Lenin: A Biography

INDEX

Adamyuk, Professor Yemelyan V., 1

Adler, Viktor, 1

agrarian socialism, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7; see also narodniki

Akimov, Vladimir, 1

Alakaevka, Samara province, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Alarm (journal), 1

Alexander II, Tsar: reforms, 1, 2, 3; assassination, 4, 5

Alexander III, Tsar, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Alexandra, Empress of Nicholas II: assassinated, 1

Alexandrovich, V.A., 1, 2

Alexeev, General Mikhail, 1, 2

Alexeev, Nikolai, 1

Alexeev, Pëtr A., 1

Alexei Nicolaevich, Tsarevich: Nicholas attempts to abdicate in favour of, 1; killed, 2

Alexei Romanov, Tsar, 1

All-Russia Central Council of the Trade Unions, 1

All-Russia Congress of Soviets: Central Executive Committee, 1; and closure of Constituent Assembly, 2

Congresses: First (June 1917), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; Second (October 1917), 7, 8; Third (January 1918), 9; Fourth (March 1918), 10; Fifth (July 1918), 11; Eighth (1920), 12; Tenth (1922), 13, 14, 15

All-Russia Congress of Soviets of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies, 1

All-Russia Executive of the Railwaymen’s Union (Vikzhel), 1

All-Union Leninist Communist Union of Youth, 1

Allilueva, Nadezhda (Stalin’s second wife), 1, 2, 3

Allilueva, Olga, 1

Alliluev, Sergei, 1

Andreyushkin, Pakhomi I., 1

Andrikanis, A.M., 1, 2

Anglo-Soviet Trade Agreement (1921), 1, 2

Antonov, A.S., 1

Antonov-Ovseenko, Vladimir, 1, 2

Arcachon (France), 1

Archangel, 1

Ardashev, Alexander (L’s cousin), 1, 2, 3

Ardashev, Dmitri (L’s cousin), 1

Ardasheva, Lyubov (née Blank; L’s aunt), 1, 2

Ardashev, Vladimir (L’s cousin), 1, 2, 3; shot by Bolsheviks, 4

Arefev (Syzran merchant), 1, 2

Aristotle, 1, 2, 3

Armand, Alexander (Inessa’s son), 1, 2

Armand, Andrei (Inessa’s son), 1

Armand, Inessa: L’s affection for, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; appearance, 6; Krupskaya and, 7, 8, 9; as secretary of Committee of the Foreign Organisation, 10, 11; writes to L in Kraków, 12; L ends relationship with, 13, 14, 15, 16; in Arcachon, 17; arrested by Okhrana, 18; represents Bolsheviks in Shmidt legacy dispute, 19; holidays and leisure activities with L and Krupskaya, 20, 21; discusses matters of love with L, 22; settles in Switzerland in war, 23; L confides in about factional politics, 24; leaves Switzerland for Russia after revolution, 25; visits L after assassination attempt, 26; works in Moscow, 27; illness, death and funeral, 28, 29, 30; confesses devotion to L, 31; L’s relationship with suppressed, 32

Armand, Inna (Inessa’s daughter), 1, 2

Armand, Vladimir, 1

Armenia, 1, 2, 3

Astrakhan: L writes to communists in, 1

Aunovskaya, Natalya, 1

Aurora (battleship), 1

Austria–Hungary: and outbreak of war (1914), 1; negotiates separate peace with Russia, 2

Averbakh, Mikhail, 1

Axelrod, Pavel, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Axënov (Razliv gamekeeper), 1

Azerbaijan, 1, 2, 3, 4

Bagotski, Sergei, 1, 2

Baku, 1

Bakunin, Mikhail, 1, 2

Balabanova, Angelica, 1

Baltic provinces, 1

Baranov, Dmitri, 1

Baratynski, Archpriest A.I., 1

Basic Law (Russia), 1

Basic Law on the Socialisation of Land, 1

Baugy-sur-Clarens, Montreux (Switzerland), 1, 2

Bedny, Demyan, 1

Belokrysenko, Arseni, 1, 1

Belorussia, 1, 2, 3

Bentham, Jeremy, 1

Berdyaev, Nikolai, 1

Berlin: L visits, 1; March 1921 Action in, 2; see also Germany

Bern (Switzerland), 1

Bernstein, Eduard, 1

Berzins, Jan, 1

Biały Dunajek (Poland), 1, 2

Black Hundreds (groups), 1

Black Redistribution (organisation), 1

Blank family: Jewishness, 1, 2, 3

Blank, Alexander (Srul; L’s maternal grandfather), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Blank, Anna (née Grosschopf; L’s maternal grandmother), 1

Blank, Dmitri (Abel; L’s great-uncle), 1, 2

Blank, Moshko (L’s maternal great-grandfather), 1, 2

Blanqui, Louise-Auguste, 1, 2

‘Bloody Sunday’ (St Petersburg, 9 January 1905), 1, 2

Blyumkin, Yakov, 1

Bogaevski, Afrikan, 1

Bogdanov, Alexander: L abuses, 1; helps L with financing, 2; as expositor and thinker, 3, 4; requests L to return to Russia, 5; in Finland as Bolshevik leader, 6, 7; resents participation in Duma, 8, 9; in Switzerland, 10; disputes and breach with L, 11, 12, 13, 14; reading, 15; plans socialist government, 16; Engineer Menni, 17

Bogdanova, Natalya, 1, 2

Bogoraz, Lazar, 1, 2

Bolshevik Central Committee: L attacks, 1; L attends, 2; on land socialisation, 3; organisation, 4, 5; supports transfer of power to soviets, 6; authority, 7; and Petrograd armed political demonstration, 8, 9, 10; rejects L’s revised policies, 11, 12, 13, 14; caution over L’s October revolution plan, 15, 16; assumes power after revolution, 17, 18; L prepares decrees for, 19; resists demand for socialist coalition, 20; Kamenev resigns from, 21; at Smolny Institute, 22; role and functions, 23; resists separate peace in World War I, 24; administration, 25, 26; factionalism in, 27; L chairs, 28, 29, 30; and war with Poland, 31; dispute over ‘trade union discussion’, 32; and introduction of NEP, 33; L proposes reducing to three members, 34; orders sick L to withdraw from public life, 35; L proposes expanding membership, 36, 37; minutes kept secret, 38; see also Politburo

Bolshevik Centre: shifts location, 1, 2; Bogdanov stays with, 3; dealings with Trotski, 4; rejects Bogdanov, 5; approach to Martov, 6; Party Central Committee orders closure of, 7

Bolshevik Military Organisation, 1, 2, 3

Bolshevik Party see Bolsheviks

Bolsheviks: L founds as party, 1, 2, 3; organisation, 4, 5, 6, 7; L keeps separate from Mensheviks, 8; hold 2nd and 3rd Party Congresses, 9, 10; L seeks reconciliation with Mensheviks, 11; at 4th Party Congress, 12; ignore First State Duma elections, 13; in later Duma elections, 14, 15, 16; and Party factionalism, 17, 18, 19, 20; at Prague party conference, 21; emigrant members, 22; leadership struggle, 23; legal status, 24; in Fourth Duma, 25, 26, 27; L seeks to control in war, 28; members arrested and tried in war, 29; and February 1917 revolution, 30; L redefines in April Theses, 31; L addresses in Petrograd (1917), 32; accept L’s 1917 programme, 33; enter soviets, 34, 35; L argues for flexibility of, 36; Secretariat, 37; as separate party, 38; attract new adherents, 39; propaganda, 40; readiness to assume power, 41; armed demonstration (1917), 42, 43; win popular support, 44; receive German government subsidy, 45, 46, 47, 48; members arrested by Provisional Government, 49; and L’s demands for insurrection, 50; form majorities in soviets, 51; and L’s plan for October Revolution, 52; L attempts to popularise, 53; and international socialist revolution, 54; fail in 1917 Constituent Assembly elections, 55; hostility to Constituent Assembly, 56; resist separate peace with Central Powers, 57; repressions and persecutions, 58; popular hostility to, 59; anti-capitalist policies, 60; renamed Russian Communist Party, 61; administrative capacities and methods, 62; supremacy, 63; resist L’s NEP proposals, 64; factional activity banned by L, 65; leaders’ overwork and health problems, 66; repress opposition, 67; split by Left Opposition at 13th Conference, 68; divisions and factions, 69; Gorbachëv abolishes political monopoly, 70

Conferences: 7th (1917)(‘April Conference’), 1; 9th (1920), 2, 3, 4; 10th (1921), 5, 6; 13th (1923–4), 7

Congresses: 3rd (1905), 1, 2, 3, 4; 4th (1906), 5, 6; 5th (1907), 7, 8; 6th (1917), 9; 7th (1918), 10, 11; 8th (1919), 12, 13; 10th (1921), 14; 12th (1923), 15

see also Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party

Bombon, Seine-et-Marne (France), 1

Bonch-Bruevich, Vladimir: carries L’s mother’s coffin, 1; visits graves of L’s mother and sister with L, 2; L stays with in Finland, 3; publishes L’s proclamation on October Revolution, 4; L stays with in Petrograd, 5; at 1917 Congress of Soviets, 6; L engages as personal assistant, 7; in Moscow with L, 8; and L’s injuries after assassination attempt, 9; persuades L to appear in film, 10; at L’s death, 11

Borchardt, Julius, 1

Borotbists: incorporated in Communist Party, 1

bourgeoisie: and formation of socialist state, 1, 2, 3; L’s hostility to, 4, 5, 6

Brest-Litovsk Treaty (1918): negotiated and signed, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16; L abrogates, 17

Brezhnev, Leonid, 1

Bright, John, 1

Britain: in First World War, 1; intervenes in Civil War, 2; ends economic blockade of USSR, 3; Labour Party and socialism in, 4; Kamenev negotiates trade agreement with, 5, 6

British Museum: L studies in, 1, 2

Bronski, Mieczyslav G., 1

Brusilov, General Alexei, 1

Brussels: Second Party Congress in, 1

Büchner, Georg: Woyzeck, 1

Buckle, Henry, 1

Bukharin, Nikolai: reading, 1; co-founds Marxist journal, 2; on proposed socialist government,3; on world economy, 4; L defeats over separate 1918 peace, 5; at 7th Party Congress, 6; criticises Lenin’s economic caution, 7; warns L of personal dangers, 8; edits Pravda, 9; at First Comintern Congress, 10; criticises L for insufficient radicalism, 11; complains of Cheka conduct, 12; plays skittles with L, 13; in trade union discussion, 14; supports German Communist Party, 15; health problems, 16; promises tolerant treatment of Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks, 17; and L’s suicide threat, 18; L proposes excluding from Central Committee, 19; supports private foreign trade, 20; L abuses, 21; supports L on constitution question, 22; concern over L’s physical deterioration, 23; L’s relations with, 24; allows L to dictate to secretaries, 1; L considers as successor, 25; and L’s political testament, 26; predicts colonial trouble, 27; rebuffs Trotski’s Left Opposition, 28; visits sick L at Gorki, 29; present at L’s death and funeral, 30; memorialises L, 31; loses in opposition to Stalin, 32; The ABC of Communism, 32

