Catherine the Great & Potemkin: The Imperial Love Affair - читать бесплатно онлайн полную версию книги автора Simon Sebag Montefiore (ч. 61)

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

In the case of a character about whom such a malicious mythology developed, even during his lifetime, a word on sources is helpful. I have been very fortunate to find much new and unpublished material in the various archives. Of the Russian archives, large amounts were published in the last century in SIRIO and ZOOID, as well as in historical journals such as RA and RS and collections of documents such as Dubrovin’s Bumagi Potemkina (SBVIM). Then there are the published Vorontsov archives that remain a key source. All contain materials ignored or forgotten. For example, SIRIO contains documents such as Richelieu’s ‘Voyage en Allemagne’ and Catherine’s own account of Potemkin’s ball, which have been relatively neglected in the West. Overall these are invaluable and usually accurate, though I have checked the originals wherever possible.

V. S. Lopatin’s newly published collection of the Catherine–Potemkin correspondence is a massive work of scholarship and research, the fruit of twenty years’ labour, and I have used it liberally. This is now indispensable to any student of this epoch. Even these over 1,000 letters are unlikely to be complete and there are more notes between the two of them still be catalogued. Lopatin’s collection of letters between Suvorov and Potemkin and his account of their relationship are equally obligatory reading, for his research has successfully reinterpreted their relationship. That said, Lopatin’s accounts sometimes lean towards the romantic – he accepts for example that Catherine was the mother of Elisaveta Temkina and gave birth to her in Moscow in 1775; and that Catherine visited Chizhova on her return from Mogilev. His datings of the letters are always sensitive and plausible, but there are occasions, such as the letters referring to Cagliostro, where Western research proves that the timing must be much later. In my awe of, and gratitude for, Lopatin’s monumental work, I have humbly corrected these assertions or at least suggested doubt.

The archives – particularly RGADA, RGVIA and AVPRI, all in Moscow, and RGIA, in Petersburg, and AGAD, the Polish State Historical Archive in Warsaw – remain full of unpublished material. In RGADA, for example, I have found a wealth of unpublished letters to and from Potemkin, on questions of state, on his personal finances and on his love life, including many anonymous love letters and letters from Alexandra Branicka. RGVIA, the War Ministry archive, contains the archive of Potemkin’s Chancellery and many fascinating state and private documents which I have used here. RGIA contains unpublished letters from Frederick the Great as well as personal accounts. In Warsaw, the huge Deboli archive has been under-used and there is also a wealth of letters from Potemkin to Stanislas-Augustus. Overall, the correspondence in these four archives contain a mass of unpublished material, much of which is used in the book: this includes letters to and from the Emperors Joseph and Leopold; Prince Kaunitz; Frederick the Great; King Gustavus III of Sweden; King Stanislas-Augustus of Poland; Prince Henry of Prussia; Potemkin’s nieces Countess Alexandra Branicka and Princess Tatiana Yusupova; his nephews Count Skavronsky and Count Branicki and Potemkin’s Polish allies and agents; his art dealers such as Lord Carysfort; visitors like Lady Craven, Reginald Pole Carew and Sénac de Meilhan; Count Simon Vorontsov and other Russian statesmen; the Prince de Ligne; the Comte de Ségur; the Earl of Malmesbury; the Duke of Leeds; Jeremy and Sir Samuel Bentham; the Prince de Nassau-Siegen; John Paul Jones; Lewis Littlepage; Francisco de Miranda; his secret diplomatic agents and Russian ambassadors from Vienna, Paris, Constantinople; his bankers, including Baron Richard Sutherland; and many fascinating jewels such as his shopping-list in Paris. Many of these correspondences, such as those with Stanislas-Augustus and Sutherland, stretch across all these archives.

Sadly, I have been able to use only a fraction of the materials I have found: some such as the huge materials on Potemkin and Poland or Potemkin’s military orders belong in other books; some such as those from Ligne and Malmesbury simply add interesting twists to relationships that are already well documented. Some are simply too detailed or obscure to use.

