Lenin: A Biography

Introduction

1. P. N. Pospelov, Vladimir Il’ich Lenin; I. Deutscher, The Prophet Armed: Trotsky, 1879–1921.

2. N. Harding, Lenin’s Political Thought, vols. 1–2.

3. R. H. W. Theen, Lenin: Genesis and Development of a Revolutionary.

4. M. Liebman, Leninism Under Lenin; A. Rabinowitch, The Bolsheviks Come to Power.

5. M. Lewin, Lenin’s Last Struggle; S. F. Cohen, Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution.

6. E. H. Carr, The Bolshevik Revolution, vols. 1–3. On Lenin as a governmental co-ordinator, see also T. H. Rigby, Lenin’s Government and M. P. Iroshnikov, Predsedatel’ Soveta Narodnykh Komissarov.

7. A. Ulam, Expansion and Coexistence; O. Figes, A People’s Tragedy.

8. R. Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime; but see also his Social-Democracy and the St Petersburg Labor Movement, which includes an examination of the importance of ideology. My point, however, relates to Lenin’s period in government.

9. A. Solzhenitsyn, Lenin in Zurich; D. A. Volkogonov, Lenin: politicheskii portret.

10. V. Soloukhin, Pri svete dnya.

11. R. C. Elwood, Russian Social-Democracy in the Underground; D. Geyer, Lenin in der Russischen Sozialdemokratie; L. Haimson, The Russian Marxists and the Origins of Bolshevism; J. H. L. Keep, The Rise of Social Democracy in Russia; L. Schapiro, The Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

12. S. Fitzpatrick, The Russian Revlution; R. G. Suny. The Revenge of the Past.

13. R. Service, The Bolshevik Party in Revolution; see also Lenin: A Political Life, vols. 1–3.

14. A. Meyer, Leninism; M. Malia, The Soviet Tragedy.

1. The Ulyanovs and the Blanks

1. A. Ivanskii (ed.), Il’ya Nikolaevich Ul’yanov, p. 178.

2. Zh. Trofimov, Ul’yanovy, p. 66.

3. D. I. Ul’yanov, ‘Detskie gody Vladimira Il’icha’, VoVIL, vol. 1, p. 121.

4. M. Shtein, Ul’yanovy i Leniny, pp. 13–14 and 42.

5. V. V. Tsaplin, ‘O zhizni sem’i Blank v gorodakh Starokonstantinove i Zhitomire’, pp. 39–44.

6. Letter from Moshko (Dmitri) Blank as quoted in M. Shtein, Ul’yanovy i Leniny, p. 44.

7. M. Shtein, ‘Rod vozhdya. Bilet po istorii’, p. 19.

8. V. Soloukhin, Pri svete dnya.

9. I am grateful to John Klier for his thoughts on the converted Jews of the Russian Empire in the mid-nineteenth century.

10. O. Abramova, G. Borodulina and T. Koloskova, Mezhdu pravdoi i istinoi, pp. 53 and 55.

11. D. I. Ul’yanov, VoVIL, vol. 1, pp. 322–3; M. I. Ul’yanova, OVILiSU, p. 230.

12. M. Shtein, Ul’yanovy i Leniny, pp. 110–11.

13. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, OVILiSU, p. 34. I am grateful to Faith Wigzell for her thoughts on the changing significance of German culture for Russian families.

14. O. Abramova, G. Borodulina and T. Koloskova, Mezhdu pravdoi i istinoi, pp. 64–6.

15. ibid., p. 106.

16. M. Shtein, Ul’yanovy i Leniny, p. 78.

17. D. I. Ul’yanov, VoVIL, vol. 1, pp. 322–3; M. I. Ul’yanova, OVILiSU, p. 230.

18. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, OVILiSU, p. 111.

19. ibid.

20. M. I. Ul’yanova, OVILiSU, p. 231.

21. O. Abramova, G. Borodulina and T. Koloskova, Mezhdu pravdoi i istinoi, p. 67

22. A. Ivanskii (ed.), Il’ya Nikolaevich Ul’yanov, pp. 10–12

23. M. Shtein, Ul’yanovy i Leniny, pp. 147–8.

24. The Russian hypothesis is examined with a degree of support in O. Abramova, G. Borodulina and T. Koloskova, Mezhdu pravdoi i istinoi, pp. 80–5.

25. A. Ivanskii (ed.), Il’ya Nikolaevich Ul’yanov, p. 8.

26. M. I. Ul’yanov, OVILiSU, p. 232.

27. Memoir by a teacher called Kabanova in V. Alekseev and A. Shver, Sem’ya Ulyanovykh, p. 16.

28. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, OVILiSU, p. 130.

29. V. Alekseev and A. Shver, Sem’ya Ulyanovykh, p. 59.

30. ibid.

31. This was the recollection of Lyubov Veretennikova: Zh. Trofimov, Ul’yanovy, p. 75.

32. V. Alekseev and A. Shver, Sem’ya Ulyanovykh, p. 23.

33. ibid., p. 17.

34. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, ‘Vospominaniya ob Aleksandre Il’iche Ul’yanove’, in OVILiSU, p. 29.

35. V. Alekseev and A. Shver, Sem’ya Ulyanovykh, p. 58.

36. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, ‘Stranichki iz zhizhni Vladimira Il’icha’ [draft], RTsKhIDNI, fond 13, op. 1, d. 81, p. 20.

37. Zh. Trofimov, Ulyanovy, pp. 98–9.

38. See her letter of October 1901: RTsKhIDNI, fond 13, op. 1, d. 349, p. 4.

39. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, letter to Stalin, December 1932: RTsKhIDNI, fond 13, op. 1, d. 471.

40. M. Gor’kii, ‘Vladimir Lenin’, Russkii sovremennik, no. 1, 1924, p. 241.

41. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, ‘Vospominaniya ob Aleksandre Il’iche Ul’yanove’, in OVILiSU, p. 34.

42. Ye. K. Makarova, draft memoir, RTsKhIDNI, fond 14, op. 1, d. 350, p. 2.

43. Visit to the Gorki sanatorium, December 1998, where memorabilia of the Ulyanov family are conserved.

2. Childhood in Simbirsk

1. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, ‘Vospominaniya ob Il’iche’, VoVIL, vol. 1, p. 19.

2. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, ‘Stranichki iz zhizni Vladimira Il’icha’ [draft], RTsKhIDNI, fond 13, op. 1, d. 81, p. 21.

3. ibid.

4. ibid.

5. Draft addition to A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, ‘Detskie i shkol’nye gody Vladimira Il’icha’, RTsKhIDNI, fond 13, op. 1, d. 77, p. 1.

6. ibid.

7. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, ‘Stranichki iz zhizni Vladimira Il’icha’ [draft], RTsKhIDNI, fond 13, op. 1, d. 81, p. 28.

8. This physical defect was a state secret in the Soviet period. I gleaned it from the consultation notes of Prof. L. I. Darkevich, who treated Lenin on 4 March 1922: RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 3c, d. 6.

9. M. I. Averbakh, ‘Vospominaniya o V. I. Lenine’, VoVIL, vol. 8, p. 273.

10. A. I. Ulyanova–Yelizarova, OVILiSU, p. 27.

11. D. I. Ul’yanov, ‘Detskie gody Vladimira Il’icha’, VoVIL, vol. 1, p. 126.

12. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, ‘Stranichki iz zhizni Vladimira Il’icha’ [draft], RTsKhIDNI, fond 13, op. 1, d. 81, p. 23.

13. ibid.

14. V. Alekseev and A. Shver, Sem’ya Ul’yanovykh, p. 34.

15. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, ‘Stranichki iz zhizni Vladimira Il’icha’ [draft], RTsKhIDNI, fond 13, op. 1, d. 81, pp. 23 and 26.

16. V. L. Persiyaninov, Lenin’s school contemporary, as recorded in V. Alekseev and A. Shver, Sem’ya Ulyanovykh, p. 41.

17. ibid.

18. ibid., pp. 35 and 37.

19. G. Ya. Lozgachëv-Yelizarov, Nezabyvaemoe, p. 132.

20. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, ‘Vospominaniya ob Aleksandre Il’iche Ul’yanove’, in OVILiSU, p. 29.

21. V. Kalashnikov, ‘Iz vospominanii domashnego uchitelya detei Il’i Nikolaevicha Ul’yanova’, in A. I. Ul’yanova (ed.), Aleksandr Il’ich Ul’yanov i delo 1 marta 1887 g., p. 276.

22. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, ‘Vospominaniya ob Aleksandre Il’iche Ul’yanove’, in OVILiSU, p. 39.

23. ibid.

24. ibid., p. 27. It ought to be added that she did once refer to her father as ‘beastly Papa!’. But even then she did not think it wrong for her brother Alexander to scold her for the remark: ibid., p. 33.

25. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, OVILiSU, pp. 40–1.

26. A. Ivanskii (ed.), Molodoi Lenin.

27. N. Hans, History of Russian Educational Policy p. 118.

28. A. Ivanskii (ed.), Molodoi Lenin, p. 196, n. 1.

29. V. Alekseev and A. Shver, Sem’ya Ul’yanovykh, p. 25.

30. ibid.

31. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, OVILiSU, p. 117.

32. D. I. Ul’yanov, ‘V gimnazii’, RTsKhIDNI, fond 14, op. 1, d. 78, p. 2; A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, draft notes in RTsKhIDNI, fond 13, op. 1, d. 83, p. 6.

33. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, Detskie i shkol’nye gody Il’icha, pp. 22–3.

34. A. Ivanskii (ed.), Molodoi Lenin, p. 33.

35. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, draft note written later than 1922, RTsKhIDNI, fond 13, op. 1, d. 52, p. 1.

36. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, ‘Vospominaniya ob Il’iche’, VoVIL, vol. 1, p. 22.

37. A. Ivanskii (ed.), Molodoi Lenin, p. 211.

38. ibid., p. 182.

39. ibid., p. 187.

40. D. I. Ul’yanov, VoVIL, vol. 1, p. 127.

41. D. I. Ul’yanov, Ocherki raznykh god (1974), pp. 153–4.

42. Anna Ilinichna’s Wagner scores are kept at the Lenin Museum in Gorki.

43. A. Ivanskii (ed.), Molodoi Lenin, p. 136.

44. I am grateful to the Director of RTsKhIDNI, Prof. K. M. Anderson, for showing me this postcard in June 1993.

45. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, VoVIL, vol. 1, p. 72.

46. V. Alekseev and A. Shver, Sem’ya Ul’yanovykh, p. 38.

47. N. G. Nefedev in ibid.

3. Deaths in the Family

1. A. I. Ul’yanova, letter to Shidlovskii about her father, probably written in March 1921, RTsKhIDNI, fond 13, op. 1, d. 51.

2. Zh. Trofimov, Ulyanovy, pp. 37, 40 and 42.

3. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, ‘Vospominaniya ob Aleksandre Il’iche Ul’yanove’, in OVILiSU, p. 37.

4. A. Ivanskii (ed.), Il’ya Nikolaevich Ul’yanov, p. 246.

5. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova (ed.), Aleksandr Il’ich Ul’yanov i delo 1 marta 1887 g.

6. PSU, p. 28.

7. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, OVILiSU, p. 54.

8. Although it was ice-bound, the Volga was still usable by sledges; but the journey was still a rather difficult one.

9. M. I. Ul’yanova, Otets Vladimira Il’icha Lenina Il’ya Nikolaevich Ul’yanov, p. 68.

10. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, Aleksandr Il’ich Ul’yanov, pp. 84–5.

11. V. Alekseev and A. Shver, Sem’ya Ul’yanovykh, p. 24.

12. A. Ivanskii (ed.), Molodoi Lenin, pp. 231–3.

13. A. Il Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, Aleksandr Il’ich Ul’yanov, pp. 85–6.

14. D. I. Ul’yanov, Ocherki raznykh god, p. 54.

15. A. I. Ul’yanov-Yelizarova, Aleksandr Il’ich Ul’yanov, pp. 94–6.

16. ibid.

17. E. Acton, chapter 7 in R. Bartlett (ed.), Russian Thought and Society, 1800–1917; R. Service, Lenin: A Political Life, vol. 1, chapter 2.

18. R. Service, Lenin: A Political Life, vol. 1, pp. 40–2.

19. PSU, p. 36.

20. A. Ivanskii (ed.), Molodoi Lenin, p. 301.

21. V. Alekseev and A. Shver, Sem’ya Ul’yanovykh, p. 54.

4. The Ploughing of the Mind

1. V. V. Kashkadamova in Bakinskii rabochii, 21 January 1926.

2. Lenin i Simbirsk. Dokumenty, materialy, vospominaniya, pp. 65–7.

3. M. I. Ul’yanova, OVILiSU, p. 261.

4. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, OVILiSU, p. 294.

5. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, VoVIL, vol. 1, p. 69.

6. M. I. Ul’yanova, VoVIL, vol. 1, p. 193.

7. M. I. Ul’yanova, ‘Kak? Beluyu tetradku chërnymi nitkami’, OVILiSU, p. 46.

8. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, VoVIL, vol. 1, p. 29.

9. ibid., p. 27.

10. N. K. Krupskaya, VoVIL, vol. 2, p. 28.

11. A. Ivanskii (ed.), Molodoi Lenin, p. 242.

12. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, ‘O zhizni Vladimira Il’icha Ul’yanova-Lenina v Kazani (1887–89 gg.)’, VoVIL, vol. 1, p. 285.

13. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, OVILiSU, p. 294.

14. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, undated draft note, RTsKhIDNI, fond 13, op. 1, d. 52, p. 7.

15. D. I. Ul’yanov in Uchitel’skaya gazeta, 14 February 1963: see A. Ivanskii (ed.), Molodoi Lenin, p. 328.

16. A. Ivanskii (ed.), Molodoi Lenin, p. 367.

17. ibid., pp. 373–4.

18. P. D. Shestakov, ‘Studencheskie volneniya v Kazani v 1887 g.’, Russkaya starina, no. 6, 1892, p. 522.

19. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, ‘Stranichki iz zhizni Vladimira Il’icha’ [draft], RTsKhIDNI, fond 13, op. 1, d. 81, p. 31.

20. A. Arosev, ‘Pervyi shag’, LS, vol. 2, pp. 439–40; A. Ivanskii (ed.), Molodoi Lenin, pp. 397–8.

21. Anna Ilinichna Ul’yanova to Lenin, 8 December 1922; letter: RTsKhIDNI, fond 13, op. 1, d. 43, p. 2.

22. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, OVILiSU, p. 304.

23. PSS, vol. 1, p. 552.

24. ibid., p. 553.

25. KA, no. 1, 1934, p. 67.

26. BKh, vol. 1, p. 39.

27. PSS, vol. 45, p. 324.

28. N. Ye. Fedoseev, Stat’i i pis’ma, pp. 97–8.

29. VoVIL, vol. 1 (1968), pp. 106–7.

30. I. B. Sternik, Lenin – Yurist, p. 81.

31. I. I. Titov, Vo glubine Rossii, pp. 66–7.

32. RTsKhIDNI, fond 14, op. 77, d. 1, p. 46.

33. RTsKhIDNI, fond 14, op. 1, d. 74, pp. 46 and 53.

34. RTsKhIDNI, fond 14, op. 1, d. 75, p. 9.

5. Paths to Revolution

1. RTsKhIDNI, fond 14, op. 1, d. 77, p. 47.

2. N. L. Meshcheryakov (ed.), Gleb Uspenskii v zhizni, p. 239.

3. R. Wortman, The Crisis of Russian Populism, pp. 73–4.

4. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, OVILiSU, pp. 294 and 304.

5. RTsKhIDNI, fond 14, op. 77, d. 1, p. 51.

6. ibid., p. 53.

7. ibid.

8. I. I. Titov, Vo glubine Rossii, pp. 108–9.

9. RTsKhIDNI, fond 14, op. 1, d. 77, p. 47.

10. ibid., p. 54.

11. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, VoVIL, vol. 1, p. 34.

12. V. Vodovozov, ‘Moë znakomstvo s Leninym’, p. 175.

13. M. I. Ul’yanova, VoVIL, vol. 1, p. 203.

14. RTsKhIDNI, fond 14, op. 77, d. 1, p. 53.

15. ibid., p. 54.

16. ibid.

17. M. I. Semënov (M.Blan), ‘Pamyati druga’, p. 11.

18. ibid.

19. A. Belyakov, Yunost’ vozhdya, pp. 31–6.

20. M. I. Semënov (M.Blan), ‘Pamyati druga’, p. 11.

21. M. P. Golubeva, ‘Moya pervaya vstrecha s Vladimirom Il’ichem,’ pp. 64–5.

22. PSS, vol. 55, p. 8.

23. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, OVILiSU, p. 129.

24. RTsKhIDNI, fond 14, op. 1, d. 77, p. 53.

25. M. I. Semënov (M.Blan), ‘Pamyati druga’, p. 12.

26. D. I. Ul’yanov, ‘Iz moikh vospominanii o Vladimire Il’iche Lenine’, pp. 54–5.

27. ibid., p. 56.

28. PSS, vol. 1, p. 554.

29. ibid., p. 555.

30. PSU, pp. 50 and 61.

31. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, ‘Vospominaniya ob Il’iche’, VoVIL, vol. 1, p. 36.

32. PSU, p. 38.

33. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, ‘Nachalo revolyutsionnoi raboty Vladimira Il’icha Lenina’, RTsKhIDNI, fond 13, op. 1, d. 54, p. 24.

34. V. Arnol’d, Sem’ya Ul’yanovykh v Samare, pp. 29–30.

35. PSU, pp. 66–7.

36. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, OVILiSU, p. 253.

37. M. I. Ul’yanova, ‘Zhizn’ nashei sem’i v Samare I Alakaevke, 1889–1893’, RTsKhIDNI, fond 14, op. 1, d. 77, p. 51.

38. Photograph of diploma in I. B. Sternik, Lenin – Yurist, opposite p. 16.

39. PSU, p. 64.

40. I. B. Sternik, Lenin – Yurist, pp. 79–80.

41. V. Vodovozov, ‘Moë znakomstvo s Leninym’, p. 178.

42. M. I. Ul’yanova, VoVIL, vol. 1, p. 208.

43. ibid., p. 192.