Bulgakov, Sergei, 1

Bund (Jewish): and Second Party Congress, 1, 2; and suppression of Constituent Assembly, 3

Bureau of Committees of the Majority, 1

Burënin, Nikolai, 1

capitalism: in Russia, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7; L’s hostility to, 8, 9, 10, 11; L believes in collapse of, 12, 13, 14, 15; and imperialism, 16; Sovnarkom’s restrictions on, 17; L advocates bypassing, 18; and NEP, 19

Capri, 1, 2

Carlyle, Thomas, 1

Carr, Edward Hallett, 1

Catherine II (the Great), Empress of Russia, 1, 2, 3

Caucasus: peasant uprisings in, 1; see also Transcaucasian Soviet Federation censorship: L decrees, 2, 3

Chaikovski, Pëtr Ilich, 1

Chaliapin, Fëdor see Shalyapin, Fëdor

Chebanov, I.V., 1

Cheka (Extraordinary Commission): L creates, 1, 2, 3; founded, 4; repressions, 5, 6, 7, 8; in Mirbach crisis, 9; in Civil War, 10, 11; conduct, 12, 13; redesignated Main Political Administration (GPU), 14, 15; on alert following L’s death, 16

Chekhov, Anton, 1; ‘Ward No.6’, 2

Chernomazov, Miron, 1

Chernov, Osip, 1

Chernov, Viktor: founds Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries, 1, 2; in Paris, 3; self-questioning, 4 L criticises, 5; as Agriculture Minister in Provisional Government, 6; resigns from government, 7; barracked by Bolsheviks, 8; and closing of Constituent Assembly, 9

Chernyshevski, Nikolai: influence on L, 1, 2, 3; exile, 4; L writes to, 5; in St Petersburg, 6; L’s devotion to, 7, 8; work ethic, 9; What Is to be Done?, 10, 11, 12, 13

Chetvergova, Maria P., 1

Chicherin, Georgi, 1, 2

Chigorin, Mikhail I., 1

China, People’s Republic of, 1

Chkheidze, Nikolai, 1, 2, 3

Churchill, Sir Winston S., 1

Civil Code, 1

Civil War: L’s view of, 1, 2; breaks out, 3, 4; L’s part in, 5, 6; conduct of, 7, 8, 9, 10; Red Army’s victory in, 11, 12, 13

Clausewitz, Karl von, 1; On War, 2

Cobden, Richard, 1

Cohen, Stephen, 1

collective farms, 1

Comintern (Third International): formed, 1, 2, 3; builds communist parties in Europe, 4; L warns of provoking anti-communist crusade, 5; Russian dominance in, 6 Congresses: First (1919), 7, 8; Second (1920), 9, 10, 11; Third (1921), 12, 13; Fourth (1922), 14

Committee of the Foreign Organisation, 1, 2

committees of the village poor see kombedy

Communism: world appeal, 1; Marx on, 2; parties non-existent outside Russia, 3

Communist International see Comintern Communist Manifesto, The: L begins to translate, 1

Comte, Auguste, 1

Constituent Assembly: November 1917 elections, 1, 2, 3, 4; dissolved, 5, 6, 7 Cossacks: oppose Bolshevik government, 8

Council of Labour and Defence, 1

Counter-Espionage Bureau, 1, 2

Crimean War (1854–6), 1 Cuba, 2

Czech Legion, 1, 2

Czechoslovakia, 1, 2

Dal, Vladimir: Russian Dictionary, 1

Dan, Fëdor, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Danielson, Nikolai, 1

Danilin (Alakaevka peasant), 1

Darkevich, Professor Liveri, 1, 2, 3

Darwin, Charles, 1, 2, 3

Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia, 1

Decree on the Eight-Hour Day, 1

Decree on Land, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Decree on Peace, 1, 2, 3, 4

Decree on Popular Education, 1

Decree on the Press, 1, 2

Decree on Workers’ Control, 1, 2

Deich, Lev, 1

Delo Naroda (newspaper), 1

Democratic Centralists, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Democratic Conference (Sept. 1917), 1

Denikin, General Anton, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Diamand, Herman, 1

dictatorship: and L’s socialism, 1

dictatorship of the proletariat: L incorporates in Party Programme, 1, 2; L expounds, 3, 4, 5

Dietz, J.H.W. (Stuttgart publisher), 1, 2

Dobrolyubov, Nikolai, 1

Dobrovolski, General V.M., 1

Dolgov, Nikolai, 1

Donbass coalmines, 1

Dostoevski, Fëdor, 1, 2, 3, 4; The Devils, 5

Drabkina, Yelizaveta, 1

Dreyfus, Alfred, 1

Ducos de la Haille, Georges, 1

Duma: convoked, 1; elections to and composition, 2, 3, 4; Bolsheviks in, 5, 6, 7, 8; members visit L in Kraków, 9; prorogued (1917), 10

Dunaev, Yevlampi A., 1

Dybenko, Pavel, 1

Dzierżyński, Felix: joins Bolshevik Party, 1; heads Extraordinary Commission, 2; smoking, 3; searches for L’s would-be assassins, 4; arrests Left Socialist-Revolutionary Central Committee, 5; hunts L’s robbers, 6; Bukharin liaises with, 7; and L’s repressive orders, 8; L proposes removing from Central Committee, 9; investigates Georgian situation, 10, 11, 12; and L’s political testament, 13; at L’s funeral, 14

Eberlein, Hugo, 1

‘Economists’ (Marxist faction), 1, 2

Elwood, Ralph Carter, 1

Emancipation Edict (1861), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Emancipation of Labour Group, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Encyclopaedic Dictionary (Brockhaus-Efron), 1

Engelgardt, M., 1

Engels, Friedrich: L’s interpretation of, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; L reads, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13; appeal to Russian revolutionaries, 14; attitude to peasants, 15; Plekhanov’s reading of, 16; death, 17,18; Kautsky defends, 19; L cites, 20; influenced by Enlightenment, 21; L promoted as successor to, 22; Anti-Diihring, 23, 24; The Condition of the Working Class in England, 25

Enlightenment (18th-century), 1, 2

Essen, Maria, 1

Essen, Yekaterina von (née Grosschopf), 1

Estonia: established as Soviet republic, 1

Eurocommunists, 1

Europe: L’s commitment to spread of socialism in, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14; L launches 1920 ‘revolutionary war’ in, 15

Extraordinary Commission see Cheka

famines: Volga region: (1891–2), 1, 2; (1921), 3

fascism, 1

February revolution (1917), 1, 2, 3

Fedoseev, Nikolai, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas, 1

Figes, Orlando, 1

Finland: as Russian possession, 1, 2; L flees to, 3, 4; L in (1906–7), 5; L stays in on 1917 return to Russia, 6; nationalism in, 7, 8; L holidays in (December 1917), 9

Fitzpatrick, Sheila, 1

Flaxerman, Galina, 1

Fofanova, Margarita Vasilevna, 1, 2, 3, 4

Food Dictatorship, 1

Foreign Bureau (of Central Committee), 1, 2

Foreign League of Russian Revolutionary Social-Democracy, 1

Foreign Organisational Commission, 1

foreign trade: state monopoly on, 1, 2, 3

Förster, Professor O., 1, 2, 3

Fotieva, Lidia A., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

France: in First World War, 1; revolutionary socialists in, 2; ends economic blockade of USSR, 3; see also Longjumeau; Paris

Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria, 1

Franz Josef, Austro-Hungarian Emperor, 1

Freud, Sigmund, 1

Galperin, L., 1

Gapon, Father Georgi, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Generalov, V.D., 1

Geneva: L lives in, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Genoa: international conference (1922), 1, 2, 3

Georgia, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

German Communist Party, 1, 2, 3

German Social-Democratic Party, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Germany: L admires, 1, 2, 3, 4; declares war on Russia (1914), 5; seens as imperialist aggressor, 6; war economy, 7; allows L to return to Russia after revolution, 8; subsidises Bolshevik Party, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13; campaigns for separate peace with Russia (Brest-Litovsk), 14, 15, 16, 17; military advance on Eastern Front, 18, 19; L urges commercial deals with, 20; and assassination of Ambassador von Mirbach, 21; L appeals to in Civil War, 22; L promotes socialism in, 23; in L’s plans for European socialist union, 24; L seeks concession agreements with, 25, 26, 27; Soviet commercial and diplomatic treaty with (1922), 28

Gete, Professor Fëdor, 1, 2

Geyer, Dietrich, 1

Gil, Stepan, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

Glyasser, Maria, 1, 2

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 1

Gogol, Nikolai, 1, 2, 3, 4

Goldenberg, I.P., 1

Golubeva, Maria, 1

Goncharov, Ivan, 1, 2; Oblomov, 3

Gorbachëv, Mikhail, 1, 2, 3

Gorbunov, Nikolai, 1, 2

Gorki, Maxim: and L’s admiration for Jews, 1; L writes to, 2, 3, 4; invites Bogdanov and L to Capri, 5; criticises L’s vainglory, 6; on L in Civil War, 7; and L’s views on popular culture, 8

Gorki (village), near Moscow, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

Gots, Abram, 1

Govorukhin, Orest, 1

GPU see Main Political Administration grain trade: state requisitioning of, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7; tax-in-kind on, 8; private trade under NEP, 9, 10

Great Terror, 1, 2

Great War (1914–18) see World War I

Greulich, Herman, 1

Grimm, Robert, 1, 2

Grosschopf, Anna (née Estedt), 1

Grosschopf, Johann, 1

Guchkov, Alexander, 1, 2, 3

Gusev, Sergei, 1

Haase, Hugo, 1

Haimson, Leopold, 1

Halila sanatorium, Uusikirkko (Finland), 1

Hanecki, Jakub, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Harding, Neil, 1

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 1, 2, 3, 4;

History of Philosophy, 1

Helphand-Parvus, Alexander, 1, 2, 3

Helsinki (Helsingfors), 1, 2; see also Finland

Heraclitus, 1

Herzen, Alexander, 1

Hilferding, Rudolf, 1

Hitler, Adolf, 1, 2

Hobson, John Atkinson, 1

Hungary: and L’s launch of ‘revolutionary war’, 1; see also Kun, Béla

Imperial Kazan University, 1, 2

imperialism: L writes on, 1; and First World War, 2; and colonial troubles, 3

Institute of the Brain, 1

intelligentsia: guiding role for workers, 1, 2; repression of, 3

International, Second (Socialist): narodniki support, 1; 1907 Congress (Stuttgart), 2, 3; internationalist principles, 4

