Russia: A History - читать бесплатно онлайн полную версию книги автора Gregory L. Freeze (INDEX) #25

INDEX

Abkhazia 520–1

ABM see Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty

abortion 332–3, 361, 482, 550

Abramovich, R. 525

absolutism 45, 86, 92, 161, 166, 186

Academy of Sciences 115, 118–9, 130, 162–3, 174, 287, 447, 482

‘acceleration’ (uskorenie) 454, 456

acmeism 266, 388

Addison, J. 266, 338

Admiralty 120

Adrian, Patriarch 108, 119, 543

Adzhubei, A. 434

Afghanistan 428, 445, 448–9, 515, 553–4

Africa 389, 445

Aganbegian, A. 429–30, 453

Agapetus 59

Agricultural Sciences, Academy of 397

agriculture 34–7, 42, 66, 138, 145, 153, 209, 215–6, 218, 226, 280, 285, 302, 314, 316–7, 322–4, 326, 328, 335, 341–2, 344, 349, 354, 355, 363, 372, 386, 391, 397, 407, 411, 422, 424, 430–1, 440–1, 449–50, 452, 455–6, 475–6, 522

Ahasuerus and Esther 87

AIDS 483

Aivazovskii, I. 193

Akhmatova, A. 339, 396–7

Alaska 194

alcoholism 444, 453

Aleksandrov, G.A. 414

Alekseev, M.V. 296

Aleksii II, Patriarch 514, 562

Alexander I 165–6, 168, 185–6, 188, 191, 193, 202, 545–7

Alexander II 202, 223, 226, 230–2, 234, 240, 250, 256, 546

Alexander III 240, 256, 278, 547

Alexander Nevsky 15–16, 68, 539–40

Alexander of Tver 17, 19–20

Alexander the Great 123

Alexandra 271

Alexandria, patriarch of, 89

Alexis, Metropolitan 26, 58

Alexis, Tsar 79–80, 82–5, 87–8

Alexis, tsarevich 116, 120–2

All-Union Communist Party (Bolshevik) 317; see also Communist Party of the Soviet Union

Alma-Ata, 464, 550, 554

alphabet, Cyrillic, 306, 543

Altai, 194, 481

Amsterdam 78, 93

Amur River 98, 441

Ancient Russian Library 164

Andreeva, N. 460, 554

Andrei, prince 12, 16, 539

Andrei (Bogoliubskii), prince 12, 539

Andropov, Iu. 418, 438, 447, 449, 452–3, 553

Andrusovo, Armistice of, 86, 98, 542

Anglo-Russian Trade Agreement (1921) 320

Anglo-Russian Trade Treaty (1734) 129

Anna 6

Anna Ivanovna, empress 116, 124–9, 131, 146, 544

Anna Leopol’dovna 128

Anna Petrovna 124

Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM) 517, 557, 559

Anti-Christ 97, 101

anti-party group 422, 552

anti-religious campaign 337, 350, 429

Antioch, patriarch of, 89

apanage (udel) 19, 38

‘April Theses’ 281

Arakcheev, A. 180

Aral Sea 372

Archangel 102–3, 129, 419, 542

architecture 6, 35, 56, 305, 337, 339, 357

‘archival revolution’ x

Arifmetika 109

Armenia 299, 426

army 4, 13, 22–4, 37–8, 45–9, 52, 59, 63, 67, 70, 72, 74, 77–9, 91, 109–15, 120, 124, 134, 159, 176–8, 180–1, 185, 191, 196, 211, 215–16, 255, 261, 264, 220, 270–1, 277, 280, 282, 287, 289, 293, 296–8, 300, 302–3, 327, 354, 365–6, 371, 374–82, 510–11, 550–1; see also military; soldiers

art 7, 22, 26, 190, 265–6, 299, 337–8, 387, 397, 429, 513

artel 349, 393

article 87: 258

artisan 7–8, 37, 39, 42, 47, 66, 101–2, 109, 138–9, 178, 180, 221, 223–4, 385, 395

Asia 119, 256, 300, 344, 419, 438, 444, 548, 555, 561

Assembly of Russian Factory Workers 250

Astrakhan 28, 32, 41, 51

atomic bomb 383, 399, 402, 552

Augustus II 106, 110, 113, 115–16

Austerlitz, 175

Austria 103–4, 106, 123, 129, 134–6, 175, 179, 195–6, 245, 256, 264, 270, 393, 544

Austria-Hungary 245, 256

autocracy 45–6, 48, 51, 53, 62, 64, 69, 74, 80, 82, 84, 90–1, 97, 126, 132–3, 149, 184, 186, 192, 226–8, 231–2, 234–5, 250, 253, 277, 281, 544–7

Averbakh, L.L. 356

Avvakum 88, 89, 95

Azerbaijan 299, 462, 554

Azeris 398, 400, 462

Azov 79, 101–4, 108, 115, 129, 135, 193, 542, 547

Babitskii, A. 505

Bakhchisarai, Peace of, 91

Baku 215, 227

Bakunin, M. 227

Balakhna, 343

Balkan Wars (1912–13) 265

Balkans 195–6, 243, 270

Balkars 419

Baltic Germans 232

Baltic Sea 23, 31

Baltics 154, 256, 378, 395, 417, 462, 518, 543

banks and banking 148, 173, 216, 219, 232, 473–5, 478, 483, 496, 499–500, 511–12, 524, 526, 544, 547, 557

Baptist Church 336

‘Barge Haulers’ 223

barshchina xix, 173, 545

Basaev, S. 561

Bashkirs 41, 47, 129, 151–2, 154, 156, 544

Bashkortostan 515, 555

Basil, Byzantine emperor, 6

baskaki 16

batrak xix

Batu 14–16

Batumi 419

Bauman, K. Ia. 351

Bayer, G. 130

Bazarov, 226

bedniak xix

Beggrov, A.K. 194

Belarus 136, 369, 464, 521, 554–7; see also Belorussia

Belavezh Accord 464

Belevskie 39, 49

Belgorod 42

Belinskii, V.G. 192, 546

belomestnye atamany 51

Beloozero 19–21, 35–7

Belorussia xii, 151–2, 223, 256, 299, 375, 382, 426, 464, 551; see also Belarus

Belskie, princes 39

Bely, A. 265

Belyi raion 368

Berezov 97

Berezovskii, B. 469, 501, 558

Beria, L.P. 370, 404, 439, 410–11, 416, 550, 552

Bering Expedition 119, 130

Berlin 134, 165, 230, 244, 320, 379, 382–3, 398–400, 428, 546, 552

Berlin, Peace of, 546

Berlin, Treaty of, 320

beschest’e 57

Beshehr 560

Beslan 560

besprizorniki xix, 328, 334–5

Bessarabia, 256, 371, 378, 402

Bezborodko, A. 186

Bezbozhnik 336

Bezdna 208

Bibikov, D.G. 203

Bidloo, N. 107, 119

Biron, E.J. 127–8, 544

Bismarck, O. 233, 262

Bits of This and That 164

Black Sea, 3, 135–6, 154–5, 196, 243, 270, 375, 380, 520, 554, 557

blackearth 42, 205–7, 215, 239, 302

black peasant 37, 46

‘Blessed is the Heavenly Host’ (icon), 58

Blok, A. 265–6

Bloody Sunday 250, 252, 548

Blumentrost, L. 130

Board of Public Welfare 158

Bodrov, S. 473

Boeing 476

Bogdanov, A.A. 303–4

Bogoliubovo 12

Bolotnikov, I. 69

Bolotnikov rebellion 69

Bolsheviks 246–7, 269, 273–4, 280–1, 284, 286, 289–92, 295–302, 305, 307–11, 317–21, 329–33, 340, 343–5, 348–70

bondsmen 67, 69, 76, 81, 84, 95

Bonn 418

books 43, 78, 88, 91–2, 107, 109–10, 117–18, 148, 161, 165, 181, 227, 439, 471

Borderlands of Russia 223

Boris (Godunov) 52, 62, 65–8

Boris Godunov 66

Borodin, P. 471, 490, 545

Borodino, Battle of, 177, 545

Bosnia 264

Bosnia-Herzegovina 270

Botswana 475

Bourbon 186

bourgeoisie 219, 228, 235, 246–8, 260, 269, 275–6, 279–80, 285, 289, 292–3, 295–6, 301, 303, 305, 315–6, 332, 334, 337–40, 344, 347, 355, 357, 396, 426, 447

Boyar Duma xix, 65, 68

Boyars 22, 37–8, 44, 46, 55, 58–9, 61, 68–9, 71

Braudel, F. 31–2, 62

Brest-Litovsk Treaty 301

Brezhnev, L.I. 406, 408, 419, 434, 437–40, 443–5, 448–9

British Communist Party 320

Briullov, K. 193

Briusov, V. 265

Brodsky, J. 429

Bronze Horseman 101, 133

Brothers Karamazov 547

Brown R. 130

Bruce, J. 107, 118

Budennyi, S.M. 298, 387

budget 75, 111, 118, 159, 258, 261, 264, 335, 393, 408, 423, 454–6, 465, 471–3, 497–9, 507–8, 510–12, 525, 562

Bülffinger, G. 130

Bukharin, N. 311, 313–16, 318–19, 324–7, 344, 351, 362, 367, 549–50

Bulavin, K. 114–15, 543

Bulgakov, S. 266

Bulganin, N. 412, 422–3, 552

Bulgaria 393, 402

Bulgars 2, 4, 9, 12, 21, 42

Bullitt, W. 300

Bulygin Duma 254

Burdzhalov, E.N. 420

bureaucracy 38, 45, 61, 66, 71, 133, 200, 204, 208, 218–19, 227, 238, 241, 266, 272, 278, 293–4, 310, 342, 357, 360, 366, 412, 421–2, 509

Burke, E. 180

Burnt by the Sun 473

Bush, G.H.W. 473

Bush, G.W. 486, 515–7, 523, 559

Bushkovitch, P. 44

byvshie 303

Byzantium 2–4, 6–9, 22, 51, 58–9, 89, 133, 179

Cambridge University 130, 134

cameralism 109

capital flight 476–7, 499

capitalism 246–8, 292, 344, 360, 395, 484, 547

Cardis, Peace of, 86

Carlsbad 120

Carolingian court 52

Caspian Sea 32, 110, 123, 129, 156, 219, 394, 543

Cathedral of Annunciation 513

Cathedral of St Sophia 7–8

Cathedral of the Dormition 8, 22

Cathedral of the Nativity of the Virgin 32

Catherine I: 119, 123–6, 130, 134, 547

Catherine II (the Great) xiii, 85, 131–41, 149–51, 153–9, 161, 163–6, 168, 170, 172–3, 179, 190, 194, 544

Catholicism 27, 43, 68–9, 78, 85

Caucasus xi, 13–15, 151, 185, 195, 224, 256, 330, 349, 355, 381, 394, 440, 448, 462, 481, 486, 514, 551

cavalry 37–8, 46–7, 54, 67, 102, 116, 298, 346

censorship 165–6, 190, 193–4, 205, 212, 229, 231, 292, 413, 546–7

Central Asia 225, 244, 256, 299, 344, 346, 386, 412, 419, 438, 440, 442, 444, 448, 486–7, 521, 543, 546, 548, 555, 561

Central Committee 290, 294, 310–14, 349, 356–8, 368, 396–7, 406–10, 414–17, 420–2, 427, 434, 439, 459–60, 549

