Northmen, The Viking Saga 793-1241 AD

PRIMARY SOURCES IN TRANSLATION

ANNALS, CHRONICLES, LIVES AND LETTERS

Adam of Bremen, History of the Archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen, trans. F. J. Tschan (New York, 1959)

Allott, S. (trans.), Alcuin of York: His Life and Letters (York, 1974).

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, trans. M. Swanton (London, 1996).

Annals of Fulda, trans. T. Reuter (Manchester, 1992).

Annals of St Bertin, trans. J. L. Nelson (Manchester, 1991).

Annals of Ulster, trans. S. Mac Airt and G. Mac Niocaill (Dublin, 1983).

Book of the Icelanders (Íslendingabók) by Ari Thorgilsson, ed. and trans. H. Hermannsson (Islandica 20, Cornell University Library, New York, 1930).

Book of Settlements: Landnámabók, trans. H. Pálsson and P. Edwards (Winnipeg, 1972).

Chronicles of the Kings of Man and the Isles, ed. and trans. G. Broderick (Douglas, Isle of Man, 1995).

Dudo of St Quentin: History of the Normans, trans. H. Christiansen (Woodbridge, Suffolk, 1998).

Encomium Emmae Regina, ed. and trans. A. Campbell, Camden Society 3rd Series 72 (London, 1947, reprint 1998).

Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway, trans. L. M. Hollander (Austin, Texas 1964).

Ibn Fadlan and the Land of Darkness: Arab Travellers in the Far North, trans. P. Lund and Stone (Penguin, 2012)

Keynes, S. and Lapidge, M. (trans), Alfred the Great: Asser’s Life of King Alfred and Other Contemporary Sources (Harmondsworth, 1983).

King, P. D. (trans.), Charlemagne: Translated Sources (Lambrigg, Cumbria, 1987).

Orkneyinga Saga, trans. M. Magnusson and H. Pálsson (London, 1978).

Rimbert, Life of St Ansgar: translated in C. H. Robinson, Anskar, Apostle of the North, 801-65: Translated from the Vita Anskarii by Bishop Rimbert, his fellow Missionary and Successor (London, 1921).

Russian Primary Chronicle: Laurentian Text, ed. and trans. S. H. Cross and O. P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor, Medieval Academy of America Publications 60 (Cambridge, Mass., 1953).

Scholz, B. W. and Rogers, B. (trans), Carolingian Chronicles (Ann Arbor, 1972).

Somerville, A. A. and McDonald, R. A., The Viking Age: a reader (Toronto, 2010)

The War of the Gaedhil with the Gaill, ed. and trans. J. H. Todd (London, 1867, Cambridge University Press reprint 2012).

Whitelock, D. (ed. and trans.), English Historical Documents, Vol. 1 c. 500–1042 (2nd edn, London, 1979).

Vikings in Russia: Yngvar’s Saga and Eymund’s Saga, trans. H. Pálsson and P. Edwards (Edinburgh, 1989).

Vinland Sagas, trans. M. Magnusson and H. Pálsson (Harmondsworth, 1965).

SAGAS OF ICELANDERS

Egil’s Saga, trans. H. Pálsson and P. Edwards (Harmondsworth, 1977).

Eyrbyggja Saga, trans. H. Pálsson and P. Edwards (Edinburgh, 1973).

Göngu-Hrolf’s Saga, trans. H. Pálsson & P. Edwards (Edinburgh, 1980).

Laxdæla Saga, trans. by M. Magnusson & H. Pálsson (Harmondsworth, 1969).

Njal’s Saga, trans. M. Magnusson and H. Pálsson (Harmondsworth, 1960).

Saga of Grettir the Strong, trans. G. A. Hight, edited and introduced by Peter Foote (London, 1965).

POETRY, LEGEND AND MYTHOLOGY

Beowulf: a new translation, Seamus Heaney (Faber and Faber, London, 2000).

Battle of Maldon, ed. and trans. B. Griffiths (Hockwold-cum-Wilton, Norfolk, 1995).

Hollander, L. M. (trans.), The Skalds, a Selection of Their Poems, with Introduction and Notes (2nd edn, Ithaca N.Y., 1968);

Poetic Edda, translated by C. Larrington (Oxford, 1996).

Saga of the Volsungs: the Norse Epic of Sigurd the Dragon Slayer, trans. J. L. Byock (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1990).

Saxo Grammaticus: The History of the Danes, Books I-IX, ed. H. Ellis Davidson, trans. P. Fisher (Woodbridge, Suffolk, 1996).

Snorri Sturluson, Edda, trans. A. Faulkes (London, 1987).

SECONDARY SOURCES

The following is a selective list for the general reader, concentrating on recent works in English only. Readers of the Scandinavian (and other) languages are referred to the extensive bibliographies in Roesdahl and Wilson (1992).

GENERAL SURVEYS

Ferguson, R., The Vikings (London-New York, 2009).

