Oil of Russia

Index

A | B | C | D | E

F | G | H | I | J

K | L | M | N | O

P | Q | R | S | T

U | V | W | X | Y

Z

A

A. I. Mantashev & Co. Oil Industrial and Trading Company, 97, 148

A. R. & Co., 116

Abbott, Colonel, 196

Abd ar-Rashid ibn Salih al-Bakuwi, 6

Abich, Wilhelm Hermann von, 56

Absheron Peninsula (Absheron oil fields)

in 18th century, 15, 17, 18

in early 19th century, 29, 31, 32

in early 20th century, 134–35, 137–39, 143–45, 148–50, 152, 153

early descriptions of, 5–7, 9

entrepreneurial growth on, 79–81

first auctions on, 78–79

first refinery on, 35–37

in late 19th century, 43, 44, 46, 48, 49, 54, 56, 74–82, 85–89, 91, 93, 95–97, 106, 107, 111–13, 119, 124

in Soviet period, 175, 177, 178, 180, 183, 187, 199, 205, 209, 217, 234, 252, 253, 257, 267, 268, 276, 279, 305

Abu al-Hasan Masudi, 5

Abu Dulaf, 5

Academy of Sciences, 25, 37, 274, 306

“Acceleration,” 316

Additives, octane-boosting, 273

Afghanistan, 304, 310

Agalya gas condensate field, 334

Agip, 362

Agriculture, 244

Ahnert, Eduard, 118–19

Akhverdov, Ivan, 113–15

ALCO, 257

Alekseyev, Major, 43

Aleksey Mikhaylovich, Tsar, 11

Alexander I, Emperor, 28, 41, 401

Alexander II, Emperor, 64, 74, 101, 401–2

Alexander III, Emperor, 79, 93, 95, 107, 111, 402–3

Aliyev, Heydar, 305, 421

Alliance, 344

All-Russia Industrial and Art Exhibition (Nizhny Novgorod, 1896), 108–9, 112, 128

All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK), 160, 397

All-Russian Congress of Oil Workers (Moscow, 1921), 197

All-Russian Congress of Soviets

Second (1917), 159, 160

Third (1918), 164

Eighth (1920), 187

All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (Cheka), 173, 397

All-Russian Manufacturing Exhibition (Moscow, 1865), 49

All-Russian Manufacturing Fair (St. Petersburg, 1871), 64

All-Union Conference of Oil Workers (Baku, 1937), 258

All-Union Congress of Geologists and Petroleum Experts (Moscow, 1931), 249

All-Union Oil and Gas Industry Association, 248

All-Union Oil Industry Association (Soyuzneft), 227, 252, 260–61

All-Union Oil Trading Syndicate (Neftesindikat), 206–9, 215, 217–22, 225, 226, 228, 252, 259

All-Union Scientific Engineering and Technical Society of Oil Workers (VNITON), 256

All-Union Scientific Research Geologic Exploration Institute, 274

All-Union Scientific Research Petroleum Institute, 276

All-Union Trade Union, 229

Almetyevburneft drilling trust, 285

Almquist, Sven, 87

Alnas, 354–55

Alternative forms of energy, 377–82

Altynbayev, Idris, 281

Alvera, Marco, 340

Alyabyev, Aleksandr, 27

American Petroleum Company, 130

American Red Cross, 229

American-Russian Chamber of Commerce, 229, 232

Amman, Johann, 19

Amtorg, 210, 212, 233, 236, 257

Anadyr, 349

Ancient world, oil in, 1–5

Anderson, William, 330

Andrew, Prince, Duke of York, 347

Andronnikov, V., 249

Andropov, Yury, 313, 421

Anglo-American Oil Company, 130

Anglo-Persian Company, 201, 226

Anglo-Persian Oil Company, 223

Anglo-Russian Treaty (1878), 97

Anglo-Taman Oil Financing Syndicate, 145

Anisimov, Captain, 60

Anna Ioannovna, 18

Anosov, Aleksey, 259

Antonescu, Marshal, 264

Antonov, Pëtr, 240

Apraksin, Fëdor, 16

Aqtaw, 365–66

Arab Caliphate, 3–4

Aral-Caspian Company, 97

Aramazd Petroleum Industry and Trading Company, 97

Ararat Partnership, 97

ARCOS, 222

Arctic regions, 65–70, 350–51

Argus Bank, 220

Arkhangelsk Province, 66–67

Arkhangelsky, Aleksandr, 249

Arktikgaz, 343

Arkutun-Dagi field, 346

Arlan oil field, 285

Armenia, Republic of, 188

Armenian National Council, 180

Armenian Revolutionary War Committee (ARWC), 188

Armistice of Moudros (1918), 183

Artemyev brothers, 87

Aso, Taro, 347

Asphalt, 40–43, 51

Associated petroleum gas (APG), 356–59

Astkhik Partnership, 97

Astvatsaturov, Ts., 270

Atash (joint venture), 363

Atyrau–Samara pipeline, 362

Austria, 375, 383

Automobiles, 128

Avdyunin, Nikolay, 40

Aviation fuel, 271–73, 344

Azerbaijan, 286, 350, 362, 364–66, 376

Azerbaijani Democratic Republic, 180, 183, 185–87

Azerbaijani SSR, 187–90, 278, 281

Azneft, 197, 206, 209–13, 217, 220, 225, 227, 232, 234, 249, 252, 253, 259

B

Babanosov (entrepreneur), 43

Babylon, ancient, 1–2

Badger and Sons, 224, 233

Baikal, Lake, 11

Bakhmetyevo oil field, 288

Bakinsky rabochy, 138–39

Baku (Baku Province, Baku oil fields)

in 18th century, 15–18

earliest references to, 5–6, 10

in early 19th century, 29–36, 43

in early 20th century, 132, 135–39, 153–54

first British involvement in, 98–101

in late 19th century, 46, 48, 49, 58, 63, 69, 74–76, 91–96, 103–5, 110–12, 114–17, 129

Peter the Great and, 13, 15–17

in Soviet period, 175–83, 185–89, 192–97, 201, 202, 206–9, 211, 214–17, 220, 234, 235, 246, 252, 256, 258, 267–69, 278, 298, 307

Baku and Black Sea Partnership, 145

Baku-Batumi kerosene pipeline, 120–23

Baku-Batumi pipeline, 206, 252

Baku Congress of Oil Industrialists, 144

Baku District, 177, 180, 194, 195, 202, 278

Baku Khanate, 29

Baku Oil Company (BOC), 81–84, 87, 119, 127, 235

Baku–Tiflis pipeline, 192

Balkenende, Jan Peter, 372

Ball, J., 307

Baltic Pipeline System, 362

Banderlich, Benno, 87

Banerjee, Shuvojit, 379

Barbaro, Giosafat, 6

Barclays Capital, 341

Barentsov, M., 275

Barents Sea, 333, 349

Bari, Aleksandr, 121

Bari, Sytenko & Co., 87, 119

Barinov, Mikhail, 215, 252, 259

Barthou, Jean Louis, 200, 203

Baryatinsky, Prince, 46

BASF, 342

Bashkir ASSR, 255–56, 275, 285, 286, 295

Bashkiria, 275

Bashneft, 257, 327, 359, 386, 395–96

Bashnefteradvedka trust, 285

Basic State Laws, 140

Baskakov, Lev, 114

Batsevich, Leopold, 117, 118

Batumi, 110, 111, 120–23, 129, 132, 150, 233

Batumi Oil Industrial and Trading Company (BOITC), 95, 110, 111

Bavlyneft oil production trust, 284

Baybakov, Nikolay, 274, 278, 279, 282, 295, 422

Beilstein, Fëdor, 102

Belarus, 265

Belinsky, Fëdor, 67

Bely, Savva, 57

Belyamin, Mikhail, 87

Benkendorf (entrepreneur), 79

Berezniki Soda Plant, 244

Bergmann, Burckhard, 340

Beria, Lavrenty, 278

B&H Oil Company, 303, 306

Bibiheybet Oil Company, 154, 195

Biblical allusions to oil, 1

Bilderling, Peter, 87

Biofuels, 377–81

Bituminous tars and sands, 338–39

Blacklin, S., 301

Black Sea Cossacks, 57, 58–60

Black Sea Steamship Line Company, 99

Blitzkrieg, 271

Blokhin, A., 275

Blokhin, Aleksey, 248

Bloomberg News, 347

Blumberg, Fritz, 87

Bodman, Samuel, 378

Bogachev, Vladimir, 72

Boga-Eddin, 5

Bogdanov, A., 275

Bogdanov, Pëtr, 196, 197, 207, 422

Bogdanov, Vladimir, 435–36

BOITC. See Batumi Oil Industrial and Trading Company

Bolsheviks, 155, 159–71, 173–86, 188, 189, 193, 201, 220, 223, 227, 231, 239, 243

