Petrostate: Putin, Power, and the New Russia

Index

Abkhazia, 149

Abramoff, Jack, 177, 225

Abramovich, Roman, 225

Sibneft and, 104, 112, 123–24, 225, 230

sports team purchase by, 204

Access Industries, 66, 225

Aeroflot, 103, 134, 174, 203

Afghanistan, 50–54

Africa, 181

Agroprombank, 67–68

Albats, Yevgenia, 195

Albright, Madeleine, 70

Alekperov, Vagit, 61, 65, 85, 125, 197, 225, 230

Alfa Bank, 64, 66, 107, 226

Algeria

gas from, 4, 7, 47, 166, 178, 179

GECF and, 179

OGEC and, 164, 165

Alitalia, 203

Alkion Securities, 65

Allison, Graham, 52

aluminum industry, 110

Amoco, BP and, 70, 86

Ananenkov, Alexander, 183

Anderson, Richard J., 165

Anglo-Persian Oil Company (today’s BP), 25, 44

Anglo-Suisse, 84

APG. See associated petroleum gas

ARAMCO Consortium, 21

Arcelor (Benelux steel company), 203, 229

Arctic locations, 71–72. See also Sakhalin

Arkos, 28

Armenia, 150, 152

Arosgas Holding, 147

Asia, pipelines in, 162–64. See also specific countries

Asiatic Petroleum, 28

Aslund, Anders, 73

asset stripping, 79

Gazprom and, 104, 139–41, 143

Yukos and, 107, 111, 112

associated petroleum gas (APG), 186

auction royalty system, for oil production, 23

Austria, 168

NABUCCO, Hungary and, 9–10, 155–56

pipeline and, 9–10, 153, 154

reliance on Russian gas, 166

Azerbaijan. See also Baku, Azerbaijan

gas and, 9, 151, 153–55, 160–61

independent state of, 25

petroleum production in, 34

Azneft, 27

Badger, 27

Baikal Finance Group, 120, 122

Bakhmina, Svetlana, 116, 117, 225

Baku, Azerbaijan

kerosene from, 17–19

occupation/control of, 24–25, 27, 33

oil production in, 17–25, 27, 30, 31, 34, 39, 40, 228

pipelines and, 20, 26, 149, 154, 160–61

Second, 31

balance of trade, Soviet, 29–31

Balggand-Bacton pipeline (Netherlands-Great Britain), 167

Balkan Energy Cooperative Summit, 49

Balkans, 154. See also Trans-Balkan Oil Pipeline

Balkenende, Peter, 167

Baltic Sea pipeline, 156–60, 161, 167

Baltic states, 2, 166. See also specific states

Balzer, Harley, 97

banks, 66–69. See also specific banks

CIA on, 109

financial crash and, 74–77, 93, 170

Loans for Shares and, 64–65

Luxembourg, 120, 206

mafia control of, 109

Barents Sea, 83, 85, 130–31

Barnsdall Corporation, 26

Basayev, Shamil, 94

BASF (chemical corp.), 157, 167

Batumi, 20, 23, 26

Belarus

gas to, 49, 144–45, 151–53, 156, 159, 168, 183

Lukashenko and, 151, 227

Belkovsky, Stanislav, 225

Bell Petrole, 28

Beltransgaz, 152

Berezovskoe gas field, 38

Berezovsky, Boris, 225

Abramovich, Sibneft and, 104, 112, 123, 225, 230

Chechnia and, 94–95, 172

ORT and, 65, 103, 123, 225

politics and, 102–4

purge and, 100–104, 105

Putin and, 100–104, 105, 123, 172, 225

Sibneft and, 65, 68, 103, 112, 123, 174, 228, 230

Smolensky, Sibneft and, 65, 68, 228

Yeltsin and, 103

Berlin Blockade, of 1948, 137

Biotek, 200

Birol, Fatih, 89

Black Hundreds, 23

black market, 58, 101, 105, 148

Blair, Tony, 70, 126

Blavatnik, Leonard, 225

Access Industries and, 66, 225

Renova and, 230

TNK and, 66–67, 230

Bloomberg, Michael, 115

Blue Stream (Russia-Turkey gas pipeline), 155–56, 229

Bogdanchikov, Sergei, 114–15, 190–91, 200, 225

Bogdanov, Vladimir, 61, 65, 124, 197, 225

bonds, financial crash and, 74–76

Bosnia, 49

Bosporus Strait, Istanbul, 161

BP. See British Petroleum

BP/AMOCO, 70, 86

Bratsvo (“Brotherhood”) pipeline, 138

Brent oil, prices for, 14

Britain. See Great Britain

British-Mexican Petroleum, 28

British Petroleum (BP), 26. See also TNK-BP

Browne and, 91, 127, 226, 227

Haywood and, 227

Kovykta and, 131–32, 135, 162, 174, 184–85, 185, 229

pipelines and, 154–55, 161

Trinidad-Tabago facility, Gazprom and, 131–32, 179

Tyumen Oil and, 226

Browder, Earl, 143, 226

Browder, William, 143, 226

Browne, Lord John, 91, 127, 226, 227

Bruckhard, Bergmann, 168

Buffet, Warren, 115

Bulbov, Aleksandr, 200, 226

Bulgaria

gas to, 10, 153, 154, 156

pipeline between Greece and, 161–62

Bunge, A. A., 20

Burevestnik Yacht Club, 194

Burgas-Alexandroupolis pipeline, 161–62

Bush, George W.

