Оливер Кромвель

1

В. Worden, The Rump Parliament (Oxford University Press, 1974), p. 69.

2

Sec the Bibliographical Essay.

3

S.R. Gardiner, History of the Great Civil War 1642 — 49 (first published in 1893, reprint cdn, Windrush Press, 1987, 4 vols), vol. I, p. x.

4

Н. N. Brailsford, The Levellers and the English Revolution (Cresset Press, 1961), p. 297.

5

James Heath, Flagellum, or the Life and Death, Birth and Burial of Oliver Cromwell, the Late Usurper (London, 1663), p. 7.

6

Ibid., p. 8.

7

Abbott, vol. iv, p. 493.

8

John Morrill, «The making of Oliver Cromwell» in John Morrill, cd., Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution (Longman, 1990), p. 28.

9

Арминианство — разновидность кальвинизма. — Прим. ред.

10

Brian Ouintrell, «Oliver Gromwell and the distraint of knighthood», Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, Bulletin of the 57, 1984.

11

Calendar of State Papers Domestic 1631—33, p. 501.

12

Смотрите, например, грубое замечание Хита: «говорят, что орудие лорда-протектора находится под нижней юбкой леди Ламберт», Хит, Flagellum, р. 128.

13

Abbott, vol. III, p. 452.

14

Abbott, vol. I, pp. 96 — 7.

15

Abbott, vol. I, pp. 64 — 5.

16

For the «godly» sec P. Collinson, The Religion of Protestants: the Church in England 1559–1625 (Oxford University Press, 1982) and E. Duffy, «The godly and the multitude in. Stuart England», The Seventeenth Century, I, 1986.

17

Abbott, vol. I, p. 124.

18

Abbott, vol. I, p. 136.

19

Abbott, vol. I, p. 128.

20

Morrill, «The making of Oliver Cromwell», in Morrill, Cromwell, pp. 43 -5.

21

Abbott, vol. I, p. 69.

22

Abbott, vol. I, p. 123.

23

Abbott, vol. I, p. 132.

24

W.H.Coates (ed.), The Journal of Sir Simonds D’Ewes from the First Recess of the Long Parliament to the Withdrawal of the King from London (Yale University Press, 1942), p. 40.

25

Abbott, vol. II, p. 198.

26

V.F. Snow and A.S. Young (eds), The Private Journals of the Long Parliament, 7 March — 1 June 1642 (Yale University Press, 1987), p. 8.

27

Ibid., p. 104.

28

Abbott, vol. III, p. 586 (speech of 22 January 1655).

29

Abbott, vol. I, p. 292 (letter of 5 September 1644).

30

Bulstrode Whitelockc, Memorials of the English Affairs (Oxford, 1852, 4 vols) vol. I, p. 209.

31

Abbott, vol. III, p. 586.

32

Abbott, vol. I, p. 211.

33

Abbott, vol. I, p. 231.

34

Abbott, vol. IV, p. 471 (speech of 13 April 1657).

35

Abbott, vol. t, p. 258.

36

Abbott, vol. I, p. 264.

37

Letter from the Earl of Manchester to the House of Lords (Camden Miscellany, vol. 8, 1853), item 5.

38

Abbott, vol. I, p. 256.

39

Abbott, vol. I, pp. 230, 231.

40

Abbott, vol. I, p. 228.

41

Abbott, vol. I, p. 234.

42

Abbott, vol. I, p. 232.

43

Abbott, vol. I, p. 251.

44

Abbott, vol. I, p. 259.

45

Abbott, vol. I, p. 260.

46

Abbott, vol. I, p. 272.

47

Abbott, vol. I, p. 287.

48

P. Newman, The Battle of Marston Moor (Chichester, 1981), p. 103; A. Woolrych, «Cromwell as a soldier», in Morrill, Cromwell, pp. 100 — 1.

49

Abbott, vol. I, p. 287.

50

Quoted in C.H. Firth, «The raising of the Ironsides», Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, new scries, vol. 13, 1899, pp. 61 — 2. См. стр. 113–114, 143, 152 о важной роли библейской истории Моисея и евреев в размышлениях Кромвеля в 1650 г.