Bondarevsky (economist), 207

Borets, 343

Bosporan Kingdom, 7, 397–98

BP, 347

Bregman (merchant), 44

Brekelmans, Harry, 343

Brezhnev, Leonid, 289, 305, 308, 313, 422–23

British Gas, 362

Bryus, Yakov, 14

Buchateky, Roman, 247

Budënny, Semën, 192

Bugulma, 286

Bugulmaneft oil production trust, 284

Bukharin, Nikolay, 184, 231

Bulgaria, 371, 374, 375

Bunge, Andrey, 95

Burgas–Alexandropol oil pipeline, 371–72

Burservis (Burservice), 353

Bush, George W., 377–78

Butkov, Vladimir, 46

Buzovyazy Petroleum, 282

Byurno, Karl, 41–43

Byzantium, 3–5

C

California Petroleum Association, 125

California Standard, 213

Cameron, 354

Canada, 226, 273, 274, 351, 355, 363

Cao, Stefano, 340

Capitalism, 231

Captain Konstantin Tretyakov (tanker), 296

Caspian and Black Sea Oil Industrial and Trading Company (KChNTO), 111–12, 127, 147–48

Caspian-Orsk oil pipeline, 257

Caspian Partnership Oil Industrial and Trade Company, 96

Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC), 363

Caspian region, 15–17. See also Baku

Caspian Sea, 350, 363, 364

Catalani de Severac, Jourdain, 6

Catherine the Great, 23, 25, 26, 56–57, 403

Caucasian Partnership, 143

Caucasus. See also Absheron Peninsula; Baku

in early 19th century, 29, 31, 34, 37–40, 42–44, 46, 49, 56, 57, 59, 60

in early Soviet period, 175–93

first expeditions to, 25

in late 19th century, 63–65, 70–79, 84, 93, 106, 113, 129

Caucasus (Black Sea) Oil Company, 145

Caucasus Oil Syndicate, 145

Caucasus region, 28, 70–74

Center for Energy Efficiency (CENEf), 355

Central Alliance of Consumer Societies (Tsentrosoyuz), 206

Central Asia, 267

Central Caucasus Oil Industry Company, 145

Central Committee, 161, 171, 174, 180, 185, 188, 191, 193, 194, 227, 230, 231, 248–49, 251, 252, 254, 259, 289, 305, 310, 313, 314, 316

Chakhmachev, Vagan A., 301

Chamberlain, Neville, 228

Chamber of Commerce, 229, 232

Chamber of Commerce and Industry, 346

Chanakya (Kautilya), 2

Charter of Rights and Benefits for Russian Cities, 23

Chayanda field, 334

Chayvo field, 346

Cheka (All-Russian Extraordinary Commission), 173, 397

Chekmagush oil field, 285

Chemar, 1

Chemezov, Sergey, 356

Chepega, Zakhary, 57

Chepikov, K., 256, 274

Cherepanov, Grigory, 15

Chermoyev (investor), 199

Chermoyev lands, 195

Chernenko, Konstantin, 313, 423–24

Chernov, Aleksandr, 238, 275

Chernov, Viktor, 162, 163

Chevkin, Konstantin, 32

Chicago school, 324

Chicherin, Georgy, 185, 186, 188, 191, 192, 200, 201, 424

Chidambaram, P., 379

China, 137, 226, 331

“China Spur,” 335

Chkheidze, Nikoloz, 177, 180

Chkhenkeli, Akaki, 178

Cholera, 138

Chubinsky, Pavel, 67

Chusovaya oil region, 248

CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States), 323, 361–67

Citigroup, 341

Civil War, 162–64, 168–69, 171, 172, 174

Coal, 24

Collective-bargaining agreements, 134–35

Command economy, 317, 323, 325

Committee of the Union of Kuban Oil Industrialists, 146

Commodity-money relations, 170, 171

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), 323, 361–67

Communist International, 232

Comrade Stalin Oil Fields, 248

Congress of Oil Industrialists, 121

ConocoPhillips, 337, 354

Conservation efforts, 280, 355–61

Constantine II, Emperor, 3

Constantine IV Pogonatos, Emperor, 3

Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, Emperor, 4, 7

Constituent Assembly, 161–63, 163–64

Constitutional Democrat Party, 140, 141, 161

Continental shelf, 332, 333

Corps of Mining Engineers, 32

Cossacks, 37, 38, 56–61

Council of Ministers, 280, 282, 326

Council of People’s Commissars (CPC), 160, 161, 163–65, 168, 171, 173–75, 176, 178–83, 187, 195, 196, 200, 206, 209, 230, 238, 242, 260, 266, 275–77

Council of Workers’ and Peasants’ Defense, 174

CPC. See Council of People’s Commissars

CPC (Caspian Pipeline Consortium), 363

Cracking, 214

Crimean Khanate, 40

Crimean Peninsula, 40–43

Crimean War, 43, 60

A Crude Awakening (film), 330

Crusades, 5

Curzon, Lord, 201

D

D-222 Block, 364

Daewoo International Corp., 348

Dagestan, 257

Darwin Bank, 281

Davydov, Nikolay, 45

Dead Sea, 1

Dean, G., 301, 307

De Boor brothers, 85

“Decree on Land,” 159–60

“Decree on Peace,” 159

DeGolyer & MacNaughton, 341, 349

Delaisi, Francis, 222

Delov, Vladimir, 259

Demosfenov, Valery, 296

Department of Mining and Salt Works, 29

Derop (Soviet oil trader), 220

Deryabin, Andrey, 29

Destrem, Paul, 55

Deterding, Henri, 148, 196, 208, 210, 222, 226

Deutsch-Amerikanische Petroleum Gesellschaft, 130

Deutsche Bank, 197, 198

Digbi, Aleksandr, 41

Distillation, forced, 92

Dizbrow, Levi, 55

DOE. See US Department of Energy

Dombrovsky, Aleksandr, 122

Don Cossacks, 57

Dondukov-Korsakov, Aleksandr, 129

Donovan, T., 301, 307

Doroshenko, Aleksey, 83, 84

Dossor oil field, 275

Douglas-Westwood, 352

Drake, Edwin, 54

Drilling rigs, 282

Drilling technology, 214, 215, 234–38, 275, 282, 352–55

Drilling tools, development of, 68

Druzhba pipeline, 297

Dubinin brothers, 38–39

Duckett, Jeffrey, 6

Dukhovsky, Andrey, 241

Duma. See State Duma

Dvina Chronicle, 9

Dvorkovich, Pavel, 124, 125, 127

Dzerzhinsky, Feliks, 220, 424–25

E

East Caucasus Oil Industry Company, 145

Eastern Siberia, 334, 344, 354

Eastern Siberia–Pacific Ocean (ESPO) pipeline, 333–35

Ecological Movement of Concrete Actions, 357

Edge flooding, 282

Egypt, 219, 377

Eichler, Vasily, 47, 48, 49

Eichwald, Karl Eduard von, 31

Ekhabi field, 257

Ekibastuz-2 State Regional Power Station, 362

Elektrostal, 277

Eliava, Shalva, 191

Embaneft, 206, 227, 257

Emda District, 275

Enel, 340, 343

Energy conservation, 280, 355–61

Energy crisis, 308

Energy Policy Act, 378

Energy Technologies Center, 367

Engineer A. V. Bari Construction Office, 121

Engler, Carl, 125

ENI, 340, 343, 373

Environmental issues, 333

E.ON Ruhrgas AG, 340, 372

Ephrussi, Maurice, 112

Epidemics, 138

Erdely, Konstantin, 240

EROEI coefficient, 379–80

Ervye, Yury, 291, 292

ESPO (Eastern Siberia–Pacific Ocean) pipeline, 333–35

Estonian SSR, 280

Ethanol, 379, 380

Ethnic self-determination, 176

EU-PEC PipeCoatings S.A., 373

European Union, 331, 367–77

Evikhon, 342–43

Excise tax, 91–94

Exhibition of Lighting and Oil Production (St. Petersburg, 1888), 103–7

Exports, oil

in 19th century, 81, 95, 103, 104, 111, 129–31, 137

in early 20th century, 131–33

in post-Soviet period, 329, 331, 346, 367

in Soviet period, 187, 192, 203, 205, 206, 209, 216–27, 251, 253–55, 258, 262, 281, 310, 315, 317