Evans and, 176

G-8 briefing and, 7

Putin and, 208–9

Texas mafia and, 192

Butov, Vladimir, 84–85, 226

Campbell, Robert, 40

Canada

gas to U.S. from, 7, 139, 179

oil sands in, 180

capitalism

communism v., 58, 73

Soviet control and, 27–29, 31, 45

Carey, Sarah, 110

cars

foreign manufacturers, 202

hybrids/flex-fuel, 180–81

Case, Karl, 190

Casey, William, 49–54, 226

Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC), 161

Caspian Sea pipeline, 156, 160–62, 221n73

Centragas Holding, 147

Centrica, 168, 169, 224n55

Ceyhan, Turkey, 149, 154, 160–61

Ceylon (Sri Lanka), 44

Chavez, Hugo, 90, 152

Chechnia, 55–56, 94–95, 102, 172, 199

Cheney, Dick, 71, 115

Halliburton and, 70, 79

Kazakhstan, gas pipeline and, 149, 154

Cherkesov, Viktor, 200

Chernogorneft oil fields, 69–70, 86

Chernomyrdin, Viktor, 48, 59–61, 100–101, 104–5, 140, 226

Chevron, 44, 86, 111–12

Chief Oil Committee (Glavny Nefitanoi Komitet), 27

China

economic blockades against, 221n77

gas to, 111, 162–63, 169, 186–87

GDP, 78, 90

increased demand/consumption in, 78–79, 90, 173, 180

investments abroad, 181, 205

petroleum to, 49, 111, 115

pipelines to, 111, 162–63

China National Petroleum Corporation, 163

CIA, 15. See also Casey, William

on banks, 109

output predictions by, 39, 43, 49–54, 56

Reagan, Casey and, 49–51, 226

CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States), 152

CITIC group of China, 163

Cleland, David, 99

Clinton, Bill, 192

CMEA. See Council of Mutual Economic Assistance

Cohen, Michael D., 197

Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 173

Cold War, 15, 80, 180

COMECON. See Council of Mutual Economic Assistance

“The Coming Russian Boom” (Layard/Parker), 73, 81

communism

capitalism v., 58, 73

collectivization and, 29

Communist Party, Zyuganov and, 68, 229

concessions, 23, 49

for foreigners, 26–27, 39, 174

Conoco, 84–85

ConocoPhillips, 85–86

LUKoil and, 126

Theede and, 229

Constantinople, fall of, 17

consumer goods, 66

corn-hog cycle, 88

Council of Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA, COMECON), 44

Council of the People’s Commissars (CPK), 27

CPC. See Caspian Pipeline Consortium

CPK. See Council of the People’s Commissars

credit ratings, 81, 204

Crimean War, 19

Cuba, 14, 44, 221n77

cultural differences, 86–87

currencies

dollar, euro and ruble as world, 208

imports/exports and value of, 12, 14

reserves, 80–81, 91, 187, 203

Dagestan invasion, 94–95, 172

Danchenko, Igor, 99

Dart, Kenneth, 107, 108

debt, post-1998 recovery and, 75–77, 81, 91

de Gaulle, Charles, 99, 173

Degolyer-McNaughton, 87

Delay, Tom, 177, 178, 225

denationalization, of Baku, 25, 27

depressions, 23, 30, 32

Deripaska, Oleg, 226

Gutseriev, Russneft and, 124, 227

investment abroad, 204

Putin and, 124, 226

Rusal and, 181, 226

Deutsche-Russische Naptha Company, 28

Dienes, Leslie, 182

Dresdner Bank, 158–59, 229

drilling technology, 10–11

assistance with, 22, 26, 31, 79–80, 84, 91, 129, 174

planning, production, innovation and, 39–42

Dudley, Robert, 91, 226

Dutch Disease, 12–14, 190

Dutch East Indies, 21

EADS (Airbus parent company), 203

earth warming, 184, 207

Eastern Oil Company, 111

economic challenges, 202

economic crimes, 67, 101, 105

economic imperialism, 172–76

economy. See also balance of trade, Soviet; financial crash, of 1998; incentive systems; privatization; recovery