Foote, P. G. and Wilson, D. M., The Viking Achievement (2nd revised edn, London, 1980).

Forte, A., Oram, R., and Pedersen, F., Viking Empires (Cambridge, 2005).

Graham-Campbell, J., The Viking World (2nd, rev. edn., London, 1989).

Haywood, J., The Vikings (Stroud, Gloucestershire, 1999).

Hall, R., Exploring the World of the Vikings (London, 2007).

Jones, G., A History of the Vikings (Oxford, 1968).

Roesdahl, E. and Wilson, D. M. (eds), From Viking to Crusader: Scandinavia and Europe 800-1200 (Copenhagen, 1992).

Sawyer, P. H., (ed.), The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings (Oxford, 1997).

Wilson, D. M., The Vikings and their Origins (3rd rev. edn, London, 1989).

HISTORICAL ATLASES

Graham-Campbell, J. (ed.), Cultural Atlas of the Viking World (London and New York, 1994).

Haywood, J., The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Vikings (London, 1995).

Hill, D., An Atlas of Anglo-Saxon England (Oxford, 1981).

Hooper, N. and Bennett, M., Cambridge Illustrated Atlas: Warfare: The Middle Ages 768-1487 (Cambridge, 1996).

PREHISTORIC SCANDINAVIA

Cunliffe, B., The Extraordinary Voyage of Pytheas the Greek (London, 2001).

Hedeager, L., Iron Age Myth and Materiality: an Archaeology of Scandinavia AD 400–1000 (Abingdon, 2011).

Jensen, J., The Prehistory of Denmark: from the Stone Age to the Vikings (Copenhagen, 2013).

VIKING AGE SCANDINAVIA

Christiansen, E., The Norsemen in the Viking Age (Oxford, 2002).

Lund, N., ‘Scandinavia, c. 700–1066’ in The New Cambridge Medieval History Vol. 2, ed. R. McKitterick (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 202–27.

Pulsiano, P (ed.), Medieval Scandinavia: An Encyclopedia (New York and London, 1993).

Randsborg, K., The Viking Age in Denmark (London, 1980).

Roesdahl, E., Viking Age Denmark (London, 1982).

Sawyer B. and Sawyer, P. H., Medieval Scandinavia (Minneapolis, 1993).

Sawyer, P. H., Kings and Vikings (London, 1982).

THE NORTH ATLANTIC

Batey, C. E., Jesch, J. and Morris, C. D., The Viking Age in Caithness, Orkney and the North Atlantic (Edinburgh 1993).

Byock, J. L., Viking Age Iceland (London, 2001).

Dahl, S., ‘The Norse Settlement of the Faroe Islands’ in Medieval Archaeology 14 (1970), pp. 60–73.

Enterline, J. R., Erikson, Eskimos and Columbus: Medieval European Knowledge of America (Baltimore, 2002).

Ingstad, A. S., The Discovery of a Norse Settlement in America: Excavations at L’Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland 1961–68 (Oslo, 1977).

Jóhannesson, J., A History of the Old Icelandic Commonwealth: Íslendinga Saga (Winnipeg, 1974).

Jones, G., The Norse Atlantic Saga (2nd edn, Oxford, 1986).

Krogh, K. J., Viking Greenland (Copenhagen, 1967).

THE CELTIC WORLD

Batey, C. E., Jesch, J. and Morris, C. D., The Viking Age in Caithness, Orkney and the North Atlantic (Edinburgh 1993).

Crawford, B. E., Scandinavian Scotland (Leicester, 1987).

Davies, W., Wales in the Early Middle Ages (Leicester, 1982).

Fell, C. E. (ed.), The Viking Age in the Isle of Man (London, 1983).

Fenton, A. and Pálsson, H. (eds), The Northern and Western Isles in the Viking World (Edinburgh, 1984).

Graham-Campbell, J. and Batey, C. E., Vikings in Scotland: an Archaeological Survey (Edinburgh, 1998).

Larsen, A., The Vikings in Ireland (Roskilde, 2001).

Ó Cróinin, D., Early Medieval Ireland 400–1200 (London, 1995).

Price, N., The Vikings in Brittany, Viking Society for Northern Research Saga Book 22 (1986–9), pp. 319–440.

Redknap, M., Vikings in Wales (Cardiff, 2000)

Ritchie, A., Viking Scotland (London, 1993).

Smyth, A. P., Scandinavian York and Dublin (2 vols, Dublin, 1975–9).

Smyth, A. P., Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 400–1000 (London, 1984).

Wilson, D. M., The Vikings in the Isle of Man (Aarhus, 2008.)

ENGLAND

Abels, R., Alfred the Great (London and New York, 1998).

Brooks, N. P., ‘England in the Ninth Century: the Crucible of Defeat’ in Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th Series, 29, pp. 1–20.

