WOOD, ERNEST: An Englishman Defends Mother India. Madras, 1929.
WOOLLEY, C. LEONARD: The Sumerians. Oxford, 1928.
WORLD ALMANAC, 1935. New York, 1935.
WU, CHAO-CHU: The Nationalist Program for China. Yale U. P., 1929.
XENOPHON: Anabasis. Loeb Classical Library.
XENOPHON: Cyropaedia. Loeb Classical Library.
YANG CHU: Garden of Pleasure. London, 1912.
ZIMAND, SAVEL: Living India. New York, 1928.
Notes*
1. Supplement to Essai sur les mœurs; quoted by Buckle, H. T., History of Civilization, i, 581.
CHAPTER I
2. Robinson, J. H., art. Civilization, Encyclopedia Britannica, 14th ed.
CHAPTER II
1. Spengler, O., The Decline of the West; The Hour of Decision.
2. Hayes, Sociology, 494.
3. Lippert, J., Evolution of Culture, 38.
4. Spencer, H., Principles of Sociology, 1, 60.
5. Sumner and Keller, Science of Society, i, 51; Sumner, W. G., Folkways, 119-22; Renard, G., Life and Work in Prehistoric Times, 36; Mason, O. T., Origins of Invention, 298.
6. Ibid., 316.
7. Sumner and Keller, i, 132.
8. Roth, H. L., in Thomas, W. I., Source Book for Social Origins, 111.
9. Ibid.; Mason, O. T., 190; Lippert, 165.
10. Renard, 123.
11. Briffault, The Mothers, ii, 460.
12. Renard, 35.
13. Sutherland, G. A., ed., A System of Diet and Dietetics, 45.
14. Ibid., 33-4; Ratzel, F., History of Mankind, i, 90.
15. Sutherland, G. A., 43, 45; Müller-Lyer, F., History of Social Development, 70.
16. Ibid., 86.
17. Sumner, Folkways, 329; Ratzel, 129; Renard, 40-2; Westermarck, E., Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, i, 553-62.
18. Sumner and Keller, ii, 1234.
19. Sumner, Folkways, 329.
20. Renard, 40-2.
21. Sumner and Keller, ii, 1230.
22. Briffault, ii, 399.
23. Sumner and Keller, ii, 1234.
24. Cowan, A. R., Master Clues in World History, 10.
25. Renard, 39.
26. Mason, O. T., 23.
27. Briffault, i, 461-5.
28. Mason, O. T., 224L
29. Müller-Lyer, Social Development, 102.
30. Ibid., 144-6.
30a. Ibid., 167; Ratzel, 87.
31. Thomas, W. I., 113-7; Renard, 154-5; Müller-Lyer, 306; Sumner and Keller, i, 150-3.
32. Sumner, Folkways, 142.
33. Mason, O. T., 71.
34. Müller-Lyer, Social Development, 238-9; Renard, 158.
35. Sumner and Keller, i, 268-72, 300, 320; Lubbock, Sir J., Origin of Civilization, 373-5; Campbell, Bishop R., in New York Times, 1-11-33.
36. Bücher, K., Industrial Evolution, 57.
37. Kropotkin, Prince P., Mutual Aid, 90.
38. Mason, O. T., 27.
39. Sumner and Keller, i, 270-2.
40. Briffault, ii, 494-7.
41. Sumner and Keller, i, 328f.
42. In Lippert, 39.
43. A Naturalist’s Voyage Around the World, 242, in Briffault, ii, 494.
43a. Westermarck, Moral Ideas, i, 35-42.
44. Hobhouse, L. T., Morals in Evolution, 244-5; Cowan, A. R., Guide to World History, 22; Sumner and Keller, i, 58.
45. Hobhouse, 272.
CHAPTER III
1. Sumner and Keller, i, 16, 418, 461; Westermarck, Moral Ideas, i, 195-8.
2. Sumner and Keller, i, 461.
3. Rivers, W. H. R., Social Organization, 166.
4. Briffault, ii, 364, 494; Ratzel, 133; Sumner and Keller, 470-3.
5. Ibid., 463, 473.
6. Ibid., 370, 358.
7. Renard, 149; Westmarck, Moral Ideas, ii, 836-9; Ratzel, 130; Hobhouse, 239; Sumner and Keller, i, 18, 372, 366, 392, 394, 713.
8. Nietzsche, Genealogy of Morals, 103.
9. American Journal of Sociology, March, 1905.
10. Oppenheimer, Franz, The State, 16.
11. In Ross, E. A., Social Control, 50.
12. In Sumner and Keller, i, 704.
13. Ibid., 709.
14. Cowan, Guide to World History, 18f.
15. Sumner and Keller, i, 486.
16. Spencer, Sociology, iii, 316.
17. Ibid, i, 66.
18. Melville, Typce, 222, in Briffault, ii, 356
19. Briffault, ibid.
20. Sumner and Keller, i, 687.
21. Lubbock, 330.
22. Hobhouse, 73-101; Kropotkin, Mutual Aid, 131; Thomas, W. I., 301.
23. Sumner and Keller, i, 682-7.
24. For examples cf. Westermarck, Moral Ideas, i, 14-5, 20.
25. Lubbock, 363-7; Sumner and Keller, i, 454; Briffault, ii, 499; Maine, Sir H., Ancient Law, 109; Boas, Franz, Anthropology and Modern Life, 221.
26. Sutherland, A., Origin and Growth of the Moral Instincts, i, 4-5.
27. Sumner and Keller, iii, 1498; Lippert, 75, 659.
28. Sumner and Keller, iii, 1501.
29. Ibid., 1500; Renard, 198; Briffault, ii, 518, 434.
30. Vinogradoff, Sir P., Outlines of Historical Jurisprudence, i, 212; Briffault, i, 503, 513.
31. Sumner, Folkways, 364.
32. Briffault, i, 508-9; Sumner and Keller, i, 540; iii, 1949; Rivers, Social Organization, 12.
33. Moret and Davy, From Tribe to Empire, 40; Briffault, i, 308; Müller-Lyer, The Family, 1 24-7; Sumner and Keller, iii, 1939.
34. White, E. M., Woman in World History, 35; Briffault, i, 309; Lippert, 223; Sumner and Keller, iii, 1990.
35. Hobhouse, 170.
36. Müller-Lyer, Family, 118.
37. Ibid., 232.
38. Sumner and Keller, iii, 1733.
39. Lubbock, 5.
40. Müller-Lyer, Evolution of Modern Marriage, 112.
41. Briffault, i, 460; Renard, 101.
42. Briffault, i, 466, 478, 484, 509.
43. Ellis, H., Man and Woman, 316; Sumner and Keller, i, 128.
44. Ibid., iii, 1763, 1843; Ratzel, 134; Westermarck, Moral Ideas, i, 235.
45. Lubbock, 67.
46. Lubbock in Thomas, W. I., 108.
47. Westermarck, Moral Ideas, ii, 420, 629.
48. Crawley, E., The Mystic Rose, in Thomas, W. I., 515-7, 525.
49. Westermarck, Moral Ideas, ii, 638-45; Sumner and Keller, iii, 1737.
50. Ibid., 1753.
51. Vinogradoff, i, 197; Müller-Lyer, Social Development, 208.
CHAPTER IV
1. Darwin, C., Descent of Man, 110.
2. Ellis, H., Studies in the Psychology of Sex, vi, 422.
3. Westermarck, E., History of Human Marriage, i, 32, 35.
4. Briffault, ii, 154.
5. Sumner and Keller, iii, 1547f Further examples of sexual communism may be found in Briffault, i, 645; ii, 2-13; Lubbock, 68-9.
6. Müller-Lyer, Family, 55.
6a. Encyclopedia Britannica, xiii, 206.
7. Sumner and Keller, iii, 1548.
8. Briffault, ii, 81.
9. Lubbock, 69.
10. Lippert, 67.
11. Polo, Marco, Travels, 70.
12. Letourneau, Marriage, in Sumner and Keller, iii, 1521.
13. Westermarck, Short History of Human Marriage, 265; Müller-Lyer, Family, 49; Sumner and Keller, iii, 1563; Briffault, i, 629f.
14. Ibid., 649.
15. Sumner and Keller, iii, 1565.
16. Examples in Briffault, i, 767n; Sumner and Keller iii, 1901; Lippert, 670.
17. Examples in Briffault, i, 641f, 663; Vinogradoff, i, 173. Vinogradoff, i, 173.
18. Westermarck, Moral Ideas, i, 387.
19. Briffault, ii, 315; Hobhouse, 140.
20. Müller-Lyer, Modern Marriage, 34.
21. Spencer, Sociology, i, 722; Westermarck, Moral Ideas, i, 388; Sumner, Folkways, 265, 351; Sumner and Keller, i, 22; iii, 1863; Briffault, ii, 261, 267, 271.
22. Lowie, R. H., Are We Civilized?, 128.
23. Sumner and Keller, iii, 1534, 1540; Westermarck, Moral Ideas, i, 399.
24. Gen., xxix. Similar customs existed in Africa, India and Australia; cf. Müller-Lyer, Modern Marriage, 123.
25. Sumner and Keller, iii, 1625-6; Vinogradoff, 209; further examples in Lubbock, 91; Müller-Lyer, Family, 86; Westermarck, Moral Ideas, i, 435.
26. Briffault, i, 244L
26a. Lippert, 295; Müller-Lyer, Social Development, 270.
27. Sumner and Keller, iii, 1631. Briffault interprets this wedding custom as a reminiscence of the transition from matrilocal to patriarchal marriage—i, 240-50.
28. Hobhouse, 158.
29. Sumner and Keller, iii, 1629.
30. Briffault, ii, 244.
31. Müller-Lyer, Modern Marriage, 125.
32. Hobhouse, 151; Westermarck, Moral Ideas, i, 383; Sumner and Keller, 1650.
33. Ibid., 1648.
34. Ibid., 1649. Herodotus (I, 196) reported a similar custom in the fifth century B.C., and Burckhardt found it in Arabia in the nineteenth century (Müller-Lyer, Modern Marriage, 127).
35. Briffault, i, 219-21.
36. Lowie, Are We Civilized?, 125.
37. Briffault, ii, 215.
38. Sumner and Keller, iii, 1658.
39. In Lubbock, 53.
40. Ibid., 54-7; Sumner and Keller, iii, 1503-8; Briffault, ii, 141-3.
41. Müller-Lyer, Modern Marriage, 51.
43. Briffault, ii, 7of.
44. Briffault, ii, 2-13, 67, 70-2. Briffault has gathered into a ten-page footnote the evidence for the wide spread of premarital sexual freedom in the primitive world. Cf. also Lowie, Are We Civilized?, 123; and Sumner and Keller, iii, 1553-7.
45. Ibid., 1556; Briffault, ii, 65; Westermarck, i, 441.
46. Lowie, 127.
47. Briffault, iii, 313; Müller-Lyer, Modern Marriage, 32.
48. Briffault, ii, 222-3; Westermarck, Short History, 13.
49. Sumner and Keller, iii, 1682; Sumner, Folkways, 358.
50. Ibid., 361; Sumner and Keller, iii, 1674.
51. Ibid., 1554; Briffault, iii, 344.
52. S & K, iii, 1682.
52a. For examples cf. Westermarck, Human Marriage, i, 530-45; or Müller-Lyer, Modern Marriage, 39-41.
53. Müller-Lyer, Social Development, 132-3; Sumner, Folkways, 439.
54. Briffault, iii, 26of.
55. Ibid, 307; Ratzel, 93.
56. Sumner, Folkways, 450.
57. Reinach, Orpheus, 74.
58. cf. Briffault, ii, 112-7; Vinogradoff, 173.
59. S. & K., iii, 1528.
60. Ibid., 1771.
61. Ibid., 1677-8.
62. Ibid., 1831.
63. Quoted in Briffault, ii, 76.
64. Ibid., S & K, iii, 1831.
65. Müller-Lyer, Family, 102.
66. S & K, iii, 1890.
67. Ibid.; Sumner, Folkways, 314; Briffault, ii, 71; Westermarck, Moral Ideas, ii, 413; E. A. Rout, “Sex Hygiene of the New Zealand Maori,” in The Medical Journal and Record, Nov. 17, 1926; The Birth Control Review, April, 1932, p. 112.
68. Westermarck, Moral Ideas, ii, 394-401.
69. Lowie, Are We Civilized?, 138.
70. Müller-Lyer, Family, 104.
71. S & K, i, 54.
72. Briffault, ii, 391.
73. Renard, 135.
74. Westermarck, Moral Ideas, ii, 383.
75. Ibid., i, 290; Spencer, Sociology, i, 46.
76. Westermarck, Moral Ideas, i, 88; S & K, i, 336.
77. Kropotkin, 90.
78. Lowie, Are We Civilized?, 141.
79. Instances in Thomas, W. I., 108; White, E. M., 40; Briffault, i, 453; Ratzel, 135.
80. Westermarck, Moral Ideas, ii, 422, 678.
81. Hobhouse, 79; Briffault, ii, 353.
82. Ibid., 185.
83. Thomas, W. I., 154.
84. Examples in S & K, i, 641-3.
85. Briffault, ii, 143-4.
86. Ibid., 500-1; Kropotkin, 101, 105; Westermarck, Moral Ideas, ii, 539-40; Lowie, 141.
87. Hobhouse, 29; Spencer, Sociology, i, 69; Kropotkin, 90-1.
88. Müller-Lyer, Modern Marriage, 26; Briffault, i, 636.
89. Ibid., 640.
90. Müller-Lyer, 31.
91. Lowie, 164.
92. Westermarck, Moral Ideas, i, 150-1; Sumner, Folkways, 460.
93. Ibid, 454.
94. Ibid., 13; S & K, i, 358.
95. Kropotkin, 112-3; Briffault, ii, 357, 490; S & K, i, 659; Westermarck, ii, 556.
96. Strabo, Geography, I, 2, 8.
96a. S & K, ii, 1419.
96b. Ibid.
96c. Briffault, ii, 510.
96d. Lippert, 6.
96e. Briffault, ii, 503.
97. Williams, H. S., History of Science, i, 15.
98. Briffault, ii, 645.
99. Ibid., 657.
100. S & K, ii, 859; Lippert, 115.
101. Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, iv., 3; Davids, T. W. Rhys, Buddhist India, 252; Deussen, Paul, The Philosophy of the Upanishads, 302.
102. Carpenter, Edward, Pagan and Christian Creeds, 80.
103. Powys, John Cowper, The Meaning of Culture, 180.
104. Briffault, ii, 577, 583-92, 632.
105. Ibid., 147; Carpenter, 48.
106. Jung, C. G., Psychology of the Unconscious, 173.
107. Allen, G., Evolution of the Idea of God, 237.
108. Briffault, ii, 508-9.
109. Frazer, Sir J. G., The Golden Bough, I-V ed., 112, 115.
110. De Morgan, Jacques, Prehistoric Man, 249.
111. Frazer, Golden Bough, 165-7.
112. Jung, 173.
113. Briffault, III, 117.
114. Ibid., ii, 592.
115. Ibid., 481.
116. Reinach, 19.
117. Freud, S., Totem and Taboo . For a criticism of the theory cf. Goldenweiser, A. A., History, Psychology and Culture, 201-8.
118. Durckheim, E., Elementary Forms of the Religious Life.
119. Briffault, ii, 468.
120. Reinach, Orpheus, 1909 ed., 76, 81; Tarde, G., Laws of Imitation, 273-5; Murray, G., Aristophanes and the War Party, 23, 37.
121. Spencer, Sociology, i, 406; Frazer, Golden Bough, vii.
122. Reinach, 1909 ed., 80.
123. Allen, 30.
124. Examples in Lippert, 103.
125. Smith, W. Robertson, The Religion of the Semites, 42.
126. Hoernle, R. F. A., Studies in Contemporary Metaphysics, 181.
127. Reinach (1909), III.
128. Frazer, Golden Bough, 13.
129. Frazer, Adonis, Attis, Osiris, 356.
130. Briffault, iii, 196.
131. Ibid., 199.
132. Frazer, Golden Bough, 337, 432; Allen, 246.
133. Georg, E., The Adventure of Mankind, 202.
134. S & K, ii, 1252.
135. Ibid.
136. Sumner, Folkways, 336-9, 553-5.
137. Ibid., 337; Frazer, Golden Bough, 489.
138. Westermarck, Moral Ideas, ii, 373, 376, 563.
139. Ratzel, 45.
140. Reinach, 1930 ed., 23.
141. Ratzel, 133.
142. 2 Sam. vi, 4-7.
143. Diodorus Siculus, Library of History, I, lxxxiv.
144. Briffault, ii, 366, 387.
145. Sumner, Folkways, 511.
CHAPTER V
1. Ratzel, 34; Müller-Lyer, Social Development, 50-3, 61.
2. Ibid., 46-9, 54; Renard, 57; Robinson, J. H., 735, 740; France, A., M. Bergeret a Paris.
3. Lubbock, 227, 339, 342L
4. Müller, Max, Lectures on the Science of Language, i, 360.
5. Tylor, E. B., Anthropology, 125.
6. Müller, Science of Language, i, 265, 303n; ii, 39.
7. Venkateswara, S. V., Indian Culture through the Ages, Vol. I., Education and the Propagation of Culture, 6; Ratzel, 31.
8. White, W. A., Mechanisms of Character Formation, 83.
9. Lubbock, 353-4.
10. Briffault, i, 106.
11. Ibid., 107; Russell, B., Marriage and Morals, 243.
12. S & K, i, 554.
13. Briffault, ii, 190.
14. Ibid., 192-3.
15. Lubbock, 35.
16. Maspero, G., Dawn of Civilization, quoted in Mason, W. A., History of the Art of Writing, 39.
17. Lubbock, 299.
18. Mason, W. A., ch. ii; Lubbock, 35.
19. Mason, W. A., 146-54.
20. Briffault, i, 18.
21. Spencer, Sociology, iii, 218-26.
22. Mason, W. A., 149; further examples in Lowie, 202.
23. Spencer, Sociology, iii, 247
24. Tylor, Primitive Culture, i, 243-8, 261, 266; Lubbock, 299.
25. Thoreau, H. D., Walden.
26. Briffault, ii, 601.
27. Mason, O. T., in Thomas, Source Book, 366.
28. Briffault, i, 485.
29. Examples in Lowie, Are We Civilized?, 250.
29a. Matt., viii, 28.
30. Lowie, 250; S & K, ii, 979; Spencer, Sociology, iii, 194; Garrison, F. H., History of Medicine, 22, 33; Harding, T. Swann, Fads, Frauds and Physicians, 148.
31. Garrison, 26.
32. Marett, H. R., Hibbert Journal, Oct., 1918; Carpenter, Pagan and Christian Creeds, 176.
33. Lowie, 247.
34. In Garrison, 45.
35. Briffault, ii, 157-8, 162-3.
36. Darwin, Descent of Man, 660.
37. Briffault, ii, 176.
38. Spencer, i, 65; Ratzel, 95.
39. Grosse, E., The Beginnings of Art, 55-63; Pijoan, J., History of Art, i, 4.
40. Grosse, 58.
41. Renard, 91.
42. Lubbock, 45.
43. Ratzel, 105.
44. Lubbock, 51; Grosse, 80.
45. In Thomas, Source Book, 555.
46. Grosse, 70; Lubbock, 46-50.
47. Georg, 104.
48. Grosse, 81.
49. Briffault, ii, 161.
50. Grosse, 83.
51. Ratzel, 95.
52. Müller-Lyer, Social Development, 142.
53. Grosse, 53.
54. Ibid.
55. Briffault, ii, 297.
56. Ratzel in Thomas, Source Book, 557.
57. Lowie, 80.
58. Sumner, Folkways, 187.
59. Enc. Brit., xviii, 373.
60. Mason, O. T., 156, 164.
61. Ibid., 52.
62. Pijoan, i, 12.
63. Ibid., 8.
64. Spencer, iii, 294-304; Ratzel, 47.
65. Renard, 56.
66. Pratt, W. S., The History of Music, 26-31.
67. Grosse, E., in Thomas, Source Book, 586.
CHAPTER VI
2. Osborn, H. F., Men of the Old Stone Age, 23.
3. N. Y. Times, July 31 and Nov. 5, 1931.
4. Lull, The Evolution of Man, 26.
5. Sollas, W. J., Ancient Hunters, 438-42.
6. Keith, Sir A., N. Y. Times, Oct. 12, 1930.
7. De Morgan, J., Prehistoric Man, 57-8.
8. Pittard, Eugene, Race and History, 70.
9. Keith, l.c.
10. Pittard, 311; Childe, V. G., The Most Ancient East, 26.
11. Andrews, R. C., On the Trail of Ancient Man, 309-12.
12. Skeat, W. M., An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, 252; Lippert, 166.
14. Osborn, 270-1.
15. Lippert, 133.
16. Lowie, Are We Civilized?, 51.
17. Müller-Lyer, Social Development, 99; Lippert, 130; S & K, i, 191.
18. Bulley, M., Ancient and Medieval Art, 14.
19. De Morgan, 197.
20. Spearing, H. G., The Childhood of Art, 92; Bulley, 12.
21. Osborn, fig. 166.
22. N. Y. Times, Jan. 22, 1934.
23. Bulley, 17.
24. Spearing, 45.
26. Renard, 86.
27. Rickard, T. A., Man and Metals, i, 67.
28. De Morgan, x.
29. Ibid., 169; Renard, 27.
30. De Morgan, 172, fig. 94.
31. Pitkin, W. B., A Short Introduction to the History of Human Stupidity, 53.
32. Carpenter, E., Pagan and Christian Creeds, 74; Lowie, 58; Ratzel in Thomas, Source Book, 93.
33. Lowie, 60.
34. Febvre, L., A Geographical Introduction to History, 261.
35. Rickard, i, 81; Schneider, H., The History of World Civilization, i, 20.
36. Breasted, J. H., Ancient Times, 29.
37. Renard, 102.
38. De Morgan, 187.
39. Mason, O. T., Origins of Invention, 154.
40. E.g., De Morgan, 226, fig. 135.
41. Renard, 79.
42. Lowie, 114; De Morgan, 269.
43. Renard, 112; Rickard, i, 77.
44. Georg, 105.
45. De Morgan, 235, 240; Renard, 27; Childe, V. G., The Dawn of European Civilization, 129-38; Georg, 89.
46. Schneider, H., i, 23-9.
47. Ibid, 30-1.
48. Garrison, History of Medicine, 28; Renard, 190.
49. Rickard, i, 84.
50. Ibid., 109, 141.
51. Ibid., 114.
52. Ibid., 118.
53. Rostovtzeff, M., in Coomaraswamy, A. K., History of Indian and Indonesian Art, 3.
54. Cambridge Ancient History, i, 103.
55. De Morgan, 126.
56. Rickard, i, 169-70; De Morgan, 91.
57. Rickard, i, 85-6.
58. Ibid., 86.
59. Ibid., 141-8; Renard, 29-30.
60. Mason, W. A., History of Writing, 313.
60a. CAH (Cambridge Ancient History), i, 376.