51

Abbott, vol. I, p. 278.

52

Это было эффективно исследовано L. Kaplan, «The «plot» t.o depose Charles I in 1644», Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, 44, 1971.

53

R. Baillie, The Letters and Journals of Robert Baillie (2 vols, 1841), vol. II, p. 229.

54

Множество выпадов Кромвеля против Манчестера было приведено в J. Bruce (ed.), The Quarrel Between Manchester and Cromwell (Camden Society, new scries, vol. 12, 1875).

55

Abbott, vol. I, p. 299.

56

Abbott, vol. I, p. 314.

57

Abbott, vol. I, p. 314.

58

Abbott, vol. I, p. 340.

59

Abbott, vol. I, p. 360.

60

Abbott, vol. I, p. 365.

61

Abbott, vol. I, p. 395

62

Abbott, vol. I, p. 360.

63

Abbott, vol. I, p. 377.

64

Abbott, vol. I, p. 363.

65

Abbott, vol. I, p. 371.

66

Abbott, vol. I, p. 377.

67

Abbott, vol. I, p. 372.

68

S.R. Gardiner, History of the Great Civil War (reprint cdn, Windrush Press, 1987, 4 vols), vol. II, p. 30.

69

Abbott, vol. I, p. 410.

70

Abbott, vol. I, p. 420.

71

Abbott, vol. I, p. 430.

72

C.H. Firth (cd.), Memoirs of Edmund Ludlow (Clarendon Press, 2 vols, 1894), vol. I, pp. 144 — 5.

73

Abbott, vol. I, p. 426.

74

Abbott, vol. I, p. 421.

75

Abbott, vol. I, p. 430.

76

Abbott, vol. I, pp. 428 — 9.

77

Clarke Papers, vol. I, p. 72.

78

Abbott, vol. I, p. 433.

79

С. Hoover, «Cromwеll's status and pay in 1646 — 7’, Historical Journal, 23, 1980, p. 708.

80

Quoted in A. Woolrych, Soldiers and Statesmen: the General Council of the Army and its Debates, 1647 — 8 (Clarendon Press, 1987), p. 142.

81

Abbott, vol. I, p. 460.

82

J.S.A. Adamson, «The English nobility and the projected settlement of 1647», Historical Journal, 30, 1987.

83

Abbott, vol. I, pp. 481—3.

84

Abbott, vol. I, p. 510.

85

Quoted in Adamson, «The English nobility», p. 595.

86

Abbott, vol. I, p. 506.

87

Abbott, vol. I, pp. 519, 530.

88

Abbott, vol. I, pp. 527 — 8.

89

Abbott, vol. t, p. 533.

90

Abbott, vol. I, p. 524.

91

J.S. Morrill, «The army revolt of 1647», in C.A. Tamse and A.C. Duke (cds), Britain and the Netherlands (1987), p. 72.

92

Abbott, vol. I, p. 549.

93

M. A. Kishlansky «What happened at Ware?», Historical Journal, т. 25, 1982 отрицает, что Кромвель был там. Доказательство, представленное в Woolrych, Soldiers and Statesmen, стр. 281–284 убедило меня в том, что Кромвель присутствовал в Вэре.

94

Ludlow, Memoirs, vol. I, p. 246.

95

Abbott, vol. I, p. 486.

96

Abbott, vol. I, pp. 483, 478.

97

Abbott., vol. I, p. 719.

98

D. Undcrdown, «The parliamentary diary of John Boys 1647 — 48», Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, 39, 1966, p. 156.

99

Memoirs of Denzil Holies in F. Mascrcs (cd), Select Tracts Relating to the Civil Wars in England (1815), p. 303.

100

J. Adamson. «Oliver Cromwell and the Long Parliament» in Morril, стр. 78 не разделяет моих сомнений о недостоверности этих отчетов.

101

Ludlow, Memoirs, vol. I, pp. 184 — 86.

102

Abbott, vol. I, p. 606.