Exposition Internationale de Bruxelles (1897), 123

Exposition Universelle de Paris (1878), 102

Exposition Universelle de Paris (1889), 112

Exposition Universelle de Paris (1900), 109, 110, 112, 123–24, 125

ExxonMobil, 346

Exxon Neftegaz Limited, 346

F

Falk, Johann, 26

Fall Blau, 268

Far East, 117–19, 131

Federation Council, 345

Fëdorov, S., 274

Fëdorov, V., 275

Feigl, Arnold, 112

Fioletov, Ivan, 179

First Sakhalin Syndicate, 118

Fischer-Tropsch hydrogenation process, 263

Five-Year Plans

First (1928-1932), 251–53

Second (1933-1937), 255–56

Third (1938-1941), 258–62

Fourth (1946-1950), 278–80, 283

Fifth (1951-1955), 283

Eighth (1966-1970), 309

Ninth (1970-1975), 304, 305, 308

Tenth (1976-1980), 305, 310, 315

Eleventh (1981-1985), 309, 313

Twelfth (1986-1990), 315

Thirteenth (1991-1995), 319

Folias, Christos, 372

Forced distillation, 92

Ford Motor Company, 233

Foreign investment, 88–90, 98–101, 145, 150, 198–205, 340–46, 369. See also oil concessions

Foreign policy, 310, 367–77

Foster Wheeler Corporation, 224, 233

Fotonaftil, 47, 48

Foundation Company, 196–97

Framework Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Caspian Sea, 350

France, 124–25, 183, 198–99, 219, 222, 225

Franco-Prussian War, 110

Frankland, Mark, 290

Friedrich, Duke of Holstein, 6

Frolov, Vasily, 197

Fuel budget, Soviet Russian (1918-1920), 172

Fuel conservation, 280

Fuel costs, 309

“Fuel famine,” 173–74

G

G. I. Zotov & Co. Sakhalin Oil Industrial Partnership, 117

G. M. Lianozov & Sons Oil Production Partnership, 97, 148

G8 Summit (St. Petersburg, 2006), 370

Gagarin, Prince, 67, 69

Gagarina, Princess, 95

Galacian Petroleum Association, 125

Ganshin, Sergey, 259

Gasoline, 73, 182, 190, 208, 214, 218–22, 225, 253, 255, 257, 258, 260, 262, 267, 269, 271–73, 278–79

Gaydar, Yegor, 324

Gaz de France Suez, 373

Gazprom, 327, 333, 340–42, 349, 359, 368, 369, 370, 372, 373, 375, 437–38

Gazprom Neft, 340, 349, 359, 386, 392–93

Gegechkori, Aleksi, 191

Gekker, Anatoly, 191

Gelmersen, Grigory, 62, 123

Gelpke, Basil, 330

General Electric, 224, 233

General Motors, 233

Genoa Conference (1922), 199–204, 228

Geologic Committee, 118, 119, 123–24, 127

George, Zapata, 330

Georgian Democratic Republic, 179–80, 184, 189–92

Georgian SSR, 191–93

Georgy of Vladimir, Prince, 9

Gerasimov, N., 256

German, Rikhard, 40

German Institute for Economic Research, 331

German-Russian Oil Company, 220

Germany, 184, 222, 225–26, 263–64, 268

Gerngros, Aleksandr, 51–52

Ginsburg, Ilya, 240

Ginzburg, Ilya, 259

Giprotrubgoprovod (Main Pipeline Design Institute), 296–97

GKO (State Defense Committee), 276, 277

Gladyshev, P. F., 66

Glavgeologiya, 261

Glavgortop (Main Mining and Fuel Administration), 246, 247

Glavkomneft. See Main Petroleum Committee

Glavneft, 151

Glavneftedobycha, 261

Glavneftesbyt (Main Crude Oil and Petroleum Products Sales and Transportation Administration), 261, 281

Glavsevmorputi (Main Administration of the Northern Sea Route), 272

Glavtyumenneftegazstroy, 297

Globalization, 369

Global warming, 380

GNK. See Main Petroleum Committee

GNP (gross national product), 329

GOELRO (State Commission for the Electrification of Russia), 174

Golenishchev-Kutuzov-Tolstoy, Pavel P., 143

Gollender, A., 248

Golovin, Fëdor, 141, 404

Golytsyn, Grigory, 122

Gora–Gorskaya oil pipeline, 262

Gorayski, Baron von, 125

Gorbachëv, Mikhail, 313–14, 316, 317, 320, 323, 425

Gorbov, I., 83

Gorky, Maxim, 162, 243

Gorky Auto Works, 233

Gosbank (State Bank), 208

Gosplan. See State Planning Committee

Grand Mereya (liquified natural gas carrier), 348

Graver Corporation, 224, 233

Great Britain, 97–101, 130, 137, 183, 220–22, 225, 226, 228, 254, 273, 274, 347, 355