International Socialist Bureau, 1, 2, 3

International Socialist Commission, 1

International, Third see Comintern

Iskra (newspaper): L founds and produces, 1, 2, 3; and L’s What Is to Be Done?, 4; prints draft Party Programme, 5; moves to London, 6; moves to Geneva, 7; Trotski proposed for editorial board, 8; and Second Party Congress, 9, 10; L proposes reducing editorial board, 11; approves of terrorism, 12; L attacks reformed editorial board, 13

Italy, 1, 2

Ivan IV (the Terrible), Tsar, 1

Ivanovo-Vosnesensk, 1

Izvestia (newspaper), 1

Jalava, Hugo, 1, 2

Janson, Wilhelm, 1

Japan: war with Russia (1904–5), 1, 2; L demands support for, 3, 4; Piłsudski supports, 5

Jews: in Russian Empire, 1, 2; L’s attitude to, 3, 4, 5; participation in socialism, 6; Russian pogroms against, 7; and independent Soviet republics, 8; in Ukraine, 9; see also Bund

Jogiches, Leo, 1, 2

Kadets see Party of Constitutional Democrats

Kadyan, Dr Alexander, 1

Kaganovich, Lazar, 1

Kahn, Alfred, 1

Kalashnikov, Vasili, 1

Kalmykova, Alexandra, 1, 2, 3

Kalske, Emil, 1

Kamenev, Lev: passion for cinema, 1; arrested in war, 2; meets L on 1917 return to Russia, 3; supports Provisional Government, 4; incredulity at L’s extreme proposals, 5, 6, 7; works in Petrograd Soviet, 8; arrested and imprisoned by Provisional Government, 9, 10; L writes to on publishing The State and the Revolution, 11; released, 12; opposes L’s plan for October Revolution, 13, 14; rejoins Central Committee, 15; and demand for socialist coalition, 16; resigns from Central Committee, 17; warns of political catastrophe, 18; disbelieves European socialist revolution, 19; and Brest-Litovsk agreement, 20; in Moscow, 21; in administration of Moscow, 22; complains of Cheka conduct, 23; and establishment of Ukrainian Soviet Republic, 24; negotiates trade agreement in London, 25; approves introduction of NEP, 26; heart trouble, 27; pleads for formal justice, 28; L proposes demoting in Central Committee, 29; supports L on constitution question, 30; concern over L’s deteriorating condition, 31; L writes to on delegation of Sovnarkom functions, 32; L’s relations with, 33; allows L to dictate to secretaries, 34; told of Stalin’s abuse of Krupskaya, 35, 36; L considers as successor, 37; supports Stalin at 12th Party Congress, 38; rebuffs Trotski’s Left Opposition, 39; visits sick L at Gorki, 40; at L’s funeral, 41; memorialises L, 42; loses in opposition to Stalin, 43

Kammerer, Luisa & Titus, 1

Kamo (pseud., i.e. Semyon A. Ter-Petrosian), 1

Karamzin, Nikolai, 1

Karpinski, Vladimir, 1, 2

Kashkadamova, Vera, 1

Kautsky, Karl: influence on L, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; L cites, 6; financial responsibilities, 7, 8, 9; and Party factional disputes, 10; supports German Party’s vote on war credits, 11; disbelieves workers’ revolution, 12; and plans for socialist government, 13, 14; L refutes, 15, 16, 17; invited to Swiss internationalist socialist conferences, 18; L insults, 19; in L’s The State and Revolution, 20; criticises L’s interpretation of Marx, 21; L denounces for not challenging German capitalism, 22; The Agrarian Question, 23

Kazan, 1, 2, 3, 14; see also Imperial Kazan University

Kedrov, Mikhail, 1

Keep, John, 1

Kerenski, Alexander: on political techniques, 1; father teaches L, 2; L posits possible alliance with Milyukov, 3; and February 1917 revolution, 4; self-confidence, 5; reputation and publicity, 6; maintains commitment to conduct of war, 7, 8; and failure of Russian military offensive, 9; appointed prime minister, 10, 11; L accuses of despotism, 12; differences with Kornilov, 13; forms Directory, 14; and L’s proposals for insurrection, 15; mounts army patrols, 16; Trotski announces overthrow of, 17; possible abandonment by Mensheviks, 18; escapes, 19; armed opposition to Bolsheviks, 20; film appearances, 21

Kerenski, Fëdor, 1, 2

Keskuela, Alexander, 1

Keynes, John Maynard, 1

Khalturin, Stepan, 1, 2, 3

Khardin, Andrei, 1, 2

Khrushchëv, Nikita S., 1, 2

Kiental: internationalist socialist conference (1916), 1, 2

Kierkegaard, Søren, 1

Klasson, Robert, 1, 2, 3

Klemperer, Georg, 1, 2, 3, 4

Kobachidze (Georgian official), 1

Kocher, Theodor, 1

Kokushkino (estate), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

Kolchak, Admiral Alexander, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Kollontai, Alexandra: in Oslo in First World War, 1; and February 1917 revolution, 2; and L’s 1917 arrival in Petrograd, 3, 4; supports nervous L in speechmaking, 5; arrested and imprisoned, 6; and Dybenko’s arrest, 7; leads Workers’ Opposition, 8; L concedes to demands, 9; takes trip down Volga, 10; on L and Inessa Armand, 11; disputes with Inessa, 12; The Love of Worker Bees, 13

kombedy (committees of village poor), 1, 2, 3

Komuch (Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Komykova, Alexandra (bookseller), 1

Kornilov, General Lavr, 1, 2, 3, 4

Korobko (St Petersburg Marxist), 1

Koshelnikov, Yakov, 1

Kozhevnikov, Dr A.M., 1, 2

Kraków (Poland), 1, 2

Kramer, Professor Vasili, 1, 2

Krasin, Leonid, 1, 2, 3, 4

Krasnov, General Pëtr N., 1

Krasnoyarsk, 1

Kremer, Alexander, 1

Kremlëv, Rector N.A., 1

Kremlin, Moscow: L moves into, 1; L revisits during final illness, 1

Krestinskaya, Vera, 1

Krestinski, Nikolai, 1, 2, 3

Kronstadt: sailors’ hostility to Provisional Government, 1; naval mutiny in, 2, 3

Krumbyugel, L. (St Petersburg publishers), 1

Krupskaya, Nadezhda Konstantinova (Nadya): marriage to and relations with L, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17; relations with L’s family, 18, 19, 20, 21; in discussion group with L, 22; L writes to in code from prison, 23; joins L in Shushenskoe (Siberia), 24, 25, 26, 27; background and career, 28; revolutionary activities and interests, 29; appearance and health, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34; childlessness, 35, 36, 37, 38; term of exile, 39, 40; on love in L’s life, 41; joins L in Munich, 42; protects L from followers, 43; in London with L, 44; cooking inadequacy, 45, 46, 47; entertains Trotski, 48; and L’s ill-health, 49, 50, 51; helps L’s followers, 52; Swiss holiday with L, 53; and L’s railing against Bolshevik colleagues, 54; attends Second Party Congress, 55; returns to St Petersburg with L (1905), 56; in Finland, 57; flees Finland, 58; organises liaison with Russian Bolsheviks, 59; joins L in Stockholm, 60; in Paris, 61, 62; cycling trips with L, 63; and L’s relations with Inessa Armand, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68; moves with L to Kraków, 69; as secretary of Foreign Bureau of Central Committee, 70; moves to Poronin, 71; operation for thyroid, 72; improved relations with Inessa Armand, 73; under suspicion at outbreak of First World War, 74; flees to neutral Switzerland, 75; and mother’s death, 76; stands by L in war, 77; keeps record of political contacts, 78; financial difficulties, 79; plans Pedagogical Encyclopaedia,80; learns of February 1917 revolution, 81; and L’s 1917 return to Russia, 82, 83, 84; and L’s new style in Petrograd, 85; gives up secretaryship post, 86; works in Vyborg industrial district, 87, 88; interrogated about L’s whereabouts, 89; absence from L during refuge in Finland, 90; visits L in Petrograd, 91; life with L in Petrograd, 92; appointed Deputy Commissar of Popular Enlightenment, 93; and L’s overwork, 94; Finnish holiday with L, 95; moves with government to Moscow, 96, 97; convalesces, 98; and assassination attempt on L, 99; joins L on private walks, 100; medical treatment in Sokolniki, 101; on workers’ intransigence, 102, 103; letters from L, 104; visits Volga region, 105; and death of Inessa Armand, 106; joins L at Gorki, 107; nurses L after stroke, 108, 109; quarrels with Maria Ilinichna, 110; given right to open L’s sealed letter to Party Congress, 111; sits with and assists L during illness, 112, 113, 114; Stalin abuses, 115, 116; present at L’s coma and death, 117; and Trotski’s party split, 118; and L’s funeral and embalming, 119; memorialises L, 120; relations with Stalin after L’s death, 121

Krupskaya, Yelizaveta Vasilevna (Nadezhda’s mother): accompanies daughter in exile, 1, 2, 3; cooks for L, 4, 5; health suffers in Siberia, 6; meets L’s sisters, 7; travels abroad with daughter, 8, 9, 10, 11; refuses to re-emigrate to Switzerland, 12; relations with L, 13; death, 14

Krushvits (tenant farmer), 1, 2, 3, 4

Krzhizhanovski, Gleb, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Kseshinskaya mansion (site of April 1917 Party Conference) 1

Kseshinskaya, Matilda, 1

Kuibyshev, Valeryan, 1, 2

kulaki: L defines, 1; L urges suppression of, 2, 3; Osip Chernov defends, 4; attacked at 10th Party Conference, 5; see also peasants

Kun, Béla, 1, 2, 3

Kuokkala (Finland), 1, 2

Kuskova, Yekaterina D., 1

Lafargue, Paul, 1, 2

Lalayants, Isaak, 1, 2

land: restored to peasants, 1, 2, 3, 4; L abandons call for nationalisation of, 5; Chernov’s policy on, 6; L’s 1917 decree on, 7, 8, 9, 10; private owenership abolished, 11; basic law on socialisation of, 12