energy resources and, 11–15, 32, 48–49, 88–89

USSR collapse and, 49–54, 55–57

efficiency, problems with, 21, 39, 40

electricity

British, 168

disruptions in, 150

gas for, 182

nuclear energy for, 181

Embaneft, 27

Emba, oil fields at, 22, 27

embargoes

on Georgian imports, 150

oil, 25–26, 32, 44, 47, 82, 137

price cutting, OPEC and, 46–47, 82

energy reserves. See also specific countries

Grace on, 87, 183, 216n48, 217n51

size of, 90–92

as state secret, 87

energy resources

alternative, 89, 180–81

conservation of, 78–79

development of, 10–11, 21, 22, 24, 71, 181–84, 188

economy and, 11–15, 32, 48–49, 88–89

exploration/discovery of, 18, 34, 38, 79, 90, 127–29

increased demand for, 77–79, 89–90

politics and, 3, 7, 11, 13, 14, 48–49, 84–85, 138, 163–64, 169

energy security, 3, 7

energy superpower, Russia as, 3, 7, 10, 14–16, 17–32, 97–98

early years, 17–18

energy price collapse impact on, 204

unrestrained, 170–209

Eni (Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi), 229

Gazprom and, 167

Mattei and, 45–46, 227

petroleum and, 136

pipelines and, 149, 156

Enron, 116, 147

environmental regulations, 113, 157. See also pollution

E.ON (German gas company), 229

Gazprom, Gerosgaz and, 222n87

Ruhrgas, Gazprom and, 167–68, 229, 230

E Petroleum Handesges oil company, 108

Epsilon Corporate Finance, 203

Estonia, 153, 159, 166

ethanol, 89, 181

Eural Trans Gas, 146–47, 226

Europe. See also Western Europe, gas supply to; specific countries

map of primary Russian gas pipelines to, 8f

reliance on Russian gas, 166t, 167–69

European Commission, 205

Evans, Donald, 176

exports. See also petroleum exports

duties, and transit fees on gas, 151, 159

Russian imports and, 92t

timber, 29

Exxon-Mobil

competition with, 97

Gazprom v., 142

Raymond and, 228

in Sakhalin, 72, 128–29, 131, 135

Yukos and, 86, 112–13, 115, 123

“faces in the snow” incident, 102

Fahd, King (of Saudi Arabia), 51

FBI, investigations by, 147–48

Federal Narcotics Control Service (FNCS), 200, 226

Federov, Boris, 140–41, 226

Feniks, 108

filling stations, 31, 126, 200

Derop, 28

Getty Oil, 3, 87, 125, 169, 204, 230

in United Kingdom, 45

financial crash, of 1998, 14, 60, 73–77, 93–94, 108, 227, 228

banks and, 74–77, 93, 170

GDP and, 74, 76, 107

stocks and, 73–77, 81, 94

Finansgroup Investment Fund, 228

Finland

crude oil from, 45

gas to, 2, 166, 168

petroleum to, 49

Firtash, Dmytro, 146–47, 226

flaring, natural gas, 42–43, 131–33, 184, 186

FNCS. See Federal Narcotics Control Service

FNK (Finansovaia Neftyanaia Kompaniia—Financial Oil Company), 65

FOP (Friends of Putin), 96, 139, 192, 200

double dipping by, 194–98

foreigners. See also specific companies/individuals

attitude towards, 70–71, 83, 127

car manufacturers, 202

concessions for, 26–27, 39, 174

help from, 31–32, 34

investments by, 87–88, 98

opening for, 83–85

return of, 26–29

Foreign Trade Organization (FTO), 68

France

nuclear energy and, 137, 181

pipelines and, 153

reliance on Russian gas, 166–67, 168

Fridman, Mikhail, 226

Alfa Bank and, 64, 66, 226

TNK and, 64, 66–67, 226, 230

Front Uni, 25–26

FSB, 195

Patrushev as head of, 196, 200, 228

Putin as head of, 93

Stepashin as head of, 228

struggles within, 200

FTO. See Foreign Trade Organization

Fursin, Ivan, 147, 226

Gaddy, Clifford, 98–99

Gaidar, Yegor, 50, 52, 53, 226

gas. See natural gas

Gas Exporting Countries’ Forum. See GECF

Gasunie (Dutch pipeline company), 167, 229

Gates, Bill, 59, 115

Gaz (auto plant), 204

Gaz de France, 167

Gazexport, 143

Gazoviki, 132, 184

Gazprom, 2

asset stripping and, 104, 139–41, 143

BP, Trinidad-Tabago facility and, 131–32, 179

Chernomyrdin and, 48, 59–61, 100–101, 104–5, 140, 226

ENI and, 167

E.ON, Gerosgaz and, 222n87

E.ON, Ruhrgas and, 167–68, 229, 230

Exxon-Mobil v., 142

Federov and, 140–41, 226

foreign investments, 205–6, 224n55

gas flow control by, 1–3, 7–9

government ownership of, 2–3

Hermitage Capital Management Fund and, 226

as “holy of holies,” 142–44

ITERA and, 61, 104–5, 141–42, 146–48, 183

Kovykta, TNK-BP and, 131–32, 162, 185, 229

Medvedev, A., and, 3, 143, 163, 169, 227

Medvedev, D., and, 104, 140, 141, 143, 202, 227

Miller and, 104, 140–42, 143, 146, 169, 190–91, 200, 227

Nord Stream and, 157–59, 167, 230

overcommitment and, 181–84

ownership of, 83

as partner, 202–3

Putin and, 83, 100–101, 104–5, 139–44, 190–91

reclaiming, 104–5

Rosneft and, 83, 173, 184, 186, 190–91

Ruhrgas and, 83, 168, 230

in Sakhalin, 129–33

Sibneft and, 123, 184, 186, 230

skyscraper built by, 198

as state unto itself, 185–87

tour/visit to, 1–2

Ukraine, Turkmenistan and, 146–48, 226

Vyakhirev and, 48–49, 60–61, 100–101, 104–5, 140–41, 146, 226, 229

Wintershall and, 157, 167, 230

Yukos and, 120–21

Gazprombank, 142

GazpromExport, 145

Gazprom Konsern, 100

Gazprom natural gas pipelines, 1–4, 7–10, 83, 132, 183–84. See also Blue Stream; Nord Stream; SEGP; South Stream

Baltic Sea bypass and, 156–59

construction cost of, 197

expansion abroad, 152, 153t, 154

Grace on, 132

pipelines in Asia and, 162–63

seeking way around, 149–52

Gazpromneft (formerly Sibneft), 121, 123, 186

GDP (gross domestic product)