61. Petrie, Sir W. F., The Formation of the Alphabet, in Mason, W. A., 329.
62. Encyc. Brit., i, 680.
63. Tylor, Anthropology, 168.
64. De Morgan, 257.
65. Breasted, Ancient Times, 42; Mason, W. A., 210, 321.
66. Ibid., 331.
67. Encyc. Brit., i, 681.
68. Plato, Timaeus, 25; Critias, 113.
69. Georg, 223.
70. Childe, The Most Ancient East, 21-6.
71. Georg, 51.
72. Keith, Sir A., N. Y. Times, Oct. 12, 1930; Buxton, L. H. D., The Peoples of Asia, 83.
73. CAH, i, 579.
74. Ibid., 86, 90-1, 362.
75. Keith, I.e.; Briffault, ii, 507; CAH, i, 362; Coomaraswamy, History, 3.
76. CAH, i, 85-6.
CHAPTER VII
1. CAH, i, 86, 361; Childe, The Most Ancient East, 126; Keith in N. Y. Times, April 3, 1932.
2. Breasted, J. H., Oriental Institute, 8.
3. Childe, 128, 146.
4. De Morgan, 208; CAH, i, 362, 578.
5. Moret, 199; CAH, i, 361, 579.
6. Woolley, C. L., The Sumerians, 189.
7. Jastrow, Morris, The Civilization of Babylonia and Assyria, 101.
8. CAH, i, 127.
9. Pijoan, i, 104; Ball, C. J., in Parmelee, M., Oriental and Occidental Culture, 18.
10. Childe, 160, 173; Maspero, G., Dawn of Civilization, 718-20; CAH, i, 364; Woolley, 13.
11. CAH, i, 456.
12. Berosus in CAH, i, 150.
13. Maspero, Struggle of the Nations, iv.
14. Woolley, 69; CAH, i, 387.
15. Ibid., 388.
16. Woolley, 73; CAH, i, 403.
17. Harper, R. F., ed., Assyrian and Babylonian Literature, I.
18. CAH, i, 405.
19. Woolley, 140; Maspero, Dawn 637; CAH, i, 427.
20. Ibid., i, 435.
21. Ibid., i, 472.
23. Jastrow, 7; Maspero, Dawn, 554; Childe, Ancient East, 124; CAH, i, 463.
24. Woolley, 112-4.
25. Childe, 170.
26. Woolley, 13.
27. Delaporte, L., Mesopotamia, 112.
28. Woolley, 13; Delaporte, 172; CAH, i, 507; N. Y. Times, Aug. 2, 1932.
29. Childe, 147.
30. Ibid., 169; Encyc. Brit., ii, 845; Delaporte, 106.
31. Ibid.; Woolley, 117-8; CAH, i, 427.
32. Woolley, 92; Delaporte, 101.
33. Woolley, 126; CAH, i, 461.
34. Maspero, Dawn, 709f.
35. Ibid., 606-7, 722; Woolley, 79; CAH, i, 540.
36. Maspero, Dawn, 721-3.
37. CAH, i, 461.
38. Woolley, 93.
39. Maspero, 655.
40. CAH, i, 443-4, 448.
41. Jastrow, 277.
42. Woolley, 126.
43. Jastrow, 130.
44. Woolley, 13.
45. Ibid., 120.
46. CAH, i, 400.
47. Langdon, S., Babylonian Wisdom, 18-21.
48. Woolley, 108-9.
49. Ibid., 13.
50. Jastrow, 466.
51. Woolley, 106.
52. CAH, i, 370-1; Woolley, 40, 43, 54.
53. Ibid., 92, 101.
54. CAH, i, 376.
55. Maspero, Dawn, 723-8; CAH, i, 371-2.
56. Maspero, Struggle, iv.
57. CAH, i, 550; iii, 226.
58. Woolley, 37.
59. Delaporte, 172.
60. Woolley, 37, 191.
61. Maspero, Dawn, 709-18.
62. Jastrow, 106; Woolley, 40, 144; Maspero, 630.
63. Ibid., 601.
64. Schäfer, H., and Andrae, W., Die Kunst des Alten Orients, 469; Woolley, 66.
65. CAH, i, 400.
66. Woolley, 46; N. Y. Times, April 13, 1934.
67. Schäfer, 482.
68. Ibid., 485.
69. Woolley, 188; CAH, i, 463.
70. Moret, 164; Childe, Ancient East, 216.
71. Hall, H. R., in Encyc. Brit., viii, 45.
72. Maspero, Dawn, 46; CAH, i, 255.
73. Ibid., 372.
74. Ibid., 255, 263, 581; De Morgan, 102; Hall, H. R., I.e.
75. Ibid., CAH, i; 579.
76. CAH, i, 263, 581.
77. CAH, i, 252, 581; Hall, l.c., 44-5.
78. De Morgan, 102.
79. Hall, l.c.; CAH, i, 581.
80. Such objects are pictured for comparison in De Morgan, 102.
81. Woolley, 187; Hall, I.e., 45.
82. Smith, G. Elliot, The Ancient Egyptians and the Origin of Civilization, xii.
CHAPTER VIII
1. Strabo, Geography, I, iii, 4.
2. Maspero, Dawn, 24.
3. Erman, A., Life in Ancient Egypt, 13; CAH, i, 317.
4. Erman, 29.
5. Diodorus Siculus, I, lxiv, 3. The face value of the talent in the time of Diodorus was $1,000 in gold, worth in purchasing power some $10,000 today.
6. Encyc. Brit., viii, 42.
7. In Capart, J., Thebes, 40.
8. The Harris Papyrus in Capart, 237.
9. Capart, 27; Breasted, J. H., Ancient Records of Egypt, ii, 131.
10. CAH, i, 116; ii, 100.
11. Breasted, Ancient Times, 97, 455; CAH, i, 117.
12. Ibid., II6.
13. De Morgan, 25; CAH, i, 33-6; Keith in N. Y. Times, Oct. 12, 1930; Moret, 117f.
14. Breasted in CAH, i, 86.
15. Encyc. Brit., viii, 42; Moret, 119; De Morgan, 92.
16. Moret, 119; CAH, i, 270-1.
17. Smith, G. Elliot, Human History, 264; Childe, Ancient East, 38.
18. Pittard, 419; CAH, i, 270-1; Smith, G. Elliot, Ancient Egyptians, 50.
19. CAH, i, 372, 255, 263; De Morgan, 102.
20. Maspero, Dawn, 45; CAH, i, 244-5, 254-6; Pittard, 413; Moret, 158; Smith, Ancient Egyptians, 24.
21. Maspero, Passing of the Empires, viii; De Morgan, 101.
22. Diodorus, I, xciv, 2. Diodorus adds, by way of comparison: “Among the Jews Moyses referred his laws to the god who is invoked as Iao.”
23. Ibid., I, xlv, I.
24. Encyc. Brit., viii, 45.
25. Schäfer, 209.
26. Ibid., 247.
27. Ibid., 211.
28. Ibid., 228-9.
29. Herodotus, II, 124.
30. Capart, J., Lectures on Egyptian Art, 98.
31. CAH, i, 335.
32. Maspero, Art in Egypt, 15.
33. Schäfer, 248.
34. Herodotus, II, 86.
35. In Cotterill, History of Art, i, 10.
36. Breasted, J. H., Development of Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt, 203.
37. CAH, i, 308.
38. Breasted, J. H., History of Egypt, 266-7.
39. Breasted, Ancient Records, ii, 78-121; Maspero, The Struggle of the Nations, 236-7.
40. Ibid., 237-9; Breasted, History, 273; White, E. M., 49.
41. CAH, ii, 65.
42. Ibid., ch. iv.
43. Ibid., 79.
43a. Breasted, History, 320.
44. Weigall, A., Life and Times of Akhnaton, 8.
45. Erman, 20.
46. So a stele of Amenhotep III expresses it in Capart, Thebes, 182.
47. Ibid., 182, 197.
48. Diodorus, I, xxxi, 8.
49. Herodotus, II, 14.
50. Erman, 199.
51. Herodotus, II, 95.
52. Maspero, Dawn, 330.
53. Genesis, xlvii, 26.
54. Erman, 441.
55. Erman, A., Literature of the Ancient Egyptians, 187.
56. Maspero, Dawn, 65; Lippert, 197.
57. Maspero, Dawn, 331-2.
58. Moret, 357.
59. Rickard, T. A., i, 192-203; De Morgan, 114.
60. Diodorus, III, xii, tr. by Rickard, i, 209-10.
61. Erman, Life, 451-5.
62. Breasted, Ancient Times, 64; Maspero, Struggle, 739.
63. Müller-Lyer, Social Development, 105.
64. Diodorus, I, lxxiv, 6.
65. Ibid.
66. Hobhouse, Morals in Evolution, 283.
67. Erman, Life, 124-5.
68. Maspero, Struggle, 441.
69. Diodorus, I, lii; Rickard, i, 183.
70. N. Y. Times, April 16, 1933.
71. Herodotus, II, 124; Wilkinson in Rawlinson’s Herodotus, ii, 200n.
72. Capart, Thebes, 32.
73. Erman, Life, 488-93; Borchardt and Ricke, Egypt, p. v.
74. CAH, ii, 423.
75. Erman, Life, 494.
76. Maspero, Struggle, 109.
77. Ibid., 285, 289, 407, 582; CAH, ii, 79.
78. Maspero, Dawn, 330; Schneider, H., i, 86.
79. CAH, ii, 212.
80. Diodorus, I, lxxvii, 2.
81. Diodorus, I, lxxv, 3.
82. Sumner, Folkways, 236.
83. Diodorus, I, lxxviii, 3.
84. Hobhouse, 108; Maspero, Dawn, 337, 479-80; Erman, Life, 141.
85. Maspero, Dawn, 337.
86. Capart, Thebes, 161.
87. Breasted, J. H., Dawn of Conscience, 208-10.
88. Erman, Life, 67; Diodorus, I, lxx.
89. Erman, Life, 121.
90. Moret, 124.
91. Erman, Literature, 27.
92. Maspero, Dawn, 278.
93. Breasted, History, 75.
94. Erman, Life, 153, Sumner, Folkways, 485.
95. Maspero, Dawn, 51.
96. Erman, Life, 76.
97. In Briffault, i, 384.
98. In White, E. M., 46.
99. Petrie, Sir W. F., Egypt and Israel, 23.
100. Hobhouse, 187.
101. Ibid., 185.
102. Ibid., 186; Erman, Life, 185.
103. Petrie, 23.
104. Frazer, Adonis, 397.
105. Briffault, i, 384.
106. Diodorus, I, lxxvii, 7; lxxx, 3.
107. Maspero, Struggle, 272.
108. Briffault, ii, 174.
109. Ibid., 383.
110. Maspero, Struggle, 503; Erman, Life, 155.
111. Ibid.; Sanger, W. W., History of Prostitution, 40-1; Georg, 172.
112. Erman, Life, 247f.
113. Sumner, Folkways, 541; Maspero, Struggle, 536.
114. Erman, Life, 387.
115. In Breasted, Dawn of Conscience, 324; cf. Proverbs, xv, 16-7. For further correspondence between the Egyptian and the Jewish authors cf. Breasted, 372-7.
116. Hobhouse, 247; Maspero, Dawn, 269; Struggle, 228.
117. Strabo, XVII, i, 53.
118. Erman, Literature, xxix; 47.
119. Maspero, Dawn, 195; Encyc. Brit., vii, 329.
120. Spearing, 230.
121. Maspero, Dawn, 47-8, 271.
122. CAH, ii, 422.
123. Breasted, History, 27; Erman, Life, 229f; Downing, Dr. J. G., Cosmetics, Past and Present, 2088f.
124. CAH, ii, 421.
125. Maspero, Struggle, 504; Erman, Life, 212.
126. Schäfer, 235.
127. Sumner, Folkways, 191; Maspero, Struggle, 494; CAH, ii, 421.
128. Maspero, Dawn, 57, 49if.
129. CAH, ii, 421.
130. Diodorus, I, lxxxi; Mencken, H. L., Treatise on the Gods, 117.
131. Spencer, Sociology, iii, 278.
132. Erman, Life, 328, 384.
133. Ibid., 256; Erman, Literature, xliii.
134. Ibid., 185.
135. Erman, Life, 256, 328.
136. Schneider, H., i, 94.
137. Erman, Life, 447; Breasted, History, 97.
138. Erman, Literature, xxxvii, xlii.
139. Maspero, Dawn, 46.
140. Erman, Literature, xxxvi-vii; Erman, Life, 333f Breasted Ancient Times, 42; Maspero, Dawn, 221-3; De Morgan, 256.
141. Father Batin, address at Oriental Institute, Chicago, March 29, 1932; CAH, i, 189; Sprengling, M., The Alphabet, passim.
141a. N. Y. Times, Oct. 18, 1934.
142. Maspero, Dawn, 398.
143. CAH, i, 121; Erman, Literature, 1; Breasted, Development, 178.
144. Breasted, J. H., Oriental Institute, 149f.
145. Erman, Life, 370.
146. Erman, Literature, 30-1.
147. Ibid., 22-8.
148. Maspero, Dawn, 438.
149. Maspero, Struggle, 499.
150. Maspero, Dawn, 497.
151. Breasted, Dawn of Conscience, 71.
152. Erman, Literature, 35-6.
153. CAH, ii, 225.
154. Exs. in Erman, Literature, xxx-xxxiv.
155. Erman, Life, 389.
156. Schneider, H., i, 81.
157. Breasted, Ancient Records, i, 51.
158. Schneider, H., i, 91-2.
159. Erman, Literature, 109.
160. Erman, Literature, xxv-vii; Maspero, Struggle, 494f.
161. Maspero, Dawn, 204.
162. Hall, M. P., An Encyclopedic Outline of Masonic, Hermetic, Qabbalistic and Rosicrucian Symbolic Philosophy, 37.
163. Sedgwick, W. T., and Tyler, H. W., A Short History of Science, 312.
164. Maspero, Dawn, 328.
165. Sedgwick and Tyler, 29.
166. Schneider, H., i, 85-6.
167. CAH, ii, 216; Encyc. Brit., viii, 57.
168. Sedgwick and Tyler, 30.
169. Ibid., 89; Breasted, J. H., Conquest of Civilization, 88.
170. Williams, H. S., History of Science, i, 41.
171. Ibid., i, 34.
172. Spencer, Sociology, iii, 251.
173. Tabouis, G. R., Nebuchadnezzar, 318; Breasted, Ancient Times, 91.
174. Strabo, XVII, i, 46; Diodorus, I, 1, 2.
175. Herodotus, II, 4; CAH, i, 248; Breasted, History, 14, 33; Ancient Times, 45; Erman, Life, 10; Childe, Ancient East, 5; Williams, H. S., i, 38f; Maspero, Dawn, 16-7, 205-9; Moret, 134; Schneider, H., i, 85; Sedgwick and Tyler, 33; Frazer, Adonis, 280, 286-9; Encyc. Brit., iv, 576; v, 654.
176. Ebers Papyrus, 99, if, in Erman, Life, 357-8.
177. Ibid., 353.
178. Garrison, 57.
179. Herodotus, II, 84; III, 1.
180. Erman, Life, 362.
181. Garrison, 55-9; Maspero, Dawn, 217; Breasted, Conquest of Civilization, 88.
182. Smith, G. Elliot, The Ancient Egyptians, 57.
182a. Himes, Norman, Medical History of Contraception, Chap. II, §1. The suppositories contained chemicals identical with those now used in contraceptive jellies. The matter, however, is not beyond doubt.
183. Erman, Life, 360; Maspero, Dawn, 219-20; Harding, T. Swann, Fads, 328.
184. Garrison, 53.
185. Smith, G. E., Ancient Egyptians, 62; Diodorus, I, xxviii, 3.
186. Breasted, Dawn of Conscience, 353n.
187. Diodorus, I, lxxxii, 1-2.
188. Pliny, Historia Naturalis, VIII, in Tyrrell, Dr. C. A., Royal Road to Health, 57.
189. Herodotus, II, 77.
190. Erman, Life, 167-96; Capart, Thebes, figs. 4 and 107-9.
191. Maspero, Art, 132.
192. Pijoan, i, 101; Fergusson, Jas., History of Architecture in All Countries, i, 22; Breasted, History, 100.
193. E.g., Maspero, Struggle, xi.
194. At Beni-Hasan, Lisht, etc.
195. At Medinet-Habu.
196. Maspero, Art. 84.
197. Schäfel, Tafel VI; Breasted, Dawn, 218.
198. Fry, R. E., Chinese Art, 13.
199. Schäfer, 358; Capart, Lectures, fig. 176.
200. Maspero, Art, 174.
201. Schäfer, 343; CAH, ii, 103.
202. Baikie, Jas., Amarna Age, 241, 256. All three are in the State Museum at Berlin.
203. Cairo Museum; Maspero, Art, fig. 461; Schäfer, 433.
204. Athens Museum; Maspero, Struggle, 535.
205. Schäfer, 445.
206. Louvre; Schäfer, 190.
207. Cairo Museum; Schäfer, 246-7.
208. Cairo Museum; Schäfer, 254.
209. Capart, Thebes, 173f
210. Cairo Museum; Breasted, History, fig. 55; Maspero, Art, fig. 92.
211. Ibid., fig. 194.
212. Schäfer, Tafel IX.
213. E.g., Schäfer, 305, 418.
214. Maspero, Art, fig. 287.
215. Schäfer, 367.
216. Ibid., Tafel XVI.
217. Maspero, Art, 67.
218. Erman, Life, 448; CAH, ii, 422.
219. CAH, ii, 105; Erman, 250-1.
220. Breasted, Ancient Records, ii, 147.
221. Spencer, Sociology, iii, 299.
222. Cf. Plato, Timæus, 22B.
223. Maspero, Dawn, 399.
224. Brown, B., Wisdom of the Egyptians, 96-116; Breasted, Dawn, 136f.
225. Ibid., 198.
226. Breasted, Development, 215.
227. Ibid., 188; Dawn of Conscience, 168.
228. Breasted, Development, 182.
229. Maspero, Dawn, 639.
230. Ibid., 86.
231. Ibid., 95, 92.
232. Ibid., 156-8.
233. Ibid., 120-1.
234. Renard, 121.
235. Capart, Thebes, 66; Maspero, Dawn, 119; Struggle, 536.
236. Maspero, Dawn, 102-3.
237. Briffault, iii, 187.
238. Hommel in Maspero, Dawn, 45.
239. Howard, Clifford, Sex Worship, 98.
240. Diodorus, I, lxxxviii, 1-3; Howard, C., 79; Tod, Lt.-Col. Jas., Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan, 570; Briffault, iii, 205.
241. Carpenter, Pagan and Christian Creeds, 183.
242. Maspero, Dawn, 110-1.
243. Breasted, Development, 24-33; Frazer, Adonis, 269-75; 383.
244. Diodorus, I, xiv, 1.
245. Frazer, Adonis, 346-50; Maspero, Dawn, 131-2; Macrobius, Saturnalia, I, 18, in McCabe, Jos., Story of Religious Controversy, 169.
246. Encyc. Brit., IIth ed., ix, 52.
247. Moret, 5; Maspero, Dawn, 265.
248. Herodotus, II, 37.
249. Breasted, Dawn of Conscience, 46, 83.
250. Breasted, Development, 293; Brown, B., Wisdom of the Egyptians, 178; Maspero, Dawn, 199.
251. Translation by Robert Hillyer, in Van Doren, Mark, Anthology of World Poetry, 237.
252. In Maspero, Dawn, 189-90.
253. Breasted, Development, 291.
254. Erman, Life, 353; exs. in Erman, Literature, 39-43.
255. Maspero, Dawn, 282; Briffault, ii, 510.
256. Erman, Life, 352.
257. Herodotus, II, 82.
258. Breasted, Development, 296, 308.
258a. Capart, Thebes, 95.
259. Ibid, 76.
260. In Weigall, Akhnaton, 86.
261. Breasted, Development, 315.
262. E.g., Breasted, Ancient Records, ii, 369.
263. Breasted, Development, 324f.
264. The parallelisms are listed in Weigall, Akhnaton, 134-6, and in Breasted, Dawn of Conscience, 182f.
265. Breasted, Development, 314.
266. Weigall, 102, 105.
267. Capart, Lectures, fig. 104.
268. Weigall, 103.
269. Petrie in Weigall, 178; Breasted, History, 378.
270. Weigall, 116; Baikie, 284.
272. Baikie, 435.
273. CAH, ii, 154; Breasted, History, 446.
274. Ibid., 491.
275. Capart, Thebes, 69.
276. Erman, Life, 129.
277. Weigall, A., Life and Times of Cleopatra.
278. Faure, Elie, History of Art, i, p. xlvii.
CHAPTER IX
1. Maspero, Passing of the Empires, 783.
2. CAH, i, 399.
3. The quotations are from Heraclitus, Fragments, and Mallock, W., Lucretius on Life and Death.
4. Harper, R. F., Code of Hammurabi, 3-7.
5. Jastrow, M., Civilization of Babylonia and Assyria, 283-4.
6. Sumner, Folkways, 504.
7. CAH, iii, 250.
8. Harper, Code, 99-100.
9. CAH, i, 489; Maspero, Struggle, 43-4. 10.
10. Maspero, Dawn, 759; Rawlinson, Five Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World, iii, 22-3; McCabe, 141-2; Delaporte, 194-6.
11. CAH, ii, 429; iii, 101.
12. Harper, Assyrian and Babylonian Literature, 220.
13. Maspero, Passing, 567.
14. Jastrow, 466.
15. Daniel, iv, 30.
16. Rawlinson, ii, 510.
17. Herodotus, I, 178. Strabo, to prove his moderation, says 44 (XVI, i, 5).
18. Tabouis, 306.
19. Rawlinson, ii, 514; Herodotus, I, 180.
20. Diodorus, II, ix, 2.
21. Tabouis, 307.
22. Herodotus, I, 181.
23. CAH, i, 503.
24. Diodorus, II, x, 6; Strabo, XVI, i, 5; Maspero, Passing, 564, 782; CAH, i, 506-8; Rawlinson, ii, 517.
25. Maspero, Dawn, 761.
26. CAH, i, 541.
27. Berosus in Tabouis, 307.
28. Maspero, Dawn, 763-4; Delaporte, 107.
29. Maspero, Dawn, 556.
30. Strabo, XVI, i, 15. Attendants extinguished the flames with torrents of water.
31. Layard, A. H., Ninevah and its Remains, ii, 413.
32. Code of Hammurabi, sections 187-9; Delaporte, 113.
33. Lowie, Are We Civilized?, 119; CAH, i, 501.
34. Lowie, 60; Maspero, Dawn, 769; CAH, i, 107, 501; ii, 227.
35. East India House Inscription in Tabouis, 287.
36. Xenophon, Cyropaedia, V, iv, 33. The probable invention of this letter by Xenophon hardly lessens its pertinence.
37. Tabouis, 210.
38. Maspero, Dawn, 751-2.
38a. Jastrow, 292n.
39. Ibid., 326; CAH, i, 545; Maspero Dawn, 749, 761; Delaporte, 118, 126, 231; Tabouis, 241.
40. Cf. e.g., Harper, Assyrian and Babylonian Literature, xlviii-ix.
41. Encyc. Brit., ii, 863.
42. Code, 48.
43. CAH, i, 526; Maspero, Dawn, 760; Delaporte, no; Jastrow, 299.
44. Delaporte, 122; Maspero, Dawn, 720.
45. CAH, i, 520-1; Maspero, Dawn, 742-4; Jastrow, 326.
46. Maspero, 735.
47. Ibid., 708.
48. Olmstead, A. T., History of Assyria, 525-8.
49. Code, 2, 132.
50. Delaporte, 134.
51. Code, 196.
52. 210.
53. 198.
54. Ibid.
55. 202-4.
56. 195.
57. 218.
58. 194.
59. 143.
60. CAH, i, 517-8.
61. Code, 228f.
62. Jastrow, 305, 362; Maspero, Dawn, 748; CAH, i, 526.
63. Harper, Code, p. 11.
64. Jastrow, 488; CAH, i, 513.
65. CAH, iii, 237.
66. Maspero, Dawn, 679, 750; CAH, i, 535.
67. Delaporte, 133-4.
68. Maspero, 636.
69. CAH, i, 529-32.
70. Maspero, 645-6.
71. Ibid., 644.
72. Ibid., 643, 650; Jastrow, 193.
73. Briffault, iii, 169.
74. CAH, i, 208, 530.
75. Ibid., 500.
76. Briffault, iii, 88.
77. Maspero, 537.
78. Cf. Langdon, Babylonian Wisdom, 18-21.
79. Maspero, 546.
80. Ibid., 566-72.
81. Jastrow, 453-9; Frazer, Adonis, 6-7; Briffault, iii, 90; CAH, i, 461; iii, 232.
82. Briffault, iii, 90; Harper, Assyrian and Babylonian Literature, liii.
83. Cf. e.g., Harper, 420-1.
84. Tabouis, 387.
85. Jastrow, 280; Maspero, 691-2.
86. Ibid, 687.
87. Ibid., 684-6.
88. Ibid., 689; Jastrow, 381; CAH, i, 531.
89. Jastrow, 249.
90. Maspero, 692.
91. Tabouis, 159, 165, 351.
92. Briffault, iii, 94.
93. Woolley, 125.
94. CAH, iii, 216-7.
95. Harper, Literature, 433-9.
96. Maspero, 682.
97. Jastrow, 253-4; Maspero, 643; Harper, lix.
98. Jastrow, 241-9.
99. Ibid., 267; Tabouis, 343-4, 374.
100. Williams, H. S., i, 74.
101. Tabouis, 365.
102. Herodotus, I, 199; Strabo, XVI, i, 20.
103. “This view is now generally discredited.”—Briffault, iii, 203.
104. So Farnell thinks—Sumner, Folkways, 541. Frazer (Adonis, 50) rejects this interpretation.
105. Frazer, 53.
106. Briffault, iii, 203.
107. Amos, ii, 7; Sumner and Keller, ii, 1273.
108. Frazer, 52; Lacroix, Paul, History of Prostitution, i, 21-4, 109.
109. Briffault, iii, 220.
110. Jastrow, 309.
111. Maspero, 738-9.
112. Schneider, H., i, 155.
113. CAH, i, 547.
114. Ibid., 522-3; Hobhouse, 180; Maspero, 734
115. Ibid.
116. Herodotus, I, 196. Several writers, however, described the custom as flourishing 400 years after Herodotus; cf. Rawlinson’s Herodotus, i, 271.
117. Maspero, 737.
118. Section 132.
119. Sumner, Folkways, 378.
120. 141-2; Jastrow, 302-3.
121. 143.
122. CAH, i, 524; Maspero, 735-7; Code, 142.
123. Encyc. Brit., ii, 863.
124. Maspero, 739.
125. Harper, Literature, xlviii; CAH, i, 520.
126. Woolley, 118; White, E. M., 71-5.
127. Maspero, 739.
128. Ibid., 735-8.
129. III, 159.
130. Layard, ii, 411; Sanger, 42.
131. Herodotus, I, 196.
132. V, 1, in Tabouis, 366.
133. Delaporte, 199.
134. Jastrow, 31, 69-97; Mason, W. A., 266; CAH, i, 124-5.
135. Jastrow, 275-6; Delaporte, 198; Schneider, H., i, 181; Breasted, Conquest of Civilization, 152.
136. Schneider, i, 168.
137. Maspero, 564; CAH, i, 150.
138. Leonard, W. E., Gilgamesh, 3.
139. Ibid., 8.
140. Maspero, 57of.
141. Delaporte, ix.
142. Jastrow, 415.
143. Pratt, History of Music, 45; Rawlinson, iii, 20; Schneider, i, 168; Tabouis, 354; CAH, i, 533.
144. Perrot and Chipiez, History of Art in Chaldea and Assyria, ii, 292.
145. Cf. “The Lion of Babylon,” Jastrow Plate XVIII, a work of glazed title from the reign of Nebuchadrezzar II.
146. Herodotus, I, 180.
147. Tabouis, 313.
148. Jastrow, 10; Maspero, 624-7.
149. Jastrow, 258, 261, 492; Maspero, 778-80; Strabo, XVI, i, 6; Rawlinson, ii, 580.
150. Sarton, Geo., Introduction to the History of Science, 71.
151. Rawlinson, ii, 575; Schneider, i, 171-5; Lowie, 268; Sedgwick and Tyler, 29; CAH, iii, 238f.
152. Tabouis, 47, 317.
153. Schneider, i, 171-5.
154. Maspero, 545.
155. Tabouis, 204, 366.
156. New Orleans States, Feb. 24, 1932.
157. Code, 215-7.
158. 218.