44. V. V. Vodovozov, ‘Moë znakomstvo s Leninym’, pp. 177–8.

45. PSS, vol. 55, p. 2.

46. M. I. Ulyanova, VoVIL, vol. 1, p. 211.

47. I. B. Sternik, Lenin – Yurist, pp. 97–8.

48. ibid., p. 104.

6. St Petersburg

1. PR, no. 4, 1924, pp. 102; no. 7, 1924, p. 67; A. I. Ul’yanov-Yelizarova, ‘Vospominaniya ob Il’iche’, VoVIL, vol. 1, p. 41.

2. Letter of A. A. Sanin to A. I. Ul’yanova, 31 October 1923: RTsKhIDNI, fond 13, op. 1, d. 49.

3. S. Mitskevich, ‘Stranichka vospominanii’, p. 111.

4. PSS, vol. 55, p. 2.

5. ibid., p. 85.

6. ibid., pp. 1–2.

7. KA, no. 1, 1934, pp. 114–15.

8. PSS, vol. 55, p. 4.

9. ibid., vol. 46, pp. 1–2.

10. ibid., p. 3.

11. ibid., vol. 1, pp. 1–66.

12. V. V. [pseudonym of V. P. Vorontsov], Nashi napravleniya, pp. 1–215.

13. M. A. Sil’vin, Lenin v period zarozhdeniya partii, pp. 46–50.

14. RTsKhIDNI, fond 12, op. 2, d. 12, p. 1.

15. KA, no. 2, 1925, pp. 144–5.

16. D. I. Ul’yanov, Ocherki raznykh let, p. 71.

17. Letter of A. I. Ul’yanova to P. B. Struve, 13 July 1899, RTsKhIDNI, fond 13, op. 1, d. 45, pp. 1–2.

18. G. M. Krzhizhanovskii, O Vladimire Il’iche, pp. 13–14.

19. V. D. Bonch-Bruevich, Tridtsat’ dnei. 1934. Yanvar’, p. 18.

20. RTsKhIDNI, fond 14, op. 1, d. 87, pp. 7 and 8.

21. D. I. Ul’yanov, VoVIL, vol. 1, p. 155.

22. O. D. Ul’yanova, ‘Mariya Il’inichna Ul’yanova’, in M. I. Ul’yanova, OVILiSU, p. 18.

23. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, ‘Vospominaniya ob Aleksandre Il’iche Ul’yanove’, in OVILiSU, pp. 27 and 57; PSU, p. 94.

24. M. I. Ul’yanova, VoVIL, vol. 1, pp. 211–12.

25. PSS, vol. 1, p. 401.

26. ‘Chto takoe “Druz’ya naroda” i kak oni voyuyut protiv sotsial-demokratov?’, in PSS, vol. 1, pp. 325–31 and 460.

27. KA, no. 1, 1934, pp. 78 and 81.

28. ibid., p. 78.

29. PSS, vol. 55, p. 7.

30. ibid., p. 8.

31. M. I. Ul’yanova, VoVIL, vol. 1, p. 212.

32. PSS, vol. 55, pp. 9–12.

33. ibid., p. 13.

34. KA, no. 1, 1934, pp. 81 and 98.

35. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, Vospominaniya ob Il’iche, pp. 47–8.

36. I. Getzler, Martov, pp. 21–9.

37. A. N. Potresov, Posmertnyi sbornik proizvedenii, p. 294.

38. PSS, vol. 2, pp. 70–4.

7. To Siberian Italy

1. PSS, vol. 55, pp. 5 and 14.

2. ibid., vol. 46, p. 443.

3. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, OVILiSU, p. 148.

4. M. A. Sil’vin, letter to A. I. Ul’yanova, 18 December 1923, RTsKhIDNI, fond 13, op. 1, d. 47, p. 3.

5. PSS, vol. 55, p. 17.

6. ibid., p. 18.

7. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, OVILiSU, p. 145.

8. D. I. Ul’yanov, VoVIL, vol. 1, p. 165.

9. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, OVILiSU, p. 147.

10. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, VoVIL, vol. 1, p. 51.

11. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, OVILiSU, p. 145.

12. V. Levitskii, Za chetvert’ veka, vol. 1, part 1, p. 51.

13. L. Martov, Zapiski sotsial-demokrata, p. 342.

14. R. Service, Lenin: A Political Life, vol. 1, pp. 62–3.

15. A. Yelizarova, ‘Vladimir Il’ich v tyur’me’, in N. L. Meshcheryakov (ed.), O Lenine, p. 71.

16. PSS, vol. 46, pp. 449–50.

17. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, OVILiSU, p. 381; Perepiska sem’i Ul’yanovykh, p. 94.

18. PSS, vol. 55, p. 24.

19. ibid., pp. 154–5.

20. G. A. Solomon, Lenin i ego sem’ya (Ul’yanovy), p. 26.

21. KA, no. 1, 1934, p. 122; PR, nos. 2–3, 1929, p. 193.

22. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, ‘Vladimir Il’ich v ssylke (ego ot’ezd i prebyvanie tam)’ [draft, written in 1929], RTsKhIDNI, fond 13, op. 1, d. 69, p. 4.

23. ZIL, vol. 3, p. 84.

24. PSS, vol. 55, pp. 24–5.

25. ibid., vol. 46, p. 451.

26. RTsKhIDNI, fond 14, op. 1, d. 74, p. 36.

27. PSS, vol. 55, p. 30.

28. ibid., pp. 34–5.

29. PR, nos. 11–12, 1928, p. 242.

30. PSS, vol. 55, p. 32.

31. ibid., p. 54.

32. I. Getzler, Martov, p. 38.

33. PSS, vol. 46, p. 453.

34. A. I. Ul’yanova, PR, no. 3, 1924, pp. 109–10.

35. ibid., p. 119.

36. RTsKhIDNI, fond 13, op. 1, d. 62, p. 2: draft introduction to Lenin’s letters.

37. PSS, vol. 55, p. 59.

38. RTsKhIDNI, fond 14, op. 1, d. 74, p. 33.

39. RTsKhIDNI, fond 12, op. 2, d. 135, p. 9.

40. S. U. Manbekova and S. A. Rubanov, Naslednitsa, pp. 52–4.

41. ibid., p. 62.

42. N. K. Krupskaya, O Lenine, p. 80.

43. Pravda, 18 February 1968.

44. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, VoVIL, vol. 1, pp. 62–3.

45. S. L. Shatkina (ed.), Lenin i Ul’yanovy v Podol’ske, p. 31.

46. R. MacNeal, Bride of the Revolution, p. 48.

47. RTsKhIDNI, fond 12, op. 2, d. 1, p. 17: letter of 26 August 1898 to Lenin’s mother.

48. D. I. Ul’yanov, VoVIL, vol. 1, p. 163.

49. R. McNeal, Bride of the Revolution, pp. 68–9.

50. N. K. Krupskaya, RTsKhIDNI, fond 12, op. 2, d. 34, p. 13: 1936 fragment.

51. PSS, vol. 55, p. 53.

52. D. I. Ul’yanov, VoVIL, vol. 1, p. 183.

53. PSS, vol. 55, p. 73.

54. M. I. Ul’yanova, OVILiSU, p. 70.

55. PSS, vol. 55, p. 73.

56. ibid., p. 89.

57. ibid., p. 91.

58. See the marriage certificate in S. U. Manbekova and S. A. Rubanov, Naslednitsa, p. 107.

59. PSS, vol. 45, pp. 409–10

60. ibid., vol. 55, p. 105.

61. ibid., p. 111.

62. ibid., vol. 46, p. 31: letter to Potresov.

63. ibid., pp. 25–6.

64. Letter to I. P. Tovstukha, 15 October 1923, RTsKhIDNI, fond 13, op. 1, d. 53, pp. 3–4.

65. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, draft fragment, RTsKhIDNI, fond 13, op. 1, d. 84, p. 1.

66. PSS, vol. 55, p. 180.

67. KA, no. 1, 1934, pp. 129–30.

68. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, draft fragment, RTsKhIDNI, fond 13, op. 1, d. 84, p. 1.

8. An Organisation of Revolutionaries

1. KA, no. 1, 1934, p. 134.

2. A. I. Ul’yanova, letter to Stalin, December 1932, RTsKhIDNI, fond 13, op. 1, d. 471.

3. A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, ‘Tret’ii arest Il’icha’ [draft], RTsKhIDNI, fond 13, op. 1, d. 67, p. 6.

4. A. I. Ul’yanova, letter to Stalin, December 1932, RTsKhIDNI, fond 13, op. 1, d. 471.

5. S. U. Manbekova and S. A. Rubanov, Naslednitsa, p. 129.

6. KA, no. 1, 1934, p. 137.

7. N. K. Krupskaya, O Lenine, p. 80.

8. PSS, vol. 4, p. 341.

9. ibid., pp. 334–52.

10. ibid., p. 342.