China’s, 78, 90

financial crash and, 74, 76, 107

oil production and, 80t

recovery of economy and, 96–97

Russian v. U.S., 56

GECF (Gas Exporting Countries’ Forum),

165, 179, 206, 229

General Electric, 48, 137, 142

General Motors, 202, 204

Georgia

gas supplies to, 49, 168

import embargo, 150

pipelines and, 149–51, 152–54, 161–62

Tbilisi, 20, 149, 154, 161

Gerashchenko, Viktor, 226

purge and, 100, 104–5

Russian Central Bank and, 100, 104–5, 226

Gergiev, Valery, 93

Germany

Derop filling stations in, 28

exports to Nazi, 28–29, 30, 31

gas to, 2, 47, 82, 136–37, 153, 157–60, 166–68

nuclear energy and, 158

Russian kerosene consumption v., 21

Gerosgaz, 222n87

Getty Oil filling stations, 3, 87, 125, 169, 204, 230

Ghana, 44

Goldman Sachs, 75–76

Gololobov, Dmitry, 116, 118

Gonzales, Alberto, 222n9

Gorbachev, Mikhail

1985 perestroika campaign, 52

financial crash and, 93

on reform, 60, 106

Thatcher and, 209

Gorin, Sergei and Olga, 108

Gosbank, 105

Gosplan, 38, 57–58

government securities, 75–76

Grace, John, 39, 71, 197

on energy reserves, 87, 182, 216n48, 217n51

on Gazprom pipeline, 132

grain, 24, 29, 52

Great Britain

electricity, 168

gas to, 167, 168–69

oil exports to, 20

takeover and denationalization of Baku, 25, 27

Greece

gas supply to, 153

pipeline between Bulgaria and, 161–62

Gref, German, 96, 182, 192

Grozneft, 27

Grozny oil fields, 22, 27, 33

Guantanamo, 171

Guinea, 44

Gulf Oil (Chevron), 44

Gunvor (petroleum-selling company), 229

Gupta, Raj Kumar, 110

Gurov, W., 28

Gusinsky, Vladimir, 226

Media-Most and, 102, 103, 226

politics and, 102–4

purge and, 100, 102–4, 105

Gutseriev, Mikhael, 124, 200, 227

Gyurcsany, Ferenc, 155–56, 227

Halliburton, 70, 79

Harvard Management Company, 125

Hayward, Tony, 127, 227

Hermitage Capital Management Fund, 143, 226

Highrock Holding, 147–48

Hitler, Adolf, 33

How Russia Became a Market Economy (Aslund), 73

Hungary

gas pipelines and, 153–56, 168, 227

Gyurcsany and, 155–56, 227

NABUCCO, Austria and, 9–10, 155–56

reliance on Russian gas, 166

IMF. See International Monetary Fund

imperialism, economic, 172–76

imports

embargo on Georgian, 150

exports, currency value and, 12, 14

Russia as oil importer, 39, 49, 53

Russian exports and, 92t

Russian, to U.S., 3–4, 7

incentive systems, 30, 39–43

income, per capita, Russia v. Portugal’s, 96

India, 25, 44

increased demand/consumption in, 78, 90, 173, 180

PSAs with, 72

industrial production, recovery and, 95t, 96–97, 171

inflation, 13, 56, 57, 58, 66, 74, 79

Inkombank, 107

International Energy Agency, 89, 132

International Energy Authority, 79

International Monetary Fund (IMF), 75–76, 207–8

INTERROS, 68–69

Iran, 13, 46, 186

gas reserves of, 139

GECF and, 179

OGEC and, 164, 165

Iraq, 46

LUKoil in, 126

U.S. and, 52, 71, 199, 207, 208–9

Isaikin, Anatoly, 193

Israel, 49

Italy

gas to, 153, 166–67, 168

oil imports, 28

ITERA, 229

Gazprom and, 61, 104–5, 141–42, 146–48, 183

Makarov and, 104, 146, 147, 177, 227

U.S. grant to/raid of, 177, 222n9

Weldon’s daughter and, 177, 229

Ivanov, Sergei, 192, 193, 196

Ivanov, Viktor, 192, 193

Ivan, story about, 67

Ivan the Terrible, 17

Izvestia, 202

Jamestown Foundation, 102

Japan, 12

conservation in, 79

pipelines in, 162, 163

PSAs with, 72

in Sakhalin, 26, 72, 128–30, 185

Jetts gas stations, 126

John Brown Engineering, 48, 138

Johnson, Alan, 169

Johnson, Simon, 56

Karaganov, Sergei, 163–64, 187

Kaufman, Daniel, 56

Kazakhstan

Cheney, gas pipeline and, 149, 154

pipelines and, 7, 149–50, 153–54, 160–61, 163, 181, 186

Kazmunai, 163

kerosene, 17–19, 21

Kharyaga oil field, 71, 132–33, 135, 229

KhimProm, 193

Khodorkovsky, Mikhail, 227

Lebedev and, 116, 120, 227

Menatep and, 64, 76, 106–9, 227, 230

in Nefteyugansk, 65

Nevzlin and, 228

Petukhov and, 65, 108–9

politics and, 103

purge and, 100, 103, 105–20, 123

Yukos and, 64, 65, 72, 76, 79, 86, 100, 105–20, 123, 135, 227, 230

Khrushchev, Nikita, 41, 142

King, William, 99

Kiriyenko, Sergei, 94, 109, 227

“kiting their checks,” 74

Koch, Roland, 205

Kogalym oil field, 61

Kohl, Helmut, 52, 136, 227

Kolesov, Sergei, 108

Korneyeva, Valentina, 108

Korzhakov, Alexander, 65, 102, 227

Kosachev, Konstantin, 208, 227

Kosciusko-Morizet, Jacques, 111

Kostina, Olga, 108

Kovykta, 131–32, 135, 162, 174, 185, 229

krisha (roof ), 113

Kryshtanovskaia, Olga, 192

Kudrin, Alexei, 96, 192, 201, 227

Kumarin, Vladimir, 200

Kursk nuclear submarine, 103

Kuryer (cooperative), 66

Kuwait, 46

land claims, Russian, 207

Langepaz oil field, 61

Latvia, 49, 153, 159, 166, 168

Layard, Richard, 73, 81

Lebedev, Platon, 115, 116, 117, 120, 227

Lend Lease contracts, 27, 33

Lenin, Nikolai, 12, 174

Lenz, petroleum reserve data and, 87

Libya, 13

Lietuvos Dujos, 168

life expectancy, 198

Lithuania, 49, 153, 159, 166, 168

Litvinenko, Alexander, 208, 227

LNG (liquified natural gas)

spot market for, 139, 165, 179, 181

tankers for, 47–48, 82, 138

to U.S., 4, 7, 132, 179, 206

Loans for Shares, 64–65, 76, 106, 146

Potanin and, 63–65, 68

Rosneft and, 62, 64–65, 121–22

Long Term Capital Management (LTCM), 76–77

Loze, Bernard, 110–11

LTCM. See Long Term Capital Management

Lugar, Richard, 164

Lugovoi, Andrei, 208, 227

Lukashenko, Alexsander, 151, 227

LUKoil, 230

Alekperov and, 61, 65, 85, 125, 197, 225, 230

ConocoPhillips and, 126

Getty Oil filling stations purchased by, 3, 87, 125, 169, 204, 230

in Iraq, 126

in Komi Republic, 128, 219n70

Mobil and, 3, 125

stock, 85, 216n34

Lummus, 27

machinery, 202

MAD. See Mutually Assured Destruction

mafia

banks controlled by, 109

FBI and, 147

Federov and, 141

St. Petersburg, 192–94

Washington, 192, 194

Magna, 204

Maiko oil fields, 22

Makarov, Igor, 104, 146, 147, 177, 227

manufacturing, 12–15, 202

MAR. See Mutually Assured Restraint

Marathon Oil, 227

Marinsky Opera of St. Petersburg, 93

Maritime Provinces of Russian Far East, 198–99

Mattei, Enrico, 45–46, 227

Matvenyeko, Valentina, 196, 208, 227

Media-Most, 102, 103, 226

Medvedev, Alexander, 3, 143, 163, 169, 227

Medvedev, Dmitry, 227

on Baku, 22

as FOP, 192, 193

Gazprom and, 104, 140, 141, 143, 202, 227

as Putin’s nominee for president, 201–2

Menatep (cooperative), 106

Menatep Bank, 230

Khodorkovsky and, 64, 76, 106–9, 227, 230

Yukos and, 106–9, 227

Merkel, Angela, 159, 204

Mexico, 21

Middle East, dependence on, 3, 46–47, 81–82, 126, 136–37, 157

military, Russian, 13, 14, 15, 97, 207

Miller, Alexei, 104, 140–42, 143, 146, 169, 190–91, 200, 227

Miller (company), petroleum reserve data and, 87

“Mineral’no-syr’evye resursy v strategi razvitiia Rossiiskoi ekonomiki,” 97

Ministry of Foreign Trade, 28

Ministry of Fuel and Energy, 61

Ministry of the Chemical Industry, 42

Ministry of the Gas Industry, 2, 3

privatization and, 59–61

production, planning and, 42

Ministry of the Petroleum Industry, 3

industry breakup and, 61, 62f–63f

production, planning and, 42

Misamore, Bruce, 110, 118, 227

Mitsubishi, 72, 128, 130

Mitsui, 72, 128, 130

Mittal, 203

Mobil, 3, 125. See also Exxon-Mobil

Mogilevich, Semion, 148, 228

MOL (Hungarian natural gas utility), 230

Moldova, 49, 150, 152, 153, 168

“moral infrastructure,” 190

Morse, Edward, 89

Moskovy, 17

Most Bank, 226

Mulva, James, 85

Mussolini, Benito, 28, 31

Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD), 15, 178, 207

Mutually Assured Restraint (MAR), 15, 178–80

NABUCCO (pipeline), 161, 230

Hungary, Austria and, 9–10, 155–56

South Stream v., 230

Naftasib, 177

Naftogaz, 146, 152

Napoleon, 40

Naryshkin, Sergei, 192, 193

“national champions”