159. Maspero, 78of; Jastrow, 25of.
160. Ibid.; Tabouis, 294, 393.
161. Herodotus, I, 197; Strabo, XVI, i, 20.
162. Schneider, i, 166.
163. Jastrow, 475-83; Langdon, If, 35-6.
164. Ibid., I.
165. Jastrow, 461-3.
166. Tabouis, 254, 382.
167. Daniel, iv, 33.
168. Tabouis, 230, 264, 383.
169. Maspero, Passing, 626.
170. CAH, iii, 208. Jastrow, 184, believes that it was the priestly party which, disgusted with the heresies of Nabonidus, admitted Alexander.
171. Jastrow, 185; CAH, i, 568.
CHAPTER X
1. CAH, i, 468.
2. New York Times, Dec. 26, 1932.
3. CAH, ii, 429.
4. Olmstead, 16; CAH, i, 126.
4a. N. Y. Times, Feb. 24, 1933; Mar. 20, 1934.
5. CAH, ii, 248.
6. Harper, Literature, 16-7.
7. Jastrow, 166-7; Maspero, Struggle, 663-4.
8. Ibid., 50-2; Maspero, Passing, 27, 50.
9. Ibid., 85, 94-5; CAH, iii, 25.
10. Diodorus, II, vi-xx; Maspero, Struggle, 617; CAH, iii, 27.
11. Maspero, Passing, 243.
12. Olmstead, 309.
13. Maspero, Passing, 275-6.
14. Ibid., 345; CAH, iii, 79.
15. Harper, Literature, 94-127.
16. Delaporte, 343-4.
17. Maspero, Passing, 412f.
18. Olmstead, 488, 494; CAH, iii, 88, 127; Jastrow, 182; Delaporte, 223.
19. Diodorus, II, xxiii, 1-2.
20. Olmstead, 519, 525-8, 531; Maspero, Passing, 401-2.
21. Rawlinson, ii, 235.
22. CAH, iii, 100.
23. Maspero, Passing, 7.
24. Ibid., 9-10.
25. Rawlinson, i, 474.
26. Ibid., 467.
27. Maspero, Struggle, 627-38.
28. CAH, iii, 104-7; Rawlinson, i, 477-9.
29. CAH, l.c.
30. Encyc. Brit., ii, 865.
31. Ibid., 863.
32. Maspero, Passing, 422-3.
33. Olmstead, 510, 531.
34. Ibid., 522-3, 558.
35. CAH, iii, 186.
35a. Olmstead, 331.
36. Rawlinson, i, 405.
37. Olmstead, 537.
38. Ibid., 518; Maspero, Passing, 317-9; CAH, iii, 76, 96-7; Delaporte, 353; Rawlinson, i, 401-2.
39. CAH, iii, 107.
40. Ibid.; Delaporte, 285, 352.
40a. Olmstead, 624.
41. Maspero, Passing, 269.
42. Delaporte, 282; CAH, iii, 104-7.
43. Maspero, Passing, 91, 262.
44. Olmstead, 87.
45. CAH, iii, 13.
46. Delaporte, vii.
47. Faure, i, 90.
48. Maspero, 545-6.
49. CAH, iii, 90-1.
50. Ibid., 89-90.
51. Delaporte, 354.
52. CAH, iii, 102, 241, 249.
53. Breasted, Ancient Times, 161; Jastrow, 21.
54. Maspero, 461-3.
55. Encyc. Brit., ii, 851.
56. Rawlinson, i, 277; Delaporte, 338; Jastrow, 407; CAH, iii, 109.
57. Schäfer, 555; now in the British Museum.
58. Schäfer, 531.
59. Ibid., 546; in the British Museum.
60. Oriental Institute, Chicago.
61. British Museum.
62. Schäfer, Tafel XXXIV.
63. Ibid., 537, 558-9; Jastrow, f. p. 24.
64. Faure, i, 91; Br. Mus.
65. Rawlinson, i, 509.
66. Schäfer, 656.
67. E.g., Baikie, f. p. 213; and Pijoan, i, figs. 175-6.
68. Fergusson, History of Architecture, i. 35, 174-6, 205.
69. Rawlinson, i, 299.
70. Layard, ii, 262f.
71. Jastrow, 374; translation slightly improved.
72. Br. Mus.
73. Rawlinson, i, 284.
74. CAH, iii, 16, 75-7; Maspero, Passing, 45, 260-8, 310-4, 376; Pijoan, i, 121, 111; Jastrow, 415; Schäfer, 542-3.
75. Maspero, Passing, 460.
76. Harper, Literature, 125-6.
77. CAH, iii, 127.
78. Diodorus, ii, xxiii, 3.
79. Preserved in Diodorus, II, xxvii, 2. Cf. Maspero, Passing, 448.
80. Nahum, iii, 1.
CHAPTER XI
1. Cowan, A. R., Master-clues in World History, 311; Petrie, Egypt and Israel, 26.
2. Breasted, Conquest of Civilization, 192n.
3. Encyc. Brit., xi, 600-1.
4. Hrozný, F., ibid., 603.
4a. New York World-Telegram, Mar. 16, 1935.
5. Ibid., 606. Certain archeologists (e.g., Hrozný) have been especially moved by the lenience of the Hittite code with sexual perversions.
6. CAH, iii, 200.
7. Herodotus, IV, 64.
8. Maspero, Passing, 479f; Hippocrates, Airs, Waters, Places, xvii-xxii.
9. Ibid., xvii.
10. Frazer, Adonis, 219f
11. Ibid.; Maspero, Passing, 333.
12. Frazer, 34, 219-24; Hall, M. P., An Encyclopedic Outline of Masonic Philosophy, 36.
13. Herodotus, I, 93.
14. Ibid., I, 87.
15. Febvre, L., Geographical Introduction to History, 322.
16. Moret, 350.
17. Herodotus, II, 44.
18. Strabo, XVI, ii, 23.
19. Diodorus Siculus V, xxxv; Rickard, i, 276.
20. Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, ed. 1903, i, 296, in Rickard, i, 278.
21. Maspero, Struggle, 191f, 203, 585; Day, Clive, A History of Commerce, 12-14; Briffault, i, 463; Sedgwick and Tyler, 14.
22. Rickard, i, 283.
23. Herodotus, IV, 42.
24. Maspero, Struggle, 199, 740-1.
25. Arrian, II, xv.
26. Ibid., VI, 220.
27. Zechariah, ix, 3.
28. XV, ii, 23.
29. Frazer, Adonis, 183-4; Maspero, Struggle, 174-9; Bebel, A., Woman under Socialism, 39; Briffault, iii, 220; Sanger, The History of Prostitution, 42.
30. Sedgwick and Tyler, 15; Doane, T. W., Bible Myths, 41.
31. E.g., Herodotus, V, 58.
32. Dussaud, in Venkateswara, 328.
33. CAH, i, 189.
34. Maspero, Struggle, 572f.
35. Proceedings of the Oriental Institute, Chicago, March 29, 1932.
36. New York Times, Aug. 8, 1930.
37. Ward, C. O., The Ancient Lowly, ii, 83, 85.
38. CAH, ii, 328-9.
39. Frazer, Adonis, 32-5.
40. Ibid., 225-7; Maspero, Struggle, 154-9.
41. Ibid., 160-1.
42. Deut., xviii, 10; 2 Kings, xxiii, 10; Sumner, Folkways, 554.
43. Frazer, 84; Maspero, Passing, 80; CAH, iii. 372.
44. Mason, W. A., History of the Art of Writing, 306; Maspero, Passing, 35; Rivers, W. H., Instinct and the Unconscious, 132.
CHAPTER XII
1. Exod. iii, 8; Numb, xiv, 8; Deut. xxvi, 15, etc.
2. Quoted in Huntingdon, E., The Pulse of Asia, 368.
3. New York Times, Jan. 20, 1932; May 17, 1932.
4. CAH, ii, 719n; Encyc. Brit., xiii, 42.
5. Gen. xi, 31.
6. Petrie, Egypt and Israel, 17.
7. CAH, ii, 356.
8. Breasted, Dawn of Conscience, 349.
9. Maspero, Struggle, 70-1, 442-3.
10. Exod. xii, 40; Petrie, 38.
11. Exod. i; Deut. x, 22.
12. Exod. i, 12.
13. Josephus, Works, ii, 466; Contra Apion, i.
14. Strabo, XVI, ii, 35; Tacitus, Histories. V, iii, tr’n Murphy, London, 1930, 498.
15. Exod, V, 4-5; Ward, Ancient Lowly, ii, 76.
16. Schneider, i, 285.
17. United Press Dispatch from London, Jan. 25, 1932.
18. New York Times, April 18, 1932.
19. Numb, xxxi, 1-18; Deut. vii, 16, xx, 13-17; Joshua viii, 26, x, 24f, xii.
20. Ibid., xi, 23; Judges V, 31.
21. CAH, iii, 363; Maspero, Passing, 127; Struggle, 752; Buxton, Peoples of Asia, 97.
22. Renan, History of the People of Israel, i, 86.
23. Schneider, i, 300; Mason, Art of Writing, 289.
23a. N. Y. Times, Oct. 18, 1934.
24. Maspero, Struggle, 684.
25. Judges xvii, 6.
26. I Sam. viii, 10-20; cf. Deut. xvii, 14-20.
27. Judges xiii-xvi; xv, 15.
28. 2 Sam. vi, 14.
29. I Kings ii, 9.
30. 2 Sam. xi.
31. 2 Sam. xviii, 33.
32. I Kings iii, 12.
33. I Kings iv, 32.
34. I Kings ix, 26-8.
35. Ibid.
36. I Kings x.
37. Ibid., x, 14.
38. Jewish Encyclopedia, ix, 350; Graetz, H., Popular History of the Jews, i, 271.
39. Renan, ii, 100.
40. 2 Chron. ix, 21.
41. Maspero, Struggle, 737-40.
42. Josephus, Antiquities, VIII, 7.
43. I Kings iii, 2.
44. I Chron. xxix, 2-8.
45. CAH, iii, 347.
46. Ibid.
47. 2 Chron. iii, 4-7; iv, passim.
48. 2 Chron. ii, 7-10, 16; 1 Kings v, 6.
49. 2 Chron. ii, 17-18.
50. Cf. I Kings vi, I, with vii, 2.
51. Fergusson, History of Architecture, i, 209-11.
52. Shotwell, J., The Religious Revolution of Today, 30.
53. Josephus, VIII, 13.
54. CAH, iii, 428.
55. Numb, xxi, 8-9; 2 Kings xviii, 4.
56. Allen, G., Evolution of the Idea of God, 192f; Howard, C., Sex Worship, 154-5.
57. Smith, W. Robertson, Religion of the Ancient Semites, 101.
58. Reinach, History of Religions (1930), 176-7.
59. Exod. vii.
60. New York Times, May 9, 1931.
61. Exod. xii, 7, 13.
62. Exod. xxxiii, 19.
63. Gen. xxxi, 11-12.
64. Exod. xxxiii, 23.
65. I Kings xx, 23.
66. Exod. xv, 3.
67. 2 Sam. xxii, 35.
68. Exod. xxiii, 27-30.
69. Lev. xxv, 23.
70. Exod. xiv, 18.
71. Numb, xxv, 4.
72. Exod. xx, 5-6.
73. Ibid., xxxii, 11-14.
74. Numb, xiv, 13-18.
75. Gen. xviii.
76. Deut. xxviii, 16-28, 61. Cf. the formula of excommunication in the case of Spinoza, in Willis, Benedict de Spinoza, 34.
77. Exod. xx, 5; xxxiv, 14; xxiii, 24.
78. Ruth i, 15; Judges xi, 24.
79. Exod, xv, 11; xviii, II.
80. 2 Chron. ii, 5.
81. Ezek. viii, 14.
82. Jer. ii, 28; xxxii, 35.
83. 2 Kings V, 15.
84. 2 Sam. vi, 7; I Chron. xiii, 10.
85. Sumner, Folkways, 554.
86. CAH, iii, 451f.
87. Numb, xviii, 23.
88. Ezra vii, 24.
90. Numb, xviii, 9f.
91. Isaiah xxviii, 7; Judges viii, 33; ix, 27; 2 Kings xvii, 9-12, 16-17; xxiii, 10-13; Lamentations ii, 7.
92. Ezek. xvi, 21; xxiii, 37; Isaiah, lvii, 5.
93. Amos ii, 6.
94. CAH, iii, 458-9; Frazer, Adonis, 66.
95. Jer. xxix, 26.
96. Maspero, Passing, 783.
97. Applied by G. B. Shaw to Christ in “The Revolutionist’s Handbook,” appended to Man and Superman.
98. CAH, vi, 188.
99. Like Isaiah xl-lxvi.
100. CAH, iii, 462.
101. Amos v-vi.
102. Ibid., iii, 12, 15.
103. New York Times, Jan. 7, 1934.
104. Hosea viii, 6-7.
105. 2 Kings xviii, 27; Isaiah xxxv, 12.
106. Maspero, Passing, 290; CAH, iii, 390.
107. Sarton, 58.
108. Isaiah vii, 8.
109. Ibid., xvi, 7.
110. III, 14-15; V, 8; x, if.
111. I, I if.
112. Amos ix, 14-15.
113. Isaiah vii, 14; ix, 6; xi, 1-6; ii, 4. The final passage is repeated in Micah iv, 3.
114. Hosea xii, 7.
115. 2 Kings xxii, 8; xxiii, 2; 2 Chron. xxxiv, 15, 31-2.
116. Sarton, 63; CAH, iii, 482.
117. 2 Kings xxiii, 2, 4, 10, 13.
118. 2 Kings xxv, 7.
119. Psalm CXXXVII.
120. Jer. xxvii, 6-8.
121. XV, 10; xx, 14.
122. V, I.
123. V, 8.
124. XXXIV, 8f.
125. VII, 22-3.
126. XXIII, 11; V, 31; iv, 4; ix, 26.
127. XVIII, 23.
128. IV, 20-31; V, 19; ix, I.
128a. Arguments for doubting Jeremiah’s authorship of Lamentations may be found in the Jew. Encyc., vii, 598.
129. Lam. i, 12; iii, 38f; Jer. xii, 1.
130. Ezek. xvi, xxiii.
131. Ibid., xxii, xxxviii, 2.
132. Ibid., xxxvi.
132a. CAH, vi, 183; Enc. Brit., iii, 503.
133. Isaiah lxi, I.
134. Ibid., xl, 3, 10-11; liii, 3-6.
134a. CAH, iii, 498.
135. LXV, 25.
136. XLV, 5.
137. XL, 12, 15, 17, 18, 22, 26.
138. Ezra i, 7-11; Maspero, Struggle, 638f; Passing, 784.
139. Nehemiah x, 29.
140. 2 Kings xxii, 10; xxiii, 2; Nehem. viii, 18.
141. CAH, vi, 175.
142. Enc. Brit., iii, 502.
142a. Jew. Encyc., v, 322.
143. Ibid.; Sarton, 108; Maspero, Passing, 131-2.
144. CAH, iii, 481.
145. Doane, Bible Myths, chapter i, passim.
146. Ibid., 10.
147. Ibid., ch. i.
148. Cf. Doane, 18-48.
149. Sarton, 63.
150. Renan, iv, 163.
151. Reinach (1930), 19; Frazer, Sir J. G., The Golden Bough, 472.
152. Exod. xxi-ii; Lev. xviii.
153. Spencer, Sociology, iii, 189.
154. Garrison, History of Medicine, 67.
155. Ibid.
156. Ibid.
157. Briffault, iii, 331.
158. Renan, i, 105.
159. Diodorus Siculus I, xciv, 1-2; Doane, 59-61.
160. Diodorus, ibid.
161. Lev. xxiv, 11-16; Deut. vii, xiii, xvii, 2-5.
163. Petrie, Egypt and Israel, 60-1; CAH, iii, 427-8.
164. Ezra i, 7-11.
165. 2 Chron. v, 13.
166. 2 Sam. vi, 6.
167. Enc. Brit., nth ed., xv, 311; Jew. Encyc., vii, 88.
168. Briffault, ii, 433; Sumner and Keller, ii, 1113.
168a. Reinach (1930), 195; Jew. Encyc., v. 377.
169. Gen. xxiv, 58; Judges i, 12.
170. Howard, 58.
172. Judges iv, 4.
173. 2 Kings xxii, 14.
174. Briffault, iii, 362; Howard, 49; Dubois, 212; Sumner, Folkways, 316, 321.
175. Gen. xxx, 1.
176. Cf. Maspero, Struggle, 733, 776;CAH, ii, 373-
177. Maspero, ibid.
178. Cf. 2 Kings iii, 18-19; Joshua vi, 21, 24.
179. I Kings xx, 29.
180. Deut. vii, 6; xiv, 2; 2 Sam. vii, 23, etc.
181. Sanger, History of Prostitution, 36.
182. Ibid., 35; Gen. xix, 24-5.
183. Sanger, 37-9.
184. Gen. xxix, 20.
185. Deut. xxi, 10-14.
186. Judges xxi, 20-1.
187. Gen. xxxi, 15; Ruth iv, 10; Hobhouse, Morals in Evolution, 197f Briffault, ii, 212; Lippert, 310.
187a. Westermarck, Moral Ideas, ii, 609; White, E. M., Woman in World History, 169f.
188. Gen. xxx.
189. Deut. xxv, 5.
190. Lev. xx, 10; Deut. xxii, 22.
191. Westermarck, i, 427.
193. Deut. xxiv, I; Westermarck, ii, 649; Hobhouse, 197f.
194. Gen. xxiv, 67.
195. Lev. xxv, 23.
196. Renard, 160; CAH, i, 201.
197. Deut. xv, 6; xxviii, 12.
198. Sumner, Folkways, 276.
199. 2 Kings iv, 1; Matt, xviii, 25.
200. Lev. xxv, 14, 17.
201. Exod. xxi, 2; Deut. xv, 12-14.
202. Lev. xxv, 10.
203. Deut. xv, 7-8; Lev. xxv, 36.
204. Exod. xxi, 10; Deut. xxiv, 19-20.
205. Gen. xxiv, 2-3.
206. Graetz, i, 173.
207. Deut. xvii, 8-12.
208. Numb, v, 27-9.
209. Ibid., 6-8.
210. Exod. xxi, 15-21; xxii, 19.
211. Exod. xxii, 18.
212. Numb. XXXV, 19.
213. Deut. xix.
214. Exod. xxi, 23-5; Lev. xxiv, 9-20.
215. Exod. xx, 17.
216. Renan, ii, 307.
217. Jew Encyc., vii, 381; Graetz, i, 224.
218. Enc. Brit., iii, 504. The Psalms seem to have been collected in their present form ca. 150 B.C.—Ibid., xxii, 539.
219. In the poem entitled “Walt Whitman,” sect. 44; Leaves of Grass, 84-5.
219a. The Jew Encyc., xi, 467, assigns its composition to 200-100 B.C.
220. Song of Solomon i, 13-16; ii, 1, 5, 7, 16, 17; vii, 11, 12.
221. Prov. vii, 26; vi, 32; xxx, 18-19.
222. Ibid., v, 18-19; xv, 17.
223. Ibid., vi, 6, 9.
224. XXII, 29.
225. I, 32; xxviii, 20.
226. XIV, 23; xxviii, II, xvii, 28.
227. XVI, 22; iii., 13-17.
228. Enc. Brit., iii, 504.
229. Jastrow, M., Book of Job, 121.
230. Kallen, H., Book of Job as a Greek Tragedy, Introduction.
230a. Carlyle, Thos., Complete Works, Vol. i, Heroes and Hero-Worship, p. 280, Lect. II.
231. Job vii, 9-10; xiv, 12.
232. Psalm LXXIII, 12.
233. Psalms XLII, XLIII, 23; LXXIV, 22; LXXXIX, 46; CXV, 2.
234. Job xii, 2-3, 6; xiii, i, 4-5.
235. XXXI, 35.
236. Renan, V, 148; Jastrow, Job, 180.
237. Job xxxviii, I—xl, 2. It has been argued that these chapters are an independent “nature-poem,” artificially attached to the Book of Job.
238. Job xlii, 7-8.
239. Sarton, 180.
240. Eccles, i, I.
241. Ibid., vii, 15; iv, I; V, 8.
242. IX, II.
243. V, 10, 12.
244. V, ii.
245. VII, 10.
246. I, 9-10.
247. I, II.
248. I, 2-7; iv, 2-3; vii, I.
250. VIII, 15; ii, 24; V, 18; ii, I.
251. VII, 28, 26.
252. IX, 8.
253. XII, 12.
254. VII, II, 16.
255. Exod. xxxiii, 20.
256. Eccles, i, 13-18.
257. III, 19, 22; viii, 10. For the Talmudic interpretation of the final chapter of Ecclesiastes, cf. Jastrow, M., A Gentle Cynic, 189f.
258. Josephus, Antiquities, XI, 8; Works, i, 417. The account is questioned by some critics—cf. Jew. Encyc., i, 342.
CHAPTER XIII
1. Huart, C., Ancient Persian and Iranian Civilization, 25-6.
2. Maspero, Passing, 452.
3. Herodotus, I, 99.
4. Ibid., i, 74.
5. Rawlinson, ii, 370.
6. Daniel, vi, 8.
7. Rawlinson, ii, 316-7.
8. Huart, 27.
9. Herodotus, I, 119.
10. Encyc. Brit., xvii, 571.
11. Rawlinson, iii, 389.
12. Maspero, 668-71.
13. Rawlinson, iii, 398.
14. Herodotus, III, 134.
15. Sykes, Sir P., Persia, 6.
16. XV, iii, 10.
17. The population estimates are those of Rawlinson, iii, 422, 241.
18. Strabo, XV, ii, 8; Rawlinson, ii, 306; iii, 164; Maspero, 452.
19. Dhalla, M. N., Zoroastrian Civilization, 211, 222, 259; Rawlinson, iii, 202-4; Köhler, Carl, History of Costume, 75-6
20. Rawlinson, iii, 211, 243.
21. Adapted from Rawlinson, iii, 250-1.
22. Huart, 22.
23. Schneider, i, 350.
24. Mason, W. A., 264.
25. Dhalla, 141-2.
26. Herodotus, I, 126.
27. Strabo, XV, iii, 20; Herodotus, I, 133.
28. Dhalla, 187-8.
29. Herodotus, V, 52.
30. CAH, iv, 200.
31. Dhalla, 218.
32. Ibid., 144, 257; Müller, Max, India: What Can It Teach Us?, 19.
33. Rawlinson, iii, 427.
34. CAH, iv, 185-6.
35. Rawlinson, iii, 245.
36. Ibid., 171-2.
37. Ibid., 228; Plutarch, Life of Artaxerxes, chs. 5-17.
38. Rawlinson, iii, 221.
39. Dhalla, 237.
40. Ibid., 89.
41. Rawlinson, iii, 241.
42. Herodotus, VII, 39. But perhaps Herodotus had been listening to old wives’ tales.
43. Dhalla, 95-9.
44. Ibid., 106.
45. Herodotus, V, 25.
46. Darmesteter, J., The Zend-Avesta, i, p. lxxxiiif.
47. Ibid.
48. Huart, 78; Darmesteter, lxxxvii; Rawlinson, iii, 246.
49. Ibid.; Sumner, Folkways, 236.
50. Plutarch, Artaxerxes, in Lives, iii, 464.
51. Rawlinson, iii, 427; Herodotus, III, 95; Maspero, Passing, 690f; CAH, iv, 198f.
53. Maspero, 572f.
54. Vendidad, XIX, vi, 45.
55. Darmesteter, i, xxxvii; Encyc. Brit., xxiii, 987.
56. Dawson, M. M., Ethical Religion of Zoroaster, xiv.
57. Rawlinson, ii, 323.
58. Edouard Meyer dates Zarathustra about 1000 B.C.; so also Duncker and Hummel (Encyc. Brit., xxiii, 987; Dawson, xv); A. V. W. Jackson places him about 660-583 B.C. (Sarton, 61).