11. ibid., p. 343.

12. ibid., p. 345.

13. ibid., vol. 55, pp. 190 and 193.

14. ibid., p. 192.

15. ibid., p. 193.

16. ibid., p. 196.

17. See D. I. Ul’yanov, Ocherki raznykh let, p. 21.

18. PSS, vol. 55, p. 198.

19. ibid., p. 197.

20. ibid., vol. 46, p. 74.

21. N. K. Krupskaya, VoVIL, vol. 2, p. 199.

22. N. Valentinov, Vstrechi s Leninym, pp. 86 and 141.

23. N. K. Krupskaya, ‘Iz otvetov na anketu Instituta mozga v 1935 godu’, in N. K. Krupskaya, O Lenine, p. 86.

24. PSS, vol. 55, p. 178.

25. ‘Tovarnyi fetishizm’, Nauchnoe obozrenie (St Petersburg), no. 12, 1899, pp. 2277–95.

26. PSS, vol. 3, pp. 613–36.

27. ibid., vol. 6, p. 173.

28. See N. Harding, Lenin’s Political Thought, vols 1–2.

29. N. Valentinov, Vstrechi s Leninym, p. 31.

30. ibid., p. 34.

31. ibid., p. 35.

32. ibid., p. 89.

33. LS, vol. 2, pp. 24 and 27.

34. ibid., p. 65.

35. PSS, vol. 6, p. 448.

36. ibid., pp. 64 and 84.

37. M. I. Ul’yanova, OVILiSU, p. 22.

9. ‘Holy Fire’

1. PSS, vol. 55, p. 85.

2. N. Meshcheryakov, ‘Iz vospominanii o Lenine’, in N. L. Meshcheryakov (ed.), O Lenine, p. 45.

3. N. A. Alekseev, Vospominaniya o Vladimire Il’iche Lenine, vol. 2, p. 85.

4. PSU, p. 146.

5. N. K. Krupskaya, VL, pp. 56–7.

6. ibid., p. 59.

7. A. Rothstein, Lenin in Britain, pp. 14–15.

8. N. K. Krupskaya, VL, p. 59.

9. RTsKhIDNI, fond 12, op. 2, d. 14, pp. 12–13.

10. ibid., pp. 13 and 18.

11. I. Getzler, Martov, p. 66.

12. RTsKhIDNI, fond 12, op. 2, d. 14, p. 18.

13. N. K. Krupskaya, VoVIL, vol. 2, p. 57.

14. An alternative account comes from V. D. Bonch-Bruevich, who wrote a draft memoir saying that his wife diagnosed Lenin as suffering from ‘sclerotic cerebral phenomena’: ‘Bolezn’ Vladmira Ili’icha v Zheneve v 1903 g.’, RTSKhIDNI, fond 4, op. 2, d. 294, pp. 2–3. Often Bonch-Bruevich exaggerated or invented things, especially when they embellished his own significance and that of his family in history. If Bonch-Bruevich’s account is correct in this instance, then we must conclude that Krupskaya was lying. On balance, the latter hypothesis is less credible than the former. Just about.

15. PSS, vol. 46, pp. 232–4.

16. Istoricheskii arkhiv, no. 2, 1958, p. 10.

17. PSS, vol. 46, p. 190.

18. A. Rothstein, Lenin in Britain, p. 23.

19. Vtoroi s”ezd RSDRP, pp. 443–4.

20. ibid., pp. 262, 425 and 717.

21. A. V. Shotman, ‘Na vtorom s”ezde partii’, PR, nos. 77–8, 1928, pp. 62–3.

22. Vtoroi s”ezd RSDRP, pp. 367, 372 and 380.

23. PSS, vol. 8, pp. 88 and 177–8.

24. LS, vol. 10, p. 117.

25. RTsKhIDNI, fond 14, op. 1, d. 74, p. 45.

26. ibid.

27. ‘C’est le cerveau’: RTsKhIDNI, fond 14, op. 1, d. 74, p. 45.

28. N. K. Krupskaya, ‘Iz otvetov na anketu Instituta Mozga v 1935 godu’, in N. K. Krupskaya, O Lenine, p. 82.

29. N. K. Krupskaya, ‘Sestra Vladimira Il’icha’, Pravda, 13 June 1937.

30. V. D. Bonch-Bruevich, Izbrannye Sochineniya, vol. 2, p. 314.

31. G. M. Krzhizhanovskii, O Vladimire Il’iche, p. 32.

32. LS, vol. 10, pp. 352–3.

33. ibid., p. 117.

34. PSS, vol. 46, p. 355.

35. ibid., p. 378.

10. Russia from Far and Near

1. PSS, vol. 9, p. 35.

2. ibid., p. 246.

3. M. N. Lyadov, O Vladimire Il’iche.

4. Tretii s”ezd RSDRP. Protokoly. Aprel’-mai 1905 goda, pp. 188–9 and 193–4.

5. ibid., p. 247.

6. N. K. Krupskaya, RTsKhIDNI, fond 12, op. 2, d. 15, p. 5.

7. ibid.

8. BKh, vol. 2, p. 22; PSS, vol. 9, pp. 274–82.

9. BKh, vol. 2, pp. 194–5.

10. PSS, vol. 11, pp. 336–8.

11. ibid., p. 340.

11. The Second Emigration

1. BKh, vol. 2, p. 349.

2. N. K. Krupskaya, VL, pp. 127–8.

3. ibid., p. 128.

4. ibid., p. 129.

5. ibid.

6. PSS, vol. 47, pp. 119–20.

7. RTsKhIDNI, fond 12, op. 2, d. 18, p. 6.

8. M. Gor’kii, ‘V. I. Lenin’, in V. I. Lenin i A. M. Gor’kii, p. 262.

9. Ye. V. Krupskaya, letter to her nephew A. A. Krupskii, RTsKhIDNI, fond 12, op. 1, d. 1057, p. 2.

10. L. A. Fotieva, Iz zhizni Lenina, p. 10.

11. N. K. Krupskaya, VoVIL, vol. 2, p. 199.

12. G. Ya. Lozgachëv-Yelizarov, Nezabyvaemoe, pp. 102 and 107.

13. RTsKhIDNI, fond 12, op. 2, d. 20, pp. 9–10 and 16.

14. V. Mel’nichenko, Fenomen i fantom Lenina, pp. 97–8.

15. ibid., p. 109.

16. RTsKhIDNI, fond 14, op. 1, d. 74, p. 47.

17. RTsKhIDNI, fond 12, op. 2, d. 20, p. 11.

18. PSS, vol. 55, pp. 303 and 305.

19. ibid., p. 306.

20. Ogonë k, no. 10, 1989, p. 29.

21. M. Gor’kii, ‘V. I. Lenin’, in V. I. Lenin i A. M. Gor’kii, p. 253.

22. M. Gorky, Days with Lenin, p. 28.

23. M. Gor’kii, Neizdannaya perepiska, p. 48.

24. Nicolaevsky Collection, folder 1, p. 46.

25. The house which in 1908 was 21 Tavistock Place was later renumbered as 36 Tavistock Place: Survey of London – L.C.C., vol. 24, King’s Cross Neighbourhood (London 1952), p. 81.

26. PSU, pp. 184–5.

27. M. I. Ul’yanova, OVILiSU, p. 313.

28. PSU, p. 210.

29. N. K. Krupskaya, VL, p. 160.

30. M. I. Ul’yanova, OVILiSU, p. 121.

31. M. Gor’kii, Neizdannaya perepiska, p. 56.

32. Photographs of Inessa are held in RTsKhIDNI, fond 127, op. 1, d. 54.

33. RTsKhIDNI, fond 127, op. 1, d. 61.

34. ibid.

35. R. C. Elwood, Inessa Armand, pp. 173–89.

36. RTsKhIDNI, fond 2, op. 1, d. 24299.

37. Account of C. Rappoport’s recollection in N. Valentinov, Vstrechi s Leninym, p. 98.

38. L. Fotieva, Iz zhizni Lenina, p. 10.

39. M. Body, ‘Alexandra Kollontai’, Preuves, no. 14, April 1952, p. 17.

40. Lenin’s letter to Kautsky: D. Geyer (ed.), Kautskys Russisches Dossier, p. 344.

12. Almost Russia!

1. ‘Vospominaniya’, ITsKKPSS, no. 7, 1989, p. 171.

2. Biblioteka V. I. Lenina v Kremle. Katalog.

3. Nowadays it is kept at the Lenin Museum at Gorki.

4. M. S. Volin, ‘Dorevolyutsionnye biograficheskie publikatsii o V. I. Lenine’, VIKPSS, no. 7, 1970, p. 116.

5. M. S. Kedrov, Book Publishing under Tsarism, pp. 16–21.

6. PSS, vol. 55, p. 323.

7. ibid.