Central Powers 278

Central War Industries Committee 273

Centre for Strategic Development 493

CFE see Conventional Forces in Europe

Chaadaev, P.Ia. 191, 197, 545

Chancery of Secret Investigative Affairs 127

Charles I 82

Charles X: 186

Charles XII: 108, 110, 113–16

Charlotte of Wolfenbüttel 116

Charter to the Nobility 148, 190, 545

Charter to the Towns 138, 545

charters 41, 53, 88, 97, 116, 138, 148, 190, 517, 545; see also laws; statutes; manifestoes

Chebrikov, V. 457

Chechnya 486–7, 490–2, 503–5, 519, 554–8, 560

Cheka xix, 295, 297, 548, 557

Chekhov, A. 239

Cheliabinsk 387

Cheney, R. 516

Cheremisy 42

Cherkasskii, A. 128

Chernenko, K. 449, 451–2, 553

Chernigov 5, 8, 12–16, 18, 26, 76, 298

Chernobyl 456, 554

Chernomyrdin, V. 469, 555, 557

Chernov, V. 280, 285–6, 297

chernozem xix

Chernyshevskii, N.G. 225, 546

chetvert’ xix

Chicherin, B. 201

China 15, 20, 42, 46, 50, 79, 95–6, 98, 107, 127, 156, 158, 172, 251, 288, 313, 365, 368, 396–8, 402, 431, 445, 472, 478, 487, 498, 500, 512, 519, 545, 551, 556, 559

cholera 186, 238

Christian IV: 110

Chronicle of Current Events 446, 553

Chubais, A. 480, 556–7

Chudov Monastery 67

Church Council of 1551 (stoglav) 43

Church Council of 1666–67: 542

Church of Christ the Saviour 361

Church of Lazarus 35

Church of St Dmitrii 11

Church of the Dormition 12, 22, 25

Church of the Holy Virgin 7

Church of the Intercession 11–12

Church of the Intercession on the

Moat 57

Church of the Mother of God (Smolensk) 8

Church of the Tithe 7

Church of the Transfiguration of Our

Saviour 8

Churchill, Winston 300, 388–9

Chuvash 42, 151–2

CIA 418, 428, 457, 481

cinema 267, 336, 338, 351, 397, 473, 512

CIS: see Commonwealth of Independent States

city 4, 7–8, 13, 16, 26, 32, 37, 42, 61, 75, 83, 93, 120–1, 155–6, 159, 173, 177, 205, 210–14, 221–23, 255, 258, 267, 272, 274, 285, 287–8, 308, 314, 317, 328, 333, 335, 339, 346, 352–4, 358, 372, 374, 380–3, 409, 412, 423, 432, 441, 448, 457, 459, 467, 483, 486, 503, 507, 522, 540, 546–7, 560

city council 211, 221, 231–2

civil war 114, 278, 291–2, 295–302, 307–8, 323, 333, 335, 348, 370, 377–8, 394, 402, 471, 540, 548–9

Clinton, W. J. 485–6, 557

Clark, K. 357

class struggle 248, 302, 348, 367

clergy 6–9, 37–8, 43, 65, 82, 88, 92, 108, 110, 159–61, 212, 219–20, 252, 303, 336, 351, 353, 413, 432

colour revolutions 516

climate x-xi, 36

Cold War 342, 397–8, 400, 408, 466, 484

collective farm (kolkhoz) xx, 302, 341–4, 347, 350, 352, 362, 368, 386, 393, 431–3, 437, 444, 452, 550, 551

collective responsibility (krugovaia poruka) 76, 206, 332

Collective Security Treat (1992) 486

collectivization 314, 316–7, 326, 335, 337, 341, 347, 351, 353–4, 367, 417, 520, 550

College of the Economy 141

colonization xi, 35, 39, 119, 153, 477

Cominform xix

Comintern (Communist International) 318, 320, 361, 370; see also Third International

commerce 7, 14, 21–3, 33, 35, 47, 138–9, 142, 175, 209, 212

Commission on Religious

Questions 335

Committees of Public

Organizations 278

Commonwealth of Independent States

(CIS) xix, 477, 486, 554–5

commune 35, 37, 42, 46–7, 50–1, 54–5, 62, 140, 143, 205–6, 213–4, 217, 221, 226, 228, 236, 242, 247, 260, 285, 328–9, 359

communism 226, 290–1, 293, 300–3, 329, 355, 384, 391, 395, 407, 414, 425, 427, 451, 516

Communist Academy 334

Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) xix, 308–9, 317, 319–20, 329, 341–3, 347, 355, 366, 391, 394, 414, 417–18, 428, 436, 459–61, 464–5, 467, 492, 502, 554–6, 558, 562

Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF) xix, 554

Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire 187, 545

Complex Method 334–5

Congress of Berlin, 230

Congress of People’s Deputies (CPD), xix, 459–61, 465, 554

Congress of Vienna 178

Conquest, R. 368

Constantine 124, 179

Constantinople 6, 10, 26, 27, 88, 108, 135–6, 280, 298, 540

Constituent Assembly 253, 255, 274, 277–9, 282, 290, 295–7, 548–9

constitution 126, 128, 136, 150, 169, 170–2, 180–3, 186, 192, 197, 230, 234, 246, 248–52, 254–8, 267, 302, 341–2, 361–2, 437, 439, 466–7, 470, 472, 485, 488–9, 492, 506–8, 521, 544, 549–50, 553–5, 562

constitutional monarchy 183, 267

constructivism 305, 338

Continental Blockade 174–5

continuous workweek 359

Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE) 518, 562

Copenhagen 121

corporal punishment 110, 137–9, 148, 207, 548

corvée (barshchina) 148, 153–4, 155, 166, 172, 215, 545

Cossacks 34, 47, 51, 67, 72

Council of Ministers 409, 421–2

Council of People’s Commissars (Sovnarkom) 293, 314

Council of Seven Boyars 71–2

Council of the Realm (zemskii sobor) xxiii, 59, 65, 68, 71, 77, 79, 81, 108

Council of the Republic 290

counter-revolution 199, 227–8, 230, 233, 275, 288, 291, 293, 360, 369, 410, 416–8

Coup d’état of 3 June 1905 258, 267

Courland, duke of, 116, 125, 127

courts 8–9, 38–9, 82, 106, 150, 158, 181, 187, 206, 210, 212, 224, 232, 236, 255, 333, 421, 483

Coyet, B. 78

CPU xix; see Congress of People’s Deputies

CPRF xix; see Communist Party of the Russian Federation

CPSU: see Communist Party of the Soviet Union

Cracow 68

Crawford summit 559

crime 39, 229, 328, 369, 396, 483

Crimea 28, 98, 103, 129, 151, 196, 203, 411, 463, 520

Crimean Tatars 41, 66

Crimean War xiv, 168, 188, 194–7, 199, 201, 211, 216, 224, 546

Cuba 428, 553

cubism 338

cultural revolution 116–7, 119, 145, 305, 316–7, 340, 354–8, 364, 550

currency 175, 195, 197, 303, 308, 322, 392, 400, 443, 455, 459, 497, 561

Cyprian, Metropolitan 26–7

Czartoryski, A. 170

Czech Action Programme 436

Czech Legion 297

Czech Republic 484, 517, 523, 557, 561–2

Czechoslovakia 370–1, 401–2, 438, 445, 552–3

D-Day 389

Dagestan 490

Daniel, Iu. 437–8, 553

Daniil of Galicia 16

Daniil Romanovich 16

Daniilovichi 18–20, 24–5, 28

danshchik 51

Danube 4, 15

Danzig 118

Dardanelles 398

Dargomyzhsky, A. 193

Dashkova, E. 173

Day in the Life of an Oprichnik 513

De Custine, Marquis 190

De Gelder, A. 106

De Maistre, J. 180

De-Stalinization 412–3, 417–20, 422, 428, 552

Deane, J. 107

decree, 55, 68–9, 81, 143, 146, 157, 163, 166–7, 170–1, 223, 229, 292–3, 301–2, 308, 330, 331, 335, 349, 354, 393, 412, 442, 468, 551; see also law; manifestoes; statutes

dedovshchina 472

deficit (budgetary) 75, 259, 407, 443–4, 454–5, 474, 525

defitsity (goods shortage) 430, 454, 459

dekulakization 349–50, 352

Demidov, N. 113

democracy 172, 235, 242, 277, 282, 287–9, 295, 309, 366, 429, 451, 466, 495, 500, 507, 515–6

democratic centralism 294–5, 458

Democratic Conference 248

Democratic Platform 554

Democratic Russia 461

democratization 194, 218, 277, 278, 280, 282, 283–4, 418–19, 421, 424, 427, 439, 458–61, 506, 521

demography xi, 444, 512, 522; see also population

Denikin, A.I. 297–8

Denmark 66, 108, 110

Deripaska, O. 525

Derpt 111

Desht-i-Kipchak 15

détente 434, 445–6, 448, 456, 458

deti boiarskie 37

Deulino, Treaty of 41, 76, 548

Development of Capitalism in Russia 248, 547

Devier, A. 125

Diachenko, T. 469

dikoe pole xix, 67, 84

‘Dictatorship of the Heart’ 230, 547

Directorate of Spiritual Affairs 182

disorders 82, 200–1, 203–4, 207–8, 226, 233, 286, 290, 322, 413, 415, 432, 547, 553–4

dissent 161, 437–8, 446–7

divorce 40, 108, 223, 278, 305, 331–3, 434, 549–50

‘Dizziness from Success’ 550

Dmitrii Ivanovich (Dmitrii Donskoi) 20–7, 58, 540

Dmitrii, tsarevich 65–6, 68–72

Dmitrov 38

Dnepropetrovsk 441

Dneprstroi dam 346

Dnieper 3–6, 84, 86, 91

Doctor Zhivago 429, 552

doctors’ plot 406, 410, 552

‘Doing Business’ 500

Dolgorukii, I. 125

Dolgorukiis 126

Domostroi 44–5, 57

Don River 3, 103

Don Coassacks 79, 83, 114

Donbas 293, 346, 352, 363

Donets River 42, 315, 383

Donetsk 352

Dormition (Uspenskii) Cathedral 56–7

Dorogobuzh 48

Doroshenko, P. 91

Dorpat 114, 173, 232

Dostoevsky, F. 193, 547

Dovzhenko, A. 338

Dresden 106

Drone, The 164

dual power (dvoevlastie) 253, 275, 277, 279–81, 287

Dubčcek, A. 436

Duchy of Warsaw 174

Duma, xix, 254, 257–64, 268, 271–2, 274–7, 287, 299, 467–8, 491–3, 502–3, 508, 548, 555, 557–62

Durkheim, É. 60

Durnovo, P.N. 269–70

Dvina River 1, 25, 34, 54, 57

Dzerzhinskii, F. 295

d’iaki 38

D’Oldendorf 179

East Germany 460, 462, 490

East Prussia 382

East Slav 1, 4, 9, 34–6, 43, 51

Eastern Orthodoxy, see Russian

Orthodox Church

Ecclesiastical Regulation 543

economy 8, 45, 100, 141, 144, 146, 151, 153, 155, 197, 213, 237, 241, 246, 248, 259, 264, 272, 279–80, 282, 287, 291, 293, 300–3, 307–8, 314, 320–3, 325, 327, 341, 344, 358, 383, 385–6, 390, 392, 394, 402, 408, 423, 428, 429, 435, 440–3, 450–6, 461, 465–6, 469, 471, 476, 478, 480, 483, 489, 494, 496–8, 515, 521, 524, 527, 559

education 43, 87, 94, 130, 162, 182, 189, 202, 210, 227, 231, 265, 278, 334, 336, 361, 366, 397, 454, 471, 474, 476, 511, 547