59. Briffault, iii, 191.
60. Dhalla, 72.
61. Schneider, i, 333; CAH, iv, 21 of; Rawlinson, ii, 323.
62. Encyc. Brit., xxiii, 942-3; Rawlinson, ii, 322; Dhalla, 38f.
63. Ibid., 40-2; Encyc. Brit., xxiii, 942-3; Maspero, Passing, 575-6; Huart, xviii; CAH, iv, 207.
64. Encyc. Brit., I.e.
65. Darmesteter, xxvii, Gour, Sir Hari Singh, Spirit of Buddhism, 12.
66. Vend. II, 4, 29, 41.
67. Ibid., 22-43.
68. Darmesteter, lxiii-iv.
69. Yasna, xliv, 4.
70. Darmesteter, lv, lxv.
71. Dawson, 52f.
72. Encyc. Brit., xxiii, 988.
73. Dawson, 46.
74. Maspero, Passing, 583-4; Schneider, i, 336; Rawlinson, ii, 340.
75. Dawson, 125.
76. Shayast-la-Shayast, XX, 6, in Dawson, 131.
77. Vend. IV, I.
78. Ibid., XVI, iii, 18.
79. Herdotous, I, 134.
80. Shayast-la-Shayast, VII, 6, 7, 1, in Dawson, 36-7.
81. Westermarck, Morals, ii, 434; Herodotus, VII, 114; Rawlinson, iii, 350n.
82. Strabo, XV, iii, 13; Maspero, 592-4.
83. Reinach (1930), 73; Rawlinson, ii, 338.
84. The “Ormuzd” Yast, in Darmesteter, ii, 21.
85. Nask VIII, 58-73, in Darmesteter, i, 380-1.
86. Vend., XIX, v, 27-34; Yast 22; Yasna LI, 15; Maspero, 590.
87. Yasna XLV, 7.
88. Dawson, 246-7.
89. Ibid., 256L
90. Ibid., 250-3.
91. CAH, iv, 211.
92. Cf., e.g., Darmesteter, i, pp. lxxii-iii.
93. CAH, iv, 209.
94. Dhalla, 201, 218; Maspero, 595.
95. Harper, Literature, 181.
96. Dhalla, 250-1.
97. Herodotus, IX, 109; Rawlinson, iii, 170.
98. Ibid., iii, 518, 524.
99. Ibid., 170.
100. Strabo, XV, iii, 20.
101. Dhalla, 221.
102. Herodotus, I, 80; Xenophon, Cyropaedia, I, ii, 8; VIII, viii, 9; Strabo, XV, iii, 18; Rawlinson, iii, 236.
103. Dhalla, 155; Dawson, 36-7.
104. Dhalla, 119, 190-1.
105. E.g., Vend. IX.
106. Darmesteter, i, p. lxxviii.
107. Vend. VIII, 61-5.
108. I, 4.
109. I, 135.
110. Vend. VIII, v, 32; vi, 27.
111. Strabo, XV, iii, 17; Vend. IV, iii, 47.
112. Ibid., iii, I.
113. XV, ii, 2of.
114. XX, i, 4; XV, iv, 50-1.
115. XXI, i, I.
116. Maspero, 588. These cases were apparently confined to the Magi.
117. Herodotus, VII, 83; IX, 76; Rawlinson, iii, 238.
118. Esther, ii, 14; Rawlinson, iii, 219.
119. Dhalla, 74-6, 219; Rawlinson, iii, 222, 237.
119a. Plutarch, Artaxerxes, Lives, iii, 463-6.
120. Dhalla, 70-1.
121. Herodotus, I, 139; Dhalla, 210
122. Vend. XV, 9-12; XVI, 1-2.
123. Bundahis, XVI, 1, 2, in Dawson, 156.
124. Venkateswara, 177; Dhalla, 225.
125. Ibid., 83-5; Dawson, 151.
126. Herodotus, I, 136.
127. Strabo, XV, iii, 18.
128. Darmesteter, i, p. lxxx.
129. Vend. VII, vii, 4if.
130. Ibid., 36-40.
131. Rawlinson, iii, 235.
132. N. Y. Times, Jan. 6, 1931.
133. Dhalla, 176, 195, 256; Rawlinson, iii, 234.
134. N. Y. Times, Jan. 23, 1933.
135. Dhalla, 253-4.
136. Rawlinson, iii, 278.
137. N. Y. Times, July 28, 1932.
138. Fergusson, History of Architecture, i, 198-9; Rawlinson, iii, 298.
139. Breasted in N. Y. Times, March 9, 1932.
140. CAH, iv, 204.
140a. Dhalla, 260-1.
140b. Rawlinson, iii, 244, 400.
141. Maspero, 715.
142. Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander, I, 15.
143. Josephus, Antiquities, XI, viii, 3.
144. Arrian, I, 16.
145. Quintus Curtius, III, 17.
146. Arrian, II, 11, 13; Plutarch, Life of Alexander, ch. 20.
147. Quintus Curtius, X, 17; CAH, vi, 369.
148. Plutarch, Alexander, ch. 31; Arrian, III, 8.
CHAPTER XIV
1. In Rolland, R., Prophets of the New India, 395, 449-5.
1a. Winternitz, M., A History of Indian Literature, i, 8.
2. Ibid., 18-21.
3. Keyserling, Count H., Travel Diary of a Philosopher, 265.
4. Chirol, Sir Valentine, India, 4.
5. Dubois, Abbé J. A., Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies, 95, 321.
6. Smith, Vincent, Oxford History of India, 2; Childe, V. G., The Most Ancient East, 202; Pittard, Race and History, 388; Coomaraswamy, History of Indian and Indonesian Art, 6; Parmelee, M., Oriental and Occidental Culture, 23-4.
7. Marshall, Sir John, The Prehistoric Civilization of the Indus, Illustrated London News, Jan. 7, 1928, 1.
8. Childe, 209.
9. In Muthu, D. C., The Antiquity of Hindu Medicine, 2.
10. Sir John Marshall in The Modern Review, Calcutta, April 1932, 367.
11. Coomaraswamy in Encyclopedia Britannica, xii, 211-12.
12. New York Times, Aug. 2, 1932.
13. Macdonell, A. A., India’s Past, 9.
14. Ibid.
15. Childe, 211.
16. Woolley, 8.
17. Childe, 202.
18. Ibid, 220, 211.
19. New York Times, April 8, 1932.
20. Gour, Spirit of Buddhism, 524; Radhakrishnan, S., Indian Philosophy, 75.
21. Smith, Oxford History, 14.
22. Davids, T. W. Rhys, Dialogues of the Buddha, being vols, ii-iv of Sacred Books of the Buddhists, ii, 97; Venkateswara, 10.
23. Monier-Williams, Sir M., Indian Wisdom, 227.
24. Winternitz, 304.
25. Jastrow, 85.
26. Winternitz, 64.
27. Westermarck, Moral Ideas, i, 216, 222; Havell, E. B., History of Aryan Rule in India, 35; Davids, Buddhist India, 51; Dialogues of the Buddha, iii, 79.
28. Buxton, The Peoples of Asia, 121.
29. Davids, Buddhist India, 56, 62; Smith, Oxford History, 37.
30. Sidhanta, N. K., The Heroic Age of India, 206; Mahabharata, IX, v, 30.
31. Havell, 33.
32. Dutt, R. C., tr., The Ramayana and Mahabharata, Everyman Library, 189.
33. Davids, Buddhist India, 60.
34. Davids, Dialogues, ii, 114, 128.
35. Dutt, R. C., The Civilization of India, 21; Davids, Buddhist India, 55.
36. Macdonell, India’s Past, 39.
37. Gray, R. M. and Parekh, M. C., Mahatma Gandhi, 37.
38. Buddhist India, 46, 51, 101-2; Winternitz, 64.
39. Buddhist India, 90, 96, 70, 101.
40. Ibid., 70, 98; Winternitz, 65; Havell, History, 129; Muthu, 11.
41. Winternitz, 212.
42. Buddhist India, 100-1.
43. Ibid., 72.
44. Dutt, Ramayana, 231.
45. Arrian, quoted in Sunderland, Jabez T., India in Bondage, 178; Strabo, XV, i, 53.
46. Winternitz, 66-7.
47. Venkateswara, 140.
48. Sidhanta, 149; Tagore in Keyserling, The Book of Marriage, 108.
49. Sidhanta, 153.
50. Dutt, Ramayana, 192.
51. Smith, Oxford History, 7; Barnett, L. D., Antiquities of India, 116.
52. Havell, History, 14; Barnett, 109.
53. Monier-Williams, 439; Winternitz, 66.
54. Lajpat Rai, L., Unhappy India, 151, 176.
55. Mahabharata, III, xxxiii, 82; Sidhanta, 160.
56. Sidhanta, 165, 168; Barnett, 119; Briffault, i, 346.
57. Radhakrishnan, i, 119; Eliot, Sir Charles, Hinduism and Buddhism, i, 6; Buddhist India, 226; Smith, 70; Das Gupta, Surendranath, A History of Indian Philosophy, 25.
58. Buddhist India, 220-4; Radhakrishnan, i, 483.
59. Ibid., 117.
60. Winternitz, 140.
61. Hume, R. E., The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, 169.
62. Das Gupta, 6.
63. Radhakrishnan, i, 76.
64. Eliot, i, 58; Macdonell, 32-3.
65. Eliot, i, 62; Winternitz, 76.
66. Eliot, i, 59.
67. Radhakrishnan, i, 105.
68. Ibid., 78.
69. Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, i, 4; Hume 81.
70. Radhakrishnan, i, 114-5.
71. Katha Upanishad, i, 8; Radhakrishnan, i, 250; Müller, Max, Six Systems of Hindu Philosophy, 131.
72. Eliot, i, xv; Buddhist India, 241; Radhakrishnan, i, 108.
73. Ibid., 107; Winternitz, 215; Gour, 5.
74. Frazer, R. W., A Literary History of India, 243.
75. Dutt, Ramayana, 318; Briffault, i, 346, iii, 188.
76. Ibid.
77. Macdonell, 24.
78. Winternitz, 208; Das Gupta 21.
79. Buddhist India, 241.
80. Winternitz, 207.
81. Dutt, Civilization of India, 33.
82. Müller, Max, Lectures on the Science of Language, ii, 234-7, 276; Skeat, W. W., Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, 729f
83. In Elphinstone, M., History of India, 161.
84. Buddhist India, 153; Winternitz 41-4.
85. Ibid., 31-2; Macdonell, 7; Buddhist India, 114.
86. Ibid, 120.
87. Müller, Max, India: What Can It Teach Us?, London, 1919, 206; Wintnitz, 32.
89. Dubois, 425.
90. Radhakrishnan, i, 67; Eliot, i, 51.
91. Ibid., i, 53.
92. Winternitz, 69, 79; Müller, India, 97; Macdonell, 35.
93. Tr. by Macdonell in Tietjens, Eunice, Poetry of the Orient, 248.
94. Tr. by Max Müller in Smith, Oxford History, 20.
95. In Müller, India, 254.
96. Winternitz, 243; Radhakrishnan, i, 137; Deussen, Paul, The Philosophy of the Upanishads, 13.
97. Eliot, i, 51; Radhakrishnan, i, 141.
98. Cf., e.g., a passage in Chatterji, J. C., India’s Outlook on Life, 42.
99. E.g., Chandogya Upanishad, v, 2; Hume 229.
100. They are listed in Radhakrishnan, 143.
101. Eliot, i, 93.
102. Hume, 144.
103. Shvetashvatara Upanishad, i, 1; Radhakrishnan, i, 150.
104. Hume, 4:2.
105. Katha Upanishad; ii, 23; Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, iii, 5, iv, 4; Radhakrishnan, i, 177.
106. Katha Upan., iv, 1; Radhakrishnan, i, 145.
107. Katha Upan., ii, 24.
108. Chandogya Upan., vi, 7.
109. Radhakrishnan, i, 151.
110. Brih. Upan., ii, 2, iv, 4.
111. Ibid., iii, 9.
112. Chand. Upan., vi, 12.
113. Radhakrishnan, i, 94, 96.
117. Radhakrishnan, i, 249-51; Macdonell, 48.
118. Brih. Upan., iv, 4.
119. Radhakrishnan, i, 239.
120. Mundaka Upan., iii, 2; Radhakrishnan, i, 236.
CHAPTER XV
1. Chand. Upan., i, 12; Radhakrishnan, 1. 149.
2. Ibid., 278.
3. In Hume, 65.
4. Davids, Dialogues of the Buddha, ii, 73-5; Radhakrishnan, i, 274.
5. Dutt, Ramayana, 60-1.
6. Müller, Six Systems, 17; Radhak., i, 278.
7. Eliot, i, xix; Müller, Six Systems, 23; Davids, Buddhist India, 141.
8. Radhak., i, 278.
9. Monier-Williams, 120-2.
10. Das Gupta, 78; Radhak., i, 279.
11. Ibid., 281.
12. Das Gupta, 79.
13. Monier-Williams, 120; Müller, Six Systems, 100.
14. Radhak., i, 280.
15. Ibid., 281-2.
16. Ibid., 287; Smith, Oxford History, 50.
17. Radhak., i, 301.
18. Ibid., 329; Eliot, i, 106.
19. Ibid.
20. Radhak, i, 331, 293.
21. Ibid., 327; Eliot, i, no, 113, 115; Smith, Oxford History, 53; Smith, Vincent, Akbar, 167; Dubois, 521.
22. Smith, Oxford History, 210.
23. Eliot., i, 112.
24. Ibid., 115.
25. Thomas, E. J., The Life of Buddha as Legend and History, 20.
26. Eliot, i, 244n.
27. Gour, introd.; Davids, Dialogues, ii, 117; Radhak., i, 347, 351; Eliot, i, 133, 173.
28. Thomas, E. J., 31-3.
29. Eliot, i, 131; Venkateswara, 169; Havell, History, 49.
30. Thomas, 50-1.
31. Ibid., 54.
32. Ibid., 55.
33. Ibid., 65.
34. Radhak., i, 343-5.
35. Eliot, i, 129.
36. Dialogues, ii, 5.
37. Gour, 405.
38. Dialogues, iii, 102.
39. Thomas, 87.
40. Radhak., i, 363.
41. Eliot, i, 203.
42. Ibid., 250.
43. Dutt, Civilization of India, 44.
44. Radhak., i, 475.
45. Dialogues, iii, 154.
46. Radhak., i, 421.
47. Dialogues, ii, 35.
48. Ibid., 186.
49. Ibid., 254.
50. Ibid., 280-2.
51. Ibid., 37.
52. Radhak., i, 356; Gour, 10.
53. Radhak., i, 438, 475; Dialogues, ii, 123; Eliot, i, xxii.
54. Radhak., i, 354.
55. Ibid., 424; Gour, 10; Eliot, i, 247.
56. Gour, 542; Radhak., i, 465.
57. Eliot, i, xcv.
58. Gour, 280-4.
59. Eliot, i, xxii.
60. Gour, 392-4; Radhak., i, 355.
61. Thomas, 208.
62. Radhak, i, 456.
63. Ibid., 375.
64. Ibid., 369, 385, 392; Buddhist India, 188, 257; Thomas, 88.
65. Das Gupta, 240; Gour, 335.
66. Eliot, i, 191; Dialogues, ii, 188.
67. Eliot, i, 210; Dialogues, ii, 71.
68. Eliot, i, 227; Radhak, i, 389.
69. Thomas, 189.
70. Macdonell, 48; Radhak., i, 444; Eliot, i, xxi.
71. Gour, 312-4, 333.
73. Dialogues, ii, 190.
74. Eliot, i, 224; Müller, Six Systems, 373; Thomas, 187.
75. Radhak., i, 446.
76. Eliot, i, 224.
77. Ibid., i, 227; Thomas, 145.
80. Dialogues, ii, 55, iii, 94; Watters, Thos. On Yuan Chwang’s Travels in India, i, 374.
81. Thomas, 134.
82. Buddhist India, 300; Radhak, i, 351.
83. Thomas, 100.
84. Ibid., 100-2.
85. Dialogues, ii, 1-26.
86. Eliot, i, 160.
87. Dialogues, iii, 87.
88. Ibid., 108.
89. Thomas, 153.
CHAPTER XVI
1. Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander, V, 19, VI, 2.
2. Smith, Oxford History, 66.
3. Kohn, H., History of Natonalism in the East, 350.
4. Arrian, Indica, x.
5. In Dutt, Civilization of India, 50.
6. Arrian, Anabasis, VI, 2.
7. Ibid., V, 8; Strabo, XV, i, 28.
8. Enc. Brit., xii, 212.
9. Smith, Oxford History, 62.
10. Arrian, Indica, X.
11. Havell, 75.
12. Smith, Oxford History, 77.
13. Ibid., 114.
14. Ibid., 79.
15. Havell, History, 82-3.
16. It is of uncertain authenticity. Sarton (147) accepts it as Kautilya’s, but Macdonell (India’s Past, 170) considers it the work of a later writer.
17. In Smith, Oxford History, 84.
18. Smith, Akbar, 396.
19. Smith, Oxford History, 76, 87.
20. Ibid., 311.
21. Strabo, XV, i, 40.
22. Havell, 82.
23. Barnett, 99-100; Havell, 82.
24. Ibid., 69, 80.
25. Ibid., 74.
26. Ibid., 7if; Barnett, 107.
27. Davids, Buddhist India, 264; Havell, ibid.
28. Strabo, XV, i, 51.
28a. Havell, 78.
28b. Smith, Oxford History, 87.
29. Candide.
30. Havell, 88.
31. Ibid., 91-2; Smith, Oxford History, 101.
32. Smith, V., Asoka, 67; Davids, Buddhist India, 297.
33. Smith, Asoka, 92.
34. Ibid., 60.
35. Provincial Edict I; Havell, 93.
36. Havell, 100; Smith, Asoka, 67.
37. Watters, ii, 91.
38. Muthu, 35.
39. Rock Edict XIII.
40. Havell, 100; Smith, Oxford History, 135; Melamed, S. M., Spinoza and Buddha, 302-3, 308.
41. Rock Edict VI.
42. Pillar Edict V.
43. Watters, 99.
44. Davids, Buddhist India, 308; Smith, Oxford History, 126.
45. Ibid., 155.
46. Nag, Kalidas, Greater India, 27.
47. Besant, Annie, India, 15.
48. Smith, Ox. H., 154.
49. Tr. by James Legge, in Gowen, Indian Literature, 336.
50. Havell, 158.
51. Nag, 25.
52. Havell, E. B., The Ancient and Medieval Architecture of India, xxv.
53. Ibid., 207.
54. Watters, i, 344.
55. Havell, History, 204.
56. Watters, ii, 348-9; Havell, 203-4.
57. Fenollosa, E. F., Epochs of Chinese and Japanese Art, i, 85.
58. Arrian, Anabasis, V, 4.
59. Tod, Lt.-Col. James, Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan, ii, 115.
60. Tod, i, 209.
61. Keyserling, Travel Diary, i, 184.
62. Tod, i, 244L
63. Smith, Ox. H., 311.
64. Ibid., 304.
65. Ibid., 309.
66. Ibid., 308; Havell, History, 402.
67. Smith, Ox. H., 308-10.
68. Ibid., 312-13.
69. Ibid., 314.
70. Ibid., 309.
71. Sewell, Robert, A Forgotten Empire, Vijayanagar, in Smith, Ox. H., 306.
72. From an ancient Moslem chronicle, Tabakat-i-Nasiri, in Smith, Ox. H., 192.
73. Havell, History, 286.
74. Elphinstone, Mountstuart, History of India, 333, 337-8.
75. Tabakat-i-Nasiri, in Smith, Ox H., 222-3.
76. Smith, 226, 232, 245.
77. Ibn Batuta, in Smith, 240.
78. Smith, 303.
80. In Smith, 234.
81. Ibid.
82. Queen Mab.
83. Havell, History, 368.
84. Ibid.; Smith, 252.
85. Elphinstone, 415; Smith, Akbar, 10.
86. Smith, Ox. H., 321.
87. Firishtah, Muhammad Qasim, History of Hindustan, ii, 188.
88. Elphinstone, 430.
89. Babur, Memoirs, 1.
90. Smith, Akbar, 98, 148, 358; Havell, History, 479.
91. Smith, Akbar, 226, 379, 383; Besant, 23.
92. Smith, Akbar, 333.
93. Firishtah, 399.
94. Smith, Akbar, 333-6, 65, 77, 343, 115, 160, 108; Smith, Ox. H., 311; Besant, India, 23.
95. Havell, History, 478.
96. Smith, Akbar, 406.
97. Ibid., 424-5.
98. Ibid., 235-7.
99. In Frazer, History of Indian Literature, 358.
100. Havell, History, 499.
101. Brown, Percy, Indian Fainting, 49; Smith, Akbar, 421-2.
102. Ibid., 350; Havell, History, 493-4.
103. Ibid., 494.
104. Ibid., 493.
105. Frazer, 357.
106. Smith, Akbar, 133, 176, 181, 257, 350; Havell, History, 493, 510.
107. Smith, Akbar, 212.
108. Ibid., 216-21.
109. Smith, Akbar, 301, 323, 325.
110. Smith, Ox. H., 387.
111. Elphinstone, 540.
112. Lorenz, D. E., ’Round the World Traveler, 373.
113. Smith, Ox. H., 395.
114. Ibid., 393.
115. Elphinstone, 586.
116. Ibid., 577; Smith, Ox. H., 445-7.
117. Ibid., 439.
118. Fergusson, Jas., History of Indian and Eastern Architecture, ii, 88.
119. Tod, i, 349.
120. Smith, Ox. H., 448.
121. Ibid., 446.
CHAPTER XVII
1. Smith, Akbar, 401; Indian Year Book, Bombay, 1929, 563; Minney, R. J., Shiva: or The Future of India, 50.
2. Havell, History, 160; Eliot, ii, 171; Dubois, 190.
3. Parmelee, 148n.
4. Smith, Ox. H., 315.
5. Havell, 80, 261.
6. Strabo, XV, i, 40; Siddhanta, 180; Dubois, 57.
7. Barnett, 107; Havell, Ancient and Medieval Architecture, 208; Tod, i, 362.
8. Sarkar, B. K., Hindu Achievements in Exact Science, 68.
9. III, 102.
10. In Strabo, XV, i, 44.
11. Sarkar, 68; Lajpat Rai, L., England’s Debt to India; 176.
12. Havell, Architecture, 129; Fergusson, Indian Architecture, ii, 208.
13. Lajpat Rai, England’s Debt, ibid.
14. Moon, P. T., Imperialism and World Politics, 292.
15. Lajpat Rai, England’s Debt, 121.
16. III, 106.
17. Sarton, 535.
18. Lajpat Rai, England’s Debt, 123.
19. Ibid.
20. Polo, Travels, 307.
21. Muthu, 100.
22. Venkateswara, 11; Smith, Ox. H., 15.
23. Lajpat Rai, England’s Debt, 162-3.
24. Havell, History, 75, 130.
25. Ibid., 140.
26. Lajpat Rai, England’s Debt, 165.
27. Barnett, 211-15.
28. Macdonell, 265-70.
29. Smith, Akbar, 157.
30. Fragment XXVII B in McCrindle, J. W., Ancient India as Described by Megasthenes and Arrian, 73.
31. Monier-Williams, 263; Minney, 75.
32. Barnett, 130; Monier-Williams, 264.
33. Dubois, 657.
34. Sidhanta, 178; Havell, History, 234; Smith, Ox. H., 312.
35. Besant, 23; Dutt, Civilization of India, 121.
36. Dubois, 81-7.
37. Lajpat Rai, England’s Debt, 12.
38. Smith, Akbar, 389-91.
39. ibid., 393.
40. Ibid., 392.
41. Watters, i, 340.
42. Elphinstone, 329; cf. Smith, Ox. H., 257.
43. Elphinstone, 477.
44. Smith, Ox. H., 392.
45. Smith, Akbar, 395.
46. Ibid., 108.
47. Lajpat Rai, Unhappy India, 315.
48. Minney, 72.
49. Lajpat Rai, England’s Debt, 25.
50. Macaulay, T. B., Essay on Clive, in Critical and Historical Essays, i, 544.
51. Havell, History, 235; Havell, Architecture, xxvi. This liberty, of course, was at its minimum under Chandragupta Maurya.
52. Laws of Manu, vii, 15, 20-4, 218, in Monier-Williams, 256, 285.
53. Smith, Ox. H., 229.
54. Ibid., 266.
55. Barnett, 124; Dubois, 654; Smith, Ox. H., 109.
56. Dubois, 654.
57. Smith, Ox. H., 249.
58. Ibid., 249, 313; Barnett, 122.
59. Monier-Williams, 204-6.
60. Max Müller, India, 12.
62. Dubois, 722; cf. also 661 and 717.
63. Monier-Williams, 203, 233, 268.
64. Simon, Sir John, Chairman, Report of the Indian Statutory Commission, i, 35.
65. Davids, Buddhist India, 150.
66. Tod, i, 479; Hallam, Henry, View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages, ch. vii, p. 263.
66a. Barnett, 106; Dubois, 177.