Great Depression, 226

Great Patriotic War. See World War II

Great Reforms, 74

Greece, 371–72

“Greek fire,” 3, 4, 7

Greeks, ancient, 1–4

Grey, Captain, 98

Grigoryev, Pavel, 105

Gross national product (GNP), 329

Grozneft, 197, 206, 227, 237, 247, 249, 253, 259

Grozny–Black Sea oil pipeline, 196

Grozny District, 75–76, 149, 154, 194, 195, 237, 279

Grozny-Dnepr Oil Industrial Company, 115–16

Grozny fields, 171–72, 174, 276

Grozny Petroleum Industry Company, 114, 116

Grozny region, 113–17

Gruzinsky, Georgy, 112

Gryzlov, Boris, 345

GS-Caltex Corp., 348

Gubkin, Ivan, 146, 165, 197, 246, 249, 255–56, 426

Gubkin gas field, 292

Gubonin, Pëtr, 46, 76, 79, 81, 96, 404–5

Guchkov, Aleksandr, 142, 405

Gudovich, Ivan, 56–57

Gukasov, Pavel, 96

Gukovsky, Isidor, 165

GULAG (Main Administration of Prison Camps), 241

Güldenstädt, Johann Anton, 37–38

Gulishambarov, Stepan, 106

Gurgan offshore oil field, 281

Guryev, Aleksey, 50, 58

Gusev, K., 83

GUT (Main Administration for Fuel), 209

H

Hague International Financial and Economic Conference, 204–5

Hajinski, Mammad Hasan Jafargulu oglu, 178

Halder, Franz, 268–69

Halliburton Co., 343, 353

Hamdullah al-Qazwini, 5

Harris & Dixon Ltd., 222

Hay, John, 132

Heinz, V., 301, 307

Helmersen, Gregor von, 56

Heracles, Emperor, 5

Herodotus, 2

Hess, Henri, 35

Heydarov, Ibrahim bey, 178

Hippocrates, 2

Hitler, Adolf, 263, 264, 268–69

Hoeven, Maria van der, 347

Höfer, Hans von, 68

Hosayntan Hosayn, Shah Soltan, 15, 16

Hubbert, King, 330

Hughes, Charles Evans, 202

Hungary, 374–75

Huseynov, Mirza Davud Baghir, 185, 190

Hydrogenation, 263–64

Hypatian Chronicle, 8

Hyundai Corp., 348

I

I. A. Akhverdov & Co. Grozny Oil Industrial Company, 115, 116

I. A. Yegiazarov & Co. Oil Industry Company, 97

Ibn Miskawayh, 5

Ice-resistant stationary platforms (IRPs), 335

Icon painting, 10, 398

Ignatyev, Nikolay, 97

Ignatyevsky, Nikolay, 83

Igolkin, Aleksandr, 251

Igrimgaz, 295

Ilish, Fëder, 47

Imber, Pëtr, 167

Imperial Russian Technical Society (IRTS), 71–72, 92, 93, 104

Imperial Springs, 71, 73

Inchik, Feliks, 116

India, 219, 222–23

Inflation, 170

Information revolution, 308, 309, 330

Injuries, work-related, 138

Institute of Petroleum, 274

Integral-MashServis, 354

International Alternative Energy Forum (Verona, 2009), 381

International Association of Oil Companies in Russia, 208

International Barnsdall Corporation, 206–7

International Energy Agency, 355, 381

International Energy Conference (Vienna, 2009), 383–84

International Geologic Congress, 123, 124

International Monetary Fund (IMF), 324

International Oil and Gas Exhibition (Baku, 1978), 304–8

International Petroleum Congress, 123–28

International Petroleum Congress (Tulsa, 1924), 212

Investment climate, 340–46

Iran, 350

Irkutsk, 11–12, 277, 334

IRPs (ice-resistant stationary platforms), 335

IRTS. See Imperial Russian Technical Society

Irtysh River, 296

Ishibayevo Refinery, 258

Ishimbay oil field, 285

Italy, 219, 222, 225, 373

Ivan Alekseyevich, Tsar, 11

Ivan M. Gubkin Moscow Institute of the Petrochemical and Gas Industry, 306

Ivanov (merchant), 117

Ivanov, Aleksandr, 126

Ivanov, G., 240

Izhevsk Works, 85

Izhma-Pechora gas region, 336

Iznar, Nikolay, 132

J

Japan, 132, 133, 223–24, 277, 347, 348, 377, 380

Jenkins, David, 344

Johansen, R., 301, 307

Joint Soviet-American Working Group, 300–304

Joint State Political Directorate (OGPU), 238–43, 258–59, 399

Joint-stock oil companies, 95

Joinville, Jean de, 5

Jones, Gary, 344

Julius Africanus, 2

K

Kabakov, Ivan, 250

Kachaznuni, Hovhannes, 180

Kachka, Gavriil, 28

Kaganovich, Lazar, 254, 259, 260, 426

Kallinikos, 3, 4

Kama Bulgars, 9

Kama River Valley, 274

Kama Valley, 245, 246, 249

Kamchatka, 348–49

Kamchatneftegaz LLC, 348

Kämpfer, Engelbert, 7

Kankrin, Yegor, 30–31, 31–32, 35, 59, 405–6

Kapelyushnikov, Matvey, 234–38

Kapitsa, Pëtr, 381

Karachaganak Integrated Organization (KIO), 362–63

Karachaganak oil and gas field, 362–63

Karakhan, Lev M., 188, 189, 207

Kara Sea, 333

Karelin, Vladimir, 163

Karpinsky, Aleksandr, 123

Karpinsky, Captain, 31

Kasyan, Sargis, 188–89

Katanga District, 344

Katip Celebi (Haji Khalifa), 6

Kawachi, Hirofumi, 347

Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha, Ltd., 348

Kazakhstan, 267, 270, 350, 362, 365–67

Kazan Province, 50

Kazbek Syndicate Company, 117

KazMunayGas, 362, 363

KCA Deutag, 353

KChNTO. See Caspian and Black Sea Oil Industrial and Trading Company

Kerch, 41, 42

Kerensky, Aleksandr, 153, 160, 406–7

Kerosene, 74, 76, 79, 91–94, 168, 190, 206, 208–9, 218–23, 239–41, 255, 257, 258, 262, 273, 344

Kerosene wars, 128–33

Keyserling, Alexander, 66

Khabarovsk Refinery, 344

Khalafi Partnership, 80

Khan Kolchak, 8

Kharichkov, Konstantin, 116–17

Khaydag field, 257

Kherkheulidze, Zakhar, 41–42

Khinchuk, Lev, 232

Khizhnyakov, Sergey, 135

Khodorkovsky, Mikhail, 436–7

Kholdyrev, Konstantin, 248

Khomyakov, Nikolay, 141–42, 407

Khoyski, Fatali Khan, 180, 186

Khrushchëv, Nikita, 285, 289–90, 316, 426–7

Khurgin, Isay, 210

Khurgin, Zinovy, 240

Khvalynsk field, 336

Kievan Rus, 7–9

Kinzebulatovo field, 275

KIO (Karachaganak Integrated Organization), 362–63

Kirillov, Ivan, 37

Kirov, Sergey M., 186, 189, 191, 236, 237, 427

Kislyansky, Leonty, 11–13

Kizyl-Tene, 257

KKC (Korea Kamchatka Co. Limited), 348

Klee (engineer), 118

Klënovka oil field, 288

KNOC (Korean National Oil Company), 348

Kochubey, Pëtr, 104, 107

Kogan, Lazar, 241

Kohtla-Jarve, 280

Kojima, Yorihiko, 347

Kokorev, Vasily, 46, 47, 48, 76, 79, 81, 84, 92, 119, 407–8

Kolchak, Aleksandr, 172

Komi ASSR, 300

Komi Autonomous Region, 238, 239

Komi Republic, 336

Konda River, 296

Kondratyev, Nikolay, 171

Konshin, Afanasy, 113

Konstantinovka Refinery, 69

Konstantin Shcherbatov, Prince, 12

Korea, 226

Korea Gas Corp., 348

Korea Kamchatka Co. Limited (KKC), 348

Korean National Oil Company (KNOC), 348

Kortunov, Aleksey, 290, 294

Korvet, 354

Korzukhin (engineer), 146

Koschkull, Friedrich von, 62

Koshkarov, Nikolay, 123

Kosior, Iosif, 197, 247, 428

Kosolapkin, Ivan, 239, 240

Kosygin, Aleksey, 266, 289, 290, 297, 305, 428

Kotb, A., 301

Kovalevsky, V. I., 126

Kozmino oil terminal, 335

Kraft, R., 83

Kramatorsk, 277

Kramer, D., 301

Krasin, Leonid, 194–98, 201–3, 205, 207, 428–29

Krasnodar, 269, 286

Krasnokamsk, 250, 275

Krasnoyarsk Territory, 333

Krasny Selkup District, 342

Kravchuk, Leonid, 323

Kretov, Anatoly, 297

Kritsman, Lev, 164

Krivonogov, Aleksandr, 291

Krusenstern, Paul, 66

Krutoy, 275

Krylov, Aleksandr, 312, 319

Krzhizhanovsky, Gleb, 174–75, 197, 251–52

Kuban Region, 57–60, 61, 62–63, 64, 79, 101, 112, 114, 145–47, 149–50, 151

Kudako River, 62, 64

Kudryavtsev, Nikolay, 276

Kuhara, 223

Kuhn, Loeb&Co.,133

Kukudzhanov (entrepreneur), 43

Kulevsky, Aleksandr, 239–40

Kumho Petrochemical, 348

Kumkol–Jusali oil pipeline, 363

Kurmangazi, 362

Kurnakov, Nikolay, 244

Kuromiya, Hiroaki, 252–53

Kursk, Battle of, 276

Kursk, Comrade, 198

Kuvykin, S., 270

Kuvykin, Stepan, 289

Kuybyshev, Valerian, 249

Kuybyshevneft, 270

Kuybyshev Region, 275, 295

Kyoto Protocol, 356

L

Labor

militarization of., 173

prison, 238–43

Labor shortages, 266

Labor unions, 137–39

Labor unrest, 134–36

Landau, David, 112

Landau, Lev, 112

Langel, I., 50

Latkin, Vasily, 65

Laverov, Nikolay, 331

“Law on Leasing of Treasury Lands,” 148–49

Layton, A., 301, 307

Lazarev (businessman), 244

Lazarev, Count, 95

Lazarev, Mikhail, 121

Lazyan, Ivan, 191

Learned Mining Committee, 73

Lebedev, Aleksey, 68

Lebedev, Nikolay, 126

Lebëdkin, Ivan, 126

Lednëv, Nikolay, 259

Lee, Ivy, 227, 229–34

Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, 161, 163

Left Social Revolutionaries, 159, 160

Legran, Boris, 189

Lehmann, Christian, 20, 22

Lend-Lease, 270–74

Lenin, Vladimir, 155, 159–61, 163–64, 168, 172–74, 177, 180–82, 186–92, 194, 243, 429–30

Leningrad field, 333

Lepëkhin, Ivan, 25, 408

Lerche, Johann, 17–18

Leschot, Rodolphe, 125

Lesueur, Michel, 125, 127

Levandovsky, Mikhail, 186

Leykhtenbergsky, Gertsog, 76

Lianozov, Stepan, 79

Liebig, Justus von, 47

Lighthouses, 106

Liquified natural gas (LNG), 349–50

Liquified petroleum gas (LPG), 358–59

Lisenko, Konon, 63, 83, 85, 93

List, Gustav, 69

Litevsky, Gavriil, 60

Litvinov, Maksim, 204, 231

“Living fire,” 8–9

Lloyd George, David, 199, 201–3

Loginov (farmer), 241

Lomonosov, Mikhail, 23–24, 70

Lomov, Georgy, 217–18, 430

London, Noy, 259

Lopatin, P. A., 67

Lopukhin, Vladimir, 324

Lopukhovaya hydrocarbon parcel, 349

Lossau, M. D., 20

Louis IX, King, 5

Louis XV, King, 124

Lubricants, 101–2

Lubricating and Fuel Oils Ltd., 222

Lubs, Johann, 17

Lugovsky, Mikhail, 19

LUKOIL, 326, 327, 335–38, 350, 352, 354, 359–65, 370, 385–86, 388–90

LUKOIL-Kaliningradmorneft, 355, 389

LUKOIL–Western Siberia LLC, 338, 389

Lunacharsky, Anatoly, 159

Lunskoye, 348

Luzanov, Lieutenant Colonel, 36

Lvov, Fëdor, 92

Lyadov, Mikhail, 197

M

Main Administration for Fuel (GUT), 209

Main Administration of Prison Camps (GULAG), 241

Main Administration of the Northern Sea Route (Glavsevmorputi), 272

Main Crude Oil and Petroleum Products Sales and Transportation Administration (Glavneftesbyt), 261, 281