Egypt 216, 400, 428

Ehrenburg, I. 368, 413, 552

Eighth Party Congress, 295, 554

Eisenstein, S. 252, 338, 397

Eismont, N.B. 351

Ekaterina Ivanovna 116

Ekaterinburg 156

Ekaterinodar 297

Ekaterinoslav 256

Elbe 551

electoral law 255, 260, 275, 561

electrification 323, 330, 411

Elets 42

Eleventh Party Congress 310, 549

Elizabeth 127–8, 132, 134–6, 150, 544

emancipation (serf) 173, 180–1, 197, 199, 200–9, 213–19, 221, 229–30, 237, 249, 545–6

Emergency Committee 463

emigration 256, 443, 447, 463, 553

Enghien, Duke 174

England 32, 46, 53, 59–60, 66, 106–7, 117, 129, 151, 174, 238, 244, 264, 320, 507

English Muscovy Company 53

Enisei River 34, 67

Eniseisk 79

enlightened absolutism 161, 166, 186

enlightenment 93, 133, 135, 137, 140, 143, 146, 149, 155, 158, 161–6, 187, 192, 250, 544

Enlightenment, Commissariat

of 304–5, 334

Ermak 541

Erskine, R. 107, 118

Esenin, S. 339

estate 37, 46–7, 54, 60, 66, 137, 217–18, 220, 234, 237, 287, 292

Estland 114, 172

Estonia 135, 151–2, 395, 462, 484, 554

eternal peace 98, 542

Euler, L. 130

Eurasianism 494

Evdokiia 101, 108

Evfimii 97

exports 113, 129, 151, 155, 217, 301, 318, 323, 443, 450, 454–5, 499, 466, 470, 476, 478, 489, 498–500, 519, 525, 527

Ezhov, N.I. 365–8, 370, 550

factory committees 278, 284, 289, 294

Fainsod, M. 291

Falconet, É M. 133

False Dmitrii 67–8, 70

family 8, 10, 32, 39–40, 43–5, 48, 54, 56–9, 65, 68, 75, 87, 90, 94, 96, 98, 101, 125, 140–1, 146–9, 155, 170, 173–4, 202, 213–14, 219, 221, 223, 305, 331–3, 363, 369–70, 414, 434, 440, 444, 452, 469, 491–2, 501–2, 549–50

famine 53, 66, 209, 238–9, 322–3, 336, 354, 358, 390, 392–3, 410, 478, 520, 547, 549, 550–1

Far East 243, 245, 383–4

Farquharson, H. 101, 109

fascism 370, 414, 446

Fatherland-All Russia, 559

Fathers and Sons 225, 546

FDI: see Foreign Direct Investment

February Revolution 273–4, 277, 280, 287, 548

Federation Council 508

Fedor Alekseevich 90–4, 96, 101

Fedor Ivanovich 31, 32, 40, 65–7

Fedotov, P. 193

Federal Security Service (FSB) 472

Ferapontov Monastery 35

Fergana Grand Canal 372

Fifteenth Party Congress 314, 549

Fifth Five-Year Plan 423

Filaret (Romanov) 64, 70–4, 76–7, 89, 542

finances (state) 60, 63, 93, 151, 153, 175, 188, 196, 243, 456, 478, 525

Finland xi, 9, 15, 33, 40, 120–1, 197–8, 224, 256–7, 278, 283, 299, 371, 376, 378, 545

Finno-Ugric 34–6, 42–4

First All-Russian Congress of

Soviets 285, 548

First Five-Year Plan 316, 348–9, 352–3, 356, 358–60, 371, 549–50

First Secretary 409–10, 412, 416, 430, 432, 434–5, 462, 552

Fitzpatrick, S. 357

Fligel’-de-Fam 111

folklorism 362

Fonvizin, D. 164

‘forbidden years’ 54, 66

foreign debt 443, 455, 474, 478, 498

foreign direct investment (FDI) 476, 478, 499, 500–1

foreign exchange reserves 498, 511, 524, 527

Foreign Office (Inozemnyi prikaz) 78, 80

foreign policy 33, 38, 52, 74, 77, 84, 86, 96, 127, 134–5, 149, 243–4, 258, 280, 318–19, 371, 379, 397–400, 408, 448, 449, 456, 458, 463, 487, 515, 519, 523, 556

Foreign (‘German’) Suburb 87, 97, 102

foreign trade 8, 120, 140, 217

foundling homes 173

Fourteenth Party Congress 313

Fourth Five-Year Plan 393

France xi, 31, 46, 59, 60, 66, 106, 121, 134–5, 162, 170–1, 174–5, 178, 180, 182, 184, 186, 195–6, 244–5, 264, 270–1, 296, 320–1, 370–1, 376, 379, 390

Franco, S.B. 371

Frederick III 106

Free Cultivators Law 172

French Revolution of 1789: 165

French Revolution of 1848: 249

Friends of God 88

FSB: see Federal Security Service

Frunze 344

Fundamental Laws 258; see also constitution

futurism 266, 305, 337

Gaidar, E. 465, 554

Galich, 20

Galicia 5, 14, 16, 18

Gangut 111

Gapon, G. 250–1

Gates, R. 457

Gazprom 501, 505, 522, 558, 561

GDP: see gross domestic product

General Secretary 295, 310–11, 313, 315, 342, 435–6, 438, 450–3, 455, 460, 549, 553

Genghis Khan 13

Genoa 116

Genoa Conference 320, 549

gentry 36, 47–8, 50–1, 54, 61, 208, 215, 217, 237, 243–4, 248, 254, 259, 260–1, 299, 371; see also nobility

Georgia 404, 420, 448, 464, 506, 516, 518, 520–1, 523, 545, 553, 562

German Communist Party 319

Germany xi, 66, 153, 186, 197, 233, 244–5, 253, 264, 269–70, 272, 296, 320, 365, 370, 375–84, 387, 389–420, 460, 462, 490, 551, 561

Germogen, Patriarch 71

Getty, J.A. 365, 367

Gilels, E. 362

gini coefficient 479, 511

Gippius, Z. 265

Gladkov, F. 339

glasnost xx, 205, 213, 236, 366, 459–61

glavki 293

Gleb, prince 12, 539

Glinka, M. 193

globalization 489, 496

Glück, E. 110

GNP 376, 423, 440; see also Gross

National Product

Godunov, Boris: see Boris (Godunov)

Godunov, Fedor 67

Godunova, Ksenia 66

Gogol, N. 190, 192, 546

gold standard 547

Golden Gates of Kiev 7

Golden Gates of Vladimir 12

Goldbach, C. 130

Golden Horde, 15, 18–19, 22–4, 28–9

Golitsyn, B. 102

Golitsyn, D. 126–7

Golitsyn, V.V. 91–3, 96–8, 102–3, 105, 542

golodomor 520

Golovkin, G. 128

Gomulka, W. 402

GONGO 506

‘good governance’ 496, 499

Good Neighbor Treaty of Frendship and Cooperation 559

Gorbachev, M.S. 450–7, 459–60, 553–4

Gorbacheva, R. 453

Gorchakov, M. 202

Gordon, P. 102

Goremykin, I. 259

Gorky 441, 448, 553

gosti 37, 92, 108; see also merchants

gosudarstvenniki xx, 202, 210

governors 38, 42, 50–1, 60, 72, 86, 93, 158, 204, 229, 278, 492, 508, 560

grain procurement 347

Gramsci, A. 304

Grand Embassy 104–6, 542

Grande Armée 177

Great Britain 174, 179, 424, 507, 549;

see also England

Great Depression 345, 475

Great Horde 28

Great Instruction 161–2, 544

Great Patriotic War 372, 397; see also World War II

Great Reforms 182, 194, 199, 207, 209–12, 217, 219, 224–5, 230–1, 235–6, 546

Great Terror 368, 553; see also purges

Great Turn 307, 318, 344, 349, 370

Greece 133, 179, 183, 398

Greens 296, 302

Gregorian calendar 306

Griboedov, A. 357

Grigorii, J.G. 87

Gromyko, A. 143, 452

Gronskii, I.M. 415

gross domestic product (GDP) 430, 456, 475, 496–8, 501, 511, 523–7

Groznyi 491, 558, 560

Guchkov, A.I. 263, 276, 280

guilds 60, 138–9

Guizot, F. 325

GULAG xx, 365, 369, 386, 396, 407, 410, 415–6, 555

Gulf of Finland 9, 15, 33, 40, 120

guliashchie liudi 38

Gusinskii, V. 501, 505, 558

Gustavus Adolphus 75

Habsburgs 32, 98

hagiography 58

Hamburg 82

Hangö 111, 121, 543

Hanssen, R. 558

Harvard Institute for International

Development 479

Haymarket Square 186

HDI see Human Development Index

heavy industry 109, 219, 267, 314, 316, 324–6, 363, 407, 412, 443

Hellenizers 97

Hellie, R. 46

Helsinki agreement 553

Hermann, J. 130

Herzegovina 264, 270

Herzen, A. 191–2

Hilarion, Metropolitan 8, 539

Hill, A. 131

Hindus, M. 348

Historical Letters 227, 546

historiography 85, 94, 202, 365, 420

HIV 483

Hitler, A. 371, 374–5, 379–81, 383–4, 387–91, 396

Holland 31–2, 53, 78, 82, 100, 103–7, 111, 117–18, 121, 123, 345

Holy Alliance 545

Holy League 98, 103, 542

Holy Synod 119, 182, 543

hooliganism 333

Human Development Index (HDI) 511–2

human rights 435, 445–7, 503–4, 519, 553, 555, 560

Human Rights Committee 447, 553

‘humanitarian intervention’ 519

Hungarian Communist Party 418

Hungarian insurrection 557

Hungary 9, 14, 156, 195, 245, 256, 376, 393, 402, 418–19, 429, 436, 460, 484, 551–2, 557

Hunter, H. 345

Iaguzhinskii, P. 128

Iaik Cossacks 156

Iaitskii Gorodok 157

Iakovlev, A. 349, 452

Iakutsk 79

Ianaev, G. 554

iarlyk 15

Iaropolk 4–5, 11

Iaroslav 6–7

Iaroslav Iaroslavich 16

Iaroslav Vsevolodich 15–16

Iaroslavl 14, 19–21, 32, 46, 72, 419, 540

iasak xx, 42, 51

icons 7–8, 22, 26, 40, 58–9, 62, 100, 119

idealism 225, 265, 357

ideology 59, 198, 270, 284, 291–2, 298, 300–1, 310, 320–1, 347, 383–4, 389, 399, 413, 468, 472

Igor 3

imperator vserossiiskii 116

Imperial Russian Geographic

Society 194

imperialism 279

imports 7, 14, 23, 34, 42, 107, 270, 456, 480–1, 498

INDEM 500

India 174, 428, 500

Indonesia 400, 428

industrial revolution 351

industrialists 317, 219, 261, 264, 272, 287

industrialization 213, 215–6, 234–5, 242, 308, 321–6, 341–3, 354, 360, 372, 407, 414, 417, 443, 478

industry 109, 113, 196, 209, 212, 217, 219, 241, 248, 267, 272, 276, 293, 301, 314–6, 319, 322–6, 344, 346, 355, 363, 372, 407, 414, 417, 443, 450, 478

inflation 53, 83, 142, 153, 155, 188, 273, 322, 344, 346, 425, 430, 440, 442, 466, 472, 475, 481, 511, 526