67. Manu xix, 313; Monier-Williams, 234.
68. Maine, Ancient Law, 165;, Monier-Williams, 266.
69. Barnett, 112.
70. Lubbock, Origin of Civilization, 379.
71. Winternitz, 147; Radhak., i, 356; Monier-Williams, 236.
72. Dubois, 590-2.
73. Barnett, 123; Davids, Dialogues, ii, 285.
75. Havell, History, 50.
76. Monier-Williams, 233.
77. Dubois, 98, 169.
78. Manu, i, 100; Monier-Williams, 237.
79. Dubois, 176.
80. Manu, iii, 100.
81. Barnett, 114.
82. Dubois, 593.
83. Manu, viii, 380-1.
85. Manu, xi, 206.
86. Barnett, 123.
87. Ibid., 121; Winternitz, 198.
88. Eliot, i, 37; Simon, i, 35.
89. Manu, iv, 147.
90. Ibid., ii, 87.
91. XI, 261.
92. IV, 27-8.
93. Dubois, 165, 237, 249.
94. Ibid., 187.
95. Manu, ii, 177-8.
96. VIII, 336-8.
97. II, 179.
98. Book xviii; Arnold, Sir Edwin, The Song Celestial, 107.
99. Tagore, R., Sadhana, 127.
100. Smith, Ox. H., 42.
101. Ibid., 34.
102. IX, 45.
103. Barnett, 117.
104. Sumner, Folkways, 315.
105. Tod, i, 602; Smith, Ox. H., 690.
106. Wood, Ernest, An Englishman Defends Mother India, 103.
107. Dubois, 205; Havell, E. B., The Ideals of Indian Art, 93.
108. Tagore in Keyserling, The Book of Marriage, 104, 108.
109. Hall, Josef (“Upton Close”), Eminent Asians, 505.
110. Lajpat Rai, Unhappy India, 186.
111. Dubois, 231; Census of India, 1921, i, 151; Mukerji, D. G., A Son of Mother India Answers, 19.
112. Barnett, 115.
113. Lajpat Rai, Unhappy India, 159.
114. Robie, W. F., The Art of Love, 18f; Macdonell, 174.
115. Robie, 36.
116. Ibid., 32.
117. Frazer, Adonis, 54-5; Curtis, W. E., Modern India, 284-5.
118. Dubois, 585.
119. Cf., e.g., the “Fifty Stanzas” of Bilhana, in Tietjens, 303-6.
120. Coomaraswamy, A. K., Dance of Shiva, 103, 108.
121. Monier-Williams, 244.
122. Dubois, 214.
123. Strabo, I, i, 62.
124. Manu, III, 12-15, ix, 45, 85, 101; Monier-Williams, 243.
125. Tod, i, 284n.
126. Nivedita, Sister (Margaret E. Noble), The Web of Indian Life, 40.
127. Barnett, 109.
128. XV, i, 62.
129. Havell, Ideals, 91.
130. In Bebel, Woman under Socialism, 52.
131. In Tod, i, 604.
132. Barnett, 109.
133. Dubois, 339-40.
134. Manu, iv, 43; Barnett, no.
135. Manu, V, 154-6.
136. Westermarck, Moral Ideas, ii, 650.
137. Dubois, 337.
138. Tagore, R., Chitra, 45.
139. Manu, ix, 18.
140. III, 33, 82; Sidhanta, 160.
141. Frazer, R. W., 179.
142. VIII, 416.
143. Monier-Williams, 267; Tod, i, 605.
144. Barnett, 116; Westermarck, ii, 650.
145. Manu, ix, 2, 12, iii, 57, 60-3.
146. Tod, i, 604.
147. II, 145; Wood, 27.
148. Tod, i, 590n; Zimand, S., Living India, 124-5.
149. Dubois, 313.
150. Herodotus, IV, 71, V, 5.
151. Enc. Brit., xxi, 624.
152. Rig-veda, x, 18; Sidhanta, 165n.
153. I, 125, xv, 33, xvi, 7, xii, 149; Sidhanta, 165.
154. Smith, Ox. H., 309.
155. XV, i, 30, 62.
156. Enc. Brit., xxi, 625.
157. Tod, i, 604; Smith, Ox. H., 233.
158. Coomaraswamy, Dance of Shiva, 93.
159. Smith, Ox. H., 309.
160. Manu, V, 162, ix, 47, 65; Parmelee, 114.
161. Lajpat Rai, Unhappy India, 198.
162. Ibid., 192, 196.
163. Tod, i, 575.
164. Dubois, 331.
165. Ibid., 78, 337, 355, 587; Sumner, Folkways 457.
166. Dubois, 340; Coomaraswamy, Dance, 94.
167. Bebel, 52; Sumner, 457.
168. IV, 203.
169. Wood, 292, 195.
170. Lajpat Rai, Unhappy India, 284.
171. Ibid., 280.
172. Watters, i, 152.
173. Dubois, 184, 248; Wood, 196.
174. Sumner, 457.
175. Dubois, 708-10.
176. The scatophilic student will find these matters piously detailed by the Abbè Dubois, 237f.
177. Sumner, 457; Wood, 343.
178. Wood, 286.
179. Dubois, 325.
180. Ibid., 78.
181. Ibid., 341; Coomaraswamy, History, 210.
182. Dubois, 324.
183. Loti, Pierre, India, 113; Parmelee, 138.
184. Loti, 210.
185. Dubois, 662.
186. Westermarck, i, 89.
187. Macaulay, Essays, i, 562.
188. Manu, viii, 103-4; Monier-Williams, 273.
189. Watters, i, 171.
190. Müller, India, 57.
191. Hardie, J. Keir, India, 60.
192. Mukerji, A Son, 43.
193. Smith, Ox. H., 666f.
194. Dubois, 120.
195. Examples of the latter quality will be found in Dubois, 660, or in almost any account of the recent revolts.
196. Frazer, R. W., 163; Dubois, 509.
197. Simon, i, 48.
198. Müller, India, 41.
199. Davids, Dialogues, ii, 9-11.
200. Skeat, s.v. check; Enc. Brit., art, “Chess.”
201. Dubois, 670.
202. Enc. Brit., viii, 175.
203. Havell, History, 477.
204. Nivedita, IIf.
205. Dubois, 595.
206. Briffault, iii, 198.
207. Gandhi, M. K., His Own Story, 45.
208. Davids, Buddhist India, 78.
209. Watters, i, 175.
210. Westermarck, i, 244-6.
CHAPTER XVIII
1. Davids, Dialogues, iii, 184.
2. Winternitz, 562.
3. Fergusson, i, 174.
4. Edmunds, A. J., Buddhistic and Christian Gospels, Philadelphia, 1908, 2V.
5. Havell, History, 101; Eliot, i, 147.
6. Eliot, ii, no.
7. Ibid., i, xciii; Simon, i, 79.
8. Sarton, 367, 428; Smith, Ox. H., 174; Fenollosa, ii, 213; i, 82; Nag, 34-5.
9. Fergusson, i, 292.
10. Monier-Williams, 429.
11. Dubois, 626; Doane, Bible Myths, 278f; Carpenter, Edward, Pagan and Christian Creeds, 24.
12. Indian Year Book, 1929, 21.
13. Eliot, ii, 222.
14. Lorenz, 335; Dubois, 112.
15. Modern Review, Calcutta, April, 1932, p. 367; Childe, The Most Ancient East, 209.
16. Rawlinson, Five Great Monarchies, ii, 335n.
17. Eliot, ii, 288; Kohn, 380.
18. Eliot, ii, 287.
19. Modern Review, June, 1931, p. 713.
20. Eliot, ii, 282.
21. Ibid., 145.
22. Dubois, 571, 641.
23. Ibid.; Coomaraswamy, History, 68,181.
24. Lorenz, 333.
25. Wood, 204; Dubois, 43, 182, 638-9.
26. Zimand, 132.
27. Wood, 208.
28. Eliot, i, 211.
29. Havell, Architecture, xxxv.
30. Winternitz, 529.
31. Vishnupurana, z, 16, in Otto, Rudolf, Mysticism, East and West, 55-6.
32. Dubois, 545; Eliot, i, 46.
33. Monier-Williams, 178, 331; Dubois, 415; Eliot, i, lxviii, 46.
34. Eliot, i, lxvi; Fülop-Miller, R., Lenin and Gandhi, 248.
35. Manu, xii, 62; Monier-Williams, 55, 276; Radhak., i, 250.
36. Watters, i, 281.
37. Dubois, 562.
38. Ibid., 248.
39. Eliot, i, lxxvii; Monier-Williams, 55; Mahabharata, XII, 2798; Manu, iv, 88-90, xii, 75-77, iv, 182, 260, vi, 32, ii, 244.
40. Dubois, 565.
41. Eliot, i, lxvi.
42. Quoted by Winternitz, 7.
43. Article on “The Failure of Every Philosophical Attempt in Theodicy,” 1791, in Radhak., i, 364.
44. From the Mahabharata; reference lost.
45. In Brown, Brian, Wisdom of the Hindus, 32.
46. Ramayana, etc., 152.
47. Brown, B., Hindus, 222f.
48. Rolland, R., Prophets of the New India, 49.
50. Dubois, 379f.
51. Briffault, ii, 451.
52. Davids, Buddhist India, 216; Dubois, 149, 329, 382f.
53. Sumner, Folkways, 547; Eliot, ii, 143; Dubois, 629; Monier-Williams, 522-3.
54. Dubois, 541, 631.
55. Murray’s India, London, 1905, 434.
56. Eliot, ii, 173.
57. Dubois, 595.
58. Vivekananda in Wood, 156.
59. Havell, Architecture, 107; Eliot, ii, 225.
60. In Wood, 154.
61. Simon, i, 24; Lorenz, 332; Eliot, ii, 173; Dubois, 296.
62. Monier-Williams, 430.
63. Dubois, 647.
64. Winternitz, 565; Smith, Ox. H., 690.
65. Dubois, 597.
66. Enc. Brit., xiii, 175.
67. Smith, Ox. H., 155, 315.
68. Dubois, no.
69. Ibid., 180-1.
70. Eliot, iii, 422.
71. Dubois, 43; Wood, 205.
72. Dubois, 43.
73. Watters, i, 319.
74. Dubois, 500-9, 523f.
75. Ibid., 206.
76. Eliot, ii, 322.
77. Radhak., i, 345.
78. Ibid., 484.
79. Arnold, The Song Celestial, 94.
80. Brown, B., Hindus, 218-20; Barnett, Heart of India, 112.
81. Elphinstone, 476; Loti, 34; Eliot, i, xxxvii, 40-1; Radhak., i, 27; Dubois, 119n.
82. Kohn, 352.
83. Smith, Ox. H., x.
84. Gour, 9.
CHAPTER XIX
1. Spencer, Sociology, iii, 248.
3. Sarton, 378.
4. Ibid., 409, 428; Sedgwick and Tyler, 160.
5. Barnett, 188-90.
6. Muthu, 97.
7. De Morgan in Sarkar, 8.
8. Reference lost.
8a. Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 51, No. I, p. 51.
9. Sarton, 601.
10. Monier-Williams, 174; Sedgwick 159; Sarkar, 12.
11. Ibid.
12. Muthu, 92; Sedgwick, 157f.
13. Ibid.; Lowie, R. H., Are We Civilized?, 269; Sarkar, 14.
14. Muthu, 92; Sarkar, 14-15.
15. Monier-Williams, 183-4.
16. Sedgwick, 157.
17. Sarkar, 17.
18. Sedgwick, 157; Muthu, 94; Sarkar, 23-4.
19. Muthu, 97; Radhak., i, 317-8.
20. Sarkar, 36f.
21. Ibid., 37-8.
22. Muthu, 104; Sarkar, 39-46. 22a. Ibid., 45.
23. Garrison, 71; Sarkar, 56.
24. Sarkar, 57-9.
25. Ibid., 63.
26. Lajpat Rai, Unhappy India, 163-4.
27. Sarkar, 63.
28. Ibid., 65.
29. Muthu, 14.
30. Sarton, 77; Garrison, 71.
31. Barnett, 220.
32. Muthu, 50.
33. Ibid., 39; Barnett, 221; Sarton, 480.
34. Sarton, 77; Garrison, 72.
35. Muthu, 26; Macdonell, 180.
36. Garrison, 29.
37. Muthu, 26.
38. Ibid., 27.
39. Garrison, 70.
40. Ibid., 71.
41. Macdonell, 179.
42. Harding, T. Swann, Fads, Frauds and Physicians, 147.
43. Watters, i, 174; Venkateswara, 193.
44. Barnett, 224; Garrison, 71.
45. Ibid.; Muthu, 33.
46. Garrison, 71; Lajpat Rai, Unhappy India, 286.
47. Eliot, i, lxxxix; Lajpat Rai, 285.
48. Muthu, 44.
49. Garrison, 73.
50. Ibid., 72.
51. Macdonell, 180.
52. Havell, History, 255.
53. Lajpat Rai, 287.
54. Radhak, i, 55.
56. Müller, Six Systems, 11; Havell, History, 412.
57. Das Gupta, 406.
58. Havell, History, 208.
59. Coomaraswamy, Dance, f. p. 130.
60. Davids, Dialogues, ii, 26f; Müller, Six Systems, 17; Radhak, i, 483.
61. Keyserling, Travel Diary, i, 106; 11,157.
62. Müller, Six Systems, 219, 235; Radhak., i, 57, 276, ii, 23; Das Gupta, 8.
63. Radhak., ii, 36, 43.
64. Ibid., 34, 127, 173; Müller, 427.
65. Radhak., i, 281, ii, 42, 134.
66. Gowen, Indian Literature, 127; Radhak, ii, 29, 197, 202, 227; Dutt, Civilization of India, 35; Müller, 438; Chatterji, J. C., The Hindu Realism, 20, 22.
67. Radhak., ii, 249.
68. Ibid.
69. Gowen, 128.
70. Ibid., 30; Monier-Williams, 78; Müller, 84, 219f.
70a. E.g., XII, 13703.
70b. Radhak., ii, 249.
71. Macdonell, 93.
72. Müller, x.
73. Kapila, The Aphorisms of the Sankhya Philosophy, Aph. 79.
74. Gour, 23.
75. Eliot, ii, 302; Monier-Williams, 88.
76. Kapila, Aph. 98.
77. Monier-Williams, 84.
78. Müller, xi.
79. Kapila, Aph. 100; Monier-Williams, 88.
80. Kapila, p. 75, Aph. 67.
81. Radhak., i, 279.
82. In Brown, B., Hindus, 212.
83. Eliot, ii, 301.
84. Kapila in Brown, B., Hindus, 213.
85. Kapila, Aph. 56.
86. Ibid., Aphs. 83-4.
87. In Brown, B., 211.
88. Monier-Williams, 90-1.
89. Ibid., 92.
90. Rig-veda x, 136.3; Radhak., i, III.
91. Eliot, i, 303.
92. Arrian, Anabasis, VII, 3.
93. Some authorities, however, attribute the Yoga-sutra to the fourth century AD.—Radhak., ii, 340.
94. Watters, i, 148.
95. Polo, 300.
96. Lorenz, 356.
97. Chatterji, India’s Outlook on Life, 6In; Radhak., i, 337.
98. Müller, Six Systems, 324-5.
99. Coomaraswamy, Dance, 50; Radhak., ii, 344; Das Gupta, S., Yoga as Philosophy and Religion, vii; Parmelee, 64; Eliot, i, 303-4; Davids, Buddhist India, 242.
100. Chatterji, India’s Outlook, 65.
101. Müller, Six Systems, 349.
102. The World as Will and Idea, tr. Haldane and Kemp, iii, 254; Eliot, i, 309.
103. Radhak., ii, 360.
104. Vyasa in Radhak., ii, 362.
105. Eliot, i, 305; Radhak., ii, 371; Müller, 308-10, 324-5.
106. Chatterji, Realism, 6; Dubois, 98.
107. Patanjali in Brown, B., Hindus, 183; Radhak., i, 366.
108. Das Gupta, Yoga, 157; Eliot, i, 319; Chatterji, India’s Outlook, 40.
109. Dubois, 529, 601.
110. Eliot, ii, 295.
111. Radhak., ii, 494; Das Gupta, History, 434.
112. Radhak., i, 45-6.
113. Radhak., ii, 528-31, 565-87; Deussen, Paul, System of the Vedanta, 241-4; Macdonell, 47; Radhakrishnan, S., The Hindu View of Life, 65-6; Otto, 3.
114. Eliot, i, xlii-iii; Deussen, Vedanta, 272, 458.
115. Radhak., ii, 544f.
115a. Guénon, René, Man and His Becoming, 259.
116. Deussen, 39, 126, 139, 212.
117. Coomaraswamy, Dance, 113.
118. Müller, Six Systems, 194.
119. Eliot, ii, 312; Deussen, 255, 300, 477; Radhak., ii, 633, 643.
120. Deussen, 402-10, 457.
121. Eliot, ii, 40.
122. In Deussen, 106.
123. Ibid., 286.
124. Radhak., ii, 448.
125. In Müller, Six Systems, 181.
126. Radhak., ii, 771.
127. Dickinson, G. Lowes, An Essay on the Civilizations of India, China and Japan, 33.
128. Keyserling, Travel Diary, i, 257.
129. Isavasya Upanishad, in Brown, B., Hindus, 159.
130. Ibid.
131. De Intellectus Emendatione.
132. Cf. Otto, 219-32. Melamed, S. M., in Spinoza and Buddha, has tried to trace the influence of Hindu pantheism upon the great Jew of Amsterdam.
CHAPTER XX
1. Das Gupta, Yoga, 16; Radhak., ii, 570.
2. Macdonell, 61; Winternitz, 46-7.
3. Mahabharata, II, 5; Davids, Buddhist India, 108. Rhys Davids dates the oldest extant Indian (bark) MS. about the beginning of the Christian era. (Ibid., 124.)
4. Ibid., 118.
5. Indian Year Book, 1929, 633.
6. Winternitz, 33, 35.
7. Lajpat Rai, Unhappy India, 18, 27.
8. Venkateswara, 83; Max Müller in Hardie, 5.
9. Smith, Ox. H., 114.
10. Venkateswara, 83; Havell, History, 409.
11. Venkateswara, 85, 100, 239.
12. Ibid., 114, 84; Frazer, R. W., 161.
13. Venkateswara, 148.
14. Havell, History, Plate XLI.
15. Venkateswara, 231-2; Smith, Ox. H., 61; Havell, History, 140; Muthu, 32, 74; Modern Review, March, 1915, 334.
16. Watters, ii, 164-5.
17. Venkateswara, 239, 140, 121, 82; Muthu, 77.
18. Tod, i, 348n.
19. Ibid.
20. Ramayana, etc., 324.
21. Eliot, i, xc.
22. Tietjens, 246.
23. VI, 13, 50.
23a. Ramayana, etc., 303-7.
24. V, 1517; Monier-Williams, 448.
25. In Brown, B., Hindus, 41.
26. In Winternitz, 441.
27. In Brown, B., 27.
28. Eliot, ii, 200.
29. Radhak., i, 519; Winternitz, 17.
30. Professor Bhandakar in Radhak., i, 524.
31. Richard Garbe, ibid.
32. Arnold, The Song Celestial, 4-5.
33. Ibid., 9.
34. Ibid., 41, 31.
35. Macdonell, 91.
36. Gowen, 251; Müller, India, 81.
37. Arthur Lillie, in Rama and Homer, has tried to show that Homer borrowed both his subjects from the Indian epics; but there seems hardly any question that the latter are younger than the Iliad and the Odyssey.
38. Dutt, Ramayana, etc., 1-2.
39. Ibid., 77.
40. Ibid., 10.
41. Ibid., 34.
42. Ibid., 36.
43. Ibid., 47, 75.
44. Ibid., 145.
45. Gowen, Indian Literature, 203.
46. Ibid., 219.
47. Macdonell, 97-106.
48. In Gowen, 361.
49. Ibid., 363.
50. Monier-Williams, 476-94.
51. Gowen, 358-9.
52. Coomaraswamy, Dance, 33.
53. Kalidasa, Shakuntala, 101-3.
54. Ibid., 139-40.
55. Tr. by Monier-Williams, in Gowen, 317.
56. Frazer, R. W., 288.
57. Kalidasa, xiii.
58. Macdonell, 123-9.
59. Macdonell in Tietjens, 24-5.
60. In Gowen, 407-8.
61. Ibid., 504.
62. Ibid., 437-42.
63. Tietjens, 301; Gowen, 411-13; Barnett, Hart of India, 121.
64. Frazer, R. W., 365; Gowen, 487.
64a. Coomaraswamy, Dance, 105; Rolland, Prophets, 6n.
65. Barnett, Heart, 54.
66. Sir George Grierson in Smith, Akbar, 420.
67. Macdonell, 226; Winternitz, 476; Gandhi, His Own Story, 71.
68. Barnett, Heart, 63.
69. Venkateswara, 246, 249; Havell, History, 237.
70. Frazer, R. W., 318n.
71. Ibid., 345.
72. Eliot, ii, 263; Gowen, 491; Dutt, 101.
73. Tr. by Tagore.
74. Kabir, Songs of Kabir, tr. by R. Tagore, 91, 69.
75. Eliot, ii, 262.
76. Ibid., 265.
CHAPTER XXI
1. Coomaraswamy, History, 4.
2. Ibid., Plate II, 2.
3. Fergusson, i, 4.
4. Smith, Akbar, 412.
5. Coomaraswamy, fig. 381.
6. Ibid., 134.
7. Ibid., figs. 368-78.
8. Ibid., 139.
9. Ibid., 137.
10. Ibid., 138.
11. Smith, Akbar, 422.
12. Coomaraswamy, Dance, 73.
13. Program of dances by Shankar, New York, 1933.
14. Coomaraswamy, Dance, 75, 78.
15. Brown, Percy, Indian Painting, 121.
16. Childe, Ancient East, 37; Brown, P., 15, III.
17. Havell, Ideals, 132; Brown, P., 17.
18. Ibid., 38.
19. Ibid., 20.
20. E.g., by Faure, History of Art, ii, 26; and Havell, Architecture, 150.
21. Brown, P., 29-30.
22. Havell, Architecture, Plate XLIV; Fischer, Otto, Die Kunst Indiens, Chinas und Japans, 200.
23. Havell, Architecture, 149.
24. Coomaraswamy, History, figs. 7 and 185.
25. Havell, Architecture, Pl. XLV.
26. Fischer, Tafel VI.
27. Ibid., 188-94.
29. Coomaraswamy, Dance, Pl. XVIII.
30. Coomaraswamy, History, fig. 269.
31. Brown, P., 120.
32. Cf. a charming example in Fischer, 273.
33. Brown, P., 8, 47, 50, 100; Smith, Ox. H., 128; Smith, Akbar, 428-30.
34. Brown, P., 85.
35. Ibid., 96.
36. Ibid., 89; Smith, Akbar, 429.
37. Ibid., 226.
38. Coomaraswamy, Dance, 26.
39. Havell, Ideals, 46.
40. Fenollosa, i, 30; Fergusson, i, 52; Smith, Ox. H., III.
41. Gour, 530; Havell, History, in.
42. Coomaraswamy, History, 70.
43. Fenollosa, i, 4, 81; Thomas, E. J., 221; Coomaraswamy, Dance, 52; Eliot, i, xxxi; Smith, Ox. H., 67.
44. Fischer, 168; Central Museum, Lahore.
45. Fenollosa, i, 81.
46. Coomaraswamy, History, fig. 168.
47. Ca. 950 A.D.; Coomaraswamy, History, fig. 222; Lucknow Museum.
48. Ca. 1050 A.D.; Coomaraswamy, History, fig. 223; Lucknow Museum.
49. Ca. 750 A.D.; Havell, History, f. p. 204.
50. Ca. 950 A.D.; Coomaraswamy, History, Pl. LXX.
51. Ca. 700; Havell, History, f. 244; a variant, in copper, from the 17th century, is in the British Museum.
52. Ca. 750; Coomaraswamy, Dance, p. 26.
53. Ca. 1650; Coomaraswamy, History, fig. 248.
54. Fenollosa, i, f. 84.
55. Fischer, Tafel XVI; Coomaraswamy, History, CVI; Boston Museum of Fine Arts.
56. Coomaraswamy, fig. 333.
57. Gangoly, O. C., Indian Architecture, xxxiv-viii.
58. Ibid., frontispiece.
59. Havell, Ideals, f. 168.
60. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City; Coomaraswamy, History, fig. 101.
61. Havell, Ideals, f. 34.
62. Ca. 100 A.D.; Coomaraswamy, XCVIII.
63. Ibid., xcv.
64. Havell, History, 104; Fergusson, i, 51.
65. Davids, Buddhist India, 70.
66. Havell, Architecture, 2; Smith, Ox. H., III; Eliot, iii, 450; Coomaraswamy, History, 22.
67. Spooner, D. B., in Gowen, 270.
68. Fischer, 144-5.
69. In Smith, Ox. H., 112.
70. Havell, History, 106; Coomaraswamy, History, 17.
71. Havell, Architecture, 55.
72. Fergusson, i, 119.
73. Coomaraswamy, History, fig. 54.
74. Ibid., fig. 31.
74a. Fergusson, i, 55; Coomaraswamy, 19.
75. Fischer, 186.
76. Ibid., Tafel IV.
77. Ibid., 175.
78. Havell, Architecture, 98, and Pl. XXV.
79. Fergusson, ii, 26.
80. Havell, Architecture, Pl. XIV.
81. Fergusson, ii, frontispiece.
82. Coomaraswamy, LXVIII.
83. Fergusson, ii, 41 and Pl. XX.
84. Ibid., 101.
85. Fergusson, ii, Pl. XXIV.
86. Ibid., 138-9.
87. Coomaraswamy, History, fig. 252.
88. Havell, History, f. p. 344.
89. Havell, Architecture, Plates LXXIVVI.
90. Fischer, 214-5.
91. Loti, 168; Fergusson, ii, 7, 32, 87.
92. E.g., the temple at Baroli, Fergusson, ii, 133.
93. Fergusson, i, 352.
94. Ibid., Pl. XII, p. 424.
95. Ibid.
96. Gangoly, Pl. LXXIV.
97. Coomaraswamy, History, fig. 211; Fischer, 251.
98. Fergusson, i, 448.
99. Macdonell, 83.
100. Coomaraswamy, History, fig. 192; Fischer, 221.
101. Ibid., 222.
102. Havell, Architecture, 195; Fergusson, i, 327, 342, 348.
103. E.g., Mukerji, D. G., Visit India with Me, New York, 1929, 12.
104. Coomaraswamy, History, 95, PL LII.
105. Fischer, 248-9; Fergusson, i, 362-6.
106. Ibid., 368-72.
107. Dr. Coomaraswamy.
108. Coomaraswamy, History, XCVI.
109. Ibid., 169.
110. Gangoly, 29.
111. Coomaraswamy, History, fig. 349; Gangoly, xi.
112. Exs. in Gangoly, xii-xv.
113. Candee, Helen C., Angkor the Magnificent, 302.
114. Ibid., 186.
115. 131, 257, 294.
