Метрополис. Город как величайшее достижение цивилизации - читать бесплатно онлайн полную версию книги автора Бен Уилсон (ч. notes)

Примечания

1

UN Habitat, State of the World’s Cities 2008/9: harmonious cities (London, 2008), p. 11; UN Habitat, State of the World’s Cities 2012/2013: prosperity of cities (NY, 2013), p. 29.

2

Jaison R. Abel, Ishita Dey and Todd M. Gabe, ‘Productivity and the Density of Human Capital’, Federal Reserve Bank of New York Staff Reports, 440 (March 2010); OECD, The Metropolitan Century: understanding urbanisation and its consequences (Paris, 2015), pp. 35ff; Maria P. Roche, ‘Taking Innovation to the Streets: microgeography, physical structure and innovation’, Review of Economics and Statistics, 21/8/2019, https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/rest_a_00866.

3

Jonathan Auerbach and Phyllis Wan, ‘Forecasting the Urban Skyline with Extreme Value Theory’, 29/10/2018, https://arxiv.org/abs/1808.01514.

4

5180 кв. километров. – Здесь и далее примечания переводчика, если не оговорено иное.

5

103,6 кв. километра.

6

13 571 кв. километр.

7

Более 217 тыс. кв. километров.

8

A. T. Kearney, Digital Payments and the Global Informal Economy (2018), pp. 6, 7.

9

Janice E. Perlman, ‘The Metamorphosis of Marginality: four generations in the favelas of Rio de Janeiro’, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 606 (July 2006), 167; Sanni Yaya et al., ‘Decomposing the Rural-Urban Gap in the Factors of Under-Five Mortality Rate in Sub-Saharan Africa? Evidence from 35 countries’, BMC Public Health, 19 (May 2019); Abhijit V. Banerjee and Esther Duflo, ‘The Economic Lives of the Poor’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 21:1 (Winter 2007), table 9; Maigeng Zhou et al., ‘Cause-Specific Mortality for 240 Causes in China during 1990–2013: a systematic subnational analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013’, Lancet, 387 (January 2016), 251–72.

10

Чуть более двух кв. километров.

11

Karen C. Seto, Burak Günerlap and Lucy R. Hutyra, ‘Global Forecasts of Urban Expansion to 2030 and Direct Impacts on Biodiversity and Carbon Pools’, PNAS, 109:40 (October 2012).

12

Edward Glaeser, The Triumph of the City: how urban space makes us human (London, 2012), p. 15.

13

Andrew George (ed. and trans.), The Epic of Gilgamesh (London, 2013), I:101ff.

14

7,77 кв. километра.

15

Paul Kriwaczek, Babylon: Mesopotamia and the birth of civilisation, p. 80; Mary Shepperson, ‘Planning for the sun: urban forms as a Mesopotamian response to the sun’, World Archaeology, Vol. 41, No. 3 (September 2009), 363–78.

16

Jeremy A. Black et al., The Literature of Ancient Sumer (Oxford, 2006), pp. 118ff.

17

32,2 километра.

18

P. Sanlaville, ‘Considerations sur l’évolution de la basse Mésoptamie au cours des derniers millénaires’, Paléorient, 15:5 (1989), 5–27; N. Petit-Maire, P. Sanlaville and Z. W. Yan, ‘Oscillations de la limite nord du domaine des moussons africaine, indienne, et asiatique, au cours du dernier cycle climatique’, Bulletin de la Societé Géologique de France, 166 (1995), 213–20; Harriet Crawford, Ur: the city of the Moon God (London, 2015), pp. 4ff; Guillermo Algaze, Ancient Mesopotamia at the the Dawn of Civilization: the evolution of the urban landscape (Chicago, 2008), pp. 41ff; Hans J. Nissen, The Early History of the Ancient Near East, 9000–2000 BC (Chicago, 1988).

19

Gwendolyn Leick Mesopotamia: the invention of the city (London, 2001), pp. 2–3, 8–9, 19ff.

20

80,5 километра.

21

Ibid., pp. 35ff, 50, 54.

22

Thomas. W. Killion, ‘Nonagricultural cultivation and social complexity: the Olmec, their ancestors, and Mexico’s Southern Gulf Coast lowlands’, Current Anthropology, 54:5 (October 2013), 569–606; Andrew Lawler, ‘Beyond the Family Feud’, Archaeology, 60:2 (March/April 2007), 20–5; Charles Higham, ‘East Asian agriculture and its impact’, in Christopher Scarre (ed.), The Human Past: world prehistory and the development of human societies (London, 2005), pp. 234–63; Roderick J. McIntosh, ‘Urban clusters in China and Africa: the arbitration of social ambiguity’, Journal of Field Archaeology, 18:2 (Summer 1991), 199–212.