In the local museums in Ukraine and Russia, the archives often contain copies of documents long since sent to the Moscow RGADA or RGVIA, but I was lucky enough to find some rarities there too, like the original invitation to Potemkin’s ball in the Odessa State Local Historical Museum, which may be the only one in existence. There is also immense local knowledge of fact and legend that has not been tapped for a century, as well as information on characters, such as M. L. Faleev in Nikolaev, that is not available elsewhere.

In Britain, the PRO contains the unpublished despatches of Fitzherbert and Fawkener, which give a fresh account of Potemkin’s last months in Petersburg and which have rarely been used. The British Museum’s Bentham archive, though much has been published, still yields many unseen treasures. I found most useful the unpublished archive at Antony in Cornwall of Reginald Pole Carew’s diaries of his visits to Russia and his time with Potemkin. In Paris, AAE, the Foreign Ministry Archives at the Quai d’Orsay, contain a wealth of useful documents, many unpublished, as well as the complete account of the Comte de Langeron, which is invaluable. Parts of Langeron have been published in Russia and a full Western publication is being prepared.

The published material on Potemkin divides clearly into the prejudiced and the unprejudiced, or at least the mythical and the documentary. Naturally, I have treated anything connected to Helbig, The Memoirs of the Life of Prince Potemkin, Cerenville (both Helbig adaptions) or Saint-Jean (whose very identity is a mystery) as hostile or untrustworthy, while Castera is more useful. Even when recounting neutral stories, Charles Masson, Saint-Jean, and Helbig must be regarded as ‘myth-writers’, not historians. But the mythology of Potemkin is important too and tells its own tales, though I try to reassess it wherever possible using documents. Masson hated Emperor Paul and his Secret Memoirs were notoriously published in his lifetime, yet he records some Potemkin anecdotes that ring true. Eye-witnesses like Ligne, Ségur, Corberon, Richelieu, Miranda, Damas and Langeron (all foreigners) and Rostopchin, Tsebrikov, Ribeaupierre, Derzhavin, Bezborodko, Vorontsov, Zavadovsky, Wiegel, Engelhardt and Samoilov were prejudiced and subjective, but one senses that they were telling what they believed to be the truth. Some are openly malicious, such as Rostopchin and Vorontsov; Dolgoruky is malicious and a fantastist; while others such as Samoilov are supporters. Many fall somewhere in between. Bezborodko for example strikes one as studiously fair. The ‘Table Talk’, history of the Pugachev Rebellion and Historical Notes of A. S. Pushkin are other underused sources: the poet was captivated by Potemkin, knew his family and circle, and carefully recorded their stories, which I therefore treat as valuable anecdotal history from the people who knew him. Among the foreigners, Ligne’s and Langeron’s malicious accounts of Potemkin’s war record have completely blackened his reputation through all the histories ever since. Yet they are also invaluable, given Langeron’s fair tribute to Potemkin later in life. In Ligne’s case, unpublished letters in Potemkin’s archives give us the chance to put his prejudices in perspective. Richelieu’s, Stedingk’s and Miranda’s much more positive accounts of the same period have often been overlooked, and redress the balance.

In terms of published Western histories, I have used as my reference books the works of Isabel de Madariaga and J. T. Alexander, along with Marc Raeff, David Ransel, Roger Bartlett (Human Capital), John LeDonne (Ruling Russia), Anthony Cross (on the British in Russia), Lord and Zamoyski (on Poland) and Kinross and Mansel (on Constantinople). Of Potemkin’s previous biographers, Brückner is the most important, while Soloveytchik is useful but lacks all references.