economic imperialism and, 172–74

Gaddy on, 98–99

Putin and, 15, 98–99, 100t, 101, 104, 105, 124–26, 128, 141, 172–73

nationalization. See also denationalization, of Baku; renationalization

of oil fields, 24–26, 45

third world and, 44

NATO countries

contracts with, 164

Putin on, 208

natural gas, 136–69. See also LNG; specific companies/countries

availability of Russian, 188, 189t

coal as substitute for, 178

controlling flow of, 1–3, 7–9, 15, 48–49, 82, 138, 145, 151–52, 156–58, 186, 205–6

costs of, 8–9

for electricity, 182

Europe’s reliance on, 166t, 167–69

flaring, 42–43, 131–33, 184, 186

intermediaries and, 145–49

MAR and, 178–80

market for petroleum v., 164–65

oil prices v., 164–65, 179

as petroleum byproduct, 183–84, 186

privatization and, 59–61

subsidies, 144, 151

transit fees and export duties on, 151, 159

transportation of, 82

to Western Europe, 2, 15, 48–49, 82, 92, 151–52, 153t, 154–60, 166t, 167–69

natural gas pipelines, 47–48, 82. See also Gazprom natural gas pipelines

Baltic Sea, 156–60, 161, 167

bypass/alternatives, 9, 149–52, 156–60, 181, 186

Caspian Sea, 156, 160–62, 221n73

map of government-proposed Far East, 9f

map of primary Russian, to Europe, 8f

poker game, 152–54

power out of, 136–39

preventing southern route, 154–56

Nazarbayev, Nursultan, 154, 228

Nazi-Soviet Pact, 29, 30

Neft Aktiv, 120

Neftesyndikate, 27–28

Nefteyugansk, 65, 230

NEGF. See North-European Gas Pipeline Company

NEGP (North European Gas Pipeline), 230

Nelson Resources, 204

Nenets Autonomous Region, 84–85, 133, 226

Nenets Oil Company, 133

NEP. See New Economic Policy

nepotism, 16, 158, 196t, 197

Netherlands, 12, 166, 167, 202

Nevzlin, Leonid, 108, 118, 228

New Economic Policy (NEP), 26

newspapers, 102, 141

NFK (Neftyanaia Finansovaia Kompaniia), 65

Nigeria, 13, 181

Niyazov, Saparmurat, 146, 228

Nobel, Ludwig, 19–20, 228

Nobel, Robert, 228

competition for markets and, 18–20

Standard Oil and, 25

Noga, 120, 205–6

nomenclatura, 100, 101, 105

Nord Stream (Russian-German pipeline), 230

Gasunie as partner in, 229

Gazprom and, 157–59, 167, 230

Schroeder and, 157–59, 176–77, 228

Warnig and, 158–59, 229

Norex (Canadian oil development company), 230

NOREX Petroleum of Canada, 69

Norilsk Nickel, 224n55, 230

Potanin and, 64–65, 68–69, 182, 230

Norsk Hydro of Norway, 133

Nortgaz, 124

Northern Oil, 114, 229

Northern Territories, 84

North-European Gas Pipeline Company (NEGF), 157

North Pole, 207

North Sea

gas from, 47, 82, 137

petroleum from, 51

Norway, 13, 82, 138, 166, 178

Novatek, 105, 133, 167, 183

Novorossiysk, 161

NTV (TV network), 102–3

nuclear energy

for electricity, 180

France and, 137, 180

Germany and, 158

nuclear weapons, 178

OAO Gazprom, 100

Odessa-Brody pipeline, 162

offshore locations, 10, 71, 128–30

OGEC (Organization of Gas Exporting Countries), 164–65, 180, 230

oil fields. See also specific fields

development of, 228

nationalization of, 24–26, 45

oil pipelines

Baku-Tbilisi-Batumi, 20, 26

Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan, 149, 154, 160–61

map of government-proposed Far East, 9f

map of primary Russian, to Europe, 8f

to Murmansk, 111

Nobel, L., and, 19

Trans-Balkan, 161

Trans-Caucasian, 161

Transneft, 111, 134, 186

oil prices. See also price cutting

bargaining power and, 49

cycles in, 88–89

demand and, 90

gas v., 164–65, 179

privatization and, 56, 69, 72

production and, 35t-37t, 49–54, 77, 79–80, 88–89, 171f

recovery of economy and, 96, 170–71

oil production. See also specific countries

auction royalty system for, 23

GDP and, 80t

price cutting, overabundance and limiting, 44

Putin’s presidency and, 99

Russia as largest petroleum producer, 4t-6t, 11, 15–16, 24, 50, 79, 89

U.S. v. Russian, 4t-6t, 11, 20–22, 29, 32, 35t-37t

Okulov, Valery, 103

oligarchs. See also banks; siloviki; specific individuals

politics and, 102–4

privatization and, 58–59, 64, 69

Putin and, 99, 100–116, 117t-119t, 171, 194–98, 200–201

OMV (Austrian utility company), 154, 156, 230

OneksimBank, 65, 68, 230

ONGC Videsh, 72

OPEC. See Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

Orenberg gas processing plant, 60

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

GECF v., 179

OGEC v., 164–65

price cutting and, 46–47, 82, 165

Saudi Arabia and, 46, 88–89

Orsk refinery, 59

ORT (TV network), 65, 103, 123, 225

Ossetia, 149–50

Pakistan, 44

Palashkovsky, S. S., 20

Paris Club, 81

Parker, John, 73, 91

Parsees, 17

Patrushev, Nikolai, 196, 200, 228

Persian Gulf, 82, 137, 157

Persians, 17–18, 19, 25, 28

Peter the Great, 17–18

petroleum. See also oil fields; oil pipelines; oil prices; oil production; wells; specific companies/countries