Ingermanland 75, 112–13

Ingermanlandskii Regiment 112

Ingushi 419

institutchiki 453

intelligentsia 221, 223, 225, 227–8, 238, 245–6, 248, 252, 264, 266, 282, 284, 287, 304, 338, 342, 354–7, 359, 368–9, 407, 425, 428–9, 437–8, 447

‘intensification of the class

struggle’ 348, 367

International Monetary Fund (IMF) 475, 557

International Women’s Day 273–4

investment 215, 267, 308, 320, 323–5, 344, 351, 361, 372, 402, 411, 424, 430–1, 440–1, 443, 449, 454, 455–6, 459, 476, 477–8, 498–9, 500, 523, 559, 562

Iakim, Patriarch 97

Iona, Metropolitan 58, 540

Iosif, Patriarch 88

Iran 6, 389, 398, 400, 485, 517, 557, 560

Iraq 15, 517

Islam 6, 299, 448, 458, 486–7, 514, 519, 521

Italian Communist Party 400, 418

Italy 105, 186, 320, 389–90

Itil 2

Iudenich, N.N. 298–9

Iurev University 232

Iurev-Polskii 46

Iurii Daniilovich 17

Iurii Dolgorukii 11–12

Iurii Vsevolodich 13–14

Ivan Daniilovich 19

Ivan I (Kalita) 18, 20, 22, 27, 540

Ivan II 19, 26

Ivan III (‘the Great’) 32, 38, 40, 46, 48, 50, 52, 56, 59, 61, 540

Ivan IV (‘the Terrible’) 32–3, 38, 40, 49–50, 56, 61–5, 68, 540–1

Ivan V 95, 542

Ivan VI 128, 150, 544

Ivanov, A. 193

Ivanovo 289

Iziaslav of Kiev 10

Izvestiia 415, 434, 561

Jagiellonians 32

Jansen, J. 104

Japan 197, 245, 249, 253–4, 259, 264, 296, 300, 370–1, 383, 389, 498, 548, 551

Jerusalem, patriarch of, 76

Jesuits 97, 110, 160

Jewish Section (Evsektsiia) 358

Jews xii, 6, 85, 151, 219, 223, 224, 232, 248, 256, 303, 348, 356, 384, 404, 406, 445, 447–8, 545, 547, 553

Journey from St Petersburg to Moscow 164, 545

judicial statute (1864) 210

judiciary 38, 40, 52, 210, 235, 508–9;

see also courts

Julian calendar 108

Julius Caesar 104

July Days (1917) 286, 290, 548

kabala 55, 69

Kabardinians 419

Kabakov, I. 513

Kabinet 114

Kabuzan, V.M. 151

Kadets xx, 254–5, 257, 259–62, 276, 286, 289, 297, 299

Kadyrov, A. 560

Kadyrov, R. 504

Kaganovich, L. 345, 359, 410, 413, 422, 426

Kaledin, A.M. 296

Kalka, Battle of, 359

Kalmyks 154, 156

Kaluga 38, 70

Kama River 34, 41–2, 54

Kamenev, L.B. 290, 311–15, 321, 324, 362, 364–5, 367, 549–50

Kandinskii, V. 338

Kankrin, E. 188

Kantemir, A. 130, 162

Kapital, Das 546

Karachai 419

Karelia 34–5, 41, 75

Karl Frederick 124–5, 130

Karl Phillip 73

Karlowitz, Congress of, 106

Kasimov 39

Kasso, L. 263

Kataev, V. 356

Kazakhstan 394, 411, 431, 487, 519, 554–7

Kazan 28–9, 32, 39, 41–2, 45, 49, 51–2, 57, 156, 162, 173, 182, 208, 541

Kazan University 182

Keenan, E.L. 33, 61

Kenez, P. 293

Kerch, Straits of, 108

Kerensky, A.F. 276, 286–91, 297

KGB xx, 369, 418–9, 430, 432, 437–8, 446–9, 457, 461, 463, 472, 489–90, 507, 515, 561

Khachaturian, a.I. 397

Khanate of Astrakhan 28

Khanate of Bukhara 225

Khanate of Khiva 225

Khanate of Kokand 225

Khanate of western Siberia 541

Khanty 34

Kharkov 173, 380–1, 547

Khasaviurt Accords 556

Khazars 2–4

Kherson 2–3, 419

Khmelnitskii, B. 84–5, 542

Khodorkovskii, M. 473, 480, 501, 504, 509, 511, 560–1

Khodynka Field 240

kholopy 67, 81

Khovanshchina 95

Khovanskii, I.A. 95–6

Khrushchev, N.S. 377, 404, 406–35, 438–9, 444, 452, 486, 520, 552–3

Khvorostinin, I. 73

Kiev 2–6, 8, 10–11, 13–14, 16, 18–19, 26–8, 30, 32, 41, 51, 57–8, 78, 85–6, 88, 98, 118, 130, 276, 375, 433, 486, 520, 539, 551

Kievan Rus 1–30

Kikin, A. 122

Kim Il Sung 398

Kipchak Khanate 15

Kirgizia 344

Kirienko, S. 557

Kirill I, Patriarch 514, 562

Kirov, S. 364–6, 416, 426, 550

Kiselev, P.D. 188, 203, 545

Kishinev 256, 548

Kizhi 35

Klintsy 161

Kliuchevskii, V.O. xi, 33, 93

Kneller, G. 106

Kochubei, V. 170, 185

Koenker, D. 284, 289

Kokovtsev, V.N. 262

Kola Peninsula 34

Kolchak, A. 297, 299

kolkhoz: see collective farm

Kolkhoz Congress 362

Kolkhoztsentr 349

kollegii 543

Kolomenskoe 83, 96

Kolomna 20–1, 89, 540

Kolyma 393, 415

Kolyma Tales 393

kombedy 302

Komi 25, 34, 370, 544

Komi-Permians 34

Komi-Zyriane 34

kompromat 470, 491, 505

Komsomol xx, 330, 332, 337, 339, 343, 346, 355–6, 358, 413, 424, 480

Konev, I.S. 387

Konovalov, A.I. 276

Konstantin Mikhailovich 20

Konstantin Nikolaevich 202

Kopelev, L. 367

Korean War 398, 403, 408, 552

Korela 70

Kormchaia kniga 51

kormlenie 50

Kornilov, L. 287–9, 290, 296–7, 548

KoIJciuszko, T. 136

Kosior, S.V. 351

Kosovo 485, 521, 557

Kostov, T. 402

Kostroma 21, 46, 70

Kosygin, A.I. 423, 435, 438

Kotkin, S. 352

Kotlin Island 114, 120

Kovalev, S. 555

Kozlov, F.R. 433

Kozyrev, A. 484

Krasnodar, 440

Krasnopevtsev, L. 419

Kremlin 22, 26, 37, 47, 49, 52, 56–9, 67, 73, 78, 94–6, 101, 115, 230, 362, 368, 404, 408–9, 413, 427, 437–8, 449, 458–9, 469, 471, 471, 484, 490–2, 494, 504, 509, 539–40, 552, 558

Kritsman, L. 301

Krivichi 3

Krokodil 425, 438

Kronshlot 111, 114

Kronstadt 114, 308–9, 549

Kronstadt Revolt 309, 549

Kropotkin, P. 227

krugovaia poruka: see collective

responsibility

Krupskaia, N. 311–12

Krylov, I. 192

Kuban 380

Kuban Cossacks 296

Kuchuk Kainarji, Treaty of, 135–6, 195, 544

kulak, xx, 228, 259, 302, 314–16, 323, 325–7, 329, 347–52, 362, 368, 370, 550

Kulikovo, Battle of, 24, 27, 540

Kunst-Kamera (St Petersburg) 118

Kunstkammer (Dresden) 106

Kurbskii, A.M. 61

Kurland 172

Kursk 298, 381–3, 432, 505, 551

Kursk (submarine) 509, 558

Kutuzov, M. 177

Kyoto Treaty 560

Kyrgyzstan 469, 487, 506, 515, 517, 519, 556–7, 560

labour: see workers

labour camps 295, 342, 349, 351, 393, 402, 416, 483, 504; see also GULAG

labour discipline 282, 358–9, 371

labour unions: see trade unions

Lake Ladoga 34, 128

Lake Onega 34–5

Lake Peipus 9, 15, 540

Lake Pleshcheevo 101

‘Land and Freedom’ 227, 546

land captain 547

Landé, J.B. 131

landholding 37, 40–2, 46–8, 51, 53, 62, 71, 74, 97, 149, 170, 207, 214, 218

Lapps 34, 51

Larina, A. 369

Larionov, A.N. 431

Latinizers 97

Latvia 256, 375, 395, 462, 484, 554

Laurentian Chronicle 26

Lavrentii (monk) 27

Lavrov, P. 227, 546

Lavrov, S. 516

law 5, 8, 17, 20, 48, 50–2, 54, 57, 60, 80–2, 89, 92, 112, 114, 117, 123, 125, 128, 130, 133, 138, 142–3, 146, 154, 158–9, 171–3, 181, 187–8, 192, 203, 206, 210, 215, 221, 223, 229, 233–5, 247–8, 252–3, 255–6, 258, 260–2, 267, 274–8, 285, 287, 289, 293, 308, 310, 326, 329–32, 335–6, 344, 354, 356–7, 371, 374, 385–6, 393, 410, 434, 449, 452, 464–5, 468, 470–1, 474, 483, 490, 492, 495, 500, 503, 506–9, 522, 540–7, 550, 554, 559–61

law codes 5, 51, 52, 54, 57, 81–2, 187, 197, 540–2, 545

Law of Succession 133, 274

Law on Parties 503, 559–60

Law on Provincial Police 158, 544

Lazurkina, D.A. 426

League of Nations 320

Lebed, A. 469, 556

Lefort, F. 102, 107–8

left-wing communism 301

Legislative Commission 143, 161, 172, 544

Leibniz, G.W. von 107, 119, 120

Lejeune, L. 177

Lena Goldfields 263, 548

Lend-Lease 389, 392–3, 551

Lenin, V.I. 101, 240, 247–9, 264, 280–1, 286–90, 292–6, 299–306, 310–12, 316, 319, 321, 326, 338, 341–2, 352–3, 355, 360, 364, 375, 381–2, 385, 390, 396–7, 404, 411–14, 420, 423, 426–9, 468, 460, 490, 547–9, 551–2

Lenin Enrolment 316, 549

Leningrad 312, 352–4, 375, 381–2, 390, 396–7, 404, 412–14, 426, 460, 490, 551–2; see also St Petersburg;

Petrograd

‘Leningrad affair’ 404, 412, 414, 552

Leopold I 106

Lermontov, M. 190

Leslie, A. 77

Lesnaia 115

Lessons of October 312

Leszczyñski, S. 115–16

‘Letters from Afar’ 290

Leveling (uranilovka) 407

Levin, E. 43

Lewin, M. 345, 353, 367, 373

Liapunov, P. 72

Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) 502, 555

liberalism 182, 192, 208, 272, 279, 281, 411, 478, 496, 522

liberation movement 218, 221, 254

Liberman, E. 435

Life of St Peter 27

Lifland 172

Lincoln, W.B. 202

lishentsy xx, 303, 327

Literary Front 356

Lithuania 18, 22–4, 26, 28–30, 32–3, 39, 41, 51, 65, 67–71, 75, 78, 81, 83–5, 97–8, 103, 106, 151, 371, 375, 382, 395, 425, 432, 462, 484, 541–2, 554