ARCHIVES, PERIODICALS AND ABBREVIATIONS USED IN NOTES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

AAE

Archives des Affairs Etrangères, Quai d’Orsay, Paris, volumes 68–139

AGAD

Archiwum Glowne Akt Dawnych w Warszawie

AGS

Arkhiv Gosudarstvennogo Soveta

AHR

American History Review

AKV

Arkhiv Knyaza Vorontsova

AVPRI

Arkhiv Vneshnyey Politiki Rossiyskhoy Imperii

B&F

Joseph II und Graf Ludwig Cobenzl: Ihr Briefwechsel Fontes Rerum Austriacarum, ed. A. Beer and J. Fiedler, Vienna 1873

British Museum, London

CASS/CSS

Canadian American Slavic Studies/Canadian Slavic Studies

CHOIDR

Chteniya v Imperatorskom Obshchestve Istorii Drevnostyey Rossiyskikh

CMRS

Cahiers du Monde Russe et Soviétique

CtG/CII

Catherine the Great/the Second, Empress of Russia

DVS

Dukh Velikogo Suvorova ili Anekdoty Podlinnyye o Knyaze Italiyskoye. Grafe Alexandre Vasileviche Suvorove-Rymnikskom, St Petersburg 1808

FtG/FII

Frederick the Great/the Second, King of Prussia

GAOO

Gosudarstvenny Arkhiv Odesskoy Oblasti

GAP/GAPT

Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin (–Tavrichesky)

GARF

Gosudarstvenny Arkhiv Rossiskoy Federatskii, Moscow

GIM OPI

Gosudarstvenny Istoricheskiy Muzyey Otdel Pismennykh Istochnikov

GPB

Gosudarstvennaya Publishnaya Biblioteka

Sir James Harris, 1^st Earl of Malmesbury

Historische Zeitschrift

IRLI

Institut Russkoy Literatury Akademii Nauk SSSR

ITUAK

Izvestiya Tavricheskoy Uchenoy Arkhivoy Komissii

Istoricheskiye Vestnik

Istoricheskiy Zapiski

Jeremy Bentham

JII

Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor

M. I. Kutuzov, Dokumenty, Moscow 1950–6, volumes 1–5

KFZ

Kamer Fureskiy Zhurnal

V. S. Lopatin, ed. Ekaterina II i G. A. Potemkin, Lichnaya Perepiska 1769–91, Moscow 1997

MIRF

Materialy dlya istorii Russkogo flota

N-S

Charles, Prince de Nassau-Siegen

PRO

Public Record Office, London

PSZ

Polnoye Sobraniye Zakonov

Russkiy Arkhiv 1863–1917

RGADA

Rossiskiy Gosudarstvenny Arkhiv Drevnikh Aktov, Moscow

RGIA

Rossiskiy Gosudarstvenny Istoricheskiy Arkhiv, St Petersburg

RGVIA

Rossiskiy Gosudarstvenny Voenno-Istoricheskiy Arkhiv, Moscow

Grand Duke Nikolai Mikhailovich, Russkiye Portrety xxviii i xix stoletiy (Portraits Russes), St Petersburg, 1906–13, volumes 1–5

Russkaya Starina 1870–1918

Russkiy Vestnik

Stanislas-Augustus (Poniatowski), King of Poland

(Sir) Samuel Bentham

SBVIM

Sbornik Voenno-Istoricheskikh Materialov, St Petersburg, 1893–5

A. V. Suvorov, Dokumenty, ed G. P. Mescheryakov, Moscow 1949–53, volumes 1–4

SeA

Severny Arkhiv

SEER

Slavonic and East European Review

SENA

Senatskiy Arkhiv

SIMPIK KV

Sbornik Istoricheskikh Materialov po Istorii Kubanskoyo Kazachego Voyska 1737–1901, ed I. I. Dmitrenko, St Petersburg 1896

SIRIO

Sbornik Imperatorskogo Russkogo Istoricheskogo Obshchestva

TGV

Tavricheskiye Gubernskiye Vedomosti

Voprosy Istorii

VIZ

Voenno-Istoricheskiy Zhurnal

Zapiski Garnovskogo

ZOOID

Zapiski Odesskogo Obshchestva Istorii Drevostye

PRIMARY

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Catherine II: Miscellaneous Papers

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Letters to:

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A. N. Samoilov, RA (1878) no 10

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Personal Papers, RGADA f 11 (various letters from unknown women), RS (April 1875) 12

Papers of the Chancellery of Potemkin, RGVIA f 52

Letters to:

A. A. Bezborodko, RGADA f 11 and ZOOID 8 and RA (1873) no 9 (originals in archive of family of S. V. Kochubey in village of Dikanka, Poltava Region)

A. V. Branicka, RGADA f 11 d 857

Brzojovsky, assessor of Smila, RGVIA f 5

Ya. I. Bulgakov, ZOOID 8, SBVIM vol 8 and RGVIA f 52

Catherine II on Georgia, VI (1983) no 7; general and personal AVPRI, ff 1, 2, 5, RGADA ff 1, 16, 5, RGVIA f 52; on Ismail to Catherine and others RV (1841) vol 8; on Poland, RA (1874) 2

Varvara Engelhardt, in M. I. Semevsky Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin-Tavrichesky, RS (1875) 3

M. L. Faleev, ZOOID 2, 4, 8

Prince Henry of Prussa, RGADA f 5

S. Lazhkarev and I. S. Barozzi, ZOOID 8, RA (1884) 2

I. V. Loginov, Istochnik, (1995) no 6, Moscow

N. V. Repnin, RV (1841) vol 8, ZOOID 8

P. A. Rumiantsev-Zadunaisky, SBVIM vols 4, 6

King Stanislav-Augustus of Poland, 1764–1779, AGAD 172, RGADA ff 5, 11, RGVIA f 52

A. V. Suvorov, RS (May 1875) 13; (1839) 9. AKV 2 (1790); SD vol 2 and KD vol 1 (1791); RA (1877) 10. RGVIA f 52 op 1 d 586; SBVIM vol 4

P. I. Panin, RGADA f 1274, RA (1876) 2

Paul I (Grand Duke Paul Petrovich), RS (1873) 11, 12

V. S. Popov, concerning government and personal affairs, ‘Prince G. A. Potemkin-Tavrichesky’s own personal papers’, Reshetilovskiy archive

Praskovia A. Potemkina 1789–90, RS (June 1875) 13

Various (including reports on town building to Catherine II and officials), ZOOID 2, 4, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 1872. Orders to officials on building of Kherson and southern development, ZOOID 11 and ITUAK 3, 8, 10. RGADA ff 14, 16, and ZOOID 2. Orders of Most Serene Prince G. A. Potemkin-Tavrichesky regarding foundation of Tavrichesky Region 1781–6, M. S. Vorontsov’s Family Archive, AKV 13. To provincial governors, GAOO f 150, particularly on Crimea GIM OPI f 197. Also OOIKM dd 651, 7, 652

Various foreign royalty (including Frederick William, Duke of Württemberg; Charles, Prince of Courland; the Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg; Prince of Hesse-Philipstal; Margrave of Anspach), RGADA f 5

Knyaz Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin-Tavrichesky 1739–91, biograficheskiy ocherk po neizdannym materialam, RS (1875)

Rasporyazheniya svetleyshego knyazya Grigoriya Alexandrovicha Potemkina-Tavricheskogo kasatelno tavricheskoy oblasti s 1781 po 1786, ZOOID 1881

Sobstvennoruchnyye bumagi Knyazya Potemkina, RA (1865)

Proposals and orders concerning the Kremlin Armoury, RGADA f 396

Poetry on foundation of Ekaterinoslav, ed G. Vernadsky, ITUAK (1919) no 56

Contents of Potemkin’s library, RGADA f 17 d 262; original at Kazan University

Announcement of fall of Ismail, GAOO f 150

G. A. Potemkin-Tavrichesky: Books

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Ribas, José de, Letters to Potemkin, ZOOID 8, 11

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Rumiantseva, E. M., Pisma grafini E. M. Rumiantsevoy k ee muzhu feldmarshalu grafu P. A. Rumiatsevu-Zadunayskomu, 1762–1779, St Petersburg 1888

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Saint-Jean, Sekretär des Fürsten Potemkin, Lebensbeschreibung des Gregor Alexandrowitsch Potemkin des Tauriers, Karlsruhe 1888

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Shcherbatov, M. M., On the Corruption of Morals in Russia, ed and trans A. Lentin, Cambridge 1969

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