auction system for selling, 18

availability of Russian, 188, 189t

breakup/privatization of industry, 61, 62f-63f, 83–85

byproduct gas of, 183–84, 186

companies, expansion abroad, 173–74, 175t

decline in production, 56, 71–72

as diplomatic weapon, 43–49

extraction with rags and buckets, 18

franchising system for selling, 18

lower standard of living and per capita consumption of, 21

market for gas v., 164–65

reserve data companies, 87

Russia v. U.S. production, 4t-6t, 11, 20–22, 29, 32, 35t-37t, 46

Saudi Arabian production, 11, 13, 35t-37t, 79, 91

Soviet balance of trade and, 29–31

stagnation, 22–24

petroleum exports. See also specific countries

politics and, 28–29, 31–32

post-1998 recovery and, 73–92

Sutton on, 29, 213n51

Petukhov, Vladimir, 65, 108–9, 228

Philbro Energy Products, 84

Phillips Electronics, 93

Pichugin, Alexei, 108, 115, 117

pipelines. See natural gas pipelines; oil pipelines; specific countries/pipelines

planning, production and innovation, 39–43

Poland, 153, 156, 159, 162, 166

Polar Lights, 84

politicians, for sale, 176–78

politics

economic blockades against China and Cuba, 221n77

energy resources and, 3, 7, 11, 13, 14, 48–49, 84–85, 138, 163–64, 169

oil exports and, 28–29, 31–32

oligarchs and, 102–4

social problems and, 199

pollution, 128, 131, 159, 185, 219n70

Polo, Marco, 17

population, shrinking, 198–99

Portugal, 28, 96, 153

Potanin, Vladimir

banks and, 68–69

Loans for Shares and, 63–65, 68

Norilsk Nickel and, 64–65, 68–69, 182, 230

OneksimBank and, 65, 68, 230

Sidanko and, 65, 68, 69–70

poverty, 96, 199

Prana, 122

price cutting, 20, 23, 32

OPEC and, 46–47, 82, 165

overabundance/limiting oil production and, 44

Seven Sisters and, 45–46

PricewaterhouseCoopers (PWC), 122–23

Primakov, Evgeny, 94, 228

princelings, 196t, 197

privatization

chaos and, 57–59

fight over spoils and, 188, 190–91

gas and, 59–61

incentives and, 53

oil prices and, 56, 69, 72

oligarchs and, 58–59, 64, 69

petroleum industry breakup and, 61, 62f-63f, 83–85

in post-Soviet era, 55–72

renationalization v., 133, 173–74, 176, 184

taxes and, 56–57, 61, 64, 84–85

vouchers and, 58, 60, 106, 107

production. See also oil production

industrial, recovery and, 95t, 96–97, 171

planning, innovation and, 39–43

plan targets and, 30–31, 53

Production Sharing Agreements (PSAs), 71–72, 86

Sakhalin and, 71–72, 129–33, 174

taxes and, 174

Turkmenistan and, 148

productivity, 4, 196

profit and loss, 30, 45

Protek, 200

PSAs. See Production Sharing Agreements

purges, 99, 100–120, 226. See also specific companies/individuals

Putin, Vladimir. See also FOP

at Balkan Energy Cooperative Summit, 49

Berezovsky and, 100–104, 105, 123, 172, 225

Bush and, 208–9

Chechnia and, 94–95, 102, 172

Deripaska and, 124, 226

dissertation by, 97–99

foreign firms and, 85–87

Gazprom and, 83, 100–101, 104–5, 139–44, 190–91

Kudrin and, 192, 201, 227

“national champions” and, 15, 98–99, 100t, 101, 104, 105, 124–26, 128, 141, 172–73