103

Abbott, vol. I, p. 607.

104

Abbott., vol. I, p. 611.

105

A. Woolrych, «Cromwell as a soldier» in Morrill, Cromwell p. 110.

106

Abbott, vol. I, pp. 633, 638.

107

Abbott, vol. I, pp. 598 — 9.

108

Abbott, vol. I, p. 691.

109

Abbott, vol. I, p. 661.

110

Abbott, vol. I, p. 691.

111

Abbott, vol. I, p. 621.

112

Abbott, vol. I, p. 692.

113

J.P. Kenyon, (cd.), The Stuart Constitution: Documents And Commentary (Cambridge University Press, 2nd cd., 1986), p. 288.

114

Abbott, vol. I, p. 678.

115

Abbot, vol. I, p. 690.

116

Abbott, vol. I, p. 698.

117

B. Whitclockе (ed.), Memorials of the English Affairs (Oxford University Press, 4 vols, 1853), vol. II, p. 477.

118

Abbott, vol. I, p. 736.

119

R. Jeffs (ed.), The English Revolution: East Sermons to Parliament, vol. 32, 1648—49 (Cornmarkct Press, 1971), p. 81.

120

Abbott, vol. II, pp. 189 — 90.

121

Abbott, vol. II, p. 7.

122

Abbott, vol. II, p. 38.

123

B. Worden, The Rump Parliament 1649 — 53 (Cambridge University Press, 1974), pp. 68, 191.

124

State Papers Collected by Edward Earl of Clarendon (2 vols, Clarendon Press, 1773), Appendix, p. li.

125

Это были слова «Я одобряю последние законы Палаты Общин Англии, принятые в парламенте, устанавливающие высокий суд справедливости, осуждающий и приговаривающий Карла Стюарта, последнего короля Англии», по предложению, выдвинутому Генри Айртоном и Генри Мартеном, что нанесло самое большое оскорбление и было отклонено. См.: S. Barber, «The Engagement for the Counci of state and the establisgment of the Commonwealth government» Historical Research, 63, 1990.

126

С. P. Гардинер считал, что эти дебаты в Уайтхолле состоялись по предложению Кромвеля. History of the Great Civil War (reprint cdn, Windrush Press, 1987, 4 vols), voliv, p. 238.

127

Abbott, vol. II, pp. 41—2.

128

Abbott, vol. II, pp. 67 — 8.

129

Abbott, vol. II, p. 39.

130

Abbott, vol. II, p. 38.

131

Abbott, vol. II, p. 107.

132

Abbott, vol. II, pp. 198, 199.

133

Abbott, vol. II, p. 127.

134

135

Abbott, vol. II, p. 127.

136

Abbott, vol. II, p. 176.

137

Quoted in P.J Corish, «The Cromwellian conquest, 1649 — 53» in T.W. Moody, F.X. Martin and F.J. Byrne, (eds) A New History of Ireland, ii, Earley Modern Ireland 1534–1691 (Clarendon Press, 1976), p. 347.

138

Andrew Marvell, An Horation Ode Upon CromwelVs Return from Ireland.

139

Abbott vol. II pp. 187, 273.

140

Abbott, vol. II, p. 325.

141

Abbott, vol. II, p. 273.

142

Abbott, vol. II, p. 277.

143

Abbott, vol. II, p. 270.

144

Abbott, vol. II, p. 325.

145

Abbott, vol. II, p. 285.

146

Abbott, vol. II, p. 303.

147

Abbott, vol. II, p. 325.

148

Abbott, vol. II, p. 339.

149

Abbott, vol. II, p. 327.

150

S.R Gardiner, History of the Commonwealth and Protectorate (reprint edn, Windrulu Press, 1988 — 9, 4 vols), vol. I, p. 280.

151

См. письма Кромвеля к спикеру Палаты Общин, оправдывающие его тактику, которая может «тревожить умы некоторых людей», 4 августа 1651 года. Abbott, vol. II, p. 444.

152

Записано Джоном Обри, который сказал об этом так: «Один, кого я знаю и кто присутствовал» в Данбаре. Abbott, vol. II, p. 319.