Land and Freedom (party), 1, 2

Lapshin (bird-catcher), 1

Larin, Yuri, 1, 2

Lashevich, Mikhail M., 1

Latvia, 1, 2

Lavrov, Pëtr, 1

Lebedour, Georg, 1

Le Bon, Gustave, 1

Left Communists, 1, 2, 3, 4

Left Opposition, 1

Left Socialist-Revolutionaries: refuse to join coalition with Bolsheviks, 1; Shteinberg leads, 2; confidence in European socialist revolution, 3; co-operate with Bolsheviks in government, 4, 5, 6; and elections to Constituent Assembly, 7, 8; refuse to accept Brest-Litovsk Treaty, 9, 10; withdraw from government, 11; separate from Bolsheviks, 12; uprising against Bolsheviks, 13, 14, 15; at 5th Congress of Soviets, 16; L suppresses, 17, 18

Legcher, Dr, 1 Lengnik, Fridrikh V., 2, 3

Lenin, Vladimir Ilich (born Ulyanov): names, 1; achievements, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8; excuses Malinovski, 9; demands and predicts revolution, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17; documentation on, 18; personality, 19, 20, 21; hostility towards Stalin, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29; attachment to Inessa Armand, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37; attitude to and interest in women, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42; destructive urges, 43; education, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49; family background and ancestry, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55; reaction to brother Alexander’s execution, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61; relations with Krupskaya, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73; introduces NEP, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80; reading, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93; initial obscurity, 94; poor health, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109; birth, 110; Jewish blood, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117; grandfather Blank examines, 118; childhood, 119, 120; appearance and dress, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129; eyesight, 130; relations with siblings, 131, 132; marriage, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138; knowledge of classics, 139, 140, 141; attitude to artistic interests, 142; accident while fishing, 143; and father’s death, 144; misbehaviour after father’s death, 145; anti-social manner, 146, 147; gives up smoking, 148; studies law at Imperial Kazan University, 149, 150; atheism, 151, 152, 153; life at Kokushkino, 154; early revolutionary ideas and activities, 155, 156, 157, 158; financial resources, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165; expelled from Kazan University, 166; chess-playing, 167; attitude to peasants, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180; life at Alakaevka, 181; translating, 182, 183; repudiates sentiment in politics, 184, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190; brings action against Arefev, 191; registers at St Petersburg University, 192; helped and supported by sisters and mother, 193, 194, 195, 196; temper, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203; qualifies and practises as lawyer, 204, 205, 206; on Volga famine (1891–2), 207; revolutionary activities in St Petersburg, 208, 209, 210; writing, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, ref; belligerence in discussion, 230; remoteness from workers, 231; linguistic talents, 232, 233; Russianism, 234; hatred of established order, 235; cycling, 236, 237, 238; gastric problems, 239, 240, 241; love of order and tidiness, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247; uses pseudonyms and aliases, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252; difficulty with German language, 253, 254; travels to Switzerland (1895), 255; arrested and detained, 256; exile in Siberia, 257, 258; affection for mother, 276, 277, 278; nervous tension, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287; need for heroes, 288; hunting and fishing, 289, 290, 291; mentioned in Encyclopaedic Dictionary, 292; leaves Russia (1900), 2 93; relations with Plekhanov, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299; disillusioned by Plekhanov, 300; life in Munich, 301; passion for Wagner, 302; adopts name Lenin, 303; proposes clandestine party, 304; literary style, 305; attracts followers, 306; leadership and authority, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320; in London, 321; learns English, 322; suffers from erysipelas, 323, 324, 325; attends Second Party Congress, 326, 327; and Bolshevik-Menshevik split, 328, 329; resigns from Iskra and Party Council, 330; self-belief, 331, 332, 333, 334; in Paris, 335, 336, 337; Swiss holiday, 338; hears of 1905 ‘Bloody Sunday’ massacre, 339; attends Third Party Congress, 340; standpoint on European War, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346; declines to return to Russia, 347, 348; returns to St Petersburg (1905–6), 349; oratory and speechmaking, 350, 351; advocates violent methods and terror, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362; attends Fourth Party Congress, 363; in Finland (1906–7), 363; attends Fifth Party Congress, 364; leaves Finland for Geneva, 365; eating habits, 366; relations with mother-in-law, 367, 368; disputes and breach with Bogdanov, 369, 370; visits Gorki in Capri, 371; overwork and strain, 372,373, 374, 375, 376; resigns from board of Social-Democrat, 377; remains childless, 378, 379, 380; travels in Europe, 381; decides on Party Conference (1911), 382; intellectual influences on, 383, 384; sense of mission, 385, 386; serves on Party Central Committee, 387, 388; growing reputation among socialist parties, 389; in Kraków, 390, 391; ends relationship with Inessa Armand, 392, 393, 394, 395; outdoor recreations, 396, 397, 398, 399; and factionalism among Bolsheviks, 400, 401; spends time in Galicia, 402; remoteness from daily affairs, 403; apprehended and released in Poland, 404; refuge in neutral Switzerland, 405; discusses matters of love with Inessa, 406; and mother’s death, 407; separation from Russian activities in war, 408, 409; plans socialist government, 410, 411; notebooks, 412, 413, 414; develops political philosophy, 41; believes in international socialist revolution, 415, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426; pre-Revolution qualities and status, 427; learns of February 1917 revolution, 428; return to Russia (1917), 429; idolised by sister Anna, 430; political passions, 431; presents revolutionary programme in Petrograd (1917), 432; mixes with workers, 433, 434; political style and manner, 435; heart attacks, 436, 437, 438, 439; image and propaganda, 440, 441, 442; press opposition to, 443; leaves and returns to Petrograd (June-July 1917), 444; pacifies armed demonstrators (1917), 445; denounced as German spy, 446; Provisional Government issues arrest warrant for, 446; flight, hiding and refuge in Finland, 447, 448; shaves off beard and moustache, 449; revised policies rejected by Central Committee, 500, 501, 502, 503; evasions and untruthfulness, 504; political illiberalism and prejudices, 505, 506; calls for immediate insurrection, 507; wears wigs for disguise, 508, 509; addresses Central Committee on need for insurrection, 510; plans and proposes October Revolution, 511, 512; addresses Petrograd Soviet on October Revolution, 513; assumes power, 514, 515, 516, 517; drafts and presents decrees, 518, 519, 520; appointed Chairman of Sovnarkom, 521, 522, 523; governmental aims and objectives, 524, 524, 526, 527, 528; government’s durability questioned, 529; sets up Extraordinary Commission, 530; class attitudes, 531, 532, 533; life with Krupskaya in Petrograd, 534; satirised, 535; working practices and assistants, 536, 537, 538, 539; proposes separate peace in World War I (Brest-Litovsk Treaty), 540, 541, 542, 543, 544; Finnish holiday (December 1917), 545; authoritarianism, 546, 547, 548, 549; demands discipline of workers, 550; assassination attempts on, 551, 552, 553; forces closure of Constituent Assembly, 554; moves with government to Moscow, 555; economic policies, 556, 557, 558, 559, 560, 561; misidentified, fired at and arrested, 562; and assassination of Romanovs, 563; part in Civil War, 564, 565, 566, 567; organising and administration, 568, 569, 570, 571; robbed by armed men, 572; remoteness from provincial administration, 573, 574; at First Congress of Comintern, 575; on national question, 576, 577, 578; justifications at 8th Party Congress, 579; and party supremacy, 580, 397, 581, 582, 583, 584, 585, 586; appears in film, 587; tolerance of workers’ intransigence, 588, 589; post-Revolution policies, 590, 591; dispute with Trotski over grain requisitioning, 592; loses revolver to bodyguard, 593; fiftieth birthday celebrations, 594; launches war against Poland, 595, 596, 597; at Second Comintern Congress, 598, 599; sues for peace after defeat by Poland, 600; German Communist Party opposes, 601; and death of Inessa Armand, 602, 603; justifies war with Poland, 604; in ‘trade union discussion’, 605, 606; at 10th Party Congress, 607; on workers’ control of factories, 608; attacked at 10th Party Conference, 609; declares for ‘peaceful coexistence’, 610; convalesces at Gorki, 611, 612, 613, 614, 615, 616; work-load reduced on health grounds, 617, 618, 619; loses will to work, 620; mental state and ‘obsessions’, 621; considers suicide, 622, 623, 624; operation for removal of bullet, 625, 626; specialist medical examinations and diagnoses, 627, 628; suffers strokes, 629, 630, 631, 632; Political Testament, 633, 634, 635, 636, 637; in party disputes over foreign trade and constitution, 638; social manners, 639; addresses 4th Comintern Congress, 640; considers successors, 641, 642, 643, 644; dictates to secretaries during illness, 645, 646, 647, 648; final coma, death and funeral, 649; embalmed and displayed in mausoleum, 650; posthumous reputation and cult, 651, 652

WORKS: April Theses, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11; ‘Better Fewer, But Better’, 12; The Current Tasks of Soviet Power, 13; The Development of Capitalism in Russia, 14, 15, 16; Economic Studies and Articles, 17; ‘How We Should Reorganise Rabkrin’, 18; Imperialism as the Highest Stage of Capitalism, 19; ‘Letter to a Comrade about our Organisational Tasks’, 20, 21; ‘Letter to the Congress’, 22, 23; ‘Marxism and Insurrection’ (letter), 24; Materialism and Empiriocriticism, 25, 26; ‘New Economic Trends in Peasant Life’, 27; ‘On Compromises’, 28; ‘On Cooperation’, 29; On the Food Tax, 30, 31; ‘On the Question of the Nationalities or about “Autonomisation”’, 32; ‘On Slogans’, 33; One Step Forward, Two Steps Back, 34, 35; ‘Picture of the Provisional Revolutionary Government’, 36; Proletarian Revolution and Kautsky the Renegade, 37; The State and the Revolution, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47; ‘The Tasks of Revolutionary Social-Democracy in the European War’, 48; ‘The Theory of Realisation’, 49; ‘Theses on the Question of a Separate and Annexationist Peace’, 50; Two Tactics of Russian Social-Democracy in the Democratic Revolution, 51, 52; What Is to Be Done?, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64

Leningrad see St Petersburg

Lepeshinski, Panteleimon & Olga, 1

Lermontov, Mikhail, 1, 2, 3

Leshchenko, Dmitri, 1

Lewin, Moshe, 1

Liber, Mark, 1, 2

Liberation of Labour Group, 1

Liberation (organisation) see Union of Liberation

Liebknecht, Karl, 1, 2

Liebknecht, Wilhelm, 1

Liebman, Marcel, 1

Lindhagen, Karl, 1

Liquidators, 1

List, Friedrich, 1

Lithuania, 1, 2

London: L moves to, 1, 2; Third Party Congress in, 3

Longjumeau (France), 1

Lozgachëv, Georgi (‘Gora’), 1, 2, 3, 4

Luch (Menshevik newspaper), 1

Ludendorff, General Erich, 1

Lunacharski, Anatoli, 1, 2, 3, 4

Luxemburg, Rosa, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Lvov, Prince Georgi, 1, 2, 3