23

Jennifer Pournelle and Guillermo Algaze, ‘Travels in Edin: deltaic resilience and early urbanism in Greater Mesopotamia’, in H. Crawford (ed.), Preludes to Urbanism: studies in the late Chalcolithic of Mesopotamia in honour of Joan Oates (Oxford, 2010), pp. 7–34.

24

H. Weiss, ‘The origins of Tell Leilan and the conquest of space in third millennium north Mesopotamia’, in H. Weiss (ed.), The Origins of Cities in Dry-farming Syria and Mesopotamia in the Third Millennium BC (Guilford, CT, 1986).

25

Более 2400 километров.

26

Guillermo Algaze, ‘The Uruk expansion: cross-cultural exchange in early Mesopotamian civilisation’, Current Anthropology, 30:5 (December 1989), 581.

27

William Blake Tyrrell, ‘A note on Enkidu’s enchanted gate’, The Classical Outlook, 54:8 (April 1977), 88.

28

Guillermo Algaze, ‘Entropic Cities: the paradox of urbanism in ancient Mesopotamia’, Current Anthropology, 59:1 (February 2018); Florian Lederbogen et al., ‘City-Living and Urban Upbringing Affect Neural Social Stress Processing in Humans’, Nature, 474 (2011), 498–501; Leila Haddad et al., ‘Brain Structure Correlates of Urban Upbringing, an Environmental Risk Factor for Schizophrenia’, Schizophrenia Bulletin, 41:1 (January 2015), 115–22.

29

«Эпос о Гильгамеше». Пер. И. Дьяконова.

30

Leick, pp.1ff, 29.

31

Geoff Emberling and Leah Minc, ‘Ceramics and Long-Distance Trade in Early Mesopotamian States, Journal of Archaeological Science, Reports: 7, (March 2016); Giacomo Benati, ‘The Construction of Large-scale Networks in Late Chalcolithic Mesopotamia: emergent political institutions and their strategies’, in Davide Domenici and Nicolò Marchetti, Urbanized Landscapes in Early Syro-Mesopotamia and Prehispanic Mesoamerica (Wiesbaden, 2018).

32

В русском переводе «Эпоса», доступном в Сети, аналогичного отрывка не найдено.

33

Hans J. Nissen, Peter Damerow and Robert K. Englund, Archaic Bookkeeping: early writing and techniques of economic administration in the ancient Near East (Chicago, 1993), p. 36.

34

Leick, pp. 89ff.

35

То, что И. Дьяконов перевел как «Урук огражденный», в оригинале звучит «Урук-овчарня, загон для овец».

36

Ibid., p. 106.

37

Kriwaczek, p. 162.

38

Ibid., pp. 161–2.

39

Leick, pp. 139, 146, 268.

40

Наум. 3:1–3.

41

Быт. 11:4.

42

Быт. 11:7,9.

43

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Politics and the Arts: letter to M. d’Alembert on the theatre, trans. A. Bloom (Ithaca, 1968), pp. 58–9.

44

Victoria E. Thompson, ‘Telling “Spatial Stories”: urban space and bourgeois identity in nineteenth-century Paris’, Journal of Modern History, 75:3 (September 2003), 542.

45

Jon Adams and Edmund Ramsden, ‘Rat Cities and Beehive Worlds: density and design in the modern city’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 53:4 (October 2011), 722–756.

46

Le Corbusier, The City of Tomorrow and its Planning (NY, 1987), p. 244; Ebenezer Howard, Garden Cities of Tomorrow (London, 1902), p. 18.

47

Jonathan M. Kenoyer, Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilisation (Oxford, 1998); R. K. Pruthi, Indus Civilisation (New Delhi, 2004); Andrew Robinson, The Indus: lost civilisations (London, 2015).

48

Asko Parpola, Deciphering the Indus Script (Cambridge, 1994), p. 21; cf. Dilip K. Chakrabarti (ed.), Indus Civilisation Sites in India: new discoveries (Mumbai, 2004), p. 11 and Hans J. Nissen, ‘Early Civilisations in the Near and Middle East’, in Michael Jansen, Máire Mulloy and Günter Urban (eds.), Forgotten Cities in the Indus: early civilisation in Pakistan from the 8th to the 2nd millennium BC (Mainz, 1991), p. 33.