116. 258.
117. Fischer, 280.
118. Coomaraswamy, History, 173.
119. Havell, History, 327, 296, 376; Architecture, 207; Fergusson, ii, 87, 7.
120. Smith, Ox. H., 223; Frazer, R. W., 363.
121. Smith, f. 329.
122. Fergusson, ii, 309.
123. Ibid., 308n.
124. Lorenz, 376.
125. Chirol, India, 54.
126. Lorenz, 379.
127. Smith, Ox. H., 421.
CHAPTER XXII
1. Zimand, 31.
2. Smith, Ox. H., 502.
3. In Zimand, 32.
4. Ibid., 31-4; Smith, 505; Macauley, i, 504, 580; Dutt, R. C., The Economic History of India in the Victorian Age, 18-23, 32-3.
5. Macaulay, i, 568-70, 603.
6. Dutt, Economic History, 67, 76, 375; Macaulay, i, 529.
7. Ibid., 528.
8. Dutt, xiii, 399, 417.
9. Sunderland, 135; Lajpat Rai, Unhappy India, 343.
10. Dubois, 300.
11. Ibid., 607.
12. Eliot, iii, 409.
13. Monier-Williams, 126.
14. Frazer, R. W., 397.
15. Ibid., 395.
16. Eliot, i, xlvi.
17. Rolland, Prophets, 119; Zimand, 85-6; Wood, 327; Eliot, i, xlviii; Underwood, A. C., Contemporary Thought of India, 137L
17a. Rolland, 61, 260.
18. Ibid., xxvi; Eliot, ii, 162.
19. Brown, B., Hindus, 269.
20. Rolland, 160, 243; Brown, B., 264-5.
21. Rolland, 427.
22. Ibid., 251, 293, 449-50.
23. Ibid., 395.
24. Tagore, R., Gitanjali, New York, 1928, xvii; My Reminiscences, 15, 201, 215.
25. Thompson, E. J., Rabindranath Tagore, 82.
26. Tagore, R., The Gardener, 74-5.
27. Tagore, Gitanjali, 88.
28. Tagore, Chitra, esp. pp. 57-8.
29. Tagore, The Gardener, 84.
30. Thompson, E. J., 43.
31. Ibid., 94, 99; Fülop-Miller, 246; Underwood, A. C., 152.
32. Tagore, R., Sadhana, 25, 64.
33. The Gardener, 13-15.
34. Kohn, 105.
35. Zimand, 181; Lorenz, 402; Indian Year Book, 1929, 29.
36. “Close, Upton” (Josef Washington Hall), The Revolt of Asia, 235; Sunderland, 204; Underwood, 153.
37. Smith, Ox. H., 35.
38. Simon, i, 37; Dubois, 73.
39. Ibid., 190.
40. Havell, History, 165; Lorenz, 327.
41. Kohn, 426.
42. Simon, i, 38.
43. Lajpat Rai, Unhappy India, lviii, 191; Mukerji, A Son, 27; Sunderland, 247; New York Times, Sept. 24, 1929, Dec. 31, 1931.
44. Wood, III; Sunderland, 248.
45. Indian Year Book, 23.
46. Wood, 117.
47. Kohn, 425.
48. Prof. Sudhindra Bose, in The Nation, New York, June 19, 1929.
49. New York Times, June 16, 1930.
50. Hall, J. W., 427; Fülop-Miller, 272.
51. Ibid., 171.
52. Ibid., 174-6.
53. Gandhi, M. K., Young India, 123.
54. Ibid., 133.
55. Hall, 408.
56. Fülop-Miller, 202-3.
57. Ganadhi, Young India, 21.
58. Rolland, Mahatma Gandhi, 7.
59. Ibid., 40; Hall, 400.
60. Gray and Parekh, Mahatma Gandhi, 27; Parmelee, 302.
61. Simon, i, 249.
62. Fülop-Miller, 299; Rolland, Gandhi, 220; Kohn, 410-12.
63. Fülop-Miller, 177.
64. Ibid., 315.
65. Ibid., 186.
66. Gandhi, Young India, 869, 2.
67. Hall, 506; Fülop-Miller, 227.
68. Zimand, 220.
69. Fülop-Miller, 171-2.
70. Ibid., 207, 162.
CHAPTER XXIII
1. I am indebted for this quotation from the Book of Rites to Upton Close. Cf. Gowen and Hall, Outline History of China, 50; Hirth, F., Ancient History of China, 155.
1a. Reichwein, A., China and Europe: Intellectual and Artistic Contacts in the Eighteenth Century, 92.
2. Ibid., 89f., Voltaire, Works, New York, 1927, xiii, 19.
3. Keyserling, Creative Understanding,, 122, 203; Travel Diary, ii, 67, 58, 50, 57, 48, 68.
4. Lippert, 91; Keyserling, Travel Diary, ii, 53.
5. Smith, A. H., Chinese Characteristics, 98.
6. Giles, H. A., Gems of Chinese Literature: Prose, 119.
7. Williams, S. Wells, Middle Kinigdom, i, 5; Brinkley, Capt. F., China: Its History, Arts and Literature, x, 3.
8. Ibid., 2; Hall, J. W., Eminent Asians, 41.
10. Pittard, 397; Buxton, 153; Granet, Chinese Civilization, New York, 1930, 63; Latourette, K. S., The Chinese: Their History and Culture, 35-6; New York Times, Feb. 15, 1933.
11. Lowie, 182; Fergusson, J., History of Indian and Eastern Architecture, ii, 468; Legendre, A. F., Modern Chinese Civilization, 234; Granet, 64.
12. Ibid., 215, 230.
13. Gowen and Hall, 26-7.
14. Confucius (?), Book of History, rendered and compiled by W. G. Old, 20-1.
15. Giles, Gems, 72.
16. Hirth, 40.
17. Ibid., 53-7.
18. Wilhelm, R., Short History of Chinese Civilization., 124; Granet, 86.
19. Ibid., 87.
20. Confucius, Analects, XIV, xviii, 2, in Legge, Jas., Chinese Classics, Vol. I: Life and Teachings of Confucius.
21. Legge, 213n.
22. Hirth, 107-8; Latourette, i, 57; Gowen and Hall, 64; Schneider, H., ii, 796-8.
23. Granet, 78.
24. Ibid., 32-3; Hu Shih, Development of the Logical Method in Ancient China, 22; Latourette, ii, 52.
25. Ibid., 58-9; Granet, 87-8; Hirth, no.
26. Giles, H. A., History of Chinese Literature, 5.
27. Book of Odes, I, x, 8, and xii, 10, in Hu Shih, Pt. I, p. 4.
28. Cranmer-Byng, L., The Book of Odes, 51.
29. Tr. by Helen Waddell in Van Doren, Anthology of World Poetry, 1.
30. In Yang Chu’s Garden of Pleasure, 64.
31. Fenollosa, E. F., Epochs of Chinese and Japanese Art, 14; Hirth, 59-62; Hu Shih, 28f; Suzuki, D. T., Brief History of Early Chinese Philosophy, 14; Murdoch, Jas., History of Japan, iii, 108.
32. Hu Shih, 12.
33. Legge, 75n.
34. In Hu Shih, 12.
35. Ibid., 13.
36. Ibid., 12.
37. Giles, History, 57; Legge, Jas., The Texts of Taoism, i, 4-5.
38. Giles, History, 57; Giles, Gems, 55.
39. Legge, Texts of Taoism, i, 4L
40. II, lxxxi, 3; I, lxv, 1-2.
41. In Suzuki, 81.
42. II, lvii, 2-3; lxxx. Parenthetical passages, in this and other quotations, are usually explanatory interpolations, nearly always of the translator.
43. Yang Chu, 16, 19; Schneider, ii, 810; Hu Shih, 14; Wilhelm, Short History, 247.
44. I, xvi, 1-2.
45. I, xliii, 1; xlix, 2; lxi, 2; lxiii, 1; lxxviii, 1; lxxxi, 1; Giles, History, 73.
46. II, lxi, 2.
47. II, lvi, 1-2.
48. Granet, 55.
49. II, lvi, 2.
50. I, xvi, 1; II, lvi, 3; Parmelee, 43.
51. Legge, Texts of Taoism, 34; Life and Teachings of Confucius, 64.
61. Legge, Texts, 34.
62. Ibid.
63. Szuma Ch’ien in Legge, Life, 58n.
64. Ibid.
65. Legge, Life, 55-8; Wilhelm, R., Soul of China, 104.
66. Hirth, 229.
67. Analects, VII, xiii.
68. VIII, viii.
69. XV, xv.
70. VII, viii.
71. VII, xii.
72. VI, ii, XI, iii.
73. XVII, xxii; XIV; xlvi.
74. Legge, Life, 65.
75. Ibid., 79.
76. V, xxvii.
77. VII, xxxii.
78. XIII, x.
79. IX, iv.
80. VII, i.
81. IV, xiv.
82. Legge, Life, 67.
83. XII, xi.
84. Legge, Life, 68.
85. Ibid., 72.
86. Ibid., 75.
87. IX, xvii.
88. Legge, 83.
89. Ibid., 82.
90. XV, xviii.
91. II, iv.
92. Legge, 82.
93. Mencius, Works of, tr. by Legge, III, l, iv, 13.
94. Wilhelm, Short History, 143; Legge, Life, 16.
95. Ibid., 267, 27; Hu Shih, 4.
96. XV, 40.
97. II, xvii.
98. XIII, iii.
99. III, xiii, 2.
100. IX, xv.
101. Legge, Life, 101; Giles, History, 33; Suzuki, 20.
102. Legge, 101.
103. XI, xi.
104. VI, 20.
105. VII, 20.
106. Giles, History, 69.
107. XV, ii.
108. Great Learning, I, 4-5, in Legge, Life, 266. I have ventured to change “illustrate illustrious virtue” in Legge’s translation, to “illustrate the highest virtue”; and the words “own selves” have been substititued for “persons,” since “the cultivation of the person” has now a misleading connotation.
109. XIV, xlv.
110. XV, xxxi; II, xiv; XIII, iii, 7.
111. VI, xvi.
112. Doctrine of the Mean, XII, 4, in Legge.
113. Analects, II, xiii.
114. Doctrine of the Mean, XIV, 5.
115. XV, xviii-xx.
116. XIV, xxix; XI, xiii, 3; D. of M. XXXIII, 2.
117. Ibid., XI, 3.
118. Li-chi, XVII, i, 11-2.
119. Spinoza, Ethics, Bk. III, Prop. 59.
120. D. of M., XXIX, tr. by Suzuki, 64.
121. Suzuki, 63.
122. Analects, XII, ii; V, xvi.
123. XV, xxiii.
124. XIV, xxxvi, 1-2.
124a. IV, xvii.
124b. XII, vi.
125. XIII, xxiii.
126. D. of M., XIV, 3.
127. IV, xxiv; V, iii, 2; XVII, vi; XV, xxi.
128. V, xvi; XVI, xiii, 5.
129. XVI, 10.
130. I, ii, 2; Legge, Life, 106.
131. IV, xviii; Li-chi, XII, i, 15; Brown, B., Story of Confucius, 183.
132. Great Learning, X, 5.
133. Analects, XII, vii.
134. XII, xix; II, ii, xx.
135. XII, xxiii, 3.
136. D. of M., XX, 4.
137. Analects, XIII, x-xii.
138. Great Learning, X, 9.
139. Analects, XII, xix; XV, xxxviii.
140. Li-chi, XVII, i, 28; iii, 23; Brown, Story of Confucius, 181.
141. Analects, XX, iii, 3.
142. Li-chi, XXVII, 33; XXIII, 7-8.
143. Ibid., VIL i, 2-3, quoted in Dawson, Ethics of Confucius, 299, from Chen Huang-chang, The Economic Principles of Confucius and His School. 182.
144. Latourette, i, 80-1.
145. Legge, Life, 106.
146. D. of M., XXX-XXXI.
147. Hu Shih, 109f.
148. Hirth, 307.
149. Mencus, VII, i, 26, in Hu Shih, 58.
150. Hu Shih, 72.
151. Ibid., 57, 75; Latourette, i, 78.
152. In Hirth, 281.
153. Hu Shih, 69-70.
154. Thomas, E. D., Chinese Political Thought, 29-30.
155. Hu Shih, 58.
156. Mencius, Introd., III.
157. Wilhelm, Short History, 150; Hu Shih 197.
158. Hu Shih, 62.
159. Mencius, Introd., 93.
160. Yang Chu, 10, 51; Latourette, i, 80.
161. Mencius, Introd., 96; Yang Chu, 57.
162. Mencius, Introd., 96-7.
163. Hirth, 27-9.
164. Mencius, III, ii, 9.
165. Mencius, Introd., 14-18.
166. Ibid., 42.
167. Ibid., I, ii, 3; ii, 5; pp. 156, 162.
168. Ibid., 12.
169. VI, i, 2.
170. I, i, 7.
171. III i, 3.
172. I, i, 3.
173. II, i, 5.
174. Thomas, E. D., 37; Williams, S. Wells, i, 670.
175. IV, ii, 19.
176. Mencius, Introd., 30-1.
177. VI, ii, 4.
178. VII, ii, 4.
179. Quoted in Thomas, E. D., 37.
180. I, i, 3.
181. II, 11, 4.
182. VII, ii, 14.
183. V, ii, 9; I, ii, 6-8.
184. Mencius., Introd., 84.
185. Ibid., 79-80.
186. Ibid., 86.
187. In Hu Shih, 152.
188. Legge, Texts of Taoism, V, 5.
189. Ibid., Introd., 37.
190. XVII, II.
191. In Thomas, E. D., 100.
192. XI, i.
193. XVI, 2; IX, 2.
194. XII, II.
195. XII, 2.
196. II, 2; XX, 7; Giles, Gems, 32.
197. II, 7; XXII, 5.
198. VI, 7.
199. In Suzuki, 36.
200. XVII, 4; Hu Shih, 146.
201. XVIII, 6.
202. II, 11; tr. by Giles, History, 63.
203. VI, 10; tr. by Suzuki, 181-2.
204. In Giles, History, 68.
205. In Reichwein, 79f.
206. Ibid.
207. Ibid., 84.
208. Wilhelm, Soul of China, 233.
209. Thomas, E. D., 25.
210. Voltaire, Works, iv, 82.
211. Reichwein, 131; Hirth, vii.
CHAPTER XXIV
1. Giles, Gems, 33.
2. Granet, 37; Gowen and Hall, 84; Giles, History, 78.
3. Granet, 41.
4. Voltaire, Works . iv, 82.
5. Granet, 37, 97-8, 101-3; Boulger, D. C., History of China, i, 68-70; Wilhelm, Short History, 157.
6. Boulger, i, 71.
7. Granet, 38.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid., 103; Schneider, ii, 790; Wilhelm, Short History, 160-1; Lautourette, 1,96.
10. Gowen and Hall, 84f; Giles, History, 78.
11. Hall, J. W., Eminent Asians, 6.
12. Boulger, i, 64.
13. Ibid., 62; Latourette, i, 99.
14. Granet, 38-40; Boulger, i, 77; Giles in G(owen) & H (all), 92.
15. Boulger, i, 106; Granet, 44.
16. Szuma Ch’ien in Granet, 113.
17. Ibid.
18. Granet, 112-3.
19. Ibid., 118.
20. Fenollosa, i, 77.
21. Waley, Arthur, Introduction to the Study of Chinese Painting, 27; G & H, 102.
22. Granet, 113-5.
23. Wilhelm, Short History, 186, 194.
24. Lautourette, i, 121.
25. Ibid., 120-2.
26. Ibid., 122.
27. G & H, 118.
28. Ibid., 117-21.
29. Fenollosa, i, 117.
30. Voltaire, Works, xiii, 26.
31. Tu Fu, Poems, tr. by Edna W. Underwood, xli.
32. Li-Po, Works, done into English Verse by Shigeyoshi Obata, 91.
33. Tu Fu, xlviii.
34. In Li-Po, I.
35. In Tu Fu, xli.
36. Murdoch, History of Japan, i, 146.
37. Waley, Chinese Painting, 142.
38. Ibid., 97.
39. Wilhelm, Short History, 224.
40. Williams, S. Wells, i, 696f.
41. Li-Po, 20.
42. Ibid., 95.
43. Ibid., 30.
44. Williams, S. Wells, i, 697.
45. Li-Po, 31.
46. G & H, 113.
47. Li-Po, 100.
48. Ibid., 84.
49. 138.
50. 191.
51. 71.
52. 55.
53. 97.
54. Ibid., ii.
55. Ibid., 25.
56. Giles, History, 50.
57. Translations by Arthur Waley, Amy Lowell and Florence Ayscough, in Van Doren, Anthology, 18-20.
58. Waley, Arthur, 170 Chinese Poems, 106-8.
59. Ibid., 162.
60. Ibid., 168.
61. In Van Doren, 24.
62. Giles, History, 156; Ayscough, Florence, Tu Fu: The Autobiography of a Chinese Poet, 105.
63. Ibid., 75.
64. Tu Fu, Poems, 118, 184, 154.
65. Ibid., 95.
66. 30, 7, 132.
67. 137.
68. 72, 133, and introd.
69. Williams, S. Wells, i, 602.
70. Giles, History, 276.
71. Ibid., 102.
72. Ibid.
73. Thomas, E. D., 5.
74. Giles, History, 200-3.
75. Ibid., 160.
76. G & H, 156.
77. Wilhelm, Short History, 255; Giles, History, 258.
78. Williams, S. Wells, i, 820; Latourette. ii, 220.
79. Ibid., 221.
80. Wilhelm, 141.
81. Pratt, History of Music, 32-5.
82. Giles, Gems, 117.
CHAPTER XXV
1. G & H, 142.
2. Ibid., 141.
3. Ibid., 140-3; Latourette, i, 252-7; Wilhelm, 237-8; Murdoch, iii, 106f; Fenollosa, ii, 33, 57.
4. G & H, 133, quoting Walter T. Swingle, Librarian of the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.
5. Carter, Invention of Printing 2.
6. Ibid., 3.
7. Ibid., 96.
8. Sarton, 369.
9. Carter, 25.
10. Ibid., 145; Sarton, 512.
11. Carter, 41.
12. Ibid., 43, 183.
13. G & H, 133.
14. Carter, 250.
15. Ibid., 178, 171.
16. Ibid., 177-8; Sarton, 663.
17. Ibid.; G & H, 164; Giles, History, 296.
18. Chu Hsi, Philosophy of Human Nature, 75; Bryan, J. J., Literature of Japan, 122; Latourette, i, 262-3; Williams, S. Wells, i, 683; Wilhelm, Short History, 249-50; Aston, W. G., History of Japanese Literature, 226-7.
19. Chu Hsi, 68.
20. Wilhelm, 249-50.
21. Wang Yang-ming, Philosophy, tr. by Fredk. G. Henke, 177-8.
22. Armstrong, R. C., Light from the East: Studies in Japanese Confucianism, 121; Brinkley, Capt. F., Japan: Its History, Arts and Literature, iv, 125.
23. Wang Yang-Ming, 8, 12, 50, 59.
24. Brinkley, Japan, iv, 125.
25. Wang Yang-ming, 106, 52.
26. Ibid., 115-6.
27. Hobson, R. L., Chinese Art, 14.
28. Encyc. Brit., xiii, 575.
29. Cf. the imperial marriage-table in Hobson, R. L., Pl. LXXXIII.
30. Ibid., XCI.
31. Illustrated in Encyc. Brit., xiii, f. p. 576.
32. Ferguson, J. C., Outlines of Chinese Art, 67.
33. Hobson, R. L., LXXVIII.
34. Ibid., LXXVII, I.
35. Lorenz, ’Round the World Traveler, 197.
36. Encyc. Brit., xii, 864.
37. Fry, R. E., Chinese Art, 31; Granet, 37, Encyc. Brit., iv, 245.
38. Chinese Art, 33.
39. Fischer, Otto, 374.
40. Encyc. Brit., Pl. XIV, f. p. 246; collection of Mr. Warren E. Cox.
41. Chinese Art, 47.
42. Faure, History of Art, ii, 55.
43. Encyc. Brit., v, f. p. 581.
44. Siren, O., in Encyc. Brit., v, 581; Chinese Art, 48.
45. Stein, Sir Aurel, Innermost Asia, Vol. i, Plates VIII, XI, XIX and XXIV.
46. Encyc. Brit., v. f. p. 586, Plate X, 2; Fischer, 366.
47. Encyc. Brit., v. f. p. 584, Pl. VII, 4.
48. Ibid., f. p. 585, Pl. VIII, 2.
49. Ibid., f. p. 586, Pl. XI, 2 and 3.
50. Fergusson, Jas., History of Indian and Eastern Architecture, ii, 454.
51. Fergusson, Jas., in Williams, S. Wells, i, 727.
52. Cf. the decorative design reproduced in Stein, Sir A., Innermost Asia, Vol. iii, Pl. XXV; and the patiently carved and ornamental ceiling shown in Pelliot, Vol. iv, Pl. CCXXV.
53. Fergusson, op. cit., ii, 464.
54. Coomaraswamy, History, 152.
55. Williams, S. Wells, i, 744.
56. Lorenz, 203.
57. Cook’s, Guide to Peking, 28, 30.
58. Fergusson, ii, 481.
59. Legendre, 79.
60. Ibid., 156.
61. Smith, Chinese Characteristics, 134.
62. Waley, Chinese Painting, 69-70.
63. Siren, Osvald, Chinese Paintings in American Collections, i, 36.
64. Giles, H. A., Introduction to the History of Chinese Pictorial Art, 2.
65. Wilhelm, Short History, 38.
66. Giles, Pictorial Art, 3.
67. Ibid.; Waley, Chinese Painting, 32,
68. Fenollosa, ii, p. xxx.
69. Waley, Chinese Painting, 45.
70. Encyc. Brit., art. on “Chinese Painting,” Pl. II, 6.
71. Fischer, 325-31.
72. Waley, 49.
73. Ibid., 51.
74. Giles, Pictorial Art, 21.
75. Tu Fu, 97; cf. 175 and 187.
76. Giles, Pictorial Art, 79.
77. Wilhelm, 244.
78. Waley, 183.
79. Fenollosa, i. f. p. 120; Fischer, 490.
80. Ibid., 424.
81. Giles, 47-8.
82. Ibid., 50; Binyon, L., Flight of the Dragon, 43.
83. Giles, 47.
84. Croce, Benedetto, Esthetic, 50.
85. In Waley, 117.
86. Binyon, III.
87. Siren, i, Plates 5-8; Encyc. Brit., “Chinese Painting,” Pl. II, 4.
88. Fenollosa, ii, 27.
89. Waley, 177.
90. G & H, 146.
91. A Chinese writer in Giles, Pictorial Art, 115.
92. Fischer, 492.
93. E.g., Fenollosa, ii, 42.
95. Ibid., 62.
96. Gulland, W. G., Chinese Porcelain, i, 16.
97. Chinese Art, 11.
98. Ibid., 2s
99. Hsieh Ho in Coomaraswamy, Dance of Siva, 43.
100. Binyon. 65-8; Chinese Art, 47.
101. In Okakura-Kakuso, The Book of Tea, 108.
102. Gulland, i, 3.
103. Encyc. Brit., xviii, 361.
104. Ibid.; Legendre, 233.
105. Encyc. Brit., xviii, 362; Carter, 93.
106. Ibid., I.e.
107. Brinkley, China, ix, 229.
108. Ibid., 62.
109. Ibid., 87; Gulland, 139.
110. Brinkley, 75.
111. G & H, 165.
112. Brinkley, China, ix, 256.
113. Encyc. Brit., viii, 419.
114. Brinkley, China, ix, 210, 215.
115. Ibid., 376, 554; Encyc. Brit., art. “Ceramics.”
CHAPTER XXVI
1. Polo, Travels, 78, 188.
2. Ibid., v-vii; a perfect introduction, to which the present account is much indebted.
3. Polo, 232-40.
4. 152.
5. 129.
6. G & H, 135f.
7. Giles, History, 248-9.
8. Polo, 172.
9. Giles, 247.
10. Polo, 158.
11. Ibid., 125.
12. 149.