8. See Inessa’s postcard in RTsKhIDNI, fond 127, op. 1, d. 37.

9. VoVIL, vol. 3, p. 319: memoir by S. Bagotski.

10. PSS, vol. 55, p. 328.

11. N. K. Krupskaya, VoVIL, vol. 2, p. 256.

12. Yu. V. Bernov and A. Ya. Manusevich, V krakovskoi emigratsii, p. 29.

13. M. I. Ul’yanova, OVILiSU, p. 296; G. Ya. Lozgachëv-Yelizarov, Nezabyvaemoe, p. 8.

14. M. I. Ul’yanova OVILiSU, p. 317.

15. BKh, vol. 3, pp. 52–172.

16. Stalin to Kamenev (December 1912), Bol’shevistskoe rukovodstvo, p. 16. See Lenin’s comments on Stalin’s critique in V. I. Lenin. Neizvestnye dokumenty, p. 109.

17. R. C. Elwood, ‘Lenin and “Pravda”’, Slavic Review, no. 2, 1972, pp. 212–14.

18. Letter of Ducos de la Haille to K. Kautsky, D. Geyer (ed.), Kautskys Russisches Dossier, p. 644.

19. R. C. Elwood, Inessa Armand, p. 96.

20. PSS, vol. 55, p. 339.

21. Svobodnaya mysl’, no. 3, 1992, p. 81.

13. Fighting for Defeat

1. RTsKhIDNI, fond 12, op. 2, d. 23, p. 5.

2. LS, vol. 2, pp. 173–4.

3. RTsKhIDNI, f. 12, op. 2, d. 29, p. 3.

4. ibid., pp. 3–4 and 5.

5. ibid., d. 31, pp. 7–8.

6. PSS, vol. 26, p. 6.

7. ibid., vol. 48, p. 155.

8. PSU, p. 363.

9. ibid., p. 428.

10. PSS, vol. 49, p. 492.

11. N. K. Krupskaya, VoVIL, vol. 2, p. 33.

12. PSS, vol. 49, p. 340.

13. PSU, p. 232.

14. VoVIL, vol. 2, p. 191.

15. PSS, vol. 49, p. 52.

16. ibid., p. 55.

17. ibid., p. 56.

18. F. Il’in, ‘Otryvok vospominanii’, ZIL, vol. 1, pp. 126–7.

19. Istoricheskii arkhiv, no. 3, 1959, pp. 38–42.

20. M. A. Moskalëv, Byuro TsK, p. 270.

14. Lasting Out

1. PSS, vol. 30, p. 328.

2. ibid., vol. 49, p. 361.

3. PSU, p. 419.

4. W. Gautschi, Lenin als Emigrant in der Schweiz, p. 178.

5. ibid., p. 328.

6. RTsKhIDNI, fond 12, op. 2, d. 55, p. 1 (Krupskaya’s notes taken between 1917 and 1937).

7. N. K. Krupskaya, VoVIL, vol. 2, pp. 208–9.

8. PSS, vol. 49, p. 14.

9. ibid., vol. 27, p. 27.

10. ibid., vol. 30, p. 16.

11. ibid., vol. 29, p. 162.

12. ibid., pp. 163–4.

13. ibid., vol. 28, p. 594.

14. L. D. Trotskii, Moya zhizn’, vol. 1, p. 285.

15. DZB, vol. 1, p. 128.

16. ibid., p. 169.

17. R. Pipes (ed.), The Unknown Lenin, p. 31.

15. Another Country

1. N. K. Krupskaya, VoVIL, vol. 2, p. 220.

2. ibid., p. 221.

3. PSS, vol. 49, pp. 401–2.

4. F. Platten, Lenin iz emigratsii v Rossiyu, pp. 34–7.

5. RTsKhIDNI, fond 12, op. 1, d. 1, p. 12: E. A. Tsivilaya’s account of the appeal made by V. S. Dridzo (Krupskaya’s personal assistant) and M. F. Fofanova (who hid Lenin in October 1917) to the Central Committee to secure the return of E. V. Krupskaya’s ashes in compliance with Nadezhda Konstantinovna’s wishes.

6. K. Radek, ‘V plombirovannom vagone’, Pravda, 20 April 1924.

7. F. Platten, Lenin iz emigratsii v Rossiyu, p. 57.

8. K. Radek, ‘V plombirovannom vagone’.

9. ibid.

10. D. S. Suliashvili, ‘Iz Shveitsarii v Petrograd vmeste s Leninym’, VoVIL, vol. 4, p. 142.

11. K. Radek, ‘V plombirovannom vagone’.

12. D. S. Suliashvili, ‘Iz Shveitsarii v Petrograd vmeste s Leninym’, VoVIL, vol. 4, p. 143.

13. G. E. Zinoviev, ‘Vospominaniya: Malinovskii’, ITsKKPSS, no. 6, 1989, p. 201.

14. V. D. Bonch-Bruevich, ‘Priezd V. I. Lenina iz-za granitsy v 1917 g.’ [draft], RTsKhIDNI, fond 4, op. 2, d. 3003, p. 105.

15. R. MacNeal, Bride of the Revolution, p. 171.

16. N. K. Krupskaya, manuscript excerpt in VoVIL, vol. 2, p. 229.

17. N. K. Krupskaya, ‘Vospominaniya o Lenine’, VoVIL, vol. 2, p. 229.

18. Memoir of A. A. Pushkova, RTsKhIDNI, fond 13, op. 1, d. 457, p. 1; A. I. Ul’yanova-Yelizarova, OVILiSU, p. 348: letter to husband, 7 June 1913.

19. G. Ya. Lozgachëv-Yelizarov [draft], RTsKhIDNI, fond 11, op. 2, d. 31, pp. 162–3.

20. G. Ya. Lozgachëv-Yelizarov, Nezabyvaemoe, p. 145.

21. N. A. Uglanov, ‘O Vladimire Il’iche Lenine’, ITsKKPSS, no. 4, 1989.

22. PR, no. 4, 1927, pp. 162–3.

23. ibid.

24. R. Service, Lenin: A Political Life, vol. 2, pp. 170–7.

16. The Russian Cockpit

1. Pravda, 14 May 1917.

2. V. P. Buldakov, ‘Istoriya posnaëtsya v sravnenii’, Argumenty i fakty, no. 45, November 1998, p. 12.

3. N. K. Krupskaya, ‘Vospominaniya o Lenine’, VoVIL, vol. 2, p. 229.

4. Extracts in I. M. Dazhina, ‘Leninskie istoki zhizhni I bor’by’, VIKPSS, no. 3, 1987, pp. 71–2.

5. A. M. Kollontai, 1950 diary entry, RTsKhIDNI, fond 134, op. 3, d. 75, pp. 19–21.

6. M. Gor’kii, ‘V. I. Lenin,’ in V. I. Lenin i A. M. Gor’kii, pp. 271–2.

7. Pravda, 23 April 1917.

8. N. K. Krupskaya, ‘Vospominaniya o Lenine’, VoVIL, vol. 2, p. 235.

9. ibid., p. 232.

10. Shestoi s”ezd RSDRP(b), p. 41.

11. G. K. Ordzhonikidze, ‘Il’ich v iyul’skie dni’, Pravda, 28 March 1924.

12. N. I. Podvoiskii, ‘V. I. Lenin v 1917 godu’, VoVIL, vol. 4, p. 186.

13. M. S. Kedrov, ‘Iz vospominanii o vserossiiskoi konferenstii voennykh organizatsii RSDRP (bol’shevikov), 16–23 iyunya 1917 goda’, VoVIL, vol. 4, p. 223.

14. N. I. Muralov, ‘I Vserossiiskii S”ezd Sovetov’, VoVIL, vol. 4, p. 220.

15. N. K. Krupskaya, ‘Vospominaniya o Lenine’, VoVIL, vol. 2, p. 238.

16. R. Pipes, The Russian Revolution, pp. 419–22.

17. M. S. Kedrov, ‘Iz krasnoi tetradi ob Il’iche’, p. 485.

18. A. Rabinowitch, The Bolsheviks Come to Power, pp. 15–17.

19. M. I. Ul’yanova, ‘Poiski Il’icha v pervye dni iyulya 1917 goda’, VoVIL, p. 241.

20. G. K. Ordzhonikidze, ‘Il’ich v iyul’skie dni’, Pravda, 28 March 1924.

21. A. G. Shlyapnikov, ‘Kerenshchina’, PR, no. 7(54), 1927, p. 35.

22. M. N. Poletaev, ‘V iyul’skie dni’, Petrogradskaya pravda, 27 January 1924.

23. Fragment of memoir by A. A. Allilueva, RTsKhIDNI, fond 4, op. 2, d. 45, p. 2.

17. Power for the Taking

1. A. S. Allilueva, Vospominaniya, pp. 183 and 185.

2. See draft by A. S. Alliluev, RTsKhIDNI, fond 4, op. 2, d. 45, p. 6.

3. S. Ya. Alliluev, draft fragment, ibid., p. 8.

4. PSS, vol. 34, pp. 2–5.

5. G. Sokol’nikov, ‘Kak pokhodit’ k istorii Oktyabrya’, in Za leninizma, p. 165.

6. N. A. Yemel’yanov, ‘Tainstvennyi shalash’, VoVIL, vol. 4, p. 238.

7. ibid., p. 237.

8. ibid., p. 239.

9. ibid.