Edwards, B. J. N., Vikings in North West England (Lancaster, 1998)

Hall, R. A., Viking Age York (London, 1994).

Hart, C., The Danelaw (London, 1992).

Lawson, M. K., Cnut: England’s Viking King (Stroud, 2004).

Richards, J. D., Viking Age England (Stroud, 2004).

Scragg, D. G.(ed.), The Battle of Maldon AD 991 (Oxford, 1991).

Smyth, A. P., Scandinavian York and Dublin (2 vols, Dublin, 1975–9).

Stenton, F. M., Anglo-Saxon England (3rd edn, Oxford, 1971).

FRANCIA

Bates, D., Normandy before 1066 (London, 1982).

Logan, F. D., The Vikings in History (London, 1983).

McKitterick, R., The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians 751–987 (London, 1983).

Nelson, J. L., Charles the Bald (London, 1992).

Wallace-Hadrill, J. M., ‘The Vikings in Francia’ in ibid., Early Medieval History (Oxford, 1975).

RUSSIA AND THE EAST

Blöndal, S. and Benedikz, B. S., The Varangians of Byzantium (Cambridge, 2007).

Dolukhanov, P. M., , The Early Slavs: Eastern Europe from the Initial Settlement to the Kievan Rus (London, 1996).

Ellis Davidson, H. R., The Viking Road to Byzantium (London, 1976).

Franklin, S. and Shepard J., The Emergence of Rus 750–1200 (Abingdon and New York, 2013).

Martin, J., Medieval Russia 980–1584 (Cambridge, 2007).

SHIPS AND SEAFARING

Bately, J. and Englert, A., Ohthere’s Voyages (Roskilde, 2007).

Christensen, A. E. (ed.), The Earliest Ships: the Evolution of Boats into Ships (London, 1996).

Crumlin-Pedersen, O., Aspects of Maritime Scandinavia AD 200–1200 (Roskilde, 1990).

Crumlin-Pedersen, O., Archaeology and the Sea in Scandinavia and Britain (Roskilde, 2010).

Haywood, J., Dark Age Naval Power (2nd revised edn, Hockwold-cum-Wilton, Norfolk, 1999).

Short, W. R., Viking Weapons and Combat Techniques (Yardley, 2009).

Unger, R. W. (ed.), Cogs, Caravels and Galleons: the Sailing Ship 1000–1650 (London, 1994).

Williams, G., The Viking Ship (London, 2014).

MILITARY

Griffith, P., The Viking Art of War (London, 1995).

Harrison, M., Viking Hersir (London, 1993).

Lund, N., ‘Danish Military organisation’ in J. Cooper (ed.), The Battle of Maldon, Fiction and Fact (London, 1993).

Nørgård Jørgensen, A. and Clausen, B. L. (eds), Military Aspects of Scandinavian Society in a European Perspective, AD 1-1300 (Publications from the National Museum, Studies in Archaeology and History Vol 2, Copenhagen, 1997).

Short, William R., Viking Weapons and Combat Techniques (Yardley, Pennsylvania, 2009).

Siddorn, J. K., Viking Weapons and Warfare (Stroud, 2000).

MYTH AND RELIGION

Crossley-Holland, K., The Penguin Book of Norse Myths (London, 2011).

DuBois, T. A., Nordic Religions in the Viking Age (Philadelphia, 1999).

Ellis Davidson, H. R., Gods and Myths of Northern Europe (Harmondsworth, 1964).

Page, R. I., Norse Myths (London, 1990).

Turville-Petre, E. O. G., Myth and Religion of the North: the Religion of Ancient Scandinavia (2nd edn, Greenwich, Conn., 1977).

VIKING LIFE AND CULTURE

Bailey, R. N., Viking Age Sculpture in Northern England (London, 1980)

Clarke, H. and Ambrosiani, B., Towns in the Viking Age (2nd rev. edn, Leicester, 1995).

Graham-Campbell, J., Viking Art (London, 2013).

Hadley, D. M. and Harkel, L., Everyday Life in Viking Towns (Oxford, 2013).

Jesch, J., Women in the Viking Age (Woodbridge, Suffolk, 1991).

Jochens, J., Women in Old Norse Society (Ithaca and London, 1995).

Karras, R., Slavery and Society in Medieval Scandinavia (New Haven, Connecticut, 1988).

Page, R. I., Runes (London, 1987).

GENETIC STUDIES

Sykes, B., Saxons, Vikings and Celts: the Genetic Roots of Britain and Ireland (Norton, 2008).

Wood, M., and Harding S., Viking DNA: the Wirral and West Lancashire Project (Nottingham, 2010).

AFTER THE VIKINGS

Christiansen, E., The Northern Crusades (London, 1997).

McDonald, R. A., The Kingdom of the Isles (East Linton, 1997).

Sawyer, B. and Sawyer, P., Medieval Scandinavia (Minneapolis-London, 1993).