153

Abbott, vol. II, p. 324.

154

Abbott, vol. II, p. 329.

155

Abbott, vol. II, p. 461.

156

Abbott, vol. II, p. 483.

157

Abbott, vol. II, p. 325.

158

Abbott, vol. II, p. 5.

159

Quoted in Worden, Rump, p. 261.

160

Abbott, vol. II, p. 273.

161

Abbott, vol. II, p. 453.

162

Abbott, vol. II, p. 471.

163

Abbott, vol. II, pp. 505 — 7.

164

С.Н. Firth and R.S. Rait (eds), Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum 1642 — 60 (2 vols, 1911), vol. II, p. 566.

165

D. Undcrdown, Royalist Conspiracy in England 1649 — 60 (Yale University Press, 1960), p. 58.

166

Original Letters, p. 75.

167

Mercurius Politicus, 9—16 October 1651, p. 1140.

168

Abbott, vol. II, p. 642.

169

Original Letters, pp. 188 — 9.

170

Quoted in B. Worden, «Oliver Cromwell and the sin of Achan» in D. Beales and G. Best (eds), History, Society and the Churches (Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 134.

171

Abbott, vol. II, p. 589.

172

Abbott, vol. II, p. 644.

173

Abbott, vol. III, p. 7.

174

G.C. Moore Smith (cd.), The Letters of Dorothy Osborne to William Temple (Oxford, 1928), p. 39.

175

Abbott, vol. II, p. 60.

176

Abbott, vol. II, p. 6.

177

Quoted in A. Woolrych, Commonwealth to Protectorate (Oxford University Press, 1982, paperback edn, 1986), p. 110. Woolrych suggests that that author may be John Hill, a journalist employed by Cromwell.

178

Abbott, vol. III, p. 454.

179

Ludlow, Memoirs, vol. I, pp. 357 — 8.

180

Abbott, vol. II, p. 64.

181

Original Letters, p. 92.

182

Abbott, vol. III, p. 7.

183

Abbott, vol. III, pp. 63-4.

184

Abbott, vol. IV, p. 489.

185

Quoted in Woolrych, Commonwealth to Protectorate, p. 324.

186

Abbott, vol. III, p. 73.

187

Одним из тех, кто сделал так, был Дж. С. Дэвис. Fear, Myth and History: The Ranters and Historians (Cambridge University Press, 1986).

188

Abbott, vol. II, p. 62.

189

Abbott, vol. III, p. 89.

190

Abbott, vol. IV, p. 489.

191

Abbott, vol. III, pp. 454-5.

192

Abbott, vol. IV, p. 418.

193

Abbott, vol. III, pp. 136-7.

194

Quoted in Ivan Roots, The Great Rebellion 1642 — 60 (Bat-sford, 1965), p. 210.

195

W. Lamont, «The Left and its past: revisiting the 1650s», History Workshop, 25, 1987, p. 142, referring to Christopher Hill’s views of the 1650's.

196

E.S. Beer (ed.), The Diary of John Evelyn (Clarendon Press, 1955. 6 vols), 11, p. 166.

197

Abbott, vol. III, p. 435.

198

Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, History of the Rebellion (6 vols, ed. W. Macray, 1888) vol. II, p. 323.

199

Abbott, vol. III, pp. 435, 438.

200

Sec Bibliographical Essay in Еnglish edition of this book.

201

Abbott, vol. III, p. 488.

202

Quoted in P. Gaunt, «The «single person’s confidants and dependants»? Oliver Cromwell and his protcctoral councillors’, Historical Journal, 32, 1989, p. 548.

203

Abbott, vol. III, p. 444.

204

Abbott, vol. IV, pp. 661-2.

205

Abbott, vol. IV, p. 462.

206

Quoted in R. Sherwood, The Court of Oliver Cromwell (1977), pp. 135-6.

207

Abbott, vol. IV, p. 112.

208

Abbott, vol. IV, p. 494.

209

Quoted in Nancy L. Matthews, William Sheppard: Cromwell's Law Reformer (Cambridge University Press, 1984), p. 37.