Lyubimov, A.I., 1, 2

Machiavelli, Niccolò, 1, 2,3

Main Political Administration (GPU): established, 1, 2

Malia, Martin, 1

Malinovski, Roman, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

Martov, Yuli: activities in St Petersburg, 1; friendship with L, 2, 3, 4, 5; Jewish background, 6, 7, 8, 9; detained, 10; exiled to Siberia, 11, 12; on board of Iskra, 13, 14, 15; and L’s writing of What Is to Be Done?, 16; leadership qualities, 17; in London, 18; moves Iskra to Geneva, 19; dispute with L at Second Party Congress, 20, 21; forms Menshevik party, 22, 23; attacks L, 24; L repudiates, 25, 26, 27; declines to attend Third Party Congress, 28; and Bolsheviks in Duma elections, 29; self-questioning, 30; approached by Bolshevik Centre, 31; and First World War, 32, 33; disbelieves workers’ revolution, 34; and international socialism, 35; and L’s return to Russia after revolution, 36; criticises L’s interpretation of Marx, 37; calls for socialist administration, 38; differences with L, 39

Marx, Karl: L’s interpretation of, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8; influence on L, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20; appeal to Russian revolutionaries, 21; Chernyshevski reads, 22; attitude to peasants, 23, 24; on agrarian Russia, 25; Plekhanov’s interpretation of, 26; and Russian economic trends, 27; Bernstein’s revisionism, 28; Kautsky defends, 29; L cites, 30; and revolution, 31; influenced by Enlightenment, 32; in L’s The State and Revolution, 33, 34; views on historical development, 35; L displays portrait of, 36; advocates workers’ control of factories, 37; work ethic, 38; on socialism in peasant society, 39; L promoted as successor to, 40; Capital, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47; The Poverty of Philosophy, 48; Theses on Feuerbach, 49

Marxism: as prominent ideology in Russian Empire, 1, 2; Russian revolutionaries embrace, 3; L’s interest in and understanding of, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8; and class struggle, 9; study circles, 10; workers in, 11, 12; L writes on, 13; in Russia, 14; and L’s proposal for party, 15; and Bolshevik-Menshevik split, 16; Russian leaders repressed, 17; predicts stages of revolution, 18; and historical development, 19; on industrial levels as prerequisite for socialist state, 20

Marxism–Leninism, 1, 2, 3, 4

Marxism–Leninism–Stalinism, 1

Maslov, Pëtr, 1, 2

Mayakovski, Vladimir, 1

Mdivani, P.G., 1, 2, 3

Medvedev, Roy, 1

Mehring, Franz, 1, 2

Mendeleev, Dmitri Ivanovich, 1, 2

Mensheviks: formed, 1, 2; L attacks, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15; attend Third Party Congress, 16; on dictatorship of proletariat, 17; L wishes reunification with, 18; at 4th Party Congress, 19; doctrines, 20; defeated at 5th Party Congress, 21; criticise L for megalomania, 22; minimal representation at Prague Conference, 23; legal status, 24; in Fourth Duma, 25; form Petrograd Soviet, 26; and February 1917 revolution, 27; support Provisional Government, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32; meet L on 1917 return to Russia, 33; denied wish for unified party, 34; as separate party, 35; Trotski leaves, 36; apprehension over Bolshevik demonstration, 37; decline, 38; and Bolshevik plans for armed demonstration, 39; strength in soviets, 40; and October Revolution, 41; and Second All-Russia Congress of Soviets, 42; land policy, 43; demand broader socialist coalition, 44; L refuses compromise with, 45; and suppression of Constituent Assembly, 46; repressed, 47, 48, 49, 50; support grain-trade monopoly, 51; and L’s socialism, 52; advocate NEP, 53; posthumous accounts of L, 54; see also Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party

Meshcherski, Vladimir P., 1, 2

Meshcheryakov, Nikolai, 1

Meyer, Alfred, 1

Michels, Robert, 1

Mickiewicz, Sergei, 1

Mikhail Alexandrovich, Grand Duke, 1

Mikhailovski, Nikolai, 1, 2

Military Opposition, 1

Military-Revolutionary Committee (of Petrograd Soviet), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Mill, John Stuart, 1

Milyukov, Pavel, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6>, 7, 8

Milyutin, Vladimir, 1

Minsk, 1

Mints, V.M., 1

Minusinsk district (Siberia), 1, 2

Mirbach, Wilhelm, Count von: assassinated, 1, 2

Mitchell, Isaac H., 1

Modenovo, 1

Modrácêk, Franz, 1

Molotov, Vyacheslav M., 1, 2, 3, 4

Morgari, Odino, 1, 2

Morozov, Savva, 1

Mosca, Gaetano, 1

Moscow: Ulyanovs move to, 1; L in, 2; December 1905 rising, 3; Soviet, 4; L moves government to, 5; character, 6; 1921 strikes in, 7

Moscow Province Party Conference (1920), 1

Mukden, Battle of (1905), 1

Munich, 1, 2

Mussolini, Benito, 1

Myshkin, Ippolit, 1, 2

Nadezhdin, L., 1

Napoleon I (Bonaparte), Emperor of France, 1

narodniki (agrarian socialists), 1, 2; see also agrarian socialism

‘national question’, 1, 2, 3, 4

nationalisation, 1, 2

Nazaretyan, Amayak, 1

Nazareva, Gertruda, 1

Nechaev, Sergei, 1, 2

Nefedev, Nikolai, 1, 2

Neivola (Finland), 1, 2

NEP see New Economic Policy

Nevzorova, Zinaida, 1

New Economic Policy (NEP): L introduces and justifies (1921), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7; denounced at 10th Party Conference, 8; in operation, 9, 10; and continuance of terror, 11; and private foreign trade, 12

Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia: attacked by revolutionary parties, 1; unpopularity, 2; and killing of petitioners (1905), 3; October Manifesto of reforms (1905), 4, 5; disperses Duma and calls new elections, 6; and Basic Law, 7; L wishes for overthrow, 8; in First World War, 9, 10; and February 1917 revolution, 11; prorogues Fourth State Duma, 12; and Provisional Government, 13; secret treaties with Allies, 14; assassinated, 15

Nietzsche, Friedrich, 1

Nikolaev, Ivan, 1

Nizhni Novgorod, 1, 2

Nobel oil company, 1

North Vietnam, 1

Northern Congress of Soviets (1917), 1

Noske, Gustav, 1

Noskov, Vladimir A., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Nowy Targ (Poland), 1

Obukh, Professor Vladimir A., 1

October revolution (1917): and Leninist ideology, 1; disputes over, 2; L plans, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7; success, 8; L proclaims achievements of, 9; and economic policy, 10

Octobrists, 1

Okhrana (secret police): apprehends Alexander Ulyanov, 1; in Chekhov story, 2; follows L to St Petersburg (1895), 3; detains L, 4; arrests Yakubova and Krupskaya, 5; surveillance of L abroad, 6, 7; and L’s nom-de-plume, 8; L safe from in London, 9; warns Belgian police, 10; activities in Russian Empire, 11, 12, 13; L believes free from, 14; and L in Finland, 15; uses Bolshevik agents, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21; and emigrants, 22; arrests Central Committee members, 23; arrests Inessa Armand, 24; arrests Bolsheviks in war, 25; crushes strikes, 26; and Piłsudski, 27

Old Believers, 1, 1

one-party state, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

Order of Lenin, 1

Ordzhonikidze, Sergo: in Russian

Organisational Commission, 1; admires L, 2; organises Prague Conference, 3; proposes reform of Bolshevik leadership, 4; on armed demonstration (1917), 5; attacks Georgian leaders, 6, 7, 8; and L’s political testament, 9, 10

Orest, Father, 1

Orgburo (Organisational Bureau of Central Committee), 1

Orthodox Church: dominance, 1; repressed, 2, 3

Osinski, Nikolai, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Osipanov, Vasili S., 1

Osipov, G.I., 1

Osipov, Professor Viktor, 1, 2, 3

Ottoman Empire see Turkey

Otzovists (‘Recallists’), 1, 2

Pakaln, Pëtr, 1, 2, 3

Pankhurst, Sylvia, 1

Pannekoek, Antonie, 1

Paris: L visits, 1; L lives in, 2, 3, 4, 5; Party Central Committee meets in (1911), 6

Paris Commune (1871), 1, 2

Party of Constitutional Democrats (Kadets): and 2nd Congress of Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party, 1; formed, 2; at 5th Party Congress, 3; status in Provisional Government, 4, 5, 6, 7; and L’s plans for revolution, 8; L ignores, 9; repressed by Bolsheviks, 10; supports grain-trade monopoly, 11

Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries: formed (1901), 1; land and peasant policy, 2, 3; works to undermine established regime, 4; and L’s return to Russia, 5; supports Provisional Government, 6, 7; Bolsheviks oppose, 8; L repudiates, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13; apprehension over Bolshevik demonstration, 14, 15; decline, 16; strength in soviets, 17; and October Revolution, 18; forms separate party, 19; demands broader socialist coalition, 20; and Constituent Assembly elections, 21; and suppression of Constituent Assembly, 22; repressed by Bolsheviks, 23, 24, 25, 26; supports grain-trade monopoly, 27; and L’s socialism, 28; forms alternative administration, 29; in Civil War, 30, 31; treated as counterrevolutionaries, 32; advocates NEP, 33; accused of instigating Kronstadt mutiny, 34

Parviainen, Pekka, 1

peasants: emancipated (1861), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; life-style and conditions, 7, 8, 9, 10; resist revolutionary ideas, 11; L’s attitude to, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24; attitude to land-ownership and reform, 25; behaviour at Alakaevka, 26; class divisions, 27; in revolutionary thinking, 28; suffer from famine, 29; and capitalism, 30; L writes on, 31; taxed, 32; in L’s economic theories, 33; transfer of lands to, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39; act against landlords, 40; farming methods, 41; resist land nationalisation, 42; and Chernov’s land policy, 43; seize land, 44; in Constituent Assembly elections, 45; desert from army, 46; and state grain-trade monopoly, 47, 48, 49, 50; resent committees of the village poor, 51; in Ukraine, 52; L considers rewards for production increases, 53; and tax-in-kind on grain, 54, 55; uprisings, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60; L advocates hardship under NEP, 61; allowed private trade in grain, 62, 63; suppressed by Red Army, 64; L wishes to join co-operatives, 65; see also kulaki

Peel, Sir Robert, 1

Penza, 1

People’s Freedom (movement), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