Litvinenko, A. 561

Liubech 539

Livland 114, 135

Livonia 32, 41, 48, 53, 60, 64, 70, 86, 109, 541

Livonian War 41, 53, 60, 64, 541

loans 53, 55, 75, 83, 148, 245, 264, 454–5, 473–4, 478, 480, 487, 504, 525, 557

Locarno Pact 320

Lomonosov, M. 115, 130, 133, 162

London 85, 107, 388–9, 507

London Club 558

Lopukhina, E. 101

Loris-Melikov, M.T. 230–1

Lovat-Volkhov 1

lubok (wood-block) 143

Lukashenko, A. 521

Lunacharskii, A.V. 304

Luzhkov, Iu. 492

Lvov, 67

Lvov, Prince G. 276, 286

Lysenko, T.D. 397

Machine Tractor Stations 349, 351, 424, 431

Macmillan, H. 428

Madagascar, 119

Madrid Conference 557

Magnitogorsk 346, 352–3, 356, 361

Magnitskii, L. 109

Magnitskii, M. 182

Main Land Committee 279, 285

Makarii, Metropolitan 58

Makarov, A. 114

Malenkov, G. 398, 404, 409–13, 422, 424, 552

Malevich, K. 338

Malia, M. 283

Maloiaroslavets 178

Malta, knights of, 105

Mamai 23–4

Manchukuo 370

Manchuria 264, 383, 393, 551

Mandelshtam, O. 339

Mandelstam, N. 369

manifesto 92, 95, 109, 146–7, 157, 208, 231–2, 237, 255, 493, 495, 543–4, 546, 548

Manstein, F.E. 381

Mansy 34

manufaktura xx

Mao Tse-tung 396, 402–3

Mari 42

Maria Fedorovna 173

Markov, A. 414

Marquis of Carmarthen 107

marriage 8, 10, 17, 20, 32, 43–4, 49, 68, 87, 90, 101, 116–7, 121, 124, 143, 159, 213, 223, 305, 331–3, 543, 549

Marshall Plan 400

Martov, Iu. 548

Marx, K. 200, 253, 335, 413, 546

Marxism 242, 247, 266, 303, 305, 320–1, 357, 360, 414, 437–8

Marxism-Leninism, Institute of, 360, 437

Maryna, tsarina 70

Maskhadov, S. 556, 560

masonry, 165–6, 183

Matveev, A.S. 86, 90, 94–5, 100

Maxim, Metropolitan 18, 25–6

Maximilian of Habsburg 73

Maximilian II 49

May Day 305, 312

May Laws 256, 547

Mayakovsky, V. 339

Mazepa, I. 115, 119

Mecklenburg-Schwerin, duke of, 116, 128

medicine 115, 331, 374, 391

Mediterranean 31, 135

Medvedev, D. 520, 523–5, 562

Medvedev, R. 369, 489

Medvedev, S. 93, 97

Menatep Bank 473

Mennonites 153

Mensheviks 246–8, 263, 281, 284–5, 291, 296, 343, 548

Menshikov, A. 111–14, 116, 121–2, 124–5, 127, 543

mercantilism 32, 154

merchants 3, 5, 7, 37–8, 75, 77–8, 81–2, 86, 92, 102, 107–9, 113, 116, 135, 137–40, 155, 219, 221, 223–4

Merezhkovskii, D. 265

meshchane 138, 221; see also townspeople

meshochniki 303

mestnichestvo 49, 92, 147

Mexico 500

Meyerhold, V. 357

Mezen 34

Mezetskie 39

Michael, Tsar 73–5, 79, 89, 541

Michael Castle 166

Michael, Grand Duke 274

middle class 77, 170, 273, 481, 511

Middle East 195, 390, 517

middle peasant (seredniak) 302, 329, 348–9

Mikhail Iaroslavich 17

Mikhail of Chernigov 16

Mikhail of Tver 25

Mikhailovskii, N.K. 238–9

Mikhalkov, N. 512

military 3–5, 9, 11, 16–17, 19, 21–2, 30, 37, 42, 47, 49–50, 52, 57, 59–63, 66, 69–72, 75–8, 83, 86, 91–2, 95, 98, 103–4, 106–9, 111–12, 117–18, 124–5, 128–9, 135, 140, 144, 146, 156–7, 162, 166, 169, 171, 176, 181–2, 184, 191, 196–7, 200, 202, 208, 211, 216, 218, 222–4, 229, 232, 234, 244, 252, 254, 258–9, 261, 264, 265, 270–3, 277, 286, 288, 291, 293, 297, 299–300, 305, 307, 309, 319–21, 346, 347, 359, 364, 366, 369, 372, 375–81, 384–6, 388, 390, 394–5, 399–403, 408, 415, 417, 422–3, 428, 437, 445–6, 449, 452, 456–8, 463, 472, 484–5, 487, 489, 491–2, 494, 502–3, 507, 509–10, 515, 517–19, 523, 546, 555–62

Miliukov, P.N. 91, 250, 254, 266, 276, 280

Miliutin, N. 202

Millennium Manifesto 495

Miloslavskiis, 90, 92, 94, 96, 101, 105, 128

Miloševićc, S. 484

miners 263, 363, 554, 556–7

Minin, K. 72

Minor, The 164

minorities xii, 132, 151, 158, 199, 223–4, 232–3, 244, 252, 255–7, 261, 273, 277, 283, 330, 438, 446, 448–9, 465, 526

Minsk 86

mir 86

MMM stock fund 555

Mniszech, J. 67–8

Mniszech, M. 68, 70

modernism 265, 305

modernization 239, 443, 518

Mohyla, P. 78

Mohyla Academy 118

Moiseev, I. 362

Moldova 151, 520, 554

Molotov, V.M. 319, 345, 367, 379, 409–10, 414, 422, 426

Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact 379

monastery 8, 10, 21, 24, 26, 35, 37, 40, 42, 44, 56–7, 65, 67–8, 71, 76, 87, 89, 97–9, 102, 105, 108, 119, 122, 141, 159, 219, 223, 335, 337, 429, 539–40, 559

money 18, 76, 95, 151, 153, 155, 188, 216, 286, 300, 322, 392, 430, 454, 466, 474, 476, 479, 506

Monastery of the Cave 8, 10

Mongolia 14, 264

Mongols 13–18

Mons, A. 102

Mons, W. 124

Montesquieu, C.L. 175

Mordva 42

Morozov, B.I. 80–1

Mosalskie 39

Moscow 13, 16–19, 21–9, 31, 36–8, 40–1, 46, 48–52, 54, 57–9, 62, 65, 67–73, 75–81, 83–7, 91, 93–4, 96, 98–9, 102–3, 106, 115, 119, 121, 123, 126, 130, 138–9, 157, 161–3, 175, 177, 179, 196, 203, 206, 230, 240, 253, 255, 263, 272, 276, 287, 289, 293, 297, 300, 315, 317–18, 328, 352, 359, 361, 363, 367, 374, 375–6, 379–80, 383, 385–6, 389, 395–6, 401–2, 404–5, 410–13, 416, 418–19, 421–22, 426, 429, 432, 433–8, 440, 445–6, 452, 456–9, 461–4, 466, 480, 483–90, 492, 496, 499, 501, 504, 506–8, 513, 515–21, 523–24, 539–45, 554–5, 560–1

‘Moscow Consensus’ 499, 501

Moscow General Hospital and Surgical School 107

Moscow Metro 361, 363

Moscow School of Mathematics and Navigation 109, 543

Moscow State University 396, 419, 452

Moscow University 162–3, 544

Moscow-Volga Canal 367

Mosfilm 473

Mozhaisk 20–2, 57

Mstislav Iziaslavich 11–12

Mstislavskie princes 39

MTS xxi; see Machine Tractor

Stations

Müller, G.F. 130

Multi-polarity 482

Munich Agreement 371

Münnich, B. von 127, 129

Murom 46

music 87, 103, 265, 339, 343, 397, 469, 494

Musketeers: see Streltsy

Muslim Congress 283

Mussorgsky, M. 66

Nagasaki 383

Nagorno-Karabakh 462, 554

Namibia 475

Nagy, I. 418

namestnik 50

Napoleon 166, 168, 174–80, 182, 196, 545

narodnichestvo 226

narodnost 187

Narva 57, 110–11, 114, 543

Narva 111

Naryshkina, N. 90, 94

Naryshkins 90, 95–6, 101

National Missile Defense (NMD) 484–5, 517–18, 523, 557, 562

National Security Council 469

national self-determination 179, 256, 299

National Well-Being Fund 498, 562

nationalism 179, 183, 186, 197, 257, 270, 283, 360, 402, 426, 446, 449, 462

nationality xi-xii, 186–7, 191–3, 197, 282, 299, 351, 408

NATO 403, 484–5, 515, 518–20, 523, 552, 557–8

natural gas 454–5, 498–99, 501, 505, 519–20, 522, 561–2

natural law 92

Naval Academy 110, 543

Navy 107, 109, 111, 134, 249, 261, 264, 377, 472

Nazi Germany 383, 387, 551

Nazimov Rescript 204, 546

‘near abroad’ 464, 484, 486, 520

Near East 300

neformaly 461

Nekrich, A. 437–8, 553

Nemtsov, B. 484

Nentsy, 34, 51

neoliberalism 465–6, 472, 475, 478, 496, 499, 507

NEP xxi; see New Economic Policy

Nepman 326–7, 339

Nerchinsk, Treaty of, 98, 113, 542

Nerl 12

Neva River 15, 114, 133, 194, 290, 311, 423, 438–9, 449, 539, 548, 553

New Commercial Stattue 86

New Economic Policy (NEP) xxi,

307–10, 312–28, 330, 332–3, 335–7, 339–40, 343–4, 347, 549

‘new realism’ 515

New Russia 154

‘new Russians’ 480

New Serbia 129

New Soviet Man 329–30, 332, 334–6, 338, 363

New Union Treaty 463

New York 289

newspapers 212, 244, 293, 315, 404, 407, 460, 504, 543

Newton, I. 106, 116

Nezhit 44

NGO 500, 505–6, 517, 561

Nicaragua 521

Nicholas I 182–4, 190, 197, 200, 205, 210, 219, 223, 238–9, 245, 255, 545

Nicholas II 238–40, 251, 255, 265, 267, 270–1, 274, 282, 547–8

Niemen 175

Nikon, Patriarch 80, 85, 88–90, 542

Nikon Chronicle 45

Nineteenth Party Conference 554

Nineteenth Party Congress 552

Ninth Five-Year Plan 443

Nizhnii Novgorod 21, 24, 36, 70, 72

NKVD 359, 364–5, 367–8, 370, 377, 550, 552

Nobel 219

Nobel Prize 429, 478, 552, 558

nobility 65–7, 69, 72, 81, 85, 91–2, 96, 102, 112–3, 122, 126, 128, 137, 141–2, 144–50, 154–7, 162–3, 167, 169–70, 172, 175–6, 180, 185, 188–90, 201–2, 204–6, 208, 215, 218–19, 225, 227, 229–30, 232, 261, 339, 544, 546–7; see also gentry