Main Mining and Fuel Administration (Glavgortop), 246, 247

Main Petroleum Committee (GNK, Glavkomneft), 165–68, 172–74, 181

Main Pipeline Design Institute (Giprotrubgoprovod), 296–97

Makharadze, Philipe, 191

Makhrovsky, K., 165

Maksimovich, Georgy, 282

Malgobek–Grozny oil pipeline, 262

Malik-Aslanov, Khudadat bey Aghabey oglu, 178

Maltsev, Nikolay, 299, 306

Mamantov, Vasily I., 143

Mamontov, Ivan, 46

Mamontovo oil field, 296

Mancharovo oil field, 285

Manerov, Khaydar, 296

Manifest of 1775, 23

Mantsev, I., 115

Maqat oil field, 275

Marchant, L., 301, 307

Marco Polo, 5–6

Margolin, D., 115

Maritime Marine Shipping Line, 348

Maritime Territory, 334

Market reforms, 323–29

Markovnikov, Vladimir, 116

Marvin, Charles Thomas, 97–101

Masing, Karl, 73

Maslennikkov (engineer), 118

Massi Partnership, 97

Matyushkin, Mikhail, 16, 17

Maykop District, 145–47, 149–50, 151, 269

Maykop oil fields, 174

Mayneft Association, 257

Mazut Petroleum Industry and Trading Company, 112–13, 148

McConnell, John Michael, 367–68

McCormack, Ray, 330

Mechanical Production Workers Union, 139

Medvedev, Dmitry, 342, 347, 356, 366–67, 372, 437

Medyntsev, Pëtr, 46

Megion field, 292, 295

Mekhonoshin, Konstantin, 186

Melikov, Dzevat, 76

Mendeleyev, Dmitry, 44, 47–49, 80, 92–93, 102, 125, 126, 330–31, 408–9

Mensheviks, 161, 178

Merching, Genrikh, 121

Merkel, Angela, 372

Mernier, André, 376

Messo-Yakha field, 339

Messrs. Cory Bros. & Co. Ltd., 222

Messrs. Leyland Motors Ltd., 219

Methane hydrates, 339

Mezhlauk, Valery, 242

Midway-Sunset oil field, 303

Mikhaylovo, 121, 122

Mikoyan, Anastas, 186

Military Revolutionary Committee, 159

Miller, Aleksey, 347, 349, 375, 437–38

Miller, D. M., 20

Milyutin, Dmitry, 46

Milyutin, I., 83

Mineral production, 332

Minin, Vasily, 72

Mining Board, 14, 15, 18–23, 19–22, 25–28, 399

Mining Department, 28–29, 50, 51, 90

Mining Institute, 93

Mining Privilege, 14, 26

Ministry of Construction of Fuel Enterprises, 283

Ministry of Fuel and Energy, 325, 326

Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology, 332

Ministry of the Oil Industry, 279, 282–83, 290, 298, 300, 303, 305, 314

Minnibayevo–Kazan gas pipeline, 287

Mirchink, M., 274

Mir deep-submergence vehicles, 350–51

Mironov, S., 274

Mirzoyev, Ivan, 49, 74–76, 79

Mirzoyev Bros. & Co. Partnership, 97

Mitsubishi, 223, 348

Mitsui, 223, 347, 348

Mitsui Engineering and Shipbuilding, 348

Mitsui O.S.K. Lines, Ltd. (MOL), 348

Mizuho Investors Securities Co., 347

Mohammad Hosayn Fetig ‘Ali, Soltan, 15

MOL (Mitsui O.S.K. Lines, Ltd.), 348

Molchanov, K., 20

Moldenhauer, E., 47

Molotov-Mikoyan list, 273

Molotovneftekombinat, 275

Mond, Ludwig, 330

Moore, William, 125

MOPR (steamship), 247

Mordvinov, Nikolay, 57, 409

Moromtsev (entrepreneur), 79

Moroz, Yakov, 240, 241, 242

Moscow, kerosene lighting in, 45

Moscow-Caucasus Oil Industrial and Trading Company, 148

Moscow Oil Industrial Company, 116

Motala Shipyard, 87

Mozdok, 269

Mstislav Udaloy, Prince, 8

Muravlenko, Viktor, 295

Muromtsev, Sergey, 141, 409–10

Muscovy, 9–13

Musin-Pushkin, Count Apollos, 25, 28

Muslims, 186

N

Nabucco, 375, 376

Nadezhda Refinery, 117

Naftna Industrija Srbije (NIS), 354–55

Nakasato, Admiral, 224

Nalco Chemical research laboratory, 303

Nalivkin, D., 274

Nalivkin, V, 275

Nametkin, Sergey, 274

Narimanov, Nariman, 185

Narkomnefti. See People’s Commissariat for the Oil Industry

Narkomtyazhprom (People’s Commissariat for Heavy Machine-Building), 277

Nartov, Andrey, 27

Naryanmarneftegaz LLC, 336–37, 354

Nationalization of oil industry, 164–69, 171, 174, 180–81, 183, 340

National liberation movements, 310

Natural gas, 36, 332, 333, 334, 337, 339, 342

Nazarbayev, Nursultan, 366–67

Nazaretyzn, Amayak, 191

Nazi Germany, 263, 268, 271, 274

Neft, 1

Neftechala, 269

Neftegaztekhnologiya, 343

Neftemashvnedreniye, 343

Neftesindikat. See All-Union Oil Trading Syndicate

Neft Petroleum Products Production, Transportation, Storage and Trading Partnership, 95–96, 148

Neftyanoyo delo, 103, 118, 132, 135, 136, 154

Neftyanyye Kamni, 281

Nenets Autonomous District, 336

NEP. See New Economic Policy

Netherlands, 347

Newcastle Benzol Company, 222

New Caucasian Oilfield Company, 199

New Economic Policy (NEP), 175, 206, 210, 215, 227, 251

New Grozny District, 195, 237

New Zealand, 226

Nibel gas field, 276

Nicholas I, Emperor, 32

Nicholas II, Emperor, 109, 118, 122, 139–41, 152–53, 410–11

NICO, 364

Nihon Sekyo, 223

Nikitin, Sergey, 127

Nikitin, Vasily, 267, 271

Nikolayev (Grozny merchant), 116

Nippon Oil Corp., 347, 380

NIS (Naftna Industrija Srbije), 354–55

Nizhnevartovsk–Kuybyshev oil pipeline, 300

NKID (People’s Commissariat for Foreign Affairs), 168, 188

NKVD (People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs), 272

NKVT (People’s Commissariat for Foreign Trade), 206

Nobel, Alfred, 85–87, 108

Nobel, Emanuel, 107–9, 411–12

Nobel, Ludvig, 84–87, 109, 412–14

Nobel, Robert E., 84–88

Nobel Brothers Petroleum Production Partnership, 84–88, 106–10, 113, 119, 126–27, 129, 137, 149, 154, 167, 228