People’s Will (organisation), 1, 2

Perm: in Civil War, 1, 2

Persiyanov, Vyacheslav, 1

Peter I (the Great), Tsar, 1, 2, 3

Petrograd see St Petersburg

Piłsudski, Josef, 1, 2, 3

Pipes, Richard, 1

Pisarev, Dmitri, 1, 2

Platten, Fritz, 1, 2

Plekhanov, Georgi Valentinovich: influence on L, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; revolutionary ideas, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11; attitude to peasants, 12; Marx and Engels dismiss, 13; L meets in Switzerland, 14, 15; economic ideas, 16; and Liberation of Labour Group, 17; L resents dominance, 18; on editorial board of Iskra, 19, 20; relations with L, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26; letters from L, 27; advocates Marxism, 28; and L’s What Is to Be Done?, 29; drafts programme for 2nd Congress of Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party, 30, 31; at Second Party Congress, 32; declines to attend Third Party Congress, 33; criticises L’s revolutionary strategy, 34; supports Russian war effort, 35; L attacks in Lausanne, 36; on patriotism of socialists, 37; Our Disagreements, 38

Pleve, Vyacheslav K.: assassinated, 1

Podolsk, 1, 2, 3

Podvoiski, Nikolai, 1, 2

Poland: revolts against Russian Empire, 1; threat to tsarism, 2; and outbreak of First World War, 3; in German peace demands, 4, 5; war with and defeat of USSR (1920), 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12; Soviet peace treaty with (1921), 13

Poletaev, Nikolai G., 1

Politburo (Political Bureau of Central Committee): formed, 1; authority, 2; and Civil War, 3, 4; L chairs, 5, 6, 7; attacked by factions, 8; approves introduction of NEP, 9; L confides ill-health to, 10; and international agreements, 11; and L’s death, 12; orders embalming of L’s body, 13

Politiken (Swedish newspaper), 1

Por, Adolf, 1

Poronin (Poland), 1, 2

Postnikov, Vladimir E., 1

Potapov, N.G., 1

Potresov, Alexander, 1, 2, 3

Prague: 1912 Party conference in, 1

Pravda (newspaper): Bolshevik Centre offers funding for, 1; first issue (1912), 2; L consults with board, 3; L writes for, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8; Stalin edits, 9; Okhrana encourages to violence, 10; closed down by Imperial government, 11; L studies in Finland, 12; revolutionary policy, 13; Maria Ilinichna works for, 14, 15; carries no cartoons of L in 1917, 16; circulation, 17; offices raided, 18; and L’s terror policy, 19; Bukharin edits, 20; publicises L, 21; article supporting economic reform, 22; prints L’s articles on Kronstadt mutiny, 23; on Lenin and NEP, 24; carries portrait of L, 25

Preobrazhenski, Alexander, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Preobrazhenski, Yevgeni, 1, 2

press: freedom restricted under L, 1, 2

Prokopovich, Sergei N., 1

Proletari (newspaper), 1, 2, 3, 4

Provisional Government (Russia): L opposes, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8; programme and policies, 9, 10; L claims to be imperialist, 11; challenged by Bolsheviks, 12; and Bolshevik 1917 armed demonstration, 13, 14; and Bolshevik October Revolution, 15, 16

Prushakevich, Vera, 1

Pskov, 1, 2, 3, 4

Pugachëv, Yemelyan, 1

Pulkovo Heights, battle of (1917), 1

Pushkin, Alexander, 1, 2

Pyatakov, Georgi, 1, 2

Rabinowitch, Alexander, 1

Rabotnik (journal), 1

Radchenko, Stepan, 1, 2, 3, 4

Radek, Karl: writes on imperialism, 1; L’s discussions with, 2; on ‘sealed train’ with L, 3; stays in Stockholm, 4, 5; improves L’s dress, 6; opposes L’s plan for separate peace, 7; at 3rd Comintern Congress, 8; L castigates for promising leniency, 9; L abuses, 10

Rahja, Eino, 1, 2, 3

Rapallo, Treaty of (1922), 1

Rappoport, Charles, 1

Ravich, Olga (Safarov’s wife), 1

Rayment, Henry: teaches English to L, 1

Razin, Stenka, 1

Razliv, 1

Recallists see Otzovists

Rech (Kadet newspaper), 1

Red Army: formed, 1, 2; repressions, 3; in Civil War, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9; under Trotski’s regime, 10, 11; occupies territories lost under Brest-Litovsk Treaty, 12; independence, 13; Trotski proposes tranferring conscripts to ‘labour armies’, 14; and control of borderlands, 15; in 1920 war against Poland, 16, 17, 18; in L’s plans for ‘revolutionary war’, 19; Trotski sets up political commissariats, 20; and suppression of peasant uprisings, 21, 22, 23; suppresses Kronstadt naval mutiny, 24, 25

Reinbot, General and Mrs, 1, 2

religion: in Russian Empire, 1, 2, 3, 4

Resolution on the Formation of a Workers’ and Peasants’ Government (1917), 1

Revolutionary-Military Soviet, 1

revolutions see February revolution; October revolution

Ricardo, David, 1

Rimski-Korsakov, Nikolai Andreevich, 1

Romania, 1

Romanov dynasty: status, 1; L works for overthrow of, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13; popular hatred of, 14, 15; family assassinated, 16; see also Nicholas II

Romberg, Baron Gisbert von, 1, 2

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 1

Rossolino, Professor Grigori, 1

Rovio, Gustav, 1, 2, 3

Rozanov, Professor Vladimir, 1, 2

Rozhkov, N.A., 1, 2

Rudzutak, Jan, 1

Rukavishnikov, Vladimir, 1

Russ, Herr (Zurich butcher), 1

Russell, Bertrand, 1

Russia (pre-revolution; Russian Empire): development and change in, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; education in, 6, 7; revolutionary ideas and movements in, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12; oppressiveness, 13; capitalism in, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20; famines, 21; agrarian economy, 22; popular unrest in, 23; Manifesto of reforms (1905), 24; Bolshevik activities in, 25; legalises political party newspapers, 26; at outbreak of war (1914), 27; L’s separation from in war, 28; wartime arrests of Bolsheviks, 29; L forecasts revolution in, 30; and outcome of First World War, 31; Bolshevik revolutionary aims in, 32; 1917 offensive in First World War, 33

Russia (post-revolution): USSR founded, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; negotiates separate peace (1917–18), 7, 8, 9; terror in, 10; independent republics in, 11; as one-party state, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19; isolation, 20; inter-republican constitutional structure, 21, 22, 23, 24; collapses (1991), 25

Russian Bureau (of Central Committee), 1, 2, 3

Russian Communist Party: L creates, 1; see also Bolsheviks

Russian Organisational Commission, 1

Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party: L’s proposals for, 1; draft programme, 2; Bolshevik-Menshevik split, 3, 4, 5; organisation, 6, 7, 8, 9; L’s dominance in, 10; favours revolution, 11; L recruits activists to, 12; and 1906 Duma elections, 13, 14; complicity in bank robberies, 15; factional disputes, 16, 17; L decides on Party Conference (1911), 18; Prague Conference (1912), 19; L’s reputation in, 20; bureaus, 21, 22

Central Committee: reproaches L, 1; plenum (1910), 2; meets in Paris (1911), 3; elections and composition, 4; concentrates on Russian Empire, 5; organisation, 6; supports Provisional Government, 7

Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (cont.) Congresses: 1st (1898), 1; 2nd (1903), 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7; 3rd (1905), 8, 9, 10, 11; 4th (1906), 12, 13; 5th (1907), 14, 15; 6th (1917), 16 see also Bolsheviks

Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic (RSFSR): relations with other republics, 1, 2, 3, 4

Russian Thought (journal), 1, 2

Russo-Japanese War (1904–5), 1, 2, 3, 4

Russo-Turkish War (1877–8), 1, 2

Rykov, Alexei, 1, 2, 3

Sabunaev, M.V., 1

Safarov, Grigori, 1

St Germain, Treaty of (1920), 1

St Petersburg (Petrograd; Leningrad): University, 1, 2, 3; founded and built, 4; L in, 5, 6, 7; textile strike in (1895), 8; 1905 ‘Bloody Sunday’, 9; L returns to (1905), 10; Soviet, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19; Krupskaya visits (1907), 20; connections with Kraków, 21; 1914 strikes, 22; Bolsheviks arrested in, 23; renamed Petrograd, 24; February 1917 revolution, 25; L stays in on 1917 return to Russia, 26, 27, 28; cultural vitality, 29; worker control of factories, 30; armed Bolshevik demonstrations (1917 ‘July Days’), 31, 32, 33; L returns to after refuge in Finland, 34; in October Revolution, 35, 36; L and Krupskaya reunited in, 37; L moves seat of government from, 38; L revisits, 39; Yudenich marches on, 40; L’s final visit (to 2nd Comintern Congress 1920), 41; 1921 strikes in, 42; renamed Leningrad, 43

Samara, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Samara province, 1, 2 Samoilov, Fëdor A., 3

Sapronov, Timofei D., 1 Sarajevo: 1914 assassinations, 2

Sarbatova, Varvara, 1, 2, 3, 4

Sasha (housemaid), 1, 2

Savelev, Maximilian, 1 Schapiro, Leonard, 2

Scientific Review, The, 1

Second Socialist International see International, Second (Socialist)

Semashko, Nikolai, 1, 2

Serebryakov, L.P., 1

Shalyapin, Fëdor, 1

Shevyrëv, Pëtr, 1, 2

Shklovski, G.L., 1

Shlikhter, Alexander, 1

Shlyapnikov, Alexander, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

Shmidt, Nikolai P.: legacy, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Shotman, Alexander, 1, 2, 3, 4 show trials, 5

Shteinberg, Isaak, 1

Shukht, Apollon, 1

Shukht, Asya, 1

Shushenskoe (Siberia), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Siberia: L exiled to, 1; peasant uprisings (1921), 2, 3

Sibiryakov, Konstantin, 1

Simbirsk (later Ulyanovsk), 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12

Simbirsk Provincial News, 1, 2

Sismondi, Jean Charles Léonard de, 1

Sklyanski, E.M., 1

Sklyarenko, Alexei, 1, 2

Skobelev, Mikhail, 1

Skvortsov, Pavel, 1, 2

Skvortsov-Stepanov, Ivan I., 1

slogans, 1, 2, 3

Social-Democrat (newspaper), 1, 2

socialism: L’s practice of, 1, 2; and international revolution, 3, 4, 5

Socialist International, Second see International, Second (Socialist)

Socialist-Revolutionaries see Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries

Sokolniki, 1

Sokolnikov, Grigori, 1, 2, 3

Sokolov, V.N., 1

Soloukhin, Valentin, 1

Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 1

Sorin, Vladimir, 1

Soviet Union see Russia (post-revolution)

soviets: established, 1; Bolsheviks despise, 2; L wishes to form basis of power, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8; Bolsheviks enter, 9, 10; Menshevik and Socialist-Revolutionary strength in, 11; support Sovnarkom, 12; international usage, 13