Noble Bank 232, 544

Noble Cadet Corps 128

Noble Land Bank 148, 547

Nogai Horde 16, 39, 41–2

nomenklatura xxi, 294, 360, 367, 443–4

Norilsk 415

North, D. 478

North Caucasus 13, 349, 514

North Korea 485, 517

Northern War 110, 113, 123, 542

Norway 390

Nove, A. 344, 358

Novgorod 4–6, 8–9, 11–17, 23–5, 28–9, 32, 35–6, 40–1, 46, 51, 54, 56–7, 65, 70, 72, 75, 82–3, 88, 539–42

Novikov, N. 164–5

Novocherkassk 432, 436, 553

Novodevichii Convent 98–9, 102

Novosergeevsk 104

Novosibirsk 447

Novosilskie 39

Novosiltsev, N. 170

nuclear disarmament 456–7

Nye, J. 107

Nystadt, Peace of, 123

Ob River 34

objectivism 338

obrok 37, 47

October Manifesto 237, 255, 548

October Revolution (1917) 288, 291, 306, 311, 348–9, 360, 369, 419, 494

Octobrists 255, 257, 261–3, 276, 299

Oder 382

Odessa 155, 248, 256, 375, 545, 548

odnodvortsy 140

Odoevskie princes 39

Official Nationality 186–7, 191–3

Ogurtsov, 94

oil 215, 265, 289, 380, 400, 443, 454–5, 473–4, 498–501, 504, 523–7, 560–1

Oistrakh, D. 363

Oka River 4, 21, 36, 38–41

Old Belief 59, 89, 114, 161

Old Bolsheviks 290, 369

Old Testament Trinity (icon) 24

Oleg 3

Olga 3, 5

Olgerd 26

oligarchs 469, 471, 492

Olonets 123

Omsk 297

On the Corruption of Morals 164

One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich 429, 553

Onega River 34–5, 183, 367, 389, 457

opala 55

Open Society 506

Operation Bagration 382

Operation Barbarossa 374

Operation Blue 330

Operation Citadel 381

Operation Tycoon 375

Operation Urans 381

oprichnina 33, 40, 50–1, 53, 60–1, 63–4, 541

optimists 263, 267

Order of St Andrew 114

Order of the Apostle Andrew the

First-Called 108

Ordin-Nashchokin, A.L. 80, 86

Ordzhonikidze, G.K. 345, 363–4

Orel 215, 298, 381

Orenburg 129, 153, 156, 544

Organic Statute 186

Organization for Security and

Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) 522, 559

Orgnabor 352

Orpheus und Eurydice 87

Orthodox Church: see clergy; Russian

Orthodox Church

OSCE see Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe

Osterman, A. 112, 125–6, 128

Ostiaki, 34

Osvobozhdenie 249

Otrepev, Iu. 67

Ottoman Empire 79, 85–6, 91, 98, 103–4, 106, 134–5, 170, 175, 179, 195, 197, 230, 244–5, 270, 542, 544

Ozerlag 415

Padua 105

Pahlen, P. 169–70

Painter, The 164

Palace of Congresses 438

Pale of Settlement 223–4

Paleostrov Monastery 97

Palestine 195

Palitsyn, A. 73

Palmquist 78

Panin, N. 169–70, 186

Papal States 216

Paris Club 556

Paris Commune 242

Paris, Peace of, 242

partible inheritance 146, 155

partocracy 433, 435–6, 439–40

party conferences 295, 348, 356, 554

party congresses 295, 308–14, 358, 362, 364, 378, 416, 426–7, 435, 438, 443, 449, 549–50, 552–4

Party of Socialist Revolutionaries (PSR) xxi, 547, 246, 249, 250, 263, 276, 285, 287, 291, 296, 302, 547

Pashukanis, E.B. 357

passport system 236, 354, 425

Patkul, J.R. von 109

Patriarch of Constantinople, 6, 27

patriarchate 65, 76, 85, 88, 98, 119, 391, 541

patrimony 20, 32

Paul I: 149, 166, 168

Paulus, F. von 380–1, 551

Pavel, bishop of Kolomna 89

Pavlov, D.G. 388

‘peaceful coexistence’ 319, 321, 428

Peasant Bank 232

Peasant Union 253

peasantry 14, 35–7, 40, 42, 46–7, 50–1, 53–5, 60, 64, 66–9, 71–2, 74, 76, 79–81, 83–5, 89, 93, 113, 120, 124, 136–8, 140–2, 145, 149, 152–3, 156–7, 159, 161, 166, 172, 181, 185–6, 188–90, 195, 198, 201, 203–9, 211, 213–15, 219, 221–2, 225–7, 229, 232, 236–8, 240, 245–6, 252–6, 259–60, 264, 270, 274–5, 278, 282, 284–6, 191–6, 198–9, 302–4, 308, 310, 314, 316, 322–5, 328–9, 333–7, 339, 342–4, 346, 347–54, 356, 358, 362, 367, 369–70, 384, 386, 391, 421, 430–3, 441, 540–1, 544–7

Pechenegs 4, 7, 9

Pecherskii Monastery 539

Pechora 34

Peking 79

Pelevin, V. 513

pensions 425, 434, 437, 466, 481–2, 497, 502, 511–12, 525–6

People’s Deputies 459–61, 465, 554

People’s Rights Party 240

People’s Will 240, 246, 546

peredvizhniki 218

Pereiaslavl 5, 10, 12–14, 46, 57, 85

perestroika xxi, 435, 450–1, 457–61, 504, 513, 553–4

Perevolochna 116

Perm 34–5, 52

Perry, J. 107, 109

Persia 15, 129, 195

Peru 475, 478

Perun 6

pessimists 263

Peter and Paul Cathedral 123

Peter and Paul Fortress 114

Peter I (‘the Great’) xiii, 63, 78–9, 82, 90, 95, 98, 100, 112, 124, 126, 128–9, 131, 135, 141, 151, 155, 160, 174, 192, 238, 244, 543

Peter II 116, 125–6, 543–4

Peter III 132, 134, 141, 146–7, 149–50, 155–6, 544

Peter, Metropolitan 22, 25–6, 58

Peterhof 118

Petersburg soviet 253, 255

Peterson, A.M. 420

Petitions Chancery 57

Petrashevskii circle 193–4, 546

Petrograd 273–7, 279–80, 286, 288, 290–1, 293, 295, 298, 312, 348, 548

Petrograd soviet 275–7, 279–80, 290, 548

Petrovskoe 142

Photius, Metropolitan 29

Piatakov, G.L. 311, 365, 550

Pimen, Metropolitan 26

Pipes, R. 283

plague 53

Platonov 64, 80

Plehve, G. 250

Plekhanov, G. 547

Plenipotentiary (polpred) 508

Pobedonostsev, K.P. 230–1

Podgornyi, N.V. 434, 438

pogroms 256, 286, 303, 350, 432, 547–8

Poland 9, 14, 18, 59, 70, 72–7, 83–6, 98, 103, 105–6 116, 123, 135–6, 151, 174–5, 186, 195, 197, 224, 244, 256, 278, 296, 371, 378, 382, 402, 418, 449, 460, 484, 517, 523, 541–2, 544–5, 551, 557, 561–2

Poland-Lithuania 103, 106, 541–2

Poliane 3

Polianovka 78

Policeystaat 93

Polish constitution (1791) 136

Polish rebellion of 1830–1: 545

Polish rebellion of 1863: 224, 546

Polish sejm 72, 75, 181

Polish Succession, War of, 129, 544

Politburo 313, 315, 345, 349, 364–6, 404, 414, 418, 420, 435, 438–40, 446–8, 450, 452–3, 456–7, 459, 549–50

Politkovskaia, A. 505, 561

poll tax 124, 137–9, 142, 144, 154, 207, 221, 232, 547

Polotsk 4, 90, 93, 97

Polotskii, S. 90, 93, 97

Polovtsy 9–11, 13, 539

Polozkov, I. 554

Poltava 114–7, 121, 543, 547

Poltava 111

Pomerantsev, V. 413

pomest’e 46

Popular Front 361, 370

population xi, 7–9, 11, 22, 34–8, 54, 56, 58, 72, 79, 81, 91, 120, 129, 134, 136–9, 141–2, 144, 147, 151, 153–5, 158, 214, 221, 223, 237–8, 256, 308, 314, 328, 337, 343, 350, 352–4, 369, 380, 384–6, 390–1, 393, 395, 402, 406, 408, 416, 427–8, 430, 443–4, 460, 462, 464, 473, 481–3, 486, 497, 509, 511–16, 520–3

populism 226–8, 230, 238, 241, 246–7, 345, 366, 409–10, 414, 421, 427, 546

poruchnye zapisi 40

posad xxi, 37, 39, 47, 54

positivism 265

posluzhil’tsy 46

Pososhkov, I. 112

Postnikov, P. 105–7

Potanin, V. 469, 561

Potemkin, G. 135, 149

Potsdam Conference 393, 551

poverty line 425, 444, 481, 510

‘power ministries’ 502

Pozharskii, d. 72, 133, 541

Poznan 418

Pravda x, 349, 363, 409, 413, 415, 418, 431, 550

Predestinatsiia 108

Preobrazhenskii Bureau 105, 114, 126

Preobrazhenskii, E. 324–6

Preobrazhenskoe 87, 102, 104, 118

Presidential Council 461

presidential elections 491, 501, 507, 556, 558, 560

Presidium 410–11, 422, 435

price revolution 153, 155

prikaz xxi, 52, 77, 80

Primary Chronicle 3, 8, 27

‘primitive socialist accumulation’ 324

Prinkipo Conference 300

Primakov, E. 468–9, 492, 557

printing 78, 157, 162, 164, 194, 414

Pripet marshes 375, 382

Prisoner of the Mountains 473

privatization 465–6, 472–3, 475, 477, 479–80, 490, 504, 555–7

professions 60, 219–22, 235, 283, 356, 358–9, 363, 366, 403, 513

Progressive Bloc 271, 276, 548

Prokof’ev, S.S. 397

Prokopovich, Feofan 118, 123, 126, 159

Poletkult xxi, 304, 337

Promethianism 345

prostitution 327, 483

Protestantism 43, 126

provincial administration 158, 277, 544

Provisional Duma Committee 275

Provisional Government 274–81, 283–8, 290, 293, 297, 299, 301, 303, 548

Prussia 33, 106, 116, 123, 134–6, 174, 196, 382, 402

Pruth campaign 120, 543

Pskov 15, 32, 35, 40, 47–8, 51, 56, 82–3, 86, 540, 542

PSR see Party of Socialist

Revolutionaries

Public Chamber 560

publishing 117, 158, 163, 165, 437; see also newspapers;

printing

Pudovkin, V.I. 338, 397

Pugachev, E. 156–7

Pugachev Rebellion 132, 155–6, 158, 544

purges 341, 355–6, 360, 363–6, 369, 371–2, 377–8, 388, 402, 404; see also Great Terror

Pushkin, A.S. 66, 190, 192, 361

Putilov factory 251

Putin, V.V. xiv, 451, 471, 488, 527, 558–62

putsch (1991) 463–4, 554

Pyrmont 121

quitrent (obrok) 148, 153–4

rabfak xxi, 334

Rabonowitch, A. 286

Rabkrin xxi; see Workers’ and

Peasants’ Inspectorate

Radek, K. 365, 550

Radimichi 4

Radio Liberty 505

Radishchev, A.N. 164, 545

Raeff, M. 134

railways 196, 216, 253, 275, 353, 385

Rajk, L. 402

Rapallo, Treaty of, 320, 549

Rasputin, G. 267, 271, 548

rationalism 184

Razin, F. 83

Razin Rebellion 84, 89, 542

Razin, S. 84

raznochintsy 137

razriadnye knigi 50

re-kulakization 350

Reagan, R. 450, 457, 517, 553

realism 190–1, 265, 301, 413, 515

Red Army 289, 298, 300, 302–3, 327, 337, 354, 365, 371, 374, 377–83, 386, 392, 395–6, 550