Nobel Corporation in Russia, 85

Noble & Co., 44

NordStream AG, 372–73

Norkin, Grigory, 292

Norman-Bott, William, 118

Northern Energy, 343

North Sakhalin Oil Joint-Stock Company, 223

Nosal, Varvara, 248

Novorossiya Province, 41

Novoselsky, Nikolay, 46

Novosibirsk–Irkutsk pipeline, 288

Novosiltsev, Ardalion Nikolayevich, 61–65

Novy Port gas field, 292

N.V. Nederlandse Gasunie, 372

O

O’Brien, Peter, 341

Ob River, 296

Obruchev, Vladimir, 276

Ob Valley, 293, 343

Octane-boosting additives, 273

October 17 Alliance, 142, 143

October Revolution, 159–61, 169

Octobrists, 140

Odessa, 41, 42, 277, 278

Odessa Cracking Refinery, 279–80

Odoptu field, 346

Offshore areas, 332, 333, 346–51

OGPU (Joint State Political Directorate), 238–43, 258–59

Oil and gas associations, 326

Oil concessions, 99, 124, 193–98, 201–4, 206–7, 221, 223–24, 228, 230, 233

Oil Industry Workers Union, 137–39

Oil prices, world, 315, 328, 330, 369

Oil production, 304

1863-1872 (table), 77

1873-1877 (table), 81

1878-1888 (table), 94

1889-1892 (table), 108

in 1898, 128

1898-1904 (table), 134

1906-1912 (table), 147

1913-1917 (table), 151

1927-1932 (table), 254

1933-1940 (table), 260

1945-1950 (table), 281

1945-1965 (tables), 286, 287

in 1990s, 324

in early 1920s, 205, 209–10

and events of 1905, 137, 144

peak of, 330

Oil reserves, total, 339

Oil tankers, 225

Okha–Komsomolsk-on-Amur pipeline, 281

Okhinskoye oil field, 117

Okhura Kochyo, 223

Oklahoma, 303

Oleg Svyatoslavovich, Prince, 8

Oleonaphthas, 102

Ölschläger, Adam, 6

Omsk–Irkutsk pipeline, 288

OMV, 375

ONGK Videsh Ltd., 346

OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries), 381

Operation Barbarossa, 264–65, 268

Opochinin, Mikhail, 22

Orakhelashvili, Mamia, 191

Orenburg, 22–23

Orenburg gas field, 353

Orenburg Region, 286

Orjonikidze, Sergo, 174, 184, 186, 190, 191, 253, 258

Orlovsky, K. I., 72

Osinov, Valery, 135

OSOTOP (Special Council on Fuel), 151–52

Osterman, Andrey, 18, 414

Ostrovsky, Mikhail, 76, 77, 111

P

P. O. Ter-Gukasov & Co., 147

Palashkovsky, Sergey, 95

Pallas, Pëtr, 25–26

Pamir, Necdet, 376

Pankin, Aleksandr, 297

Paris Peace Conference (1919), 183

Parliamentarianism, 139, 142, 143

Party Congresses

10th (1921), 175, 194

15th (1927), 251

16th (1930), 249

20th (1956), 288–89

23rd (1966), 290

26th (1981), 310–11, 313

27th (1986), 316, 318

Paul I, Emperor, 26–27, 414

Pavlichinsky, A., 122

Pavlov, Aleksey, 53

Pavlov, Dmitry, 265

Peak oil production, 330

Peasants, 160

Pechora Company, 66

Pechora-Kolva gas region, 336

Pechora Territory, 21, 66

Pedanius Dioscorides, 2

Pelevin, Ya., 247

Pennsylvania kerosene, 44–46

Pennsylvania oil, 54, 55, 66

Pennsylvania oil fields, 89

People’s Commissariat for Defense, 265

People’s Commissariat for Foreign Affairs (NKID), 168, 188

People’s Commissariat for Foreign Trade (NKVT), 206

People’s Commissariat for Heavy Machine-Building (Narkomtyazhprom), 277

People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD), 272

People’s Commissariat for the Oil Industry (Narkomnefti), 266, 276, 278, 282

Perm, 243–51

Permanent Commission for Technical and Scientific Relations with America, 232

Perm Region, 245, 275, 287

Persazneft, 220

Perschke, Ludwig, 74, 122, 137

Perschke, Stanislav, 74

Persia, 15–17, 29, 81, 220

Persians, 135, 136

Pervukhin, Mikhail, 266, 430–31

Peshkov, N., 291

Peter Alekseyevich, Tsar, 11

Peters, Vladimir, 62

Petersburg Treaty (1723), 17

Peter the Great, 13–17, 26, 415

Petrograd Duma, 153

PetroKazakhstan, 363

Petrolea, 220

Petroleum Storage Tanks and Transportation Co. Ltd., 124

Petrol Grozny Ltd., 196

Petrov, Grigory, 182

Petrov, Nikolay, 102

Petrozavodsk, 45

Phanagoria Refinery, 63–64

Phillips Petroleum, 306

Pichugin, Ivan Mikhaylovich, 250

Piltun-Astokh field, 348

Pipeline Agreement (1945), 273

Pipelines

in post-Soviet period, 333–35, 337, 359, 362–63, 371–76

in Russian Empire, 119–23, 120–23, 147

in Soviet period, 192, 195, 196, 206, 252, 257, 262, 274, 281, 287, 288, 296–97, 300, 310

Pitoyev & Co. Partnership, 97

Pliny the Elder, 2

Plutarch, 2

Pogodin, Mikhail, 47

Poincaré, Raymond, 199

Polevoy, Pëtr, 119, 259

Politburo, 185, 190, 193, 194, 197–98, 207, 230, 232, 238, 316

Political dogmatism, 309–11

Political reforms, 139–41

Polivanov, D., 83

Polovtsy, 8, 400

Pörzgen, Gemma, 368

Potassium salt, 244–45

Poverty Committees, 170–71

Pozdnyakov, Prokopy, 245

Preobrazhensky, Pavel, 243–47

Pre-Yenisey oil and gas subprovince, 338

Price controls, 152, 165, 168

Prigorodnoye, 348

Prigorodny, 347

Primorsk, 362

Prison labor, 238–43

Prits, Kirill, 248

Privatization, 326–27

Productivity, 170, 309

Protectionism, 21

Provisional Government, 153–55, 159

Pryadunov, Fëdor Savelyevich, 19–21

Puplava, Jim, 380

Purtales, Friedrich von, 150

Pushnikov, Mikhail, 10

Putin, Vladimir V., 335, 438

Pyak-Yakha gas-condensate field, 338

Pylayev, G., 165

Q

Qizilbash oil, 9

Quitrent, 37–40

R

Radek, Karl, 230, 431

Ragozin, R. I., 84

Ragozin, Viktor, 101–3, 415–16

Railroads, 95, 102, 110, 131, 147, 199, 238, 242, 281

Raselli, Fëdor, 90

Rashpil, Major General, 60

Raskolnikov, Fëdor, 163

Raspopov, L., 291

Rasulzade, Mammed Amin, 177, 180, 192

Rationing, 169, 171

Ratov, Vasily, 21

RCP(b). See Russian Communist Party (of Bolsheviks)

Red Army, 189, 191, 192, 198, 265, 266, 268, 269, 271

“Red Line Agreement,” 223

Red Navy, 271, 272

Redwood, Boverton, 100, 126

Refining technology, 101–2, 214, 215

Renewable energy sources, 377

Resolution 8458 (State Defense Committee), 277

Revolution of 1905, 135–37

Reytern, Mikhail, 93, 101

Right Socialist-Revolutionaries, 161

Right Social Revolutionaries, 159, 160

RN-Astra, 346

RN-Purneftegaz, 359

Robinson V., 301, 307

Rockefeller, John D., 128, 131, 132, 202, 204, 208, 211, 227, 228–29, 232

Rodzyanko, Mikhail, 142, 416–17

Roi, Patrice, 307

Romania, 264, 375

Romanino field, 96

Romanov, Boris, 132

Romanov, Mikhail, 76, 77

Romanovsky, Gennady, 52–53, 55, 56, 61, 63–64, 66, 417

Romanovsky, Nikolay, 76, 92

Romashkino oil field, 284, 311

Roosevelt, Theodore, 132

Rosgidromet, 350

Rosneft, 326, 340–41, 343, 344, 347, 348, 386–88

Rosneftgaz, 341

Rostislav Novogorodsky, Prince, 8

Rothschild, Alphonse James de, 110, 148

Rothschild family, 110–12, 147

Royal Dutch Shell, 148, 150, 196, 201, 202, 208, 210, 218–19, 220, 222–23, 226, 228, 347, 348

Rozen, G. V., 35

Rozengolts (Commissar of Foreign Trade), 254

Rtishchev, Nikolay, 29–30

Rudloff, Hans-Joerg, 341

Rules (1872), 78

Rumyantsev, K., 249

Rurhchemie AG, 263

Rusanov, Dmitry, 239

Rusanova field, 333

Rusanovsky, Aleksandr, 113, 114

Russian Academy of Sciences, 331, 333

Russian-Asian Bank, 148

Russian Association of Oil and Gas Equipment Manufacturers, 352

Russian Communist Party (of Bolsheviks) [RCP(b)], 174, 184–85, 188, 190–94, 197, 198, 207