13. P. xxiv of Komroff’s Introduction.
14. G & H, 172.
15. Ibid.
16. Latourette, i, 330; Wilhelm, Short History, 260; G & H, 195; Giles, History, 291; Gulland, W. G., ii, 288.
17. G & H, 209.
18. Ibid., 227.
19. Quoted in Parmelee, 218, and in Bisland, Elizabeth, Three Wise Men of the East, 125.
20. Wilhelm, 204; Latourette, i, 203; G & H, 186; Brinkley, China, x, 4.
21. Latourette, i, 289.
22. Brinkley, I.e., 12.
23. Williams, S. Wells, i, 770.
24. Ibid., 762.
25. Wilhelm in Keyserling, Book of Marriage, 133; Waley, Chinese Painting, 165.
26. Legendre, 23.
27. Ibid., 75; Park, No Yong, Making a New China, 122.
28. Smith, Chinese Characteristics, 127.
29. Polo, 236.
30. Pitkin, Short Introduction, 182.
32. Wilhelm, Short History, 64.
33. Mason, Art of Writing, 154-79.
34. Legendre, 67, 113.
35. Okakura, 3, 36.
36. Granet, 144-5.
37. Legendre, 114.
38. Wilhelm, Soul of China, 339.
40. Smith, Characteristics, 21; Park, No Yong, 123; Legendre, 86; Williams, S. Wells, i, 775-80.
41. Latourette, i, 225.
42. Park, 121; Smith, Characteristics, 19.
43. Eddy, Sherwood, Challenge of the East, 81.
44. Giles, Gems, 285.
45. Murdoch, iii, 262.
46. Sarton, 452.
47. National Geographical Magazine, April, 1932, p. 511.
48. Sumner and Keller, iii, 2095.
49. Wilhelm, Short History, 134; Wilhelm, Soul of China, 361-2; G & H, 59.
50. Polo, 236.
51. Peffer, N., China: the Collapse of a Civilization, 25-32; Parmelee, 101; Legendre, 57.
52. Williams, S. Wells, i, 413; Wilhelm, Short History, 11.
53. Park, 85; G & H, 290.
54. Park, 67.
55. Latourette, ii, 206; G & H, 2-3.
56. Renard, 161.
57. Park, 92.
58. Sumner, Folkways, 153; Latourette, i, 63.
59. Ibid., 252.
60. Polo, 159; Carter, 77.
61. Carter, 92.
62. Hirth, 126f.
63. Ibid.
64. Carter, 93.
65. Polo, 170n.
66. Legendre, 107-10.
67. Sarton, 371, 676; Schneider, 11, 860.
68. Sarton, 183, 410.
69. Waley, Chinese Painting, 30.
70. Schneider, ii, 837.
71. Voltaire, Works, iv, 82; Hirth, 119; Wilhelm, Soul, 306.
72. Garrison, 73; Schneider, ii, 859; Sarton, 310, 325, 342.
73. Ibid., 436, 481; Garrison, 73.
74. Latourette, 313; Garrison, 75.
75. Williams, S. Wells, i, 738; Legendre, 56.
76. Wilhelm, Short History, 79, 81; Smith, Characteristics, 290, 297; Spengler, O., Decline of the West, ii, 286; Granet, 163; Latourette, ii, 163-5.
77. Smith, Characteristics, 292; Suzuki, 47, 112, 139; Wilhelm, Short History, 69.
78. Hirth, 81.
79. Ibid., 118; Smith, 164, 331.
80. Granet, 321.
81. Wilhelm, Soul, 125.
82. Legge, Texts of Taoism, i, 41.
83. Suzuki, 72; Wilhelm, Short History, 248.
84. Waley, Chinese Painting, 28.
85. Potter, Chas. F., Story of Religion, 198.
86. Wilhelm, Soul, 357; Murdoch, iii, 104; Waley, 33-4, 79; Sarton, 470, 552; Carter, 32; Gulland, 27; Latourette, i, 171, 214; ii, 154-5; G & H, 104; Schneider, ii, 803.
87. Smith, Characteristics, 89; Latourette, ii, 129; Parmelee, 81.
88. Smith, 304; Legendre, 197.
89. Wilhelm, Short History, 224; Lorenz, 202.
90. G & H, 118, 527.
91. Fenollosa, ii, 149.
92. Voltaire, Works, xiii, 29.
93. Quoted by Wilhelm in Keyserling, Book of Marriage, 137.
94. Mencius, IV, i, 26.
95. Latourette, ii, 197; Granet, 321; Williams, S. Wells, i, 836; Legendre, 26.
96. Wilhelm in Keyserling, 137; Wilhelm, Soul, 22; Wilhelm, Short Hstory, 104; Smith, 213.
97. Granet, 345; Williams, S. Wells, i, 836; Westermarck, Moral Ideas, i, 462; Ellis, H., Studies in the Psychology of Sex, vol. ii, Sexual Inversion, 6f.
98. Briffault, iii, 346.
99. Ibid.; Wilhelm in Keyserling, 126.
100. Williams, S. Wells, i, 834.
101. Brinkley, China, x, 101.
102. Polo, 134, 152, 235.
103. Parmelee, 182; Briffault, ii, 333.
104. Li-Po, 152.
105. Walev, 170 Chinese Poems, 19; Keyserling, Travel Diary, ii, 97.
106. Hirth, 116.
107. Williams, S. Wells, 785.
108. Ibid., 787-90.
109. Wilhelm, in Keyserling, Book of Marriage, 134.
110. Briffault, ii, 263.
111. Williams, S. Wells, i, 407-8.
112. Park, 133.
113. Wilhelm, Short History, 59; Wilhelm, in Keyserling, 123; Briffault, i, 302f.
114. Thomas, E. D., 134; Briffault, i, 368.
115. Granet, 43.
116. Briffault, ii, 331.
117. Cranmer-Byng, The Book of Odes, 11; Giles, History, 108, 274.
118. Smith, 194; Sumner and Keller, iii, 1754; Legendre, 18.
119. Li-chi, IX, iii, 7; Smith, 215; Sumner and Keller, iii, 1844.
120. In Briffault, ii, 331.
121. Waley, 170 Chinese Poems, 94.
122. Armstrong, 56.
123. Williams, S. Wells, i, 825.
124. Westermarck, Moral Ideas, i, 89; Keyserling, Travel Diary, ii, 65; Smith, 192; Legendre, 122.
125. Wilhelm, Soul, 309.
126. Voltaire, Works, xiii, 19.
127. Brinkley, China, x, 37, 44, 49.
128. Smith, 225.
129. Thomas, E. D., 236; Williams, S. Wells, i, 504; Latourette, ii, 46.
130. Garrison, 75.
131. Williams, i, 391-2; Latourette, ii, 46.
132. Williams, ii, 512; Hirth, 123; Wilhelm, Soul, 19.
133. Brinkley, I.e., 3.
134. Ibid., 78.
136. Ibid., 92.
137. Williams, i, 544.
138. Legendre, 158; Hall, J. W., Eminent Asians, 35.
139. Williams, i, 569.
140. Latourette, ii, 21; Brinkley, China, x, 86.
CHAPTER XXVII
1. Latourette, i, 313.
2. Lorenz, 248.
3. Latourette, i, 314.
4. Lorenz, 248; G & H, 238.
5. Norton, H. K., China and the Powers, 55; Latourette, i, 367; Peffer, 57.
6. Latourette, i, 376, 385; Norton, 56.
7. Park, 149.
8. Peffer, 88f; Latourette, i, 413.
9. G & H, 306.
10. Hall, Eminent Asians, 17; Peffer, 151.
11. Latourette, i, 411.
12. Hall, 33.
13. Peffer, 93.
14. G & H, 314.
15. N. Y. Times, Feb. II, 1934.
16. Eddy, Challenge of the East, 73.
18. Park, 86.
19. Latourette, ii, 93-6.
20. Eddy, 74.
21. Park, 89.
22. Eddy, 89.
23. Peffer, 241.
24. Peffer, 251.
25. Modern Review, Calcutta, May 1, 1931.
26. Peffer, 185.
27. Latourette, ii 174.
29. Ibid. 176.
30. Parmelee 94.
31. Park, 135; Lorenz, 192.
32. Wu, Chao-chu, The Nationalist Program for China, 28.
33. Legendre, 240.
34. Park, 114.
35. Close, Upton, Revolt of Asia, 245.
36. Lorenz, 250.
38. Hu Shih, 8.
39. Ibid., 7.
CHAPTER XXVIII
1. The Kojiki (681-711), in Murdoch, i, 59f, and Gowen, H. H., Outline History of Japan, 37f.
2. Murdoch, iii, 483.
3. Gowen, Japan, 13; Chamberlain, B. H., Things Japanese, 249.
4. Gowen, 25, reports three days of rain or snow in the average week.
5. Gowen, 17, 21; Chamberlain, B. H., 195; Redesdale, Lord, Tales of Old Japan, 2.
6. Chamberlain, B. H., 127.
7. Gowen, 99; Murdoch, iii, 211, 395-7; Chamberlain, 130.
8. Ibid., 128.
9. Hearn, Lafcadio, Japan: An Interpretation, 455.
11. Gowen, 61; Murdoch, i, 38.
12. Ibid.
13. Hearn, 448; Fenollosa, ii, 159.
14. Fenollosa, i, 64; Murdoch, i, 98-9.
15. Gowen, 64.
16. Murdoch, i, 94, 97.
17. Armstrong, 5, 18.
18. Ibid., 2.
19. Hearn, 53.
20. Murdoch, i, 39.
21. Brinkley, Capt. F., Japan: Its History, Arts and Literature, v, 118. Hearn, 45, 51
22. Gowen, 67.
23. Ibid., 65.
25. Ibid., 118.
26. Murdoch, i, 240-1.
27. Ibid., i, 377-8; Gowen, 116.
28. Murasaki, Lady, Tale of Genji, 27.
29. Tietjens, 156; tr. Curtis Hidden Page, Some authors attribute the poem to Michizane (Gowen, 119).
30. Close, Upton, Challenge: Behind the Face of Japan, 28; Gowen, 105; Latourette, i, 226.
31. Fenollosa, i, 149.
32. Brinkley Japan iv, 148.
33. Fenollosa i, 153.
34. Murdoch, i, 279.
35. Brinkley, i, 230.
36. Murdoch, i, 228-30.
37. Gowen, 147.
38. Murdoch, ii 711.
38a. Close, Challenge, 54.
39. Gowen, 156.
40. Ibid., 161-2; Murdoch, i, 545; Brinkley, ii, 190.
41. Ibid., ii, 108; viii, 17.
42. Close, 33.
43. Ibid., 34.
44. Murdoch, ii, 305.
45. Ibid., ii, 311.
46. Froez in Murdoch, ii, 369.
47. Gowen, 191.
48. Murdoch, ii, 89, 90, 238; Hearn, 365; Gowen, 191.
49. Hearn, 365.
50. Murdoch, ii, 241.
51. Ibid., 243.
52. Close, 44.
53. Brinkley, ii, 219.
54. Armstrong, 35.
55. Close, 56.
56. Ibid., 57-8.
57. Aston, 218-9; Bryan, 117.
58. Murdoch, ii, 492f
59. Ibid., ii, 288.
60. Brinkley, ii, 205.
61. Murdoch, iii, 315-30.
62. Hearn, 390.
CHAPTER XXIX
1. Hearn, 3.
2. Okakura, 10, 8.
3. Brinkley, iv, 6-7, 134; Murdoch, iii, 171.
4. Brinkley, ii, 115; iv, 172.
5. Ibid., iv, 36.
6. Chamberlain, B. H., 415.
7. Nitobe, Inazo, Bushido, the Soul of Japan, 18.
8. Brinkley, iv, 147, 217; Redesdale, 40.
9. Section 45 of Iyeyasu’s “Legacy,” in Hearn, 193; Murdoch, iii, 40.
10. Ibid.
11. J. H. Longford, in Murdoch, iii, 40n. Longford adds, Se non è vero è ben trovato.
12. Nitobe, 23.
13. Brinkley, iv, 56.
14. Ibid., 142, 109.
15. Hearn, 313; Gowen, 251.
16. Ibid., 364.
17. Murdoch, iii, 221; Aston, 231; Chamberlain, Things Japanese, 220-1; Hearn, 318.
18. Close, 59; Nitobe, 141.
19. Redesdale, 13, 16-7, 272; Aston, 230; Murdoch, iii, 235.
20. Nitobe, 121.
21. Murdoch, i, 188-9.
22. Brinkley, Japan, iv, 53; Hearn 328.
23. Brinkley, iv, 55, 92; Close, 58.
24. Brinkley, iv, 61.
25. Ibid., 63.
26. Hearn, 195.
27. Close, 58.
28. Hearn, 378.
29. Murdoch, iii. 336; Brinkley, iv, 67.
30. Hearn, 260, 255; Murdoch, i, 172; Brinkley, i, 238, 241; iv, III.
31. Gowen, 97.
32. Chamberlain, 150; Redesdale, 116; Armstrong, 19.
33. Brinkley, i, 133.
34. Murdoch, i, 17.
35. Brinkley, v, 195; ii, 118.
36. Gowen, 98.
37. Brinkley, ii, 118; v, 1; Murdoch, i, 603.
38. Ibid.
39. Close, 341.
40. In Aston, 149-50.
41. History of Japan, iii, 21, in Murdoch, iii, 171.
42. Cf. Close, 369.
43. Murdoch, iii, 446-50.
44. Encyc. Brit., viii, 910.
45. Gowen, 115.
46. Sansum, W. D., M.D., Normal Diet, 76.
47. Brinkley, i, 209, 213.
48. Shonagon, Lady Sei, Sketch Book, 29.
49. Brinkley, iv, 176-81; ii, 92, 104; Hearn, 257; Holland, Clive, Things Seen in Japan, 172.
50. Brinkley, i, 139, 209-10; iv, 160, 175, 180.
51. Brinkley, iv, 176.
52. Chamberlain, 60.
53. Ibid.
54. Murdoch, i, 40.
55. Brinkley, iv, 164.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid., i, 146; ii, 106.
58. Ibid., ii, 111-2.
59. Gatenby, E. V., Cloud Men of Yamato, 35-6.
60. Brinkley, ii, 258-66.
61. Okakura, 15.
62. Gowen, 213.
63. Ibid.
64. Okakura, 139; Brinkley, iii, 9.
65. Walsh, Clara, Master-Singers of Japan, 108.
66. Gowen, 23.
67. Binyon, 30.
68. Gatenby, 25.
69. Hearn, 85.
70. Ibid., 75, 80-1, 89; Murdoch, iii, 75.
71. Aston, 232; Hearn, 78; Redesdale, 92; Brinkley, i, 149.
72. Armstrong, 55.
73. Brinkley, i, 188.
74. Shonagon, 50.
76. Brinkley, iv, 142; Close, 62; Chamberlain, 504.
77. Ibid., 501; Keyserling, Travel Diary, ii, 171.
78. Close, 61.
79. Hearn, 68, 83.
80. Genesis, ii, 24; Chamberlain, 166.
81. Nitobe, 141.
82. Cf., e.g., the passage quoted in Bryan, 88.
83. Redesdale, 37; Ficke, A. D., Chats on Japanese Prints, 210; Chamberlain, 525; Keyserling, Travel Diary, ii, 200.
84. Brinkley, iv., 116.
85. Ibid., 120.
86. Murdoch, iii, 216.
87. Brinkley, ii, 49.
88. Redesdale, 34.
89. Brinkley, v, 257.
90. By Prince Aki, 740 A.D., in Gatenby, 33.
91. Tr. by Curtis Hidden Page, in Tietjens, 144.
92. Brinkley, v, 207; Murdock, iii, 112.
93. Ibid., ii, 18-9.
94. Ibid., ii, 18; Brinkley, i, 181.
95. Ibid., i, 182.
96. Murdoch, i, 489.
97. Ibid., 603.
98. Ibid., 605; Armstrong, 171.
99. Brinkley, v, 254.
100. Murdoch, iii, 101, 113.
101. Ibid., 115-9.
102. Armstrong, 65f.
103. Ibid., 76, 78; Aston, 263-4.
104. Ekken, Kaibara, Way of Contentment, tr. by K. Hoshino, 7f.
105. Ibid., 90.
106. 24, 17.
107. 24.
108. 33, 39, 43.
109. 35, 44, 59, 61, 49, 54. I have ventured to print the last two lines as poetry, though the text gives them as prose.
110. Murdoch, iii, 127.
111. Armstrong, 133.
112. Ibid.
113. Murdoch, iii, 129f.
114. In Armstrong, 222.
115. Ibid., 236f, 226.
116. 263-4.
117. 261.
118. 24lf.
119. 255; Murdoch, iii, 481.
120. Ibid., iii, 343-4.
121. Ibid. 474.
122. Ibid., 476f, 485; Aston, 319-32.
123. Murdoch, iii, 491-2.
CHAPTER XXX
1. Close, 28.
2. Bryan, 13-15; Aston, 56-7; Gowen, 125.
3. Carter, 35.
4. Ibid., 178.
5. Close, 77.
6. Brinkley, i, 229; iv, 136.
7. Gatenby, 27.
8. Bryan, 54, 74.
9. Aston, 263.
10. Tr. by Curtis Hidden Page, in Tietjens, 162.
11. Tietjens, 163.
12. Murdoch, i, 515,
13. Murasaki, Lady, 239.
14. Ibid., 149, 235; Shonagon, 51.
15. Murdoch, iii, 326.
16. Noguchi, Yone, Spirit of Japanese Poetry, 11.
17. Gatenby, 97-102; Tietjens, 159.
18. Holland, 157.
19. Murdoch, iii, 470.
20. Gowen, 128.
21. Murasaki, 33, 29.
22. Ibid., 75.
23. 98, 134.
24. 144.
25. 46.
26. 50.
27. Bryan, 65; Gowen, 128.
28. Holland, 137; Aston, 56.
29. Ibid., 346-8, 391.
30. Ibid., 269-71.
31. Ibid., 392.
32. Murdoch, i, 571.
33. Aston, 255.
34. Brinkley, v, 112.
35. Aston, 249.
36. Gowen, 268.
37. Murdoch, iii, 240.
38. Aston, 116.
39. Ibid., ii4f. I have changed the order of the last five items.
40. Aston, 197-9; Bryan, 100.
41. Redesdale, 84.
42. Close, 65.
43. Okakura, 132.
44. Noguchi, II.
45. Bryan, 136.
46. Brinkley, iv, 110.
47. Ibid., vi, 113-5.
48. Aston, 279.
49. Okakura, 112; Brinkley, viii, 29.
50. Brinkley, vii, 319.
51. Eneyc. Brit., vii, 960.
52. Brinkley, i, 219; iv, 156; Chamberlain, 340-3.
53. Brinkley, iv, 78.
54. Murasaki, 212.
55. Chamberlain, 84.
56. Brinkley, vii, 157.
57. Ibid., vii, 84.
58. Fenollosa, i, 56.
59. Gowen, 105.
60. Murdoch, i, 593.
61. Ledoux, L. V., Art of Japan, 62.
62. Armstrong, 9.
63. Brinkley, vii, 77.
64. Gowen, 124.
65. Ibid., 213.
66. Brinkley, viii, 11.
67. Ibid., 265.
68. 25.
69. 180.
70. 185.
71. 236.
72. Brinkley, vii, 339.
73. Ibid., 9.
74. Binyon, 53.
75. Ibid., 20.
76. Fenollosa, ii, 81.
77. Okakura, 113.
78. Encyc. Brit., vii, 964.
79. Ledoux, 26.
80. Ibid., 28.
81. Gowen, 284.
82. Fenollosa, ii, 183. It should be added that in the opinion of some critics Matabei is a mythical personage.
83. Ficke, 282-94.
84. Gowen, 285; Ficke, 363.
85. Noguchi, 27.
86. Ficke, 363.
87. Gowen, 284.
88. Fenollosa, ii, 204.
89. Gowen, 286.
90. Dickinson, G. Lowes, 65.
91. Ten O’Clock, sub fine.
CHAPTER XXXI
1. Murdoch, iii, 456; Gowen, 287.
2. Ibid., 298-9.
3. 300.
4. 312.
5. Brinkley, iv, 217.
6. Ibid., 81, 256.
7. Close, 325.
8. Ibid., 165.
9. Gowen, 349.
10. Close, 149.
12. Gowen, 376.
13. Close, 372.
14. World Almanac, 1935, p. 667.
15. Close, 395.
16. Almanac, 668; Close, 391; N. Y. Times, April 15, 1934.
17. Gowen, 341.
18. Close, 289.
19. Eddy, 119; Park, 250; Holland, 148-52; Barnes, Jos., ed., Empire in the East, 50
20. Eddy, 124f.
21. Ibid., 118, 136.
22. Hearn, 488.
23. Barnes, 69; Close, 373. The Maurette Report, of June 1, 1934, to the International Labor Office, accepts this explanation of the low wage-level in Japan.
24. Close, 344.
25. Hearn, 17.
26. Close, 134-42.
27. Chamberlain, 314; Close, 302.
28. Ibid., 198.
29. Chamberlain, 447.
30. Close, 177f.
31. Eddy, 127.
32. Almanac, 669.
33. Brinkley, v, 83.
34. Almanac, 669.
35. Tsurumi, Y., Present-Day Japan, 68f.
36. Walsh, 116; Bryan, 40, 194.
37. Tsurumi, 59.
38. Gowen, 416.
39. Barnes, 51.
40. Ibid., 48-50, 197.
41. Gowen, 369-70.
42. Ibid., 402.
43. Barnes, 75; Close, 377.
44. Almanac, 674.
45. Barnes, 62.
Index
I am indebted for this index to the careful and scholarly work of Mr. Wallace Brockway. Dates are given where obtainable, except in the case of living persons who are only incidentally mentioned in the text. The pronunciation of Oriental words is indicated by the system of diacritical marks used in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, but here considerably simplified.* The Indian pronunciations have been supplied by Dr. A. K. Coomaraswamy; Chinese words follow for the most part the pronunciations given in Gowen and Hall’s Outline History of China. Japanese words, and most Chinese words, have no accent. In the case of ancient Egyptian and Near Eastern words there is no agreement among the learned; and the pronunciations here offered are merely the present writer’s unauthoritative suggestions. W. D.
A
Aaron (ā’ron), 12, 302*, 309
Abacus, 79
Abbeville, 90
Abdu-r Razzak 
, Persian traveler (1413-1475?), 457, 458
Abhidhamma
, 428*
Abipones, 50, 56
Abortion, in primitive societies, 49–50
in Assyria, 275
in Judea, 334
in Persia, 376
in India, 489
Abraham, 66, 173, 179, 297, 300, 311
Absalom (ăb’-sa-lŭm), son of Solomon (ca. 950 B.C.), 305
Abu 
, 127
Abu Shahrein 
see Eridu
Abu Simbel 
, 128, 213, 214
Abu-1 Fazl 
, Indian statesman and historian (ca. 1550-1600), 471, 579, 580, 591
Abusir 
, 189
Abydos 
, 152, 189, 395†
Abyssinians, 27, 46, 62
Achæans, 215, 397
Achæmenid 
Dynasty, 352, 385
Acheulean 
Culture, 93
Achilles, 570
Acre 
, 154*, 761
Adam, 310, 329
Adam’s Bridge, 393, 602
Adapa 
, 128
Aden (ä’-den), 291
Admonitions of I puwer
, 194–195
Adonai (ä-dō-nī), 332
Adonaïs
, 880
Adoni 
, 295, 297
Adonis, 120, 206
Adultery, in primitive societies, 48
in Sumeria, 130
in Egypt, 164
in Babylonia, 246, 247
in Assyria, 275, 276
in Judea, 335, 336
in India, 490
in China, 788
in Japan, 861
Advaita
, 513, 549*
Ægean Sea, 104, 215, 286, 355
Æschylus, Greek dramatist (525-456 B.C.), 95
Æsop, Greek fabulist (619-564 B.C.), 175
Afghanistan 
, 116, 355, 356, 358, 392, 441, 446, 459, 460
Africa, circumnavigation of, 293
Agade 
, 118, 121
Agamemnon, 297
Agni 
, 402, 403
Agra 
, 393, 467, 468, 473, 474, 481, 501, 580, 608, 609, 610.