Red Guards 288

Red Professors, Institute of, 334–5, 339

Red Scare 319

Red Square 72, 95–6, 118–198, 230, 312, 385, 438

redemption payments 207, 213, 215, 236, 259

reform 43, 61, 63, 76, 88, 91–3, 96, 100, 109, 126–7, 158, 161, 166, 168–73, 176–7, 179–90, 192, 194–7, 199–200, 209–20, 222–3, 225, 227–30, 233, 237, 240, 250, 254, 257–60, 262, 264, 278–80, 302, 310, 400, 405, 408–12, 415–16, 418, 420–2, 424, 427, 430, 432, 434–6, 442, 451, 461, 470, 479, 497, 507–8, 516, 541, 543, 545–9, 553–4, 558–9

Reformation 43, 45, 117, 119

refugees 272

rehabilitation 334, 359, 407, 415–18, 420, 552, 555

religion xi, 6, 117, 159, 161, 182, 191, 278, 306, 335, 337–8, 413, 446, 513;

see also Russian Orthodox Church

Renaissance 58, 101, 117–8, 489, 514

Repin, I. 223

Reporters without Borders, 505

Republic of Ishkeriia 556

Reserve Fund 455, 498, 562

Reval 86, 116

revolt 94, 150, 157, 184, 190, 227, 309, 358, 422, 509, 542–3, 545, 549; see also disorders; uprising

Revolution of 1905: 273, 548

revolutionary defencism 279–80, 282

Reykjavik Summit 457

Riazan 14, 28, 32, 36, 39, 41, 72, 284, 431, 540

Riga 86, 110, 116, 420

Rice, C. 516

Riga 86, 110, 116, 420

‘right deviation’ 316, 327, 550; see also Right Opposition

Right Opposition 314–5, 326, 344, 351, 550

Rittersporn, G. 367

Riurik 1, 3–4

Riurikid 4, 6–10, 14–17, 19, 24, 31–2, 64–6, 68, 539, 541

Riutin, M.N. 351

Robbins, R. 239

Rodchenko, A. 338

rodoslovnye knigi 50

Rokossovskii, K.I. 378

Roman Empire 59, 106, 112, 133

Romania 371, 376, 382, 393, 551

Romanov, F.N. 65, 70–7, 89, 542

Romanovs 49, 63

romanticism, 191, 193, 225

Rome 58–9, 93, 107, 118, 120, 133, 209, 269, 302, 345, 440, 507

Romodanovskii, F. 102

Roosevelt, F.D. 388–9

Rosenberg, W. 284, 289

Rosicrucians 165

rossiiskii xii

ROSTA 303

Rostislav Mstislavich 11–12

Rostov 14–15, 19–21, 32, 39, 46, 57, 248, 391, 440, 540, 546, 548

Rostov-Suzdal 5, 11

Rostovtsev, Ia.I. 546

Rowlandson, T. 136

Royal Society 107, 116

Rozanov, V.V. 265

RSFSR, 351, 395, 444

Rtishchev, F.M. 87

Rublev, A. 22

Rudder 51

Ruhr 313

‘Russia at the Turn of the

Millennium’ 493, 558

Russian Academy of Sciences see Academy of Sciences

Russian Ark 513

Russian Association of Proletarian

Writers 339, 356

Russian Federation xii, 411, 462, 464–5, 486, 495, 554, 560

Russian Orthodox Church xii-xiii, 6–9, 11–12, 16, 18, 20, 22, 25–7, 32, 35, 37–40, 43–5, 52, 56–9, 61, 64–6, 68–9, 71, 78, 82, 85, 87–90, 92, 96, 98, 106, 119, 122–3, 136, 141, 156, 159–61, 165, 194, 210, 212, 214, 219–20, 223–4, 229, 278, 300, 328, 331, 333, 335–7, 350, 361, 388–9, 391, 413, 429, 513–14, 539, 541–2, 544, 546–7, 549, 551; see also clergy; monasteries

Russian Social Democratic Workers

Party (RSDWP) 242, 246, 253, 547

russification 132, 232, 448, 547

Russkaia Pravda 5, 51

Russo-Japanese War 249, 259, 548

Russo-Swedish War of 1741–3: 544

Russo-Turkish War of 1676–81: 542

Russo-Turkish War of 1736–9: 129, 544

Russo-Turkish War of 1768–74: 157, 544

Russo-Turkish War of 1787–92: 544

Russo-Turkish War of 1877–8: 230, 546

Ruthenia 402

Ruysch, F. 106

Rykov 314–5, 324, 362, 365, 550

Ryswick, Treaty of, 106

Sacred Book of the Werewolf 513

Sadaev, M. 561

St Basil’s Cathedral 57

St Cyril Monastery 35, 37

St Isaac’s Cathedral 133

St Petersburg 100, 109–111, 113, 115–16, 118–23, 126, 128–30, 133, 145, 147, 149, 151–3, 163–4, 169, 173, 182–3, 194, 196, 206, 219, 222, 226, 229–30, 232, 241–2, 245, 248, 250, 253, 255, 483, 490, 496, 502, 522, 543, 545–7, 561; see also Leningrad; Petrograd

St Petersburg Naval Academy 110, 543

St Petersburg University 182, 522, 545

Sajudis, 554

Sakharov, A.D. 447–8, 456, 553

SALT-I, 445, 553

SALT-II 445, 553

Saltykov 74

Samara 298

Samarin, Iu. 201, 223

samizdat 446–7

samobytnost’ 187, 200

samoderzhets 62

Samoedy 34

samotek 352

samovlastie 58

Sandomierz 67

Sapieha, J. 69

Sarai, 15, 17, 21, 23, 26, 28

Savigny, F.K. von 180

Saxony 106, 108, 115

Scandinavia 2–5, 539

Schmidt, G.F. 135

scholarship 46, 342–3, 408

schools, see education

Schütz, H. 87

Schwartz, J. 165

science 119–20, 225, 248, 330, 334, 336, 339, 357, 397, 403, 444

scientific revolution 117, 119

SCO see Shanghai Cooperation

Organization

Sea of Okhotsk 79

SD 249, 261, 269; see also Russian

Social Democratic Workers Party

Second All-Russian Congress of

Soviets 290, 292

Second Five-Year Plan 358, 550

Secret Chancellery 87

secret police 127, 183, 203, 391, 404, 410, 471, 490; see also KGB; NKVD;

Third Section

secretariat 310, 315

secularization of Church lands 141, 544

Security Council 469, 472, 485, 490, 502, 517, 556

Sejm 70–2, 75, 181

Selected Correspondence with Friends 192

Semen 19–20

Semen (Bekbulatovich) 541

Semipalatinsk 344, 438

Senate 71, 112, 130, 158, 1702, 176, 182, 185, 543

Serbia 129, 484

seredniak xxii, 302, 348

serf 94, 132, 137, 140–6, 148–9, 153–7, 166, 172–3, 181, 185, 188–91, 197–8, 202, 205–8, 210, 212, 218, 220, 235, 544–6

serfdom 81, 142, 146, 153, 155, 157, 164, 167, 170, 172, 182, 185, 188–9, 191–2, 197, 199–202, 204–5, 209, 216, 231, 236, 342, 546

Sermon on Law and Grace 8

Serpukhov 20–1, 78, 419

Sestroetsk 120

Sevastopol 419, 551, 557

Seven Years War 134, 544

Seventeenth Party Congress 358, 362, 364, 378, 550

Severia 76

Shafirov, P. 112

Shakhovskoi, S. 73

Shakhty Trial 315, 355, 550

Shaklovityi, F. 102

Shalamov, V. 393

Shanghai Five 487, 519, 556; see also Shanghai Cooperation Organization

Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) 519, 561

Shaposhnikov, B.M. 387

shares-for-loans programme 437, 480

Sharutin 94

Shcharanskii, A. 553

Shcherbatov, M.M. 164

Shein, A. 104

Shein, M.B. 77

Shelepin, A.N. 433, 439

Sheremetev, B. 103, 105, 114–6

shestidesiatniki 452

Shevardnadze, E. 456, 553

‘shock therapy’ 358, 465, 475, 554

Shostakovich, D. 339, 397

Shuiskii, V. 66, 68–9; see also Vasilii (Shuiskii)

Shulgin, V.N. 339, 397

Siberia 32–5, 41, 45, 51, 53–4, 67, 78–9, 113, 125, 130, 150, 164, 176, 183, 185, 191, 193–4, 256, 297–8, 315, 344, 347, 352, 386, 393–4, 411, 419, 441, 468, 541, 544, 547, 557

Sicily 390

Siegelbaum L. 301

Silesia 156

siloviki 502

Simbirsk 84–5

Simonov Monastery 37

Siniavskii, A. 437–8, 553

Sit, Battle of, 14–15

Sixteenth Party Conference 356

Skavronska, M. 114, 126; see Catherine I

skhod 260

skomorokh 38

Skopin-Shuiskii, M.V. 70

Skrypnyk, M.A. 351

Skuratov, G. 65

Slansky, R. 402

Slavonic-Greek-Latin Academy 97, 105

Slavophiles 191–2, 197, 201, 223, 241, 276

Slovakia 376

sluzhilye liudi po priboru 47

smallpox 126, 164

Smirdin, A. 192

Smirnov, A.P. 351

Smith, G.A.E. 441

Smith, S.A. 284

Smolensk 5, 12, 18, 28, 40–1, 48, 51, 67, 70–1, 76–8, 85, 98, 177, 368, 375, 540, 551

Smolensk Party Archive 365

smutnoe vremia 64

smychka xxii, 324

Sobchak, A. 490, 522

socialism 226, 243, 247, 281, 292, 294, 300–1, 307–9, 312, 316–19, 321–5, 327, 329, 341–3, 347, 360, 362, 367, 372–3, 414, 416, 425, 436–7, 549

‘socialism in one country’ 312, 318, 325, 549

socialist realism 413

Sofia 90, 94–8, 100–2, 105, 108, 539, 542

Sokurov, A. 513

soldiers 7, 77, 179, 181, 186, 252, 270, 273, 275, 277–8, 282, 285–6, 288, 300, 327, 337, 374, 376, 380–3, 385–6, 390, 392, 396, 510, 548