Russian General Oil Corporation, 148

Russian Imperial State Council, 120

Russian North. See Arctic regions

“Russian Oil Craze,” 63–65

Russian Oil Products, Ltd. (ROP), 219, 221, 225–26

Russian Sakhalin Petroleum Company, 118

Russian Socialist Democratic Labor Party (of Bolsheviks), 161

Russneft, 386, 394–95

Russo-Japanese War, 118, 132

Russo-Turkish War, 40, 42, 56, 97

Ruttenstorfer, Wolfgang, 375

Ryazanov, Ivan, 26

Ryazantsev, Nikolay, 244

Rychkov, Pëtr, 22, 25, 417

Rykov, Aleksey, 194, 207, 230, 431

S

S. I. Shibayev & Co. Partnership, 104

Sabakhtarishvili, K., 190

Sabunchu, 96, 134

Sahib Giray, Khan, 40

St. Petersburg, kerosene lighting in, 44–45

St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, 25, 37

St. Petersburg Economic Forum, 361

St. Petersburg International Bank, 112

St. Petersburg Mining School, 26

St. Petersburg Technological Institute, 68, 102

Sakhalin, 117–19, 223–24, 281, 282, 333, 346–48

Sakhalin-1, 346–47

Sakhalin-2, 347–48

Sakhalin-3, 347

Sakhalin and Amur Petroleum Syndicate, 118, 119

Sakhalin Energy, 348

Sakhalinmorneftegaz-Shelf, 346

Sakhalinneft Trust, 257

Sakhalin Oil and Gas Development Co., Inc., 346

Sal (English firm), 208

Salym field, 353

Salym Petroleum Development NV, 342–43

Samara Region, 275

Samotlor–Kholmogory–Surgut oil pipeline, 300

Samotlor oil field, 298, 312

Samueli (English financier), 202

Sandor, Laszlo, 44, 45, 88–90

Sandren, A., 87

Sarabikulovo, 90

Saratovneft, 270

Satellite data, 335

Saudi Arabia, 315, 320

Sazonov, Sergey D., 150

Schlatter, Johann, 25

Schley, Reeve, 229

Schlumberger, 343–44

Schober, Gottlieb, 14

Schrader, L., 301, 307

“Second Baku,” 275, 276, 283–89, 331

Sedin, Ivan, 275, 431–32

Seleznëv, Captain, 106

Selitrennikova (entrepreneur), 146

Senyukov, Vasily, 261

Serbia, 374

Serebrovsky, Aleksandr, 197, 208–17, 232, 234, 259

Serfdom, abolition of, 57–58, 74

Sergeyev, M. I., 296

Serpukhov Plant, 344

Seventh Crusade, 5

Severgazinvest, 343

Shah-Deniz gas-condensate field, 364

Shaim oil field, 291–92, 295, 296

Shaim–Tyumen oil pipeline, 297

Shakhanin, Yakov, 17–19

Shakhty Trial, 258–59

Shalavin, Mikhail, 291

Shamakhy, 9

Shangin, A. N., 255

Shant, Levon, 188

Shaposhnikov, Ivan, 10

Sharkom, 220

Shashin, Dmitry, 248

Shashin, Valentin, 289, 300

Shatalin, Stanislav, 315

Shatsky, N., 274

Shaumian, Stepan, 176–79, 181–82

Shayderov, A., 261

Shchelkachëv, Vladimir N., 282

Shcherbina, Boris, 292

Shchitov, Boris, 301

Shchukin, Nikolay, 120, 121

Shell Salym Development BV, 342–43

Sheynman, Aron L., 189–91

Shibinsky, I., 165

Shidlovsky, V, 291

Shirokshin, Nikolay, 50

Shkapovo oil field, 285

Shmaryov, Aleksey, 289

Shongar, 257

Show trials, 258–59

Shpurov, Igor, 337

Shteyman, Ivan, 72, 77

Shteyngauz (head of Central Shale Fuel Administration), 197

Shtokman Development Company, 349

Shtokman field, 333

Shtukenberg, Aleksandr, 53

Shugurovo, 90, 275

Shukhov, Vladimir, 127

Shumilov, Pëtr, 237–38

Shushkevich, Stanislaw, 323

Shvetsov, Semën, 162

Shvetsov, Vasily, 40

S. & I. Jakeli & Co. Petroleum Industry and Trading Partnership, 95

Siberia, 261. See also Eastern Siberia; Western Siberia

Siberia Energy, 342–43

Siberian Office, 11, 12, 400

Siberian Oil Production Training Center, 343–44

Sibneft, 327

Sibur, 357

Sidanco, 327

Sidorov, Mikhail K., 65–70, 417–18

Sidorov, Sergey, 239

Siemens, Friedrich, 73

Siemens, Karl, 70–73

Siemens, Otto, 71–72

Siemens, Walter, 71

Siemens, Werner, 70, 73

Siemens, Wilhelm, 73

Siemens Brothers, 70–74

Siemens & Halske, 70, 71, 72, 73, 106

Sikorsky, Karl, 62

Silliman, Benjamin, 19

Sinclair Oil Corporation, 214

Sivkov, Aleksey, 90

Skalkovsky, Konstantin, 112

Skaya, Eduard, 239

SK Corp., 348

Skobelev, Matvey, 163

Skobelev, Mikhail, 97, 155

Slantsy, 280

Slavneft, 386, 394

Slepyan, Aron, 294

Slutsky, Semën, 259

Slyusarev (geologist), 245

Smerds, 8

Smilga, Comrade, 198

Smith, William, 54

Sobolev, Aleksandr, 21

Sobolevsky, Vladimir, 291

SOCAR (State Oil Company of the Azerbaijan Republic), 364

Soccer, 217

Social Democrat Internationalists, 160

Social Democrats, 140

Socialist Revolutionaries, 160

Socialist-Revolutionary Party, 162–63

Società Italo-Americana del Petrolio, 130

Société d’Emba Grosny company, 199

Société des Pétroles Essences, Naphtes, 198–99

Société pour le Transport du Naphte de Grosny, 199

Society of Drilling Engineers, 125

Sokolnikov, Grigory, 226

Sokolov, Nikolay, 47

Solikamsk, 244

Solovyëv, N., 165

South Balyk oil field, 295

South Khylchuyu field, 336–37

South Pyzhino well, 338

South Russian field, 342

South Stream AG, 374, 375

South Stream pipeline, 373–74

Soymonov, Fëdor, 15, 16

Soymonov, Mikhail, 26

Soyuzneft. See All-Union Oil Industry Association

Spain, 222

Sparafy, Nikolay, 12

Special Council on Fuel (OSOTOP), 151–52

Stakhanov movement, 311

Stalin, Joseph, 175, 178, 180–82, 185, 189–92, 231, 248–49, 254, 259, 265, 278, 289, 432–33

Standard Oil Company, 97, 128–32, 137, 201, 203, 208, 210–13, 218, 219, 221, 223, 224, 226, 228–29

Standard Oil of New Jersey, 228

Standard Oil of New York, 228, 236

Standartneftegaz-2008 conference (Moscow), 352

Stanishev, Sergey, 374

Staroselsky, Actual State Councilor, 92

State Bank (Gosbank), 208

State Commission for the Electrification of Russia (GOELRO), 174

State Council, 140

State Defense Committee (GKO), 276, 277

State Duma, 139–44, 148–49, 345

State Oil Company of the Azerbaijan Republic (SOCAR), 364

State Planning Committee (Gosplan), 205, 218, 224, 251–52, 280

State Savings Bank, 323

State socialism, 313

Statoil, 364

Statoil Hydro, 349

Stettinius, Edward R., Jr., 273–74

Steward Ltd., 116

Stomonyakov, Comrade, 198

Stosur, George, 301, 307

Strategic Petroleum Reserve, 320

Strikes, 134–35

Strizhov, Ivan, 197, 215, 224–25, 259

Stroganov (businessman), 244

Sugihara, J., 301

Sukhorukov (merchant), 40

Sulzer AG, 344–45

Sumitomo, 223

Supreme Council for the National Economy (VSNKh), 160, 165–68, 170, 171, 174, 180, 196, 201, 206, 207, 209, 215, 242–44, 246–49, 251–52, 259

Supreme Soviet, 278, 292

Surabekov, Grigory, 259

Surakhany (Surakhany Refinery), 7, 31, 35, 36, 46–49, 75, 76, 79, 83, 84, 110, 119, 127, 137, 145

Surgutneft, 295

Surgutneftegaz, 326, 327, 359, 385–86, 391, 435–36

Survorovskoye oil field, 279

Svechin, Ivan, 122

Sverdlov, Yakov, 160, 161

Sverneftegazprom, 342

Sveshnikov, Ivan, 10

Svet (steamship), 99

Svyatoslav, Prince, 7

Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich, Prince, 8

Synthetic gasoline, 263–64, 271, 280

Sytenko, Nikolay, 121

Syukeyevo, 50

Syunik Partnership, 97

T

Tagiyev, Gadzhi, 76

Tahmasp II, Shah, 16–17

Takhautdinov, Shafagat, 339, 438–39

Talakan field, 334

Talin oil field, 312

Taman–Black Sea Oil Company, 145

Taman Peninsula, 7–8, 58–59

Tar fields, 338–39

Tarle, Yevgeny, 13

Tarumov, Mark, 30, 31

Tashkala oil field, 276, 279

Tatar ASSR, 275, 284, 286, 295

Tatarstan, 338–39

Tatburneft drilling trust, 284

Tatneft, 287, 327, 338–39, 359, 386, 393–94, 438–39

Tatneftefeofizika trust, 285

Taxation, 91–94

Tax-farming system, 43–44, 74–78, 114

Tayshet, 334

Tazov gas field, 292

Teagle, Walter, 210–11, 228

Tenishev, Vyacheslav, 126, 418–19

Ter-Akopov, Ivan, 79

Ter-Gabrielyan, Sahak, 165, 179

Ter-Gukasov (entrepreneur), 43, 46

Teriberka, 350

Ter-Oganesov, Yakov, 208

Tersk Region, 57, 76, 79, 114, 115

Teterevnikov, V., 291

Tetyushi, 50, 51

Tevlin-Russkinskaya field, 360

Texaco Inc., 236

Texas Oil, 236

Theophan, 4

Therapeutic uses of oil, 10

Thiers, Adolphe, 110

Third Crusade, 5

Third World, 310

Thompson, W. M., 183

Tiflis Province, 71–74

Tikhonovich, Nikolay, 119, 238–41, 259

Timan Oil & Gas plc, 350

Timan-Pechora region, 238–43, 275–76, 336, 344

Timirgazin, K., 275

Timiryazev, Vladimir, 143

Timonin, Vitaly, 294

Tmutarakan Principality, 7–8

TNK (Tyumen Oil Company), 326, 327

TNK-BP, 342, 344, 359, 385–86, 390–91

Tomsk Region, 338

Tomsky, Mikhail, 230, 433–34

Topchubashov, Alimardan Alakbar oglu, 183

Topuridze, D.A., 183

Tornau, Nikolay, 46

Total, 349

TotalFinaElf, 364

TPAO, 364

Transcaspian Trading Partnership, 46, 49

Transcaucasian Federation, 193

Transcaucasus, 176–79, 184

Transcaucasus Railway, 110, 120

Transneft, 327, 341

Transnefteprodukt, 327, 341

Transportation costs, 294

Trans-Siberian Railroad, 131–32

Treaty of Alexandropol (1919), 189

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918), 170, 176–77

Treaty of Gulistan (1813), 29

Treaty of Kuchuk Kaynarca (1774), 40

Treaty of Portsmouth (1905), 118

Trifonov, Valentin, 206

Tri Ozera field, 295

Tripolsky, A. T., 275

Trofimuk, A., 275

Trofimuk, Andrey, 291–92

Trotsky, Leon, 163, 184, 191, 203, 231, 434–35

Trudoviks, 140–41

Trust Franco-Beige de Pétrole, 199

Trutnev, Yury, 331–32, 439

Tsentrosoyuz (Central Alliance of Consumer Societies), 206

Tsereteli, Irakly, 162–63

Tsyurupa, Aleksandr, 170

Tuapse, 233

Tukhachevsky, Mikhail, 186

Tukhvinskaya, Ye., 256

Tulchinsky, Konstantin, 118

Tumansky license tract, 349

Tumsky, Konstantin, 114

Turbodrilling, 234–38, 275, 282

Turkey, 189, 219, 375

Turkmen ASSR, 286

Turkmenistan, 350, 365

Turlov, Prince, 38

Turton, Simon, 353

Turukhan Territory, 65

Tuymaza oil field, 275, 282, 285

Tuymaza–Omsk 2 pipeline, 288

Tyumen, 343

Tyumenneftegaz Production Association, 294, 295

Tyumen Oil Company (TNK), 326, 327

Tyumen Region, 292–99, 314

U

Uchkizyl field, 257

Ufa Cracking Refinery, 258

Ufa District, 22–23

Ufa–Omsk 2 pipeline, 288

Ukhta District, 275

Ukhta fields, 15, 20–21, 27, 66–70, 238–43

Ukhta-Pechora prison camp, 240–43

Ukhtin, Comrade, 246

Unified Gas Supply System (UGSS), 357, 358

Union of Kuban Oil Industrialists, 149

Union of Oil Workers and Allied Trades, 139

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, formation of, 193

United Metallurgical Company, 373

United Nations, 351, 378

United States. See also Standard Oil Company

alternative energy initiatives in, 377–78

energy cooperation with, 300–304

energy/output ratio in, 355

and Lee’s visit to Soviet Russia, 227–34

and Lend-Lease, 272–74

oil industry in, 54–56, 86, 89, 93, 128–34, 147

Russian energy expansion seen as threat to, 367–68

Serebrovsky’s trip to, 210–17

turbodrilling in, 236

and world oil prices, 320

Universal Oil Products, 260

Unskilled laborers, 135–36

Upper Chona field, 334, 344

Uralmash Drilling Equipment, 353, 354

Uralneft, 243, 247–49

Urals, 243–51

Uratadze, Grigol, 189

Urazmetov, Nadyr, 22–23

Urazmetov, Yusup, 22–23

Urengoyl Inc., 343

Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhgorod pipeline, 310

Uritsky, Moisey, 162

Urquhart, Leslie, 203, 205–6

Urusov, Semën N., 290, 291, 292

US Department of Energy (DOE), 301, 303, 306, 378

Usinsk oil field, 300

Uspekh partnership, 116

Ust-Balyk field, 295

Ust-Balyk region, 292

Usubbeyov, Nasib bey, 178

Utsuda, Shoei, 347

Uzbekistan, 365

V

V. I. Ragozin & Co. Partnership, 102, 106

Vacuum Oil Company, 228

Vakhitov, Gadel, 301, 302, 303

Vankor oil and gas field, 334

Varandey Oil Loading Terminal, 337

Vasilenko, Aleksandr, 128, 176

Vasilyev, Aleksey, 29

Vasilyev, Viktor, 256

Vat-Yëgan field, 360

Vazeyskoye oil field, 300

Vedeneyev, Yevgeny, 122

Veer, Jeroen van der, 347

Verey-Namurian oil field, 275

Verkhnechonskneftegaz, 344, 354

Verkhnechusovskiye Gorodki, 245, 246, 248, 249, 250

Verkhne-Izhma District, 275

Verkhovsky, Vasily, 18

Vermishev gusher, 80

Vernadsky, Vladimir, 24

Vertically integrated oil companies (VIOCs), 325–29

Veyser, B., 115

Victoria Oil & Gas, 34

Vishnyak, Mikhail, 162

Vladikavkaz Railroad, 116, 147, 199

Vladimir Filanovsky field, 336

VNITON (All-Union Scientific Engineering and Technical Society of Oil Workers), 256

Volga region, 22–23, 25, 49–54, 88, 270, 274

Volga-Urals region, 275, 283–89, 344

Vollendorf, Senior Manager, 58–59

Voloshanovsky, Andrey, 240

Volynsky, Artemy, 14, 16

Vonevin, Stepan, 25, 37

Vorontsov, Mikhail, 39, 41, 42, 44

Voskoboynikov, Nikolay, 31–37, 58

Voskresensky, Aleksandr, 47

Voynovsky-Kriger, Konstantin, 241

Voytsekhovich, Yevgeny, 292

Voyvot–Ukhta pipeline, 274

Voyvozh gas field, 276

Vratsyan, Simon, 188

Vronchenko, Fëdor, 43, 419

Vronchenko, Mikhail, 54

VSNKh. See Supreme Council for the National Economy

VTsIK (All-Russian Central Executive Committee), 160, 397

Vyborg, 372

Vyshnegradsky, Ivan, 111

W

War communism, 169–75, 206, 210

Wardwell, Allen, 229

Wartenburg, L., 120–21

Water management, 286, 312, 318–19

Watkins, J. Wade, 301, 306

Weatherford International Ltd., 343, 354

Weitzenbreyer, Yakov, 90

Well bailing, 80

Werden, Karl von, 15, 16

Western Europe–Western China International Transit Corridor, 365

Western Siberia

in post-Soviet period, 332–33, 337–38, 343, 352–53, 360

in Soviet period, 290–99, 310–12, 314–15, 317, 318

Westminster Bank, 222

West Siberian Resources, 344

West Surgut field, 295

Whale oil, 98

Wilmington oil field, 303

Wingas GmbH, 342

Winkler-Koch Corporation, 224, 233

Wintershall, 342

Wintershall Holding, 372

Wirtschaftsgruppe Kraftindustrie, 263

Witsen, Nicolaes, 11

Witte, Sergey, 120, 125, 139, 419–20

Wojslaw, Sigismund, 127

World Bank, 329

World oil prices, 315, 328, 330

World’s Columbian Exposition (Chicago, 1893), 108, 123

World’s Fair (Paris, 1889), 107

World Trade Organization, 356

World War I, 119, 143, 150–53, 199–200

World War II, 263–77, 372

and Lend-Lease, 270–74

role of Soviet oilmen and scientists in, 274–77

Worthington Pump Company, 122, 125

Wrecking, 259

Wroblewski, Eduard, 68

X

Xenophon, 1

Y

Yablonevoy Gorge, 275

Yagoda, Genrikh, 258–59

Yaguzhinsky, Pavel, 13

Yakutia, 333–34

Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District, 338, 339, 342, 343

Yamal Peninsula, 333

Yaqut al-Hamawi, 5

Yareyyu–South Khylchuyu gas pipeline, 337

Yarina–Kamenny Log field, 288

Yaroslavl, 233

Yartsev, Anikita, 30

Ydzhid-Kyrt region, 241

Yefremov (commander), 186

Yelshanka–Saratov pipeline, 274

Yeltsin, Boris, 323, 326, 327, 439–40

Yeremeyev, Pavel, 52, 53

Yermak drilling rig, 355

Yermolayev, P., 247

Yerofeyev, Vasily, 123

Yevdeyev, Roman, 11

Yevdokimov, Nikolay, 64

Yukos, 326, 327, 343, 436–37

Yurubchen-Tokhomo oil and gas field, 334

Yury Korchagin field, 335–36

Yushkin, Yevgeny, 76, 115, 145, 149–50

Z

Zabelsky, Ivan, 87

Zavadovsky, Nikolay, 58

Zheleznyakov, Anatoly, 163

Zhemchuzhin, Semën, 241

Zhigalovsky, Nikolay, 241

Zhirnovsk, 288

Zhordania, Noe, 177, 180, 191, 192

Zhukov, Yury, 218

Zinin, Nikolay, 47

Zorkin, Leonid, 301

Zoroastr (oil tanker), 87

Zotov, Grigory, 117

Zubalov Company, 154

Zubrinsky, Pavel, 23