10. D. I. Leshchenko, ‘Kak ya snimal Lenina v podpol’e’, VoVIL, p. 245.

11. A. V. Shotman, ‘Lenin v podpol’e. (Iyul’–oktyabr’ 1917 goda)’, VoVIL, vol. 4, p. 251.

12. K. Kuusela, ‘Kak artist maskiroval Lenin’, in Lenin v vospominaniyakh finnov, pp. 79–80.

13. J. Piilonen, ‘Yhteinen vihollinen yhdistää, 1908–1917’, in J. Numminen (ed.), Lenin ja Suomi, p. 308.

14. A. V. Shotman, ‘Lenin v podpol’e. (Iyul’–oktyabr’ 1917 goda)’, VoVIL, vol. 4, p. 253.

15. N. K. Krupskaya, VoVIL, vol. 2, pp. 244–5.

16. PSS, vol. 49, p. 444.

17. Pravda, 7 June 1917.

18. For an example see M. Liebman, Leninism under Lenin.

19. PSS, vol. 34, p. 135.

20. ibid.

21. ibid., pp. 138–9.

22. A. Rabinowitch, The Bolsheviks Come to Power, p. 170.

23. PSS, vol. 49, p. 241.

24. ibid., pp. 243–4.

25. N. I. Bukharin, ‘Iz rechi tov. Bukharina na vechere vospominanii v 1921 g.’, PR, no. 10, 1922, p. 319.

26. E. D. Stasova, ‘Pis’mo Lenina v TsK partii’, VoVIL, vol. 4, p. 288.

27. A. V. Shotman, ‘Lenin nakanune Oktyabrya’, O Lenine: Sbornik vospominanii, pp. 115–16, from VoVIL, vol. 4, pp. 254–5.

28. ibid., p. 255.

29. ibid., p. 256.

30. A. Kollontai, diary drafts of 1929–30, RTsKhIDNI, fond 134, op. 3, d. 48, p. 33.

31. G. Rovio, ‘Kak Lenin skryvalsya u gel’singforskogo “politseimeistera”’, in N. L. Meshcheryakov (ed.), O Lenine, p. 115.

32. Yu. Latukka, ‘Lenin v podpol’e v Finlyandii’, VoVIL, vol. 4, p. 284.

33. ibid., p. 287. The exact date is still disputed: see the editorial footnote 1, ibid., p. 187.

34. ibid., p. 287.

35. M. V. Fofanova, ‘V. I. Lenin na Vyborgskoi Storone v 1917 godu’, VoVIL, vol. 4, p. 299.

36. PTsK, pp. 84–5.

37. ibid., p. 85.

38. ibid.

39. L. Trotskii, O Lenine, p. 70.

40. PTsK, pp. 87–92.

41. ibid., p. 94.

42. A. A. Ioffe, ‘Kanun Oktyabrya. Zasedanie v “Lesnom”’, ITsKKPSS, no. 4, 1989, p. 203.

43. PTsK, p. 104.

44. M. V. Fofanova, ‘V. I. Lenin na Vyborgskoi Storone v 1917 godu’, VoVIL, vol. 4, p. 302.

45. ibid., p. 304.

46. PSS, vol. 34, p. 435.

47. E. A. Rakh’ya, ‘Moi vospominaniya o Vladimire Il’iche’, Pravda, 21 January 1927.

48. M. V. Fofanova, ‘V. I. Lenin na Vyborgskoi Storone v 1917 godu’, VoVIL, vol. 4, p. 304.

18. The October Revolution

1. Rakh’ya, ‘Moi vospominaniya o Vladimire Il’iche’, Pravda, 21 January 1927.

2. ibid.

3. ibid.

4. PSS, vol. 35, p. 2.

5. N. Sukhanov, Zapiski o revolyutsii, vol. 7, p. 174.

6. PSS, vol. 35, p. 1.

7. V. D. Bonch-Bruevich, ‘Iz vospominanii o Vladimire Il’iche’, VoVIL, vol. 4, pp. 325–6.

8. ibid., p. 329

9. ibid.

10. PSS, vol. 35, p. 23.

11. PTsK, pp. 124–5.

12. V. Mel’nichenko, Fenomenon i fantom Lenina, p. 67.

13. G. A. Solomon, Lenin i ego sem’ya, vol. 1, p. 88.

19. Dictatorship under Siege

1. N. K. Krupskaya, ‘Ranenie Lenina v 1918 godu’, RTsKhIDNI, fond 12, op. 2, d. 59, p. 1.

2. N. K. Krupskaya, VoVIL, vol. 2, p. 269.

3. ibid.

4. ibid., p. 270.

5. ibid.

6. RTsKhIDNI, fond 12, op. 2, d. 29, p. 26.

7. N. K. Krupskaya, VoVIL, vol. 2, p. 249.

8. The story is reprinted in Ye. Zamyatin, Bol’shim detyam skazki, pp. 37–8. I am grateful to Philip Cavendish for bringing this work to my attention.

9. ibid., pp. 270–1.

10. PSS, vol. 35, p. 57.

11. T. H. Rigby, Lenin’s Government, p. 71.

12. ibid., pp. 179–80.

13. D. Volkogonov, Lenin, vol. 2, p. 200 ff.

14. Bol’shevistskoe rukovodstvo, p. 33.

15. PSS, vol. 35, p. 189.

20. Brest-Litovsk

1. PTsK, p. 168.

2. ibid., pp. 194–5.

3. ibid., p. 213.

4. K. Radek, Portrety i pamflety, p. 26.

5. Sed’moi s”ezd RKP(b), p. 13.

6. Krupskaya’s letter to Shirokov, 3 December 1938, RTsKhIDNI, fond 12, op. 2, d. 135, p. 30.

7. ibid.

8. ibid.

9. PSS, vol. 55, p. 85.

10. BKh, vol. 5, p. 340.

11. PSS, vol. 50, pp. 78–9.

12. S. Ya. Alliluev, draft fragment of memoir, RTsKhIDNI, fond 4, op. 2, d. 46, p. 1.

13. M. I. Ul’yanova, ‘Otryvki’, RTsKhIDNI, fond 14, op. 1, d. 87, p. 8.

14. PSS, vol. 35, p. 314.

15. ibid., vol. 36, p. 196.

16. ibid., p. 197.

21. At Gunpoint

1. Sed’moi ekstrennii s”ezd RKP(b), p. 8.

2. PSS, vol. 36, p. 172.

3. (Claimed) diary entry for 18 July 1918, reprinted in VoVIL, vol. 6, p. 23 from Prozhektor, no. 4, 1924.

4. Sovnarkom, 8 and 9 May 1918: GARF, fond 130, op. 2, d. 1 (3/4).

5. PSS, vol. 36, p. 250.

6. N. K. Krupskaya, VoVIL, vol. 2, p. 312.

7. ibid.

8. ibid., pp. 312–13.

9. B. Pearce, How Haig Saved Lenin, p. 65; D. Volkogonov, ‘Leninskaya krepost’ v moei dushe pala poslednei’, Moskovskie novosti, no. 29, 19 July 1992, p. 20.

10. The Last Diary of Tsaritsa Alexandra (ed. V. A. Kozlov and V. M. Khrustalëv), p. 156.

11. N. K. Krupskaya, VoVIL, vol. 2, p. 309.

12. Komsomol’skaya pravda, 12 February 1992.

13. A. Latyshev, Rassekrechënnyi Lenin, p. 20.

14. N. K. Krupskaya, draft memoir on ‘1918’: RTsKhIDNI, fond 12, op. 2, d. 30, p. 32.

15. Stenogram of M. I. Ulyanova’s speech at a Lenin commemorative meeting, 16 August 1928: RTsKhIDNI, fond 14, op. 1, d. 70, p. 1; and N. K. Krupskaya, draft memoir on ‘1918’, RTsKhIDNI, fond 12, op. 2, d. 30, p. 32.

16. PSS, vol. 37, p. 82.

17. Stenogram of M. I. Ulyanova’s speech at a Lenin commemorative meeting, 16 August 1928, RTsKhIDNI, fond 14, op. 1, d. 70, p. 1.

18. ibid., p. 2.

19. N. K. Krupskaya, ‘Ranenie Lenina v 1918 godu’ [draft], RTsKhiDNI, fond 12, op. 2, d. 59, p. 6.

20. Stenogram of M. I. Ulyanova’s speech at a Lenin commemorative meeting, 16 August 1928, RTsKhIDNI, fond 14, op. 1, d. 70, pp. 7–8.

21. V. N. Rozanov, ‘Iz vospominaniya o Vladmire Il’iche’, in N. L. Meshcheryakov (ed.), O Lenine, vol. 3, pp. 121–2.

22. V. N. Rozanov, VoVIL, vol. 5, p. 311.

23. B. S. Veisbrod, ‘Bol’noi Lenin’, VoVIL, vol. 8, p. 251.

24. Yu. M. Lopukhin, Bolezn’, smert’ i bal’zamirovanie V. I. Lenina, p. 58.

25. V. N. Rozanov, VoVIL, vol. 5, p. 312.

26. Previously it had belonged to Gennadi and Zinaida Reinbot and had been nationalised at Zinaida’s request. Zinaida was the widow of the factory owner Savva Morozov, who had given financial help to the Russian Marxist organisations before the Great War.