210

Quoted in D. Vcall, The Popular Movement for Law Reform 1640 — 60 (Oxford University Press, 1960), p. 73.

211

Abbott, vol. III, p. 439.

212

Abbott, vol. III, p. 437.

213

Abbott, vol. IV, p. 495 (речь от 21 апреля 1657).

214

Abbott, vol. I, p. 416.

215

Abbott, vol. III, p. 459.

216

Abbott, vol. III, pp. 225-8.

217

Abbott, vol. III, pp. 271-2.

218

Abbott, vol. III, p. 442.

219

Abbot, vol. III, p. 184.

220

Abbott, vol. III, p. 587.

221

Abbott, vol. II, p. 579.

222

Abbott, vol. III, pp. 434, 442.

223

Abbott, vol. III, pp. 580, 593.

224

Он использовал эту фразу для характеристики своей политической роли в речи от 13 апреля 1657 г. Abbott, т. IV, стр. 470.

225

Abbott, vol. III, p. 581.

226

Abbott, vol. III, p. 449.

227

Abbott, vol. III, p. 834.

228

Clark Papers, vol. II, pp. xxxiv — xxxvii.

229

Abbott, vol. III, p. 586.

230

Abbott, vol. III, p. 572. Both S.R. Gardiner and C.H. Firth date this letter at the third week of January 1655.

231

Abbott, vol. Ill, p. 588.

232

Abbott, vol. Ill, p. 572.

233

Abbott, vol. Ill, p. 590.

234

S.R. Gardiner, History of the Commonwealth and Protectorate 1649 — 46 (Windrush reprint, 1987, 4 vols), vol. III, P- 260

235

Quoted in ibid., vol. III, p. 329.

236

Abbott, vol. IV, p. 275.

237

Abbott, vol. Ill, p. 655.

238

Abbott, vol. Ill, p. 671.

239

Abbott, vol. Ill, p. 745.

240

Quoted in Gardiner, Commonwealth, vol. tv, p. 193.

241

Quoted in C.P. Korr, Cromwell's New Model Foreign Policy: England's Policy Towards France 1649 — 58 (University of California Press, 1975), pp. 151-2.

242

TSP, vol. III, p. 460.

243

TSP, vol. III, p. 467.

244

Quoted by P.W. Thomas in his introduction to The English Revolution: III. Newsbooks 5, vol. 1, Mercurius Polliticus (Cornmarkct Press, 1971), p. 8.

245

Abbott, vol. IV, p. 417.

246

Abbott, vol. IV, p. 112.

247

Abbott, vol. IV, pp. 377 -8.

248

K. Kuppcrman, «Errand to the Indies: Puritan colonisation from Providence Island through the Western Design», William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd series, vol. 45, 1988. Quoted in Gardiner, Commonwealth, vol. IV., p. 130.

249

Abbott, vol. III, pp. 857-8.

250

Abbott, vol. Ill, p. 859.

251

Abbott, vol. Ill, p. 756.

252

Abbott, vol. Ill, p. 860.

253

Abbott, vol. Ill, p. 858.

254

Abbott, vol. III, p. 845.

255

Gardiner, Commonwealth, vol. III, pp. 328-9.

256

Abbott, vol. III, p. 828.

257

Abbott, vol. IV, p. 264.

258

David S. Katz, Philo-semitism and the Readmission of the Jews to England 1603-55 (University of California Press 1982), p. 7; Abbott, vol. IV, p. 53.

259

Abbott, vol. IV, pp. 274, 494.

260

Abbott, vol. IV, p. 473.

261

Abbott, vol. IV, p. 484.

262

Abbott, vol. IV, p. 445.

263

Abbott, vol. IV, pp. 263, 273-4.

264

Abbott, vol. IV, p. 277.

265

Quoted in C.II. Firth, The Last Years of the Protectorate 1656 — 58 (2 vols, 1907), vol. I, p. 21.

266

Abbott, vol. IV, p. 301.

267

Abbott, vol. IV, p. 342.

