 104, 108, 113, 133, 135, 136, 141, 144, 146-154, 163-166, 168, 190, 196, 200, 203, 205, 231, 233, 244, 250, 251, 259, 267, 269, 274, 286, 292, 295-296, 297-298, 209-307, 308, 310, 314, 324, 356, 367-368, 370, 373, 376, 388-389, 392, 393, 406, 415, 417, 421, 424, 425-428, 431, 432, 435, 438, 441, 443, 449, 465, 467, 485-497, 500-502, 505-506, 509, 512, 513, 514, 515, 521-522, 584, 594-595, 604, 607-615, 620, 621, 629, 630, 633, 635-636, 661, 671;
Lucretius’, 146-154;
Cicero’s, 163-166;
Horace’s, 248-250;
Ovid’s, 256;
Pliny’s, 310-311;
Marcus Aurelius’, 425, 431, 443-446;
Plutarch’s, 485-486;
Epictetus’, 490-494;
Sextus Empiricus’, 494-495;
Lucian’s, 495-497;
Plotinus’, 607-611
Philostratus, Flavius, Greek rhetorician and biographer (fl. first half of 3rd century), 488, 504, 513, 515, 526, 621
Phoceans, 7
Phoebe, servant of Julia (1st century B.C.), 231
Phoebus, see Apollo
Phoenicia, 39, 41, 48, 105, 204, 240, 465, 468, 488, 500, 505, 510-511, 546, 621
Phormio (Terence), 101
Phrygia, 94, 133, 147, 366, 472, 490, 513, 523, 528, 583, 595, 605, 649
Phyllis, 247
Physeos, Peri, 148
physical characteristics, of Etruscans, 6;
of Romans, 69-70, 349-351, 372, 415
Physicians, see medicine
physics, 504
Picenum, 182
Pictones, 471*
Pierson, Dutch biblical scholar, 554
piety (pietas), 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 64, 67, 148, 149, 162, 238-242, 250, 251, 265, 357, 366, 371, 390, 423, 425, 444, 447, 467, 484, 492-494, 497, 526, 530, 537, 599, 625, 663
Pilate, Pontius, Procurator of Judea (fl. first half of 1st century), 281, 571-573
Pillars of Hercules, 40
pinacotheca, 343
Pincian hill, 132, 340
piracy, 43, 47, 78, 112, 139-140, 167-168, 170, 211, 219, 275, 325, 632
Piraeus, 630
Pisa (anc. Pisae), 78, 454
Pisa, in the Peloponnesus, 454
Pisidia, 513, 582
Piso family, 249
Piso, Caius Calpurnius, conspirator (?-65), 266, 282, 296, 306, 316, 371
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