22. War Leader

1. ITsKKPSS, 1989, no. 11, p. 168.

2. M. Gor’kii, ‘V. I. Lenin’, in V. I. Lenin i A. M. Gor’kii, p. 266.

3. A. M. Kollontai, ‘Epizod vesnoi 1918 goda v Moskve’ [draft], RTsKhIDNI, fond 134, op. 4, d. 18, pp. 2–3.

4. PSS, vol. 37, p. 243.

5. ibid., p. 245.

6. ITsKKPSS, no. 4, 1990. I am grateful to Arfon Rees for sharing his ideas on the influence of Machiavelli on Russian revolutionary thought.

7. PSS, vol. 45, p. 174.

8. Soviet political leaders, indeed, made the suggestion before historians, whether supportive or hostile, took it up.

9. RTsKhIDNI, fond 12, op. 2, d. 34, p. 49: 1936 corrections to memoirs.

10. She was, however, given a separate room of her own at Gorki: D. I. Ul’yanov, VoVIL, vol. 1, p. 178.

11. V. Armand, ‘Zhivaya nit’’, Novyi mir, no. 4, 1967, p. 198.

12. N. K. Krupskaya, draft memoir on ‘1918’: RTsKhIDNI, fond 12, op. 2, d. 30, pp. 12–13.

13. ‘Vospominaniya M. I. Ul’yanovoi’: RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 3c, d. 20, p. 1.

14. N. K. Krupskaya, draft memoir on ‘1918’: RTsKhIDNI, fond 12, op. 2, d. 30, pp. 12–13.

15. M. I. Ul’yanova, OVILiSU, pp. 116–17.

16. TP, vol. 1, p. 228.

17. Quoted from archives by D. A. Volkogonov, Sem’ vozhdei, vol. 1, p. 84.

23. Expanding the Revolution

1. PSS, vol. 50, p. 328.

2. ibid., p. 327.

3. Gorki quoted in V. Mel’nichenko, Fenomen i fantom Lenina, p. 70.

4. Quoted in D. A. Volkogonov, Sem’ vozhdei, vol. 1, p. 135.

5. PSS, vol. 51, p. 52.

6. A. Latyshev, Rassekrechënnyi Lenin, pp. 44–5.

7. See M. Liebman, Leninism under Lenin; N. Harding, Lenin’s Political Thought, vol. 2.

8. Desyatyi s”ezd RKP(b), pp. 349–50.

9. B. M. Volin, VoVIL, vol. 6, p. 61.

10. N. K. Krupskaya, VoVIL, vol. 2, p. 284.

11. ibid., p. 270.

12. ibid., p. 301.

13. N. K. Krupskaya, RTsKhIDNI, fond 12, op. 2, d. 30, p. 15.

14. M. I. Ul’yanova, VoVIL, vol. 1, p. 260.

15. PSS, vol. 43, p. 150.

16. Kollontai’s diary: RTsKhIDNI, fond 134, op. 3, d. 48, p. 33.

17. V. Mel’nichenko, Fenomenon i fantom Lenina, p. 53.

18. D. I. Ul’yanov, Ocherki raznykh let, p. 93.

19. ibid., p. 98.

20. N. Meshcheryakov, ‘Iz vospominanii o Lenine’, p. 45.

21. A. M. Kollontai, ‘1918 god’ [draft memoir], RTsKhIDNI, fond 134, op. 4, d. 23, p. 2.

22. N. K. Krupskaya, VoVIL, vol. 2, p. 333.

23. PSS, vol. 55, pp. 373–4.

24. S. U. Manbekova and S. A. Rubanov, Naslednitsa, p. 166: telegram of V. M. Molotov to Lenin from Nizhni Novgorod.

24. Defeat in the West

1. See the Introduction.

2. A. Latyshev, Ressekrechënnyi Lenin, p. 40.

3. ibid.

4. Report to the Ninth Party Conference, September 1920, RTsKhIDNI, fond 44, op. 1, d. 5, pp. 11–18, 20–1, 27–8; and Lenin’s memoranda, reprinted in Izvestiya, 27 April 1992.

5. TP, vol. 2, p. 278.

6. ITsKKPSS, no. 4, 1991, p. 171.

7. Quoted in ‘Vlyublënnaya Lenina’, Literaturnaya gazeta – Dos’e, no. 8, 1992, p. 11.

8. A. M. Kollontai, diary for 1920, RTsKhIDNI, fond 134, op. 3, d. 36, p. 12.

9. Inessa Armand’s last diary, RTsKhIDNI, fond 127, op. 1, d. 61, pp. 7–8.

10. ibid., p. 8.

11. ibid., p. 14.

12. Quoted in D. A. Volkogonov, Sem’ vozhdei, vol. 1, p. 113.

13. Ye. Drabkina, Zimnii pereval, p. 29.

14. A. Balabanoff, Impressions of Lenin, p. 14.

15. RTsKhIDNI, fond 44, op. 1, d. 5, p. 13.

16. ibid.

25. The New Economic Policy

1. See R. Service, Lenin: A Political Life, vol. 3, chaps 6–7.

2. RTsKhIDNI, fond 17, op. 3, d. 128, item 1a.

3. Chernov’s account is given in RTsKhIDNI, fond 5, op. 1, d. 1454, p. 2; his memoir appeared in Bednota, no. 1729, 2 February 1924.

4. P. Sorokin and M. Rogov, ‘Razvërstka ili nalog?’, Pravda, 17 February 1921.

5. RTsKhIDNI, fond 17, op. 2, d. 58, p. 2.

6. RTsKhIDNI, fond 17, op. 3, d. 154.

7. RTsKhIDNI, fond 46, op. 1, d. 3, p. 16.

8. ibid., pp. 16 and 18.

9. ibid., p. 22.

10. ibid., p. 125.

11. PSS, vol. 53, p. 14.

26. A Question of Survival

1. D. I. Ul’yanov, Ocherki raznykh let, p. 93.

2. RTsKhIDNI, fond 17, op. 17, d. 174, p. 24

3. PSS, vol. 53, p. 17.

4. ibid., p. 110.

5. ‘Vospominaniya M. I. Ul’yanovoi’, RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 3, d. 20, p. 3.

6. Rough estimate based on author’s visit in June 1993.

7. N. K. Krupskaya, VoVIL, vol. 2, p. 317.

8. V. P. Osipov, ‘Bolezn’ i smert’ Vladimira Il’icha Ul’yanova-Lenina’, VoVIL, vol. 8, p. 298.

9. Lenin iVChK, pp. 465–6.

10. D. I. Ul’yanov, VoVIL, vol. 1, p. 181.

11. N. K. Krupskaya, VoVIL, vol. 2, p. 148.

12. ‘Vospominaniya M. I. Ul’yanovoi’, RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 3, d. 20, pp. 11–12.

13. Darkevich’s manuscript account of diagnostic examination, RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 3s, d. 6, pp. 4–5.

14. ibid., p. 6.

15. ibid., p. 4.

16. RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 3s, d. 6, pp. 7 and 8–9.

17. ITsKKPSS, no. 4, 1990, p. 189.

18. PSS, vol. 54, p. 198.

19. V. Klemperer, Leben sammeln, nicht fragen wozu und warum, vol. 1: Tagebücher 1918–1924, p. 577. I am grateful to Kay Schiller for alerting me to this source.

20. RTsKhIDNI, fond 4, op. 1, d. 99, pp. 1–2; V. N. Rozanov, ‘Iz vospominaniya o Vladimire Il’iche’, in N. L. Meshcheryakov (ed.), O Lenine, pp. 127–31.

21. RTsKhIDNI, fond 4, op. 1, d. 99, p. 3.

22. Yu. M. Lopukhin, Bolezn’, smert’ i bal’zamirovanie V. I. Lenina, p. 19.

23. ibid., p. 36.

24. ibid., p. 40.

25. V. Rozanov, Krasnaya nov’, no. 6, 1924, pp. 155–6.

26. N. Petrenko, ‘Lenin v Gorkakh – bolezn’ I smert’’, Minuvshee, vol. 2, p. 195; G. Ya. Lozgachëv-Yelizarov, Nezabyvaemoe, p. 237.

27. ‘Vospominania M. I. Ul’yanovoi’, RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 3, d. 20, p. 10.

28. ibid., p. 12; Kozhevnikov: fond 16, op. 2, d. 11, p. 6.

29. See V. Soloukhin, Pro svete dnya; D. Volkogonov, Lenin.

30. RTsKhIDNI, fond 5, op. 1, d. 454.

31. N. K. Krupskaya,VoVIL, vol. 2, pp. 334, 2.

32. ‘Vospominania M. I. Ul’yanovoi’, RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 3, d. 20, pp. 32–3.

33. Undated speech by M. I. Ul’yanova, RTsKhIDNI, fond 14, op. 1, d. 65, p. 21.

34. M. I. Ul’yanova, VoVIL, vol. 1, p. 283.

35. RTsKhIDNI, fond 12, op. 2, d. 206: letter of Krupskaya to Inna Armand, 30 September 1922.

36. RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 2s, d. 39, p. 17: report of P. Pakaln, 3 July 1922.

37. ibid.