on NATO, 208

oligarchs and, 99, 100–116, 117t-119t, 171, 194–98, 200–201

politics and, 102–4

as president, 15, 99–101, 139

as prime minister, 93–96, 103, 170, 172, 201

purges, 99, 100–120, 226

on Russia’s reliability, 164

Schroeder on, 172

Sobchak and, 97, 139, 192, 228

state of the nation speech, 2006, 142

three envelopes, Yeltsin and, 194

Timchenko, Gunvor and, 229

as Time “Man of the Year,” 171

TNK-BP and, 70, 126–27

too many foreigners, 87

TV networks and, 102

Warnig and, 158–59, 229

on World Trade Organization and IMF, 207–8

PWC. See PricewaterhouseCoopers

Qatar

gas reserves of, 139

GECF and, 179

OGEC and, 164, 165

QM Group, 69

racial tensions, 23

Raiffeisen Bank, 147

Raiffeisen Investment AG, 147

RAO Gazprom, 100

Rapallo Pact, of 1922, 159

Raymond, Lee, 112–13, 228

Reagan, Ronald, 48–51, 82, 137–38, 226

Rebgun, Eduard K., 122

recessions, 75, 77, 180

recovery

of economy, 14–16, 95t, 96–97, 170–71, 203

post-1998, petroleum export and, 73–92

refinery construction, 26, 27

reform

Gorbachev on, 60, 106

transparency and, 110–11

renationalization, 15, 134t, 135

privatization v., 133, 173–74, 176, 184

of Sibneft, 15, 104, 123–24, 134

of Yukos, 15, 105, 123, 174

Renova, 229, 230

Revolutions

1905 Russian, 23

1917 Bolshevik, 23, 24–26, 174

RN-Razvitiye, 122

Rockefeller, John D., 19–20, 228

Roketsky, Leonid, 70, 228

Romania, 34, 154

Romashkino, 31, 34, 230

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 76

ROP. See Russian Oil Products

Rosneft

Bogdanchikov and, 114–15, 190–91, 200, 225

breakup and reconsolidation of petroleum industry and, 61, 62f-63f

Conoco and, 84

Gazprom and, 83, 173, 184, 186, 190–91

Loans for Shares and, 62, 64–65, 121–22

at Sakhalin, 72

Sechin and, 191, 195, 228

as state-owned, 3, 15

Vavilov, Northern Oil and, 114, 229

Yukos and, 79, 106, 120–23, 124, 127, 176, 190–91, 217n15, 225, 230

Rosneftegaz (Russian Oil and Gas), 61

Rosoboronexport, 124, 134

Rostekhnology, 193

RosUkrEnergo (RUE), 145–48, 226

Rothschild brothers, 20, 23, 228

Royal Dutch Shell, 28, 44, 71. See also Shell

RUE. See RosUkrEnergo

Ruhrgas (German natural gas company), 83, 167–68, 229, 230

Rusal (aluminum company), 123, 182, 226

Rusia Petroleum, 131

Russia. See also USSR

companies as partners, 202–4

as energy superpower, 3, 7, 10, 14–16, 17–32, 97–98, 170–209

investments abroad, 87–88, 169, 204–6, 224n55

investments in U.S., 87–88, 169, 206

as largest gas producer, 180

as largest petroleum producer, 4t-6t, 11, 15–16, 24, 50, 79, 89, 180

new assertive, 206–9

as oil exporter, 20–21

as oil importer, 39, 49, 53

overcommitment by, 181–84, 187

U.S. investments in, 87–88

U.S. petroleum production v., 4t-6t, 11, 20–22, 29, 32, 35t-37t

as victim of Dutch disease, 12–14

Russian Central Bank, 91, 100, 104–5, 187, 203, 226

Russian Credit Bank, 107

Russian Disease, 12, 190–91

Russian Oil Products (ROP), 28

Russneft, 124, 200, 227

RWE, 156

Rybin, Yevgeny, 108

Saakashvili, Mikhail, 150–51, 228

Sakhalin, 128–33, 162

Gazprom in, 129–33

Japanese in, 26, 72, 128–30, 185

PSAs and, 71–72, 129–33, 174

Sakhalin I, 72, 128, 131

Sakhalin II, 71–72, 129, 130, 135, 163, 185

Sakhalinmorneftegaz, 72

Sale & Company, 28

Samaraneftegaz, 121

Samotlor (oil-producing site), 38, 69, 230

Sarkozy, Nicolas, 173

Saudi Arabia

ARAMCO Consortium and, 21

OPEC and, 46, 88–89

petroleum production and, 11, 13, 35t-37t, 78, 79, 91

reserves of, 139, 180

Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and, 50–54

SBS/AGRO bank, 65, 68, 228

Scaroni, Paolo, 89

Schlumberger, 26, 79

Schroeder, Gerhard, 228

gas and, 82, 136, 157–59

Nord Stream and, 157–59, 176–77, 228

on Putin, 172

Schweizer, Peter, 50–51

Sechin, Igor, 191, 192, 193, 195, 200, 228

SEGP (Turkey-Western Europe pipeline), 155–56, 230

Semenov, A. G., 18

Seven Sisters, 44–46, 136

Severstal, 203, 224n55

shabashniki (private work crews), 67

Shafranik, Yury, 114

Shah Deniz field, 154

Shell

arrangements with, 31

during Bolshevik Revolution, 25, 26

competition with, 97

General Motors and, 202

Rothschild brothers and, 23

in Sakhalin, 128–32, 135, 163, 174, 185

Shiobara, T., 197

Shleifer, Andrei, 56

shock therapy, 107, 226

Shtokman field, 83, 130–31

Shuvalov, Igor, 49, 163, 193, 228

Shvartsman, Oleg, 228

Sibneft, 230

Abramovich and, 104, 112, 123–24, 225, 230

Berezovsky and, 65, 68, 103, 104, 112, 123, 174, 228, 230

Gazprom and, 123, 184, 186, 230

renationalization of, 15, 104, 123–24, 134

Smolensky, Berezovsky and, 65, 68, 228

Sibneftegaz, 142

Sidanko, 65, 68, 69–70, 86

siloviki, 113. See also specific individuals

in business, 192, 193t, 194

children of, 196t, 197

renationalization and control by, 134t

Stabilization Fund, Storchak and, 200–201, 228

Slavneft, 124

Smolensky, Alexander, 65, 67–68, 228

Sobchak, Anatoly, 97, 139, 192, 228

Sochi Winter Olympics, 182

social problems, 198–202

Societa Minerere Italo Belge di Georgia, 26

SODECO, 72

Soiuznefteeexport (Soviet Foreign Trade Organization), 45–46, 68

Solomon Brothers, 84

Soublin, Michel, 111

Southeast Asia

recession in, 75, 77

recovery in, 96

South European Gas Pipeline. See SEGP

South Korea, 12, 162, 163

South Stream (natural gas pipeline), 10, 156, 230

sovereign investment funds, 204–5

Soviet Union. See USSR

Spain, 28

Stabilization Fund

monies in, 187

Storchak, siloviki and, 200–201, 228

Stalin, Joseph, 23, 30

Standard Oil

arrangements with, 28, 31

breakup of, 44

of California (today’s Chevron), 44

concessions and, 25–26

of New Jersey, 25, 44

of New York, 26, 28

Nobel brothers and, 25

Rockefeller and, 19–20, 228

The State Within a State (Albats), 195

steel, 40–41, 203, 224n55

Stepashin, Sergei, 94, 228

Stern, Jonathan, 183

Stillwater Mining, 69, 204, 224n55

stocks, 73–77, 81, 94. See also Loans for Shares

Stolichney (Capital) Bank, 67–68

Storchak, Sergei, 200–201, 203, 228

St. Petersburg Fuel Company, 200

“Strategic Planning and Policy” (King/Cleland), 99

“The Strategic Planning of the Reproduction of the Resource Bases” (Putin), 97–99

Strauss-Kahn, Dominique, 208

strikes, 23

SUAL (aluminum company), 225, 229, 230

Suez Canal, 82, 157

supply and demand, 88–90, 164–65, 180, 182–83, 187–88

Supreme Council of the National Economy (VSNKH), 27

Surgutneftegaz, 61, 65, 124–25, 174, 197, 225

Sutton, Anthony, 27, 29, 213n51

Svartsman, Oleg S., 195

SVR (Foreign Intelligence Service), 195

Sweden, 28, 159–60

Switzerland, 12, 168

Taiwan, 12

tankers, for LNG, 47–48, 82, 138

tariffs

barriers, manufacturing and, 202

on imports of American kerosene, 19

Tatar ASSR (Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic), 34

taxes. See also specific companies

flat income, 79, 96, 151

privatization and, 56–57, 61, 64, 84–85

PSAs and, 174

Tbilisi, Georgia, 20, 149, 154, 161

terrorism, 82, 94

Terzian, Pierre, 184

Texas Company (Texaco, Chevron), 44

Thailand, 75

Thatcher, Margaret, 48, 138, 209

Theede, Steven, 110, 117, 229

Timan Pechora fields, 84

timber exports, 29

Timchenko, Gennady, 229

TNK. See Tyumen Oil

TNK-BP (BP/Tyumen Oil joint venture), 230

Dudley and, 91, 226

formation of, 64, 70–71, 86–87

Gazprom, Kovykta and, 131–32, 162, 185, 229

Putin and, 70, 126–27

Renova and, 230

Yukos and, 122

Togliatti, 202

Togobank, 93

Tolf, Robert, 25

Tomskneft, 121

Tosovsky, Josef, 208

Total (French company)