Agriculture, 135, 934
in primitive societies, 8–9, 24, 33
in prehistoric cultures, 99
in Sumeria, 124, 135, 136*
in Egypt, 135, 136*, 145–146, 156–157
in Babylonia, 226
in Assyria, 274
in Persia, 357
in India, 399–400, 477–478
in China, 774
in Japan, 851
Ahab (ä’-hăb), King of Israel (ca. 875-850 B.C.), 309*, 314, 317*
Ahasuerus 
, the Wandering Jew, 349
Ahaz (ä’-hăz), King of Judah (ca. 700 B.C.), 317
Ahimsa
, 421, 520, 543, 628, 629
Ahmad Shah 
, Sultan of Delhi (1422-1435), 461
Ahmadnagar 
, 458
Ahmasi 
, Egyptian queen (ca.1500 B.C.), 153
Ahmedabad (äk’-měd-ä-bäd’), 393, 626, 631
Ahmes (äh’-mēz), Papyrus, 180
Ahriman 
, 351, 366, 367, 368, 369
Ahura-Mazda 
, 60, 331, 351, 357, 361, 364, 365, 366–367, 368, 369–370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 379
Aihole (ī-hōl’), 598
Ain-i Akbari
, 579
Ainus 
, 831
Ajanta 
, 452, 456, 557, 589–590, 593, 597, 619, 902
Ajita Kasakambalin 
, Indian sceptic, 417
Ajmer 
, 393
Ajur-veda
, 530
Akahito (ä-kä-hē-tō), Japanese poet (724-756), 878
Akbar 
, Mogul emperor (1560-1605), 206, 222*, 391, 443, 446–450, 451, 454, 465–472, 473, 477, 479, 480, 482, 483, 495, 501, 503, 579, 591, 600, 607–608, 702, 838, 842
Akbar Nama, 579
Akerblad, Johan David, Baron, Swedish Orientalist and diplomat (1760-1819), 145*
Akhetaton 
, 210
Akkad, (āk’-ād), 118, 121, 124, 126, 127, 135, 218, 219, 249, 265, 266
Alasani-Peddana 
, Indian poet (fl. 1520), 458
Alau-d-din 
, Sultan of Delhi (1296-1315), 455–456, 461, 462
Alberuni 
, Arabian scholar (997-1030), 462, 579
Aleutian Islands, 13, 26, 32
Alexander the Great, King of Macedon (336-323 B.C.), 104, 120, 137, 142, 215–216, 244, 263, 270, 271, 288*, 294, 341, 349, 352, 353, 362, 363, 365*, 378, 382–385, 401, 440, 441, 450, 495, 529, 532, 542, 554, 560, 571, 697
Alexandria, 137, 181, 216, 294, 341, 343, 479
Algebra, 527–528, 781
Algiers (ăl-jērz’), 94
Algonquin Indians, 43, 77
Alhambra, 606
Alighieri, Dante, Italian poet (1265-1321), 174, 178, 518, 605, 611
All Men Are Brothers, 718*
Allahabad (àl’-lä-hä-bàd’), 614
Allat (äl-lät’,) 240
Allenby, Edmund Henry, Viscount, British general (1861-), 154
Alphabets, 105, 106, 172, 295–296, 357
Alps, 91
Altamira, 94, 96
Amadai 
, see Medes
Amara 
, 117
Amaravati 
, 593, 594, 597
Amarna 
Letters, 222, 300, 305§
Amarpal 
, father of Hammurabi (ca. 2150 B.C.), 301
Amaterasu 
, 829, 864, 875
Amber (äm’-bār), 454, 475
Amboyna 
, 60
Amenemhet (ä’-měn-ěm’-hět) I, King of Egypt (2212-2192 B.C.), 151-152, 174
Amenemhet III, King of Egypt (2061-2013 B.C). 152, 187
Amenhotep (ä’-měn-hō’těp), Egyptian sculptor (ca. 1400 B.C.), 192
Amenhotep II, King of Egypt (1447-1420 B.C.), 155
Amenhotep III, King of Egypt (1412-1376 B.C.), 141, 142, 155, 164, 185, 188, 191, 192, 205, 206, 223, 235
Amenhotep IV, King of Egypt (1380-1362 B.C.), 128, 164, 168, 178, 179, 188, 192, 205–212, 213, 223, 340, 370, 449
Ameni (ä’-mā-nē), 190
Amida
, 504, 738, 838, 903; see Buddha
Amitabha (ä-mē-tä-bä), 786
Ammon (city), 312
Ammon (oasis), 353
Ammonites, 285, 299
Amon 
, 142, 153, 155, 167, 199, 201, 206, 210, 214
Amon-Ra (ă-mon-rä’), 206*
Amorites (ă’-môr-ītz), 123, 285, 298
Amos (ā’-m
s), Hebrew prophet (fl. 800 B.C.), 262, 301, 315, 316–317, 319, 320, 365
Amoy 
River, 767, 806
Ampthill, Odo William Leopold Russell, Baron, British statesman (1829-1884), 532
Amraphael, see Amarpal
Amritsar
, 621
Amur 
, River, 831, 923†
Amurru 
, 298
An Lu-shan (än loo-shän’), Chinese rebel (fl. 755), 704, 708, 710, 714
Anacharsis, Scythian philosopher (6th century B.C.), 47
Anacreon, Greek poet (560-475 B.C.), 341
Anaita 
, 365, 371–372
Analects, 665
Ananda 
, the St. John of Buddhism (ca. 500 B.C.), 398, 431, 438, 439
Ananda, 550, 606
Anatomy, in Egypt, 181–182
in India, 529
in China, 782
Anau (ăn’-ou), 108, 117*, 642, 755
Anaxagoras, Greek philosopher (500-428 B.C.), 59, 533
Anaximander, Greek philosopher (ca. 610-546 B.C.), 533
Anaximenes, Greek philosopher, (fl. 500 B.C.), 533
Ancestor worship, 63, 64
in Persia, 365
in China, 63, 784
in Japan, 63, 832
Ancyra 
, 286†
Andaman Islands, 45, 87
Andersson, Johan, 641, 755
Andrews, Roy Chapman, 94, 641
Angelico (Giovanni da Fiesole), Fra, Italian painter (1387-1455), 903
Angkor Thom (ăng’-kor tôm), 604
Angkor Wat (wät), 90, 603–604, 605, 611
Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 929
Angola (ăn-gō’-lä), 40
Angora (ăng-gôr’-ä), 286†
Angro-Mainyus, see Ahriman
Animal worship, 61
in Egypt, 198–199
in Judea, 314
in Persia, 365
in India, 509–510
in Japan, 832
Animism, 58–59, 67
Annals of the Bamboo Books, 718
Annals of Rajasthan, Tod’s, 455
Annam (ăn’-năm), 697, 757
Anquetil-Duperron, Abraham Hyacinthe, French Orientalist (1731-1805), 365*, 391*, 481
Anshan (än-shän’), 352
Antigone, 31
Antiochus I Soter (an-tī’-o-kŭs sō’-tar), King of Syria and Babylonia (280-261 B.C.), 446
Antonines, 3, 364
Anu 
, 234
Anubis 
, 201
Anupu 
, 175-176
Anuradhapura 
, 506, 595, 603
Aphrodite, 60, 127, 235, 372, 595
Apis 
, 353
Apollo Belvedere, 280
Apollonius of Perga, Greek geometer (fl.222-205 B.C.), 527
Apsu, 236
Aqueducts, 274
Aquinas, St. Thomas, Italian Scholastic (1225-1274), 547, 731, 734
Arabia, 109, 135, 140, 158, 228, 290, 291, 306, 400, 736
Arabian Nights’ Entertainments, 578†
Arabs, 24*, 47, 139, 169, 216, 218, 298, 460, 479, 505, 527, 529, 532, 756, 780
Aralu 
, 238, 239, 240
Aramæans, 298, 299
Aramaic alphabet, 106, 357
Aranyaka 
, 407
Arapaho Indians, 73
Ararat (ăr’-ä-răt), 287; see Armenia
Araru 
, 251
Araxes 
River, 356*
Arbela 
, 265, 385*
Archimedes, Greek scientist (287-212 B.C.), 527
Architecture, 136
in primitive societies, 14, 87
in prehistoric cultures, 101, 102
in Sumeria, 124, 132–133
in Egypt, 136, 184–185
in Babylonia, 136, 224–225, 227, 255–256
in Assyria, 280–282
in Judea, 307–308
in Persia, 378–381
in India, 596–612
in China, 740–744
in Japan, 894–896
Argistis II, King of Armenia (ca. 708 B.C.), 287
Arhats
, 421, 435, 450
Ariana 
, 356
Ariège, 97
Aristobulus, Greek historian (fl. 330 B.C.), 492*
Aristogiton, Athenian patriot (ca. 525 B.C.), 646
Aristotle, Greek philosopher (384-322 B.C.), 20, 107, 529, 532, 535, 536, 539, 560, 671, 731, 868
Arita (är-ē-tä), 900
Arjuna 
, 508, 565, 566, 620
Ark of the Covenant, 69, 307, 313
Armada, Invincible, 837
Armageddon, 154
Armenia, 119, 266, 269, 270, 286, 354, 355, 363
Armies, Sumerian, 126
Assyrian, 270–271
Persian, 360
Indian, 443, 465–466
Japanese, see Samurai
Arnold, Sir Edwin, English poet and Orientalist (1832-1904), 423*, 541†
Arnold, Matthew, English poet and critic (1822-1888), 368
Arran, 356
Arrian (Flavius Arrianus), Greek historian, 441†, 442, 445*, 455*
Arsacid 
Dynasty, 365*
Arses (är’-sēz), King of Persia, (339-336 B.C.), 382
Arsinöe, 164
Art, 83, 936–937
in Sumeria, 132–134
in Egypt, 184–193
in Babylonia, 254–256
in Assyria, 278–281
in Persia, 377–381
in India, 584–612
in China, 724–759
in Japan, 893–913
Artabhaga 
, 533
Artaxerxes I 
, King of Persia (464-423 B.C.), 380, 382
Artaxerxes II, King of Persia (404-359 B.C.), 362, 372, 373, 375*, 377, 378*, 380
Artaxerxes III Ochus, King of Persia (359-338 B.C.), 382
Arthashastra
, 443
Arthur, semi-fabulous British prince (ca. 500), 455
Aryabhata 
, Indian mathematician (ca. 499), 452, 526, 527, 528
Aryans, 73*, 116, 286*, 287, 356, 363, 394, 396, 397, 398, 399–400
Arya-Somaj
, 616†
Asana
, 543
Ashikaga (ä-shē-kä-gä) Shogunate, 838, 895, 905
Ashikaga Takauji 
, Japanese statesman and shogun (fl. 1340), 838
Ashkanians, 285
Ashoka 
, Indian religious teacher (273-232 B.C.), 391, 407, 446–450, 451, 453, 456, 484, 503, 505, 506, 571, 593, 596, 603, 833
Ashramas
, 522
Ashtoreth (ăsh’-tô-rěth), 235
Ashur 
(city), 119, 135, 265, 272, 278, 311
Ashur (god), 265, 268, 276, 277
Ashurbanipal 
, King of Assyria (669-626 B.C.), 117, 237*, 243, 249, 250, 266, 268–269, 270, 272, 275, 277, 278, 279, 281–283, 311
Ashurnasirpal 
II, King of Assyria (884-859 B.C.), 267, 271, 278, 279, 280
Ashurnirari 
, King of Assyria (753-746 B.C.), 266*
Ashvaghosha 
, Indian religion teacher (ca. 120), 450, 571–572, 579
Ashvamedha
, 405
Asia Minor, 227, 264, 286, 287, 299, 352, 363
Assam (ăs-săm’), 32, 45, 451, 454
Assuan (ăs-swän), 185
Assumption (El Greco), 97
Assyria, 24*, 61, 117, 123, 124, 135, 215, 223, 226, 237*, 248, 265–284, 285, 287, 288, 289, 290, 296, 299, 302, 307, 317, 318, 324, 350, 351, 352, 354, 355, 363, 380, 633, 892
Astarte (ăs-tär’-tē), 235, 294–295, 296–297, 314, 321
Astika
philosophies, 534
Aston, W. G., 885
Astrology, 79
in Babylonia, 257, 276
in Assyria, 276
in India, 518, 526
in modern times, 80*
Astronomy, origins of, 79–80
in Egypt, 180–181
in Babylonia, 256–257, 276
in Assyria, 276
in India, 526–527
in China, 644, 781–782
Astruc (ä-strük’) Jean, French medical writer (1684-1766), 329*
Astyages 
, King of the Medes (ca. 560 B.C.), 351-352
Asvala 
, 533
Atar, 369
Atharva-veda
, 402, 407, 495, 530.
Atheism, in primitive societies, 56–57
Athene, 62
Athens, 1, 167, 355, 381, 395†, 640, 677
Atlantis, 107
Atman
, 412–413, 414, 418, 546, 548, 550, 566
Aton (ä’-tn), 206–210, 211, 212, 213
Atossa 
, wife of Darius I (ca. 500 B.C.), 355
Atossa, daughter and wife of Artaxerxes II (ca. 375 B.C.), 375*
Atreya 
, Indian physiologist (ca. 500 B.C.), 530, 532
Attila, King of the Huns (ca. 400-454), 452
Atys 
, 288
Augustine, St., Bishop of Hippo, Latin writer and Father of the Church (354-430), 475
Augustus (Caius Caesar Julius Octavianus), Roman emperor (31 B.C.-14 A.D.), 752
Aurangzeb 
, Mogul emperor (1658-1707), 391-466, 474–476, 482, 558, 589, 592, 610, 613, 615, 616, 768, 897
Aurelius Antoninus, Marcus, Roman emperor (161-180), 449
Aurignacian Culture, 93, 94, 97
Australians, 6, 7, 8, 21, 32, 43, 52, 62, 74, 84, 88–89, 103, 245
Auta 
, Egyptian artist (about 1370 B.C.), 211
Avalokiteshvara 
, 507, 595
Avidya
, 548, 549
Ayodhya 
, 451, 567, 568, 569, 570
Ayuthia 
, 606
Azilian Culture, 641
Aztecs, 9
B
Baal (bā’-ăl), 294, 297, 309, 312, 314, 321; also see Bel
Baalzebub (bā’-ăl-zē-bŭb), 312
Babar 
Archipelago, 64
Babel (bā’-bl), Tower of, 225*; also see Babylon
Babur 
, Mogul emperor (1483-1530), 464, 465, 472, 579
Babur-nama, 579
Babylon, 1, 2, 14, 37, 104, 118, 120, 135, 215, 219, 221–222, 223, 224–225, 227, 228, 232, 235, 248, 250, 263, 266, 267, 268, 272, 283, 295, 296, 303, 306, 307, 312, 314, 318, 323, 324, 326, 327, 332, 343, 352, 354, 376, 384, 479, 633;
Hanging Gardens, 218, 225;
Kasr, 225;
Ishtar Gate, 225;
Sacred Way, 225;
Temple of Marduk, 225;
Tower of Babel, 224, 225
Babylonia, 61, 116, 117, 119*, 120, 123, 124, 131, 132, 135, 136, 152, 171, 176, 215, 218–264, 265, 266, 267–268, 270, 272, 274, 27–5, 276, 278, 283, 285, 286, 289, 291, 299, 301, 321, 322, 323, 329, 352, 354, 355, 359*, 363, 380, 393, 395, 397, 534, 640
Bacchus (băk-ŭs), 65
Bacon, Francis, Viscount St. Albans, English philosopher and statesman (1561-1626), 107, 631, 687, 780
Bactra, 108
Bactria, 355, 397†, 593
Badaoni 
, Indian historian (fl. 1600), 469
Badarayana 
, Vedanta philosopher (ca. 200 B.C.), 546
Badarians, 103, 145
Baganda 
, 25
Baghdad 
, 395*, 527, 532, 606
Bagoas 
, Persian eunuch and general (executed 336 B.C.), 382
Baila 
, 38
Bakin, Kyokutei 
, Japanese novelist (1767-1848), 885
Bakufu
, 837
Balawat 
, 278, 280
Balban-Gheias-ed-din 
, Sultan of Delhi (1265-1286), 461
Bali (bä’-lē), 47
Balkh (bälk), 761
Balonda, Queen of the, 46
Balta-atrua 
, 259, 260
Baluchistan 
, 355, 395†, 440, 446
Bana 
, Indian historian (ca. 650), 749
Banerji 
, R. D., 394
Bangerangs, 50
Bangkok (băng-kk’), 606
Bantus 
, 65, 67
Baroda 
, 623
Baronga, 87
Bartoli, Daniele, Italian Jesuit, traveler, and writer (1608-1685), 471
Baruch (bär’-ŭk), Hebrew minor prophet (ca. 600 B.C.), 322
Bas-relief, in Sumeria, 133
in Egypt, 189–190
in Babylonia, 254–255
in Assyria, 278–279
in Persia, 379–380
in India, 593
in China, 739
Bathsheba 
, 303*, 305
Bau (bou), 129
Bayon (bä’-yn), 604–605
Beaumarchais, Pierre Auguste Caron de, French dramatist (1732-1799), 45
Beautiful Joyous Songs, etc., 176–177
Bedouins 
, 2, 229, 291, 303, 309
Beersheba 
, 299
Begouën, Louis, French archeologist, 97
Behistun 
, 249, 373
Bek (běk), Egyptian sculptor (ca. 1370 B.C.), 192, 211
Bel (bāl), 232, 234
Belgium, 92
Belit 
, 277
Bel-Marduk 
, 235
Benares (běn-är’-ěs), 393, 428, 437, 465, 490, 521, 543, 547, 557, 582, 583, 677
Benares, University of, 530, 547
Bengal (běn-gôl’), 29, 393, 420, 451, 461, 479, 481, 509, 581, 614, 621
Bengal, Bay of, 393
Bengal Provincial Council of the National Congress, 623
Beni-Hasan 
, 185, 190
Benjamin, son of Jacob, 336, 340
Bentham, Jeremy, English political economist (1748-1832), 616
Bentinck, Lord William Charles Cavenish, Governor General of India (1774-1839), 609*†, 614
Beppu Collection, Tokyo, 902*
Berar (bā-rär’), 576
Bergson, Henri, French philosopher (1859-), 434, 554*
Berlin, 286†, 693, 817
Berlin Museum, 181, 189
Bernier, François, French traveler and physician (1625-1688), 479, 559
Berosus 
, Babylonian historian (4th century B.C.), 118*, 250, 364
Besant, Annie, English theosophist (1847–1933), 616†
Bhakti-yoga
, 522, 617
Bharata 
, 561, 576
Bharhut 
, 593, 594, 597
Bhartri-hari 
, Indian sage (ca. 650), 517, 556, 580
Bhasa 
, Indian dramatist (ca. 350), 572
Bhaskara 
, Indian mathematician (fl. 1114), 528
Bhava Misra 
, Indian medical encyclopedist (ca. 1550), 530–531
Bhavabhuti 
, Indian dramatist (ca. 500), 576
Bhavagad-Gita
, 488, 523, 541†, 547, 561, 564–567, 616, 631
Bhikkhus
, 437
Bhilsa (bēl’-sä’), 597
Bhimnagar 
, 460
Bhishma 
, 562, 564
Bhopal (bō-päl’), 597
Bhuvaneshwara 
, 599, 610
Bible, 294, 299, 301*, 305, 320, 328, 339–349, 565
Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, 741
Bidar 
. 458
Bihar 
, 419, 607
Bijapur 
, 458
Bikaner 
, 454
Bill of Rights, 625
Bindusara 
, Indian king (298-273 B.C.), 446
Birbal (bēr-bäl’), Indian poet (fl. 1600), 468
Birth control, 71*
Bismarck-Schönhausen, Otto Eduard Leopold, Prince von, Prussian statesman (1815–1904), 554, 695
Bithynians, 285, 358
Bitiu 
, 175–176
Black Death, 3
Black Dragon Society, 923
Black Sea, 116, 215, 226, 286, 287, 292, 766
Blake, William, English artist and poet (1757-1828), 550*
Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna, Russian mystic (1831–1891), 616†
Boaz, 336
Boccaccio, Giovanni, Italian novelist (1313–1375), 555
Bodh-gaya 
, 427*, 431, 593, 597, 610
Bodhi tree, 402, 427†,. 506
Bodhisattwas
, 423, 450, 504, 739, 833, 864
Boëthius, Anicius Manlius Severinus, Roman philosopher and statesman (475–525), 340
Boghaz Keui 
, 286
Bokhara 
, 350
Bombay, 393, 394, 486, 597, 613, 614, 629, 662, 630, 632
Bombay Presidency, 394
Bonaparte, Napoleon, see Napoleon I
Bond Street, 395
Bondei, 50
Bongos, 85
Bonwick, J., 84
Book of Ceremonies, 646, 659, 794
Book of Changes, 650–651, 665, 732
“Book of the Covenant,” 321, 328
Book of the Dead, 203-204, 371
Book of History, 643, 665, 718
“Book of the Law of Moses,” 328
Book of Lieh-tze (lē’-ŭ-dzŭ), 651, 667
Book of Mencius
, 666, 682
Book of Odes, 648-649, 659, 665, 671
Book of Rites, 664
Book of a Thousand Leaves, 878
Book of the Way and of Virtue, 653
Borneo, 8, 37, 46, 64, 99*
Borobudur 
, 595, 603, 611
Borodin, Mikhail, Russian Soviet general, 812, 816
Bororos, 81
Borsippa 
, 249, 255
Bose, Sir Jagadis Chandra 
, Indian physicist and biologist (1858-), 618–619
Bosporus 
, 286, 355
Bossuet, Jacques Bénigne, Bishop of Meaux, French preacher (1627-1704), 199, 340
Boston Museum of Fine Arts, 591, 606*, 750, 751
Boswell, James, Scotch biographer (1740–1795), 2*
Botany, in Assyria, 276
in India, 530
Botocudos, 38, 85
Boucher de Perthes, Jacques, French archeologist (1788–1868), 90
Boulak 
Papyrus, 165
Boxer Rebellion, 731, 746, 799*, 807–808
Brahma 
, 403*, 408, 409*, 413*, 507, 508, 509, 511, 594, 604, 605
Brahma (poem), 415
“Brahma script,” 406
Brahmachari
, 522
Brahmacharia
, 541†, 543, 627, 628
Brahmagupta 
, Indian astronomer (598-660), 452, 526, 527, 528
Brahman
, 411, 412, 413, 414, 517, 544–545, 546, 547, 548–549, 550, 551, 553, 616
Brahmanas
, 405, 407
Brahmans, 28, 398, 399, 405, 419, 447, 449, 452, 480, 483–488, 490, 495, 502, 508, 509*, 510, 511, 518, 520, 522, 523, 524, 535, 552, 561, 564, 581, 582, 597, 602, 623, 624
Brahma-Somaj
, 615, 623
Brahma-sutra, 546
Braid, James, English surgeon and psychologist (1795–1861) 532
Brazil, 50, 73, 79, 81, 98
Breaking of the Pledge, 926
Breasted, James H., 117*, 136*, 143, 174*, 205, 218, 378†
Breuil, Abbé Henri Édouard Prosper, 92
Brewitt-Taylor, C. H., 718†
Briffault, Robert, 42*, 84, 331
Brihadaranyaka Upanishad
, 402*
Brihadratha 
, King of Magadha (d. 185 B.C.), 449-450
Brihaspati 
, Indian sceptic, 418
Brihatkatha 
, Indian poet (1st century), 579
Brinkley, Frank, 801*, 808*
Brinton, Daniel Garrison, American ethnologist (1837–1899), 26
British Guiana, 70
British Medical College, Hong Hong, 809
British Museum, 145*, 155, 159, 161, 167, 188, 206*, 279, 747*, 749*
Bronze Age, 103–104
Brothers Karamazov, 717
Bruno, Giordano, Italian philosopher (1550–1600), 469
Buck, Pearl, 718*, 754
Buckle, Henry Thomas, English historian (1822–1862), 299
Buddha 
, Indian religious teacher 563-483 B.C.), 193, 325, 398, 399, 400, 415, 416, 417, 422–439, 449, 480, 501, 503, 504–505, 506, 516, 522, 534, 535, 536, 541, 542, 546, 547, 578, 579, 589, 590, 593*, 594, 595, 603, 604, 617*, 690, 720, 830, 834, 864, 886, 887, 892, 897–898
Buddha-charita
, 579
Buddhism, 419, 428–439, 447–450, 453, 454, 458, 459, 484, 503–507, 508*, 520, 534, 554, 589, 593, 596, 603, 657, 675, 676, 701–702, 719–720, 731, 733, 734–735, 739–740, 741, 746, 748, 750, 786, 818, 829, 832–833, 834, 842, 856, 859, 864–865, 866, 872, 891, 894, 911
Bundahish
, 365‡
376
Burial, in Sumeria, 128
in Egypt, 148–150
in Babylonia, 240
in Persia, 372
in India, 501–502
Burma 
, 32, 45, 46, 393, 479, 506, 602, 606
Burnouf, Eugène, French Orientalist (1801–1852), 391*
Burraburiash 
II, King of Karduniash (ca. 1400 B.C.), 223*
Burslem, 759
Bushido
, 847–848, 923
Bushmen, 6, 14, 21, 45
Byblos 
, 106, 294, 295
Byron, George Gordon Noel, Baron, English poet (1788–1824), 269, 283
C
Cadiz, 239
Cæsar, Caius Julius, Roman general, statesman and historian (100-44 B.C.), 39, 137, 139, 181, 216, 246, 271, 305, 398, 467, 585
Cæsars, 216*
Caillé, René, French traveler (1799–1838), 43
Cairo, 138–139, 140, 145, 216, 606
Cairo Museum, 148, 152, 186, 187, 188
Cajori, Florian, 528*
Calanus 
, Indian philosopher (ca. 542-543)
Calculus, 79
Calcutta, 393, 394, 500, 613, 614, 621
Calendar, origins of, 79–80
in Sumeria, 125
in Egypt, 180–181
in Babylonia, 258
in India, 527
in China, 781
Calicut, 478, 613
California, 915, 929
California Indians, 48
Cambaluc 
, 763, 779
also see Peking
Cambodia, 391, 506, 507, 594, 595, 602, 603–605, 606
Cambridge Ancient History, 181*
Cambyses (kam-bī’-sēz), King of Persia 529-522 B.C.), 215, 353–354, 361
Cameroons, 56, 65
Canaan (kā-’năn), 285, 298, 300, 301, 302, 310
Canada, 94, 613
Canals, 358, 765
Canneh (kăn’-nā), 291
Cannibalism, in primitive societies, 10–11
in later ages, 10
Canning, Charles John, Viscount, Governor General of India (1812–1862), 614
Canton 
, 759, 764, 780, 803, 804, 805, 809, 811, 814
Canton Opium Party, 804
Capart, Jean, 143
Cappadocia, 285, 355
Carchemish 
, 153, 224, 227, 287, 290, 321
Carians, 285
Caribs, 54
Carlyle, Thomas, British essayist, historian, and philosopher (1795–1881), 343, 631, 719, 906
Caroline Islands, 77
Carter, Howard, English archeologist (1873-), 143
Carthage, 1, 66, 90, 215, 293, 295, 353
Cartier, Jacques, French explorer (1494–1536), 81
Caruso, Enrico, Italian operatic tenor (1868–1921), 192
Carver, T. N., 17
Casanova de Seingalt, Giovanni Giacomo, Italian adventurer (1725–1803), 62
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