Solovetskii Monastery 35

Solovev, Ia.S. 202

Solovki 103; see also Solovetskii

Monastery

Solzhenitsyn, A. 239, 429, 447–8, 553

Sorokin, V. 513

Soros, G. 506

soslovie xxii

South Ossetia 520–1, 562

South Yemen 445

Soviet-Finnish War 551

Soviet-German Non-Aggression Pact, 371, 556

Soviet-Polish War 549

soviet 85, 149, 197, 200, 253, 255, 273, 275–81, 283, 285–96, 300–2, 305, 308–10, 312, 314, 317–23, 325, 327–39, 341–6, 347, 350, 352–64, 367–72, 374–8, 380–402, 404, 407–8, 412, 414, 417–20, 423, 426–30, 433, 435–40, 443–7, 449, 451–2, 454–8, 460–6, 470–2, 475–7, 479–82, 484, 486, 494–8, 505, 507, 512–3, 516, 518–21, 539, 548–9, 558

sovkhoz: see state farm

sovnarkhoz 393, 421–2, 433, 435, 552

Sovnarkom: see Council of People’s Commissars

Spanish Civil War 370, 377

Spaso-Prilutskii Monastery 35

‘specialist-baiting’ 295, 364

Spectator 164

Speranskii, M. 175–6, 185–8

Sportsman’s Sketches 191

Sputnik 423, 552

SR see Party of Socialist

Revolutionaries

Stabilization Fund 498, 511, 527, 560, 562

Stakhanov, A. 363–4, 371, 550

Stakhanovite 363–4, 550

Stalin xiii, 101, 280, 289–90, 292, 294–5, 299, 302, 307, 309–19, 321, 324–7, 340–52, 354–5, 357–81, 383–5, 387–8, 390–91, 393–420, 422, 424–6, 428, 430–1, 433–4, 438, 440, 442–3, 447, 449, 452, 460, 479, 496, 549–52

Stalingrad 380–1, 551

Stalingrad Tractor Factory 346

Stalinism 340–3, 360–1, 364, 366, 373–4, 381, 405, 410, 426, 551

Standart 111

starina 64, 90

Starodub 15, 21

START-I: 555

START-II: 555

State and Revolution 293, 548

State Circus 328

State Committee for Environmental

Protection 558

State Domains, Ministry of 188, 203

State Duma see Duma

state farm (sovkhoz) xxii, 347, 372

state peasants 140–1, 143, 181, 185, 188, 545

Statute on Provincial

Administration 158

statutes 40, 55, 68–9, 78–9, 81, 84, 86, 93, 97, 158–9, 186–7, 203, 206, 208–11, 214, 220, 237, 362, 393, 436, 544, 546, 550

Stavropol 436, 452

Stefan of Perm 25

Steffens, L. 300

Stepashin, S. 490, 557–8

Steplag, 415

steppe 4, 9–10, 13–15, 32–3, 41–2, 47, 54, 62, 84, 103, 346, 352, 394, 485, 319, 539

Stites, R. 362

Stoglav 43

Stolbovo, Treat of, 41, 75, 82, 541

Stolypin, P. 258–63, 328, 548

Stolypin land reform 548

Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI) 380, 457

‘Strategy for 2020’ 523

Streltsy (musketeers) 51–2, 76, 81, 83, 91, 94–103, 105, 107–9, 114, 542–3

Streshnev, T. 102

strikes 222, 241–2, 248, 251, 253, 263, 274, 284, 286, 288–90, 322, 442, 472, 547–8, 554, 556–7

Stroganov family 39, 53, 75

Stroganov, P. 170

Struve, P. 247, 249, 266

succession law (1797) 123, 543

Sudan 557

sudebnik 5, 52, 81, 540–1; see also law codes

Sukharevka, 317

Sukhona 34, 57

Sumarokov, A. 162

Summer Palace 120–1

suprematism 305

Supreme Council of the National

Economy (Vesenkha) 293, 307

Supreme Economic Council of the

USSR 433

Supreme Privy Council (125–6, 543–4)

Surkov, V. 516

Suslov, M.A. 414, 416

Suzdal 5, 12–16, 20, 32, 39, 58

Sverdlovsk 441

Sviatopolk-Mirskii, P. 250

Sviatoslav 3, 10

Sviazhsk 57

Sv. Samson 111

Sweden 32, 41, 70, 77, 82, 86, 106, 110, 112–13, 115–16, 123, 129, 134, 541–2

symbolism 265

syphilis 483

Syr Darya River 372

Syria 400

Syrtsov-Lominadze Right-Left Bloc 351

Table of Ranks 111, 144–7, 158, 185, 189, 219, 543

Taganrog 104

taiga 1, 34–5, 41

Tajikistan 487, 556–7

Tajiks 448

Tale of Bygone Years 8

Tallin l74; see also Reval

Tambov 142, 186, 302

Tashkent Summit 554

Tatars xii, 27, 29, 39, 41–2, 47, 67, 72, 84, 98, 103, 129, 151, 154, 156, 419, 438, 470, 515, 541, 553

Tatarstan 470, 515

Tatishchev, V. 129, 131

Tatlin, V. 305, 338

Tauride Palace 274–5

taxation 5, 21, 35–40, 45, 47, 50–1, 53, 55, 59–60, 72, 75–6, 80–1, 83, 91, 93–4, 113, 138, 139, 141, 154, 171, 175, 188, 206, 211, 213–15, 229, 237, 280, 310, 316, 324, 327, 347, 393, 455, 466, 470–1, 474, 482, 499, 504, 507–8, 543, 557–61

Taylorism 359

Tbilisi 420, 448, 521, 554

Teheran Conference 551

‘temporary obligations’ 207

Temporary Regulations of 1865: 212, 546

Temporary Regulations of 14 August

1881: 231, 547

Tenth Party Congress 308–9, 549

Teplitz 120

Terem Palace 94

Tereshchenko, M.I. 276

terror 95, 228–31, 240, 295, 303, 306, 335, 341, 361, 365–8, 370, 377, 388, 397, 402–4, 407–8, 415, 417, 460, 490–1, 503–4, 509, 519, 521, 546–7, 550, 557–61

terrorism 227–31, 241, 246–7, 249, 306, 417, 490–1, 503–4, 509, 519, 521, 546–7, 557

Teutonic Knights 15

Thatcher, M. 456

Theognostus, Metropolitan 26

Third Five-Year Plan 550

Third International 305; see also Comintern

Third Rome 59

Third Section xxii, 203, 205

Thirteenth Party Congress 312

Thirty Years War 75, 77

Tilsit, Peace of, 174–5, 545

Time 562

Time of Troubles 40–1, 62, 64, 67, 69, 73–4, 81, 90, 133, 451, 541

Timofeev, I. 73

Timoshenko, S.K. 379

Timur (Tamerlane) 28

Tito, J.B. 401–2, 408

Tiumen, 431

Tkachev, P. 227

Tobolsk 34

Togliatti auto plant 436

Tokhta, Khan 17

Tokhtamysh 23–4

Tolmachev, G.G. 351

Tolstoy, L. 238–9, 546

Tolstoy, P. 122, 125

Tomsk 51

Tomskii, M. 314–5, 324, 362, 550

Torgau 120

Toropets 48

totalitarianism 101, 292, 342–3, 364, 408

towns 8, 14, 21–2, 33, 37–40, 46–7, 49–50, 54, 60, 66–7, 70, 72, 74, 76–8, 81–2, 84, 93, 114, 132, 137–9, 144, 152, 157, 209, 211, 218–9, 221, 223, 226, 253, 256, 260, 262, 276–8, 329, 392, 429, 432, 545

trade unions 284, 289, 294–5, 301, 305, 309, 314, 352

Traktortsentr 349

Transcaucasus 256, 334, 547

Trans-Dniester 520

Transparency International 500

Trans-Siberian Railway 344, 441

Trediakovskii, V. 130, 162, 380

Trezzini, D. 120

tribute 2–4, 10, 15–17, 23–6, 28, 34, 37, 42, 49, 51, 53, 56

Trinity Chronicle 27

Trinity-Sergius Monastery 37, 57, 99, 540

Triumf 111

triumvirate 311–2, 438

‘Troops of the New Order’ 77–8, 87

Trotsky, L. 253, 289–90, 301, 311–15, 321, 324, 326, 338, 360, 368, 377, 549–50

Trubetskoi 73

Trudovik (Labour) Party 260

Tsarev Borisov 42

Tsaritsyn 297

Tsvetaeva, M. 339

Tsykler, I. 105

tuberculosis 483

Tukhachevskii, M. 365, 376–8

Tula 41, 69, 78, 104, 113, 116, 191, 251, 298, 313, 326, 367

tundra 34, 51

Turgenev, I.S. 191, 225, 546

Turkestan 273, 334

Turkestan-Siberian (Turksib)

Railway 344

Turkey 79, 91, 98, 103–4, 129, 154–5, 157, 197, 230, 270, 371, 398, 542, 544–6; see also Ottoman Empire

Turkmenistan 444

Tushino 69

Tver 14, 17–26, 28, 32–3, 36, 46, 208, 230, 240, 483, 540

Twelfth Party Congress 311

Twentieth Party Congress 416, 552

Twenty-eighth Party Congress 554

Twenty-fifth Party Congress 553

Twenty-first Party Congress 426, 552

‘Twenty-five Thousanders’ 350

Twenty-fourth Party Congress 443

Twenty-second Party Congress 426, 554

Twenty-seventh Party Congress 554

Twenty-sixth Party Congress 449, 553

Twenty-third Party Congress 435, 438, 553

Twelve, The 512

Twelve Angry Men 512

U-2: 552

Ufa 41, 153, 297

Uglich 20–1, 38, 40, 67, 95

Ugnatev, Ia. 122

Ugra, Battle of, 540

Ukraine xii, 32, 59, 78, 85–88, 91, 94, 97–8, 115, 118, 150, 183, 197, 223, 256–7, 283, 286, 298–9, 344, 346, 354, 375, 382, 394–5, 404, 407, 409–12, 416–17, 448, 462, 464, 486, 506, 516, 518–20, 523, 544, 550–1, 554, 557, 561–2

Ukrainian Cossacks 91, 115

Ulianov, A. 240

Ulianov, V.I. 242; see also Lenin, V.I.

Ulozhenie 81, 542

Ulrich, A. xxii, 128

Ulrich, K.P. 128

Ulu-Muhammed, Khan 29

unemployment 289, 327, 332, 344, 429, 471, 511, 525

Unified labour School 304

Union for the Liberation of

Labour 547

Union of Liberation 254, 548

Union of Militant Atheists 336

Union of Municipalities 272

Union of SovietWriters 357, 550; see also Writers’ Union

Union of Unions 254

Unipolarity 486, 516

United Nations 428, 482, 485, 517

United Nations Human Rights

Commission 555

United Nations Security Council 428, 517

United Opposition 313, 315, 549

United Russia 502, 559–60, 562

United States 136, 182, 188, 215, 296, 300, 320, 338, 366, 370, 383, 389–92, 399, 402–3, 418, 424, 427–9, 445–6, 457–8, 483–7, 496, 500, 505–7, 510–11, 515–21, 523–4, 552, 555, 559–62

Unity (Edinstvo) 492

universal manhood suffrage 235, 251

universal military training 211, 218, 222, 546

university 105, 130, 162–3, 182, 194, 210, 220, 223–4, 232, 239, 248, 294, 304, 396, 419, 425, 437, 452, 522, 544–6

University Statute 210, 546

Uralic language family 34

Urals 5, 32–5, 39, 113, 129, 156, 242, 347, 352, 383–4, 386–7, 544

Urbanization 352, 452, 430, 443

uskorenie 454

Ustiug Velikii 19, 21, 25

utopianism 281, 292, 301, 304, 339

Uvarov, S. 186–7

Uzbek, Khan 17

Uzbekistan 372, 444, 448, 515, 519, 555, 558

Valdai Hills 1, 3

Valuev, P.A. 229

Van Geldern, J. 361

Van Huyssen, H. 108

Van Leeuwenhoek, A. 106

Van Thessing, J. 107

Varangians 2, 539

Vareikis, I.