Kharyaga oil field and, 71, 132–33, 135, 229

Shtokman and, 130–31

trade surplus, 80, 91, 92t

Trans-Balkan Oil Pipeline, 161

Trans-Caucasian petroleum pipeline, 161

transfer pricing, 107–8, 217n15

Transneft, 111, 134, 186

transparency

lack of, 125

reform and, 110–11

Trinidad-Tabago facility, 131–32, 179

trusts, operating, 27–28

Turkey, 168

control of Black Sea, 17, 20

occupation of Baku, 24–25, 27

pipelines and, 149, 153–56, 160–61, 229, 230

reliance on Russian gas, 166

Turkmenistan

Gazprom, Ukraine and, 146–48, 226

pipelines and, 7, 146, 153–54, 160, 186

PSAs and, 148

Tusk, Donald, 159

TV networks, 171–72

NTV, 102–3

ORT, 65, 103, 123, 225

reclaiming, 102

Tyumen Oil (TNK), 230. See also TNK-BP

Access Industries and, 66, 225

Blavatnik and, 66–67, 230

Fridman and, 64, 66–67, 226, 230

Norex and, 230

playing hardball, 69–71

Roketsky and, 70, 228

Vekselberg and, 86, 229, 230

Ukraine

gas to, 15, 49, 144–48, 150–53, 156, 158–59, 168, 183, 186, 226, 228

Gazprom, Turkmenistan and, 146–48, 226

market price and, 144–45

Odessa-Brody pipeline, 162

Ukrgaz-Energo, 145–46

UNESCO, 198

United Arab Emirates

foreign investment in, 150

gas reserves in, 139

United Kingdom. See also Great Britain

gas from, 166

Gazprom and, 168–69

United States (U.S.)

Canadian gas to, 7, 139, 179

gas produced/consumed in, 179

grant to/raid of ITERA, 177, 222n9

Iraq and, 52, 71, 199, 207, 208–9

kerosene from, 19

LNG to, 4, 7, 132, 179, 206

petroleum consumption in, 78

Russian GDP v., 56

Russian imports to, 3–4, 7

Russian investments in, 87–88, 169, 206

Russian petroleum production v., 4t-6t, 11, 20–22, 29, 32, 35t-37t, 46

Vietnam and, 52, 199

Yukos as supplier to, 111

Unitex, 120

Universal Oil Products, 27

Urengoi, 48, 61

U.S. See United States

U.S. Export-Import Bank, 70

USSR

disintegration/collapse of, in 1991, 8, 13, 15, 49–54, 55–57, 83, 174

invasion of Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia and, 50–54

U.S. petroleum production v., 11, 35t-37t

Uzbekistan, 7–8, 154, 186

Valdai Hills Discussion Group, 133, 187–88, 195–96, 198–99, 201–2

van der Veer, Jeroen, 130

Varyeganneftegaz field, 84

Vavilov, Alexander, 114, 229

VEBA, 167

Vekselberg, Viktor, 86, 229, 230

Venezuela, 13, 46, 90, 152

VIAG, 167

Vietnam, 52, 199

Vneshekonombank, 68

Vneshtorgbank, 203

Volga-Ural region, 34, 38–39, 40

Volga-Urals (oil field), 230

vouchers, privatization and, 58, 60, 106, 107

VSMPO-AVISMA, 124, 134

VSNKH. See Supreme Council of the National Economy

Vyakhirev, Rem, 229

Gazprom and, 48–49, 60–61, 100–101, 104–5, 140–41, 146, 226, 229

purge and, 100–101

Warnig, Matthias, 158–59, 229

water injection, of wells, 34, 39, 43, 50, 53

Weldon, Kurt, 177–78, 222n9, 229

wells. See also drilling technology; specific wells

depth of, 22, 40

destroyed during 1905 Revolution, 23

Semenov’s drilling of, 18

water injection of, 34, 39, 43, 50, 53

Western Europe, gas supply to, 2, 15, 48–49, 82, 92, 151–52, 153t, 154–60, 166t, 167–69. See also specific countries

Westerwelle, Guido, 157

West Siberia, 38–39

White Nights, 84

Wilson, Charles E., 3

Wingas (natural gas joint venture), 167, 230

Wintershall (natural gas distribution), 157, 167, 230

World Bank, 132, 184, 208

World Trade Organization, 202, 207

World War II

to 1987, 33–54

damage from, 27

mustard gas containers and, 159

petroleum production after, 31

xenophobia, 71, 87, 113

Yabloko Party, 113, 172, 229

Yavlinsky, Gregorii, 172, 229

Yeltsin, Boris

Berezovsky and, 103

Chechnia and, 55–56, 102, 172

contract kickbacks and daughters of, 94

election campaign, 65, 68, 101, 103

Gazprom and, 60

prime ministers under, 94, 96, 101

three envelopes, Putin and, 194

Yergin, Daniel, 135

Yom Kipper War, 32, 137

Yuganskneftegaz

Gazprom buying gas from, 184

Rosneft seizure from Yukos, 176, 190–91

Yuganstneftegas

Nefteyugansk as main producing site for, 230

visit to, 79

Yuganstneftegaz, 107–8, 120, 134

Yugoslavia, 49

Yugraneft, 69

Yukos, 230

Alfa Bank and, 107

asset stripping and, 107, 111, 112

attack on, 105–20

Bakhmina and, 116, 117, 225

Chevron and, 86, 111–12

Exxon-Mobil and, 86, 112–13, 115, 123

Gazprom and, 120–21

jailed/exiled executives, 116, 117t-119t

Khodorkovsky and, 64, 65, 72, 76, 79, 86, 100, 105–20, 123, 135, 227, 230

Menatep Bank and, 106–9, 227

Misamore and, 110, 118, 227

name as merger, 106

Nefteyugansk as main producing site for, 230

Petukhov and, 108–9, 228

plundering of, 120–23

renationalization of, 15, 105, 123, 174

Rosneft and, 79, 106, 120–23, 124, 127, 176, 190–91, 217n15, 225, 230

seizure by state, 227, 228

as spin off, 61

Theede and, 110, 117, 229

transfer pricing and, 107–8, 217n15

Yushchenko, Viktor, 144, 152, 229

Yuzhno-Russkoye gas field, 167

Zoroaster (oil tanker), 19

Zubkov, Viktor, 192, 199

Zyuganov, Gennady, 68, 229