Sovnarkom (Council of People’s Commissars): L sets up, 1; L chairs, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; exercises power, 7, 8; soviets support, 9; composition, 10; at Smolny Institute, 11; proceedings, 12; breaks up Constituent Assembly, 13, 14; asserts authority, 15; moves to Moscow, 16; represses Mensheviks, 17; and L’s socialist policies, 18; under authority of Politburo and Orgburo, 19; administration, 20; runs one-party state, 21

Spartacus League (Germany), 1

Spencer, Herbert, 1

Spengler, Osvald: The Decline of the West, 1

Stalin, Iosif Vissarionovich: L denounces and attempts to remove (1923), 1, 2, 3; seized by Okhrana, 4; urges L to attempt to persuade Bolshevik deputies, 5; supports Provisional Government, 6; opposes land nationalisation, 7; efficiency, 8; lodges with Alliluevs, 9; shaves off L’s beard and moustache, 10; appointed Commissar for Nationalities Affairs, 11, 12; refuses compromise with socialist parties, 13; disbelieves European socialist revolution, 14, 15; recalls L from holiday for advice, 16; doubts on separate 1918 peace, 17; in Moscow, 18; disputes with Trotski, 19, 20, 21; L criticises for losses in Civil War, 22; in war against Poland, 23, 24, 25; dispute with L over European socialist union, 26; in ‘trade union discussion’, 27; approves introduction of NEP, 28; appendectomy, 29; and L’s suicidal state, 30, 31; as party General Secretary, 32; L proposes excluding from Central Committee, 33; opposes L on foreign trade and constitution, 34, 35, 36; L’s growing hostility to, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42; and L’s deteriorating condition, 43; and status of Georgia, 44, 45; allows L to dictate to secretaries during illness, 46; abuses Krupskaya, 47, 48; oversees L’s medical regime, 49; in L’s political testament, 50; orders burning of L’s ‘Letter to the Congress’, 51; displeased at L’s health improvement, 52; L rebukes by letter for abuse of Krupskaya, 53; attempts to persuade wife to cease being party member, 54; at 12th Party Congress, 55; rebuffs Trotski’s Left Opposition, 56; at L’s death and funeral, 57; advocates display of L’s corpse, 58; relations with Krupskaya after L’s death, 59; memorialises L, 60; dominance and regime after L’s death, 61, 62; and Great Terror, 63; initiates First Five-Year Plan, 64; Khrushchëv’s revelations on, 65, 66; prohibits publication of L’s correspondence, 67; Questions of Leninism, 68

Starkov, Vasili V., 1

Starokonstantinov, 1

Stasova, Yelena, 1, 2

state, the: disappearance under communism, 1; and terror, 2, 3, 4; monopolies, 5; one-party, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13

‘state capitalism’, 1

State Planning Commission, 1

Stockholm: 4th Party Congress in, 1, 2; L meets mother in, 3, 4; L passes through on 1917 return to Russia, 5

Stolypin, Pëtr: reforms, 1; 1907 constitutional coup, 2

Stowe, Harriet Beecher: Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 1, 2, 3

Strumpel, Professor A., 1, 2

Struve, Pëtr: in St Petersburg, 1, 2, 3, 4; on L’s writing, 5; manifesto for Russian Democratic-Labour Party, 6; founds Union of Liberation, 7, 8; helps L found Iskra, 9; Plekhanov refutes, 10; Critical Remarks on the Question of Russian Economic Development, 11, 12

Strzhalkovski, V.M., 1

Stupishin (Nicholas II’s servant), 1s

Sukhanov, Nikolai, 1, 2, 3; Notes on the Revolution, 4

Suliashvili, David, 1

Sulimova, Maria L., 1

Suny, Ronald, 1

Supreme Council of the National Economy, 1, 2

Sverdlov, Yakov: arrested, 1; runs L’s Secretariat, 2, 3; briefs L on return to Petrograd, 4; and Constitutional Assembly elections, 5, 6; supports L on revolutionary political consolidation, 7; chairs Congress of Soviets Presidium, 8; promotes Party in provinces, 9; reports on German ultimatum, 10; in Moscow, 11; administrative duties, 12, 13; death, 14; criticised, 15

Sviyazhk, battle of (1918), 1

Swann, Rev. F.R., 1

Switzerland: L first visits (1895), 1; L revisits (1900), 2, 3; L revisits (1903), 4; L and Krupskaya holiday in, 5, 6; L stays in (1907), 7; L and Krupskaya take refuge in during First World War, 8, 9; L leaves for Russia after revolution, 10

Syzran, 1

Takhtarëv, K.M., 1, 2

Tambov province, 1, 2, 3

Tampere (Finland), 1

Taratuta, Viktor, 1, 2

Taylor, Frederick Winslow, 1

Tchaikovsky see Chaikovski terror: L on state and, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11; Trotski advocates, 12, 13; see also Great Terror

Theen, Rolf, 1

Thiers, Adolphe, 1

Tikhomirnov, Viktor A., 1

Tkachëv, Pëtr, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Tolstoi, Count Lev, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7; War and Peace, 8

Tomski, Mikhail, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

‘trade union discussion’, 1, 2, 3

Trans-Siberian Railway: completed, 1

Transcaucasian Soviet Federation, 1, 2

Trepov, Fëdor, 1, 2

Trianon Treaty (1920), 1

Trotski, Lev: on political techniques, 1; visits L in London, 2; Jewishness, 3; advocates worker government, 4; in revolutionary St Petersburg (1905), 5; speech-making, 6; produces Pravda, 7; organises rival party conference (Vienna), 8; on small numbers of international socialists, 9; influenced by Helphand-Parvus, 10; joins Bolsheviks, 11; arrested and imprisoned, 12; released, 13; threatens opponents of Bolshevism with guillotine, 14; and plans for October Revolution, 15; in October Revolution, 16; announces overthrow of Kerenski, 17; L consults over draft of decrees, 18; appointed Commissar for External Affairs, 19, 20; refuses compromise with other socialist parties, 21; concern for general policy, 22; negotiates at Brest-Litovsk for separate 1918 peace, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27; occupies apartment in Petrograd, 28; hostility to Constituent Assembly, 29; at 7th Party Congress, 30; in Moscow, 31; as Commissar of Military Affairs, 32; attempts to disarm Czech Legion, 33; leads Red Army in Civil War, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38; disputes with Stalin, 39, 40, 41; and L’s leadership, 42; terrorist acts, 43; at First Comintern Congress, 44; criticised for Red Army organisation, 45; image and acclaim, 46; disputes with L on economic policy, 47, 48, 49, 50; proposes militarisation of labour, 51, 52; in war against Poland, 53, 54, 55; opposes invading Poland, 56; advocates NEP, 57; proposes banning strikes and controlling trade unions, 58, 59; incurs rancour of party, 60; suppresses Kronstadt naval mutiny, 61; overwork and strain, 62, 63; L forbids from travelling to Genoa conference, 64; L proposes excluding from Central Committee, 65; character and manner, 66; supports foreign trade monopoly, 67; L’s alliance with, 68, 69, 70; in L’s political testament, 71, 72; L requests to represent Georgian case, 73; predicts colonial troubles, 74; at 12th Party Congress, 75; criticises party’s weaknesses, 76; rests at Sukhumi, 77; and L’s death, 78; memorialises L, 79; denigrated after L’s death, 80; writes on L, 81; The New Course, 82

Trotskyists: and introduction of NEP, 1

Tsereteli, Irakli, 1, 2

Tsushima, Battle of (1905), 1

Tsyurupa, A.D., 1, 2

Tugan-Baranovski, Mikhail: in St Petersburg, 1, 2, 3, 4; The Russian Factory, 5

Tukhachevski, General Mikhail, 1, 2

Tula, 1

Turgenev, Ivan, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Turkey (Ottoman Empire): war with Russia (1877–8), 1, 2; in First World War, 3; Soviet deal with (1921), 4

Turukhansk (Siberia), 1

Udelnaya, 1

Ufa, 1, 2, 3

Ukhta forced-labour camp, 1

Ukraine: in Russian Empire, 1; regional autonomy campaign, 2; nationalism in, 3, 4; in German peace terms, 5, 6; established as Soviet republic, 7, 8; Piłsudski invades, 9; Stalin wishes to incorporate into RSFSR, 10, 11; peasant uprisings, 12, 13; famine, 14

Ulam, Adam, 1

Ultimatumists, 1, 2

Ulyanov family, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10

Ulyanov, Alexander Ilich (L’s elder brother; Sasha): hanged, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9; birth, 10; childhood, 11, 12, 13; schooling, 14; model soldiers and battles, 15; L admires, 16; studies at St Petersburg University, 17, 18; and father’s death, 19, 20; criticises L for misbehaviour, 21; revolutionary activities, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27; arrested and tried, 28, 29; moral values, 30; health problems, 31; diligence in studies, 32

Ulyanova, Alexandra or Anna (L’s grandmother), 1, 2

Ulyanova, Anna Ilinichna (L’s elder sister; Anyuta): on non-Russian ancestry, 1, 2; birth, 3; visits grandmother, 4; memoirs and writings on L, 5, 6, 7; relations with siblings, 8; marriage, 9; education and upbringing, 10, 11; and L’s schooling, 12; piano-playing, 13; teacher training, 14, 15, 16, 17; travels with father, 18; and father’s illness and death, 19; and brother Alexander’s arrest and execution, 20, 21; financial position, 22; and L’s expulsion from university, 23; marriage to Yelizarov, 24; helps L, 25; temper, 26; helps famine victims, 27, 28; lives in Moscow, 29; deference to Struve, 30; terrorist sympathies, 31; health problems, 32; and L’s arrest, 33; and L’s exile in Siberia, 34; nervous tension, 35; on L’s rejecting Krupskaya, 36; on L’s relations with women, 37; resents and criticises Krupskaya, 38, 39; and L’s wedding, 40; negotiates for publication of L’s works, 41; sends books to L in exile, 42; on family’s Jewish ancestry, 43; Brittany holiday with L, 44; political activities, 45; L visits at Sablino (1905), 46; criticises L’s Materialism and Empiriocriticism, 47; L writes to on Party factions, 48; adopts and raises Georgi Lozgachëv, 49, 50; arrested and imprisoned, 51; on L’s intemperance, 52; works for Russian Bureau of Central Committee, 53, 54; arranges publication of L’s Imperialism, 55; questions L’s political judgement, 56; L stays with on 1917 return to Petrograd, 57; devotion to L, 58; as editorial secretary of Pravda, 59; apartment searched, 60; visits L in Petrograd flat, 61; grief at husband’s death, 62; death, 63; and L’s death amd funeral, 64; improved relations with Krupskaya, 65; and posthumous L cult, 66