38. RTsKhIDNI, fond 12, op. 2, d. 206: letter of Krupskaya to Inna Armand, 30 September 1922.

39. RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 2s, d. 39, p. 17: report of P. Pakaln, 3 July 1922.

40. Memoir sketch, RTsKhIDNI, fond 14, op. 1, d. 87.

41. ‘Vospominaniya M. I. Ul’yanovoi’, RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 3, d. 20, pp. 17–18.

42. RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 3s, d. 20, p. 61: typed excerpt from M. I. Ulyanova’s diary.

43. RTsKhIDNI: fond 16, op. 2s, d. 39, p. 16: report of P. Pakaln.

44. ITsKKPSS, no. 4, 1991, p. 188.

27. Disputing to the Last

1. See above.

2. RTsKhIDNI, fond 17, op. 2, d. 25993.

3. PSS, vol. 48, p. 162.

4. N. A. Uglanov, VoVIL, vol. 7, p. 72.

5. M. I. Ul’yanova, ITsKKPSS, no. 12, 1989.

6. RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 2s, d. 39, pp. 7, 36, 50 and 59: reports of P. Pakaln, head of bodyguard, to the central Cheka offices in Moscow.

7. Letter of N. K. Krupskaya to L. A. Fotieva, 25 August 1922, RTsKhIDNI, fond 5, op. 1, d. 454, p. 4.

8. Letter of M. Volodicheva to A. I. Ul’yanova, 6 December 1922, RTsKhIDNI, fond 13, op. 1, d. 43, p. 1.

9. ITsKKPSS, no. 5, 1991, p. 189.

10. RTsKhIDNI, fond 17, op. 2, d. 84, items 1–3.

11. Her words on 25 October 1922 were ‘on mozhet snova svalit’sya’.

12. ‘Dnevnik dezhurnogo vracha V. I. Lenina v 1922–1923 gg.’, VIKPSS, no. 9, 1991. pp. 41–2.

13. Note of N. S. Allilueva to Kamenev on the basis of a message from Krupskaya on behalf of Lenin, 18 October 1922, RTsKhIDNI, fond 5, op. 1, d. 456.

14. N. I. Bukharin, ‘Pamyati Lenina’, Pravda, 21 January 1925.

15. See the text of the letter in A. Latyshev, Rassekrechënnyi Lenin, p. 253.

16. RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 2s, d. 39, p. 92: report of P. Pakaln.

17. RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 2, d. 13: A. M. Kozhevnikov’s notes, as given in D. Volkogonov, Lenin, vol. 2, p. 333.

18. PSS, vol. 45, p. 471.

19. M. I. Ul’yanova diary excerpt, 2 September 1922, RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 3s, d. 20, p. 65.

20. Text of letter from RTsKhIDNI, fond 2, op. 2, d. 134 given in Rodina, no. 3, 1992. p. 49.

21. PSS, vol. 54, p. 324.

22. L. A. Fotieva, ‘Iz vospominanii o V. I. Lenine’, VoVIL, vol. 8, p. 178.

23. Letter to Central Committee, 15 December 1922, PSS, vol. 45, p. 338.

24. L. A. Fotieva, ‘Iz vospominanii o V. I. Lenine’, VoVIL, vol. 8, p. 179.

25. PSS, vol. 45, p. 324.

26. RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 2, d. 13: A. M. Kozhevnikov’s notes, given in D. Volkogonov, Lenin, vol. 2, p. 333.

27. ITsKKPSS, no. 12, 1989, p. 189.

28. RTsKhIDNI, fond 17, op. 2, d. 86, p. 1.

29. PSS, vol. 54, p. 327.

30. RTsKhIDNI, fond 17, op. 2, d. 87, p. 1.

31. Politburo meeting, 14 December 1922, RTsKhIDNI, fond 17, op. 3; RTsKhIDNI, fond 5, op. 2, d. 55, pp. 202–3; L. A. Fotieva, ‘Iz vospominanii o V. I. Lenine’, VoVIL, vol. 8, p. 173.

32. ITsKKPSS, no. 9, 1989, p. 148.

33. L. A. Fotieva, ‘Iz vospominanii o V. I. Lenine’, VoVIL, vol. 8, p. 187.

34. ibid., pp. 189–90.

35. A. G. Shlikhter, ‘Gotova li smena?’, VoVIL, vol. 8, p. 59.

36. M. I. Ul’yanova, ‘O Vladimire Il’iche’, ITsKKPSS, no. 3, 1991, p. 194.

37. L. A. Fotieva, ‘Iz vospominanii o V. I. Lenine’, VoVIL, vol. 8, p. 189.

28. Death in the Big House

1. PSS, vol. 45, pp. 343–4.

2. ibid.

3. ibid., pp. 344–5.

4. ibid., p. 345.

5. ibid.

6. Bol’shevistskoe rukovodstvo, p. 198.

7. Quoted in G. Volkov’s account of an interview with Volodicheva, ‘Stenografistka Il’icha’, Sovetskaya kul’tura, 21 January 1989.

8. A. Bek’s interview with Volodovicheva and Fotieva in 1967, ‘K istorii poslednikh leninskikh dokumentov’, Moskovskie novosti, no. 17, 23 April 1989, p. 8.

9. G. Volkov’s interview with Volodicheva, ‘Stenografistka Il’icha’; A. Bek’s interviews with Volodicheva and Fotieva in 1967, ‘K istorii poslednikh leninskikh dokumentov’.

10. See M. Lewin, Lenin’s Last Struggle and S. Cohen, Bukharin and the Russian Revolution.

11. PSS, vol. 45, p. 359.

12. ibid., p. 356.

13. ibid., p. 346.

14. ibid., p. 372.

15. ibid., p. 373.

16. ibid., vol. 54, p. 330.

17. ibid., pp. 82–3.

18. ibid., p. 330.

19. Quoted in G. Volkov’s interview with Volodicheva, ‘Stenografistka Il’icha’.

20. Yu. M. Lopukhin, Bolezn’, smert’ i bal’zamirovanie V. I. Lenina, p. 40.

21. V. A. Rukavishnikov’s memoirs, RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 2s, d. 91, p. 32; op. 3s, d. 27, p. 12.

22. ibid., p. 16.

23. Vospominaniya M. I. Ul’yanovoi’, RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 3s, d. 20, p. 14.

24. Diary of nurse Z. I. Zorko-Rimsha, RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 2s, d. 104, p. 223.

25. Letter to A. V. Lunacharski, sometime in 1923, RTsKhIDNI, fond 12, op. 2, d. 205, p. 5.

26. V. G. Sorin, ‘Bol’shoi dom’, Pravda, 21 January 1927.

27. ‘Pogib ya’: ‘Vospominaniya M. I. Ul’yanovoi’, RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 3s, d. 20, p. 14.

28. V. A. Rukavishnikov, ‘Poslednaya progulka V. I. Lenina v Moskvu’, RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 3s, d. 27, p. 24.

29. ibid., p. 30.

30. ibid., p. 12.

31. ibid.

32. Postcard, 1 December 1923: RTsKhIDNI, fond 12 op. 2, d. 206, p. 13. The picture on the postcard is that of Bukharin in a pioneer tie. In line with Stalinist archival practice, Bukharin’s face was obliterated for reasons of political orthodoxy.

33. RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 2s, d. 39, pp. 93, 121 and 122.

34. G. Ya. Lozgachëv-Yelizarov, Nezabyvaemoe, pp. 241 and 250. For the argument against the claim that the children were mainly from the village see N. Petrenko, ‘Lenin v Gorkakh’, Minuvshee, no. 2. 1990, p. 250.

35. RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 2s, d. 39, p. 92.

36. ibid., pp. 92 and 96.

37. Nurses’ duty diary, note by N. S. Popov, 17 September 1923, RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 2s, d. 91, p. 68.

38. RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 2s, d. 39, p. 123.

39. V. A. Rukavishnikov’s memoirs, RTsKhIDNI, fond 16, op. 3s, d. 27, pp. 32–3.

40. V. G. Sorin, ‘Bol’shoi dom’, Pravda, 21 January 1927.

41. N. I. Bukharin, Pravda, 21 January 1924.

Lenin: The Afterlife

1. RTsKhIDNI, fond 12, op. 2, d. 254, pp. 1, 5 and 6.

2. ibid., p. 1.

3. ibid., p. 7: undated letter, written before 25 March 1924.

4. This, by the way, controverts the legend originating with Yuri Karyakin at the Congress of People’s Deputies to the effect that Lenin had wanted to be buried next to his mother in the Volkovoe Cemetery in Petrograd.

5. Letter to I. A. Armand, 28 January 1924, RTsKhIDNI, fond 12, op. 2, d. 254, p. 6, where she said that she had begun the pamphlet but did not give a precise date.

6. RTsKhIDNI, fond 12, op. 2, d. 41, pp. 3 (Krupskaya) and 4 (Stalin).

7. In the 1990s these articles were held at the Lenin Museum at Gorki outside Moscow.