Pomegranate

References

Introduction

2 John M. Riddle, Goddesses, Elixirs, and Witches: Plants and Sexuality throughout Human History (New York, 2010), p. 17.

3 Such as at Jericho. Other Bronze Age sites have yielded dried pomegranate fruit being used as cups or boxes themselves. Charles Singer, ed., A History of Technology, vol. I: From Early Times to Fall of Ancient Empires (Oxford, 1990), p. 372.

1 Efthymios G. Lazongas, ‘Personification in Myth and Cult: Side, the Personification of the Pomegranate’, in Personification in the Greek World, ed. Emma J. Stafford and Judith Herrin (Farnham, 2005), p. 104.

2 As described in one of the few surviving fragments of Heliodorus’ extensive fifteen-book work on the Athenian Acropolis.

3 Pausanias, Description of Greece: 2.17.4, trans. W.H.S. Jones (Cambridge, MA, 1918), p. 335.

4 Helmut Kyrieleis, ‘The Heraion at Samos’, in Greek Sanctuaries: New Approaches (London, 1995), p. 106.

5 Aeschylus, Eumenides, 657–63.

6 Or in some versions compared to the pomegranate as in Ovid, Metamorphoses, 10.734–8.

7 Clement of Alexandria, Exhortation to the Greeks, 2.15, trans. G. W. Butterworth (Cambridge, MA, 1919), p. 177.

8 The Golden Apple of Discord is one of the fruit from the Garden of the Hesperides, which were fabled to grant immortality. In the myth of Atalanta another golden ‘apple’ leads to sexual conquest.

9 Powys Mathers, The Book of the Thousand Nights and One Night, vol. III (London and New York, 2005), p. 301.

10 Ibid., p. 401.

11 Shahnameh 1.21–3.

12 Ignacz Kunos, Forty-four Turkish Fairy Tales (London, 1913), p. 171.

13 Ibid.

14 Ibid., p. 172.

15 Reader’s Digest, Timeless Tales from Many Lands (New York, 2001), p. 330.

16 Homa A. Ghahremani, ‘Simorgh: An Old Persian Fairy Tale’, Sunrise Magazine (June/July 1984).

1 Jean Bottéro, The Oldest Cuisine in the World: Cooking in Mesopotamia, trans. Teresa Lavender Fagan (Chicago, IL, 2004), pp. 101–2.

2 Samuel Kramer, The Sacred Marriage Rite: Aspects of Faith, Myth, and Ritual in Ancient Sumer (Bloomington, IN, 1969), p. 100.

3 Sidney Smith, ‘Pomegranate as a Charm’, Man, XXV (1925), p. 142.

4 John M. Riddle, Goddesses, Elixirs, and Witches: Plants and Sexuality throughout Human History (New York, 2010), p. 20.

5 Sara Immerwahr, ‘The Pomegranate Vase: Its Origins and Continuity’, Hesperia, LVIII/4 (1989), p. 408.

6 Pausanias, 9.25.1

7 Philostratus, Images, 2.29.

8 Nikolaos Kaltsas, Sculpture in the National Archaeological Museum, Athens (Los Angeles, CA, 2002), p. 48.

9 Philostatus, Vita Apollonii, 4.28.

10 Odyssey, 7.113.

11 Herodotus 7.41.

12 Herodotus 4.143.

13 Plutarch, The Parallel Lives: Artaxerxes, 4.3, trans Bernadotte Perrin (Cambridge, MA, 1923), p. 135.

14 Pliny, Natural History, 13.2, 20.82, 21.84, 22.70, 23.16, 23.42, 23.43, 23.57, 23.58, 23.60, 24.54, 29.11, 30.16.