Ulyanova, Antonina (Dmitri’s wife), 1, 2

Ulyanov, Dmitri Ilich (L’s younger brother; Mitya): birth, 1; childhood, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; marriage, 7; and L’s toy soldiers, 8; and father’s death, 9; medical practice, 10, 11, 12; financial position, 13; education, 14, 15, 16; in Kazan, 17; helps L, 18; terrorist sympathies, 19; teaches L to ride bicycle, 20; L buys medical book for, 21; on L in prison, 22; and L’s exile in Siberia, 23; expelled from university and banished, 24; gives sporting gun to L, 25; attends Second Party Congress, 26; political activism, 27;marriage breakdown, 28; separation from L, 29; reunited with L (1919), 30; on L’s medical condition, 31, 32; death from stenocardia, 33; and L’s death and funeral, 34

Ulyanov, Ilya Nikolaevich (L’s father): and L’s birth, 1; background and career, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; personality, ideas and interests, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11; and children’s upbringing and education, 12, 13, 14, 15; educational principles, 16, 17, 18, 19; home life, 20; and assassination of Alexander II, 21; illness and death, 22, 23; social status, 24; will, 25; work ethic, 26

Ulyanova, Maria Alexandrovna (née Blank; L’s mother): and L’s birth, 1, 2; background, 3, 4, 5; courtship and marriage, 6; family and social life, 7, 8, 9, 10; character, 11, 12; and L’s upbringing and education, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20; beliefs and interests, 21, 22, 23, 24; and assassination of Alexander II, 25; and husband’s death, 26; widow’s pension and inheritance, 27, 28; and son Alexander’s arrest and execution, 29, 30; moves to Kazan, 31, 32, 33; and L’s expulsion from university, 34; fails to supervise and control L, 35, 36, 37; acquires estate at Alakaevka, 38; moves to Samara, 39; and children’s higher education, 40; and Olga’s death, 41; and L’s refusal to offer famine relief, 42; moves to Moscow, 43; L writes to from abroad, 44, 45, 46, 47; and L’s banishment to Siberia, 48; L’s affection for, 49, 50, 51; home in Podolsk, 52; visits children in exile, 53; health problems, 54, 55; sells Kokushkino, 56; visits Krupskaya at Ufa, 57; holidays with L, 58, 59, 60; hostility to Krupskaya, 61; accompanies family into exile, 62; L visits near St Petersburg (1905), 63, 64; L meets in Stockholm (1910), 65; failing health, 66, 67; death, 68, 69; L visits grave, 70 Ulyanova, Maria Ilinichna (L’s younger sister; Manyasha): birth, 71; writes on L, 72, 73; relations with siblings, 74, 75, 76; remains unmarried, 77; education, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84; on L’s giving up piano, 85; and brother Alexander’s execution, 86; financial position, 87; in Kazan, 88; L teaches, 89; helps L, 90, 91; and L’s baldness, 92; studies, 93; L buys present for, 94; and L’s exile in Siberia, 95; nervous tension, 96, 97; on Krupskaya’s joining L in exile, 98; banished, 99; devotion to L, 100; attends Second Party Congress, 101; and L’s poor health, 102; political activities, 103; joins L in Paris, 104; cycling trips with L, 105; reads Bogdanov novel, 106; ill-health, 107; qualifies as teacher of French, 108; letter from L in Poland, 109; in Petrograd, 110; leaves and returns to Petrograd with L (1917), 111; interrogated about L’s whereabouts, 112; carries L’s insurrectionary proposals to Petrograd Soviet, 113; visits L in Petrograd, 114, 115; Finnish holiday with L, 116; accompanies L to Mikhailovski Manège, 117; moves to Moscow with L and Krupskaya, 118, 119; warns L of assassination dangers, 120; and attack on L, 121; attends L after shooting, 122; accompanies L in Moscow, 123; works at Pravda, 124; joins L at Gorki, 125; hears L’s admissions of depression, 126; attends L during illnesses, 127, 128, 129, 130; death from heart attack, 131; and Stalin’s visits to L at Gorki, 132; quarrels with Krupskaya, 133; photographs L at Gorki, 134; and L’s decline, 135; and L’s pride in Jewish ancestry, 136; Stalin quarrels with, 137; present at L’s coma and death, 138; improved relations with Krupskaya, 139; memorialises L, 140

Ulyanov, Nikolai (L’s grandfather), 1

Ulyanov, Nikolai Ilich (L’s younger brother): birth and death, 1

Ulyanova, Olga Ilinichna (L’s younger sister; Olya): birth, 1; childhood, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; and brother Alexander’s execution, 7; education, 8, 9; financial position, 10; university studies, 11, 12; reads Uspenski, 13; on L in St Petersburg, 14; helps L, 15; illness, death and burial, 16; L visits grave, 17, 18

Ulyanov, Vasili Nikolaevich (L’s uncle), 1

Ulyanov, Viktor (Dmitri’s son), 1

Ulyanov, Vladimir (Volodya) see Lenin, Vladimir Ilich

Ulyanovsk see Simbirsk

Union of Assistance for Political Prisoners, 1

Union of Liberation, 1, 2

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) see Russia (post-revolution)

Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

United States of America: ends economic blockade of USSR, 1

Uspenski, Gleb, 1, 2, 3

Vaasa, Kuokkala (Finland), 1, 2

Vacietis, General I.I., 1

Valentinov, Nikolai, 1

Velichkina, Vera, 1

Veretennikova, Anna (née Blank; L’s aunt), 1, 2, 3, 4

Veretennikov, Dmitri, 1

Verkholensk (Siberia), 1

Versailles, Treaty of (1919), 1, 2, 3

Vikzhel see All-Russia Executive of the Railwaymen’s Union

Vladimir (town), 1

Vladimirov, Miron K., 1

Vodovozova, M.I. (publisher), 1

Volga region: famines: (1891–2), 1, 2; (1921), 3; peasant uprisings (1921), 4

Volkenshtein, Mikhail, 1

Volkogonov, Dmitri, 1

Volodarski, V., 1

Volodicheva, Maria, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Volunteer Army, 1, 2

Vorontsov, Vasili P., 1

Vorovski, Vatslav V., 1

Vperëd (‘Forward’; journal), 1, 2

Vrangel, General Pëtr N., 1

Vyborg, 1, 2, 3

Wagner, Richard, 1, 2, 3

‘War Communism’, 1

Webb, Sidney and Beatrice: L translates, 1

Weber, Max, 1

Weitling, Wilhelm, 1, 2

Wells, H.G., 1

White Army, 1, 2, 3

Witte, Count Sergei, 1

workers: position in Russian Marxist groups, 1, 2; participation in revolution, 3, 4, 5, 6; and guiding role of intellectuals, 7, 8; and formation of socialist government, 9; control factories in Petrograd, 10; delinquency, 11; L’s attitude to, 12, 13, 14; rights reduced, 15; L calls for greater participation in government, 16

Worker’s Cause (newspaper), 1

Workers’ Opposition, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Workers’ and Peasants’ Inspectorate, 1

World War I (1914–18): Russia withdraws from, 1; and Romanov crisis, 2; L’s attitude to, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7; outbreak, 8; socialist attitudes to, 9, 10, 11; Provisional Government continues commitment to, 12; Russian offensive (1917), 13; L calls for suspension of, 14, 15; L demands and agrees separate peace, 16, 17; Armistice (1918), 18; L on after-shock of, 19

Yakubova, Apollonaria Alexandrovna, 1, 2, 3, 4

Yaropolets, 1

Yaroslavski, Yemelyan, 1

Yelistratov, Dr, 1

Yelizarov, Mark (Anna’s husband): advises on Ulyanov property deals, 1, 2; and L’s dispute with Arefev, 3; marriage to Anna, 4; lives in Moscow, 5; and L’s exile, 6; at Podolsk, 7; visits L in Paris, 8; adopts Georgi Lozgachëv, 9; carries L’s mother’s coffin, 10; and L’s 1917 return to St Petersburg, 11; apartment searched, 12; death and funeral, 13, 14

Yeltsin, Boris, 1, 2

Yemelyanov, Nikolai, 1

Yeo, Mrs (London landlady), 1, 2

Yudenich, General Nikolai, 1, 2, 3, 4

Yudin, Gennadi, 1

Yusupov family, 1

Zaichnevski, Pëtr G., 1

Zakopane (Poland), 1

Zalezhski, Dr Alexander (L’s cousin), 1

Zamyatin, Yevgeni, 1

Zasulich, Vera, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

zemlyachestva (organisations), 1

zemstva (provincial administrative bodies), 1, 2

Zetkin, Clara, 1, 2

Zheleznyakov, Anatoli, 1

Zhëltyshev (L’s bodyguard), 1

Zhelyabov, Andrei I., 1

Zhivoe slovo (newspaper), 1

Zimmerwald: internationalist socialist conference (1915), 1

Zinoviev, Grigori: withdraws support from L, 1; on L’s sense of mission, 2; serves on Party Central Committee, 3, 4, 5; in Kraków, 6; escapes imprisonment, 7; passion for cinema, 8; pardons Malinovski, 9; stands by L in war, 10; and wartime Swiss international socialist conferences, 11; and L’s return to Russia after revolution, 12, 13; on L’s discovering Malinovski’s betrayal, 14; oratory, 15; Provisional Government issues arrest warrant for, 16; in hiding, 17; opposes L’s plan for October Revolution, 18, 19; warns of political catastrophe, 20; disbelieves European socialist revolution, 21; at 7th Party Congress, 22; in administration of Petrograd, 23; and L’s leadership, 24; at First Comintern Congress, 25; biography of L, 26; L criticises for restraining worker actions, 27, 28; and Yudenich’s advance on Petrograd, 29; favours internal party reform, 30; in ‘trade union discussion’, 31; and Kronstadt mutiny (1921), 32; incurs rancour of party, 33; supports German Communist Party, 34; suffers heart attacks, 35; L forbids from travelling to Genoa conference, 36; L proposes demoting, 37; character and manner, 38; concern over L’s deteriorating condition, 39; L’s relations with, 40; L considers as successor, 41; told of Stalin’s abuse of Krupskaya, 42; supports Stalin at 12th Party Congress, 43; rebuffs Trotski’s Left Opposition, 44; visits sick L at Gorki, 45; and L’s death and funeral, 46; memorialises L, 47; loses in opposition to Stalin, 48

Zinoviev, Stepan (GZ’s son), 1, 2

Zinoviev, Zinaida Lilina, 1, 2

Zola, Émile, 1

Zraggen, Karl, 1

Zubatov, Sergei, 1

Zurich: L in, 1, 2, 3

Zyuganov, Gennadi, 1