268

Abbott, vol. IV, p. 417.

269

Quoted in Firth, Last Years, vol. I, p. 88.

270

Quoted in Firth, Last Years, vol I, p. 89.

271

Abbott, vol. IV, p. 566.

272

Abbott, vol. IV, p. 417.

273

Abbott, vol. IV, pp. 453, 490.

274

TSP, vol. IV, p. 93.

275

J.P. Kenyon (ed.), The Stuart Constitution: Documents and Commentary (Cambridge University Press, 2nd cdn, 1986), p. 329.

276

Abbott, vol. IV, p. 445.

277

Abbott, vol. IV, p. 509.

278

TSP, vol. IV, pp. 219, 243.

279

Quoted in Firth, Last Years, vol. I, p. 177.

280

Abbott, vol. IV, p. 448.

281

Abbott, vol. IV, p. 443.

282

Abbott, vol. IV, p. 473.

283

Abbott, vol. IV, p. 716.

284

R. Hutton, The British Republic 1649 — 60 (Macmillan, 1990), p. 77.

285

D. Undcrdown, «Cromwell and the officers, February 1658», English Historical Review, 83, 1968, p. 104.

286

Abbott, vol. IV, p. 729.

287

Quoted in Firth, Last Years, vol. II, p. 86.

288

Abbott, vol. IV, p. 736.

289

Abbott, vol. IV, p. 720.

290

D.M.Wolfc (ed.), Leveller Manifestoes of the Puritan Revolution (Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1944), p. 370.

291

Quoted in R. Howell, «Cromwell and English liberty» in R.C. Richardson and G.M. Ridden (cds), Freedom and the English Revolution (Manchester University Press, 1986), p. 25.

292

Ibid., р 26.

293

Quoted in R. Нowcll, Puritans and Radicals in North England: Essays in the English Revolution (University Press of America, 1984), pp. 207-8.

294

Abbott, vol. IV, p. 274.

295

Quoted in A. Fletcher, «The religious motivation of Cromwcll's major-generals’ in D. Baker (ed.), Religious Motivation: Biographical and Sociological Problems for the Church Historian (Studies in Church History, vol. XV, 1978), p. 261.

296

Quoted in A. Fletcher, «Oliver Cromwell and the localities: the problem of consent» in C. Jones, M. Newitt and S. Roberts, (eds), Politics and People in Revolutionary England (Blackwell, 1986), p. 92.

297

Это один из многих важных моментов, указанных в прекрасном неопубликованном исследовании (S. Jones. «The Composition and Activity of the Protectorate Parliaments (Exeter University Ph D. thesis, 1988). Я очень благодарен д-ру Джонс за доброжелательное предоставление мне копии ее диссертации.

298

D. Underdown, «Settlement in the counties» in G.E. Aylmer, (ed.), The Interregnum: The Quest for Settlement 1646-60 (Macmillan, 1972), p. 178.

299

Slingsby Bethel, The World's Mistake in Oliver Cromwell, printed in W. Oldys (ed.), Harleian Miscellany; or a Collection of Scarce, Curious and Entertaining Tracts… (10 vols, 1808—13), vol. I, p. 289.

300

M. Roberts (ed.), Swedish Diplomats at Cromwell's Court 1655 — 56: the Missions of Peter Julius Coyet and Christer Bonde (Camden Society, 4th series, vol. 36, 1988), pp. 114, 282.

301

Clarendon, History, vol. VI, p. 94.

302

Roberts, Swedish Diplomats, pp. 83-4.

303

Ibid., p. 278.

304

Quoted in ibid., p. 278, note.

305

J.H. Elliott, Richelieu and Olivares (Oxford University Press, 1984), p. 128.

306

Gardiner, Commonwealth, vol. IV, p. 83, note.

307

Abbott, vol. I, pp. 177-8.

308

Firth and Rait, Acts and Ordinances, vol. II, p. 875.

309

Quoted in T. Harris, London Crowds in the Reign of Charles II: Propaganda and Politics from the Restoration to the Exclusion Crisis (Cambridge University Press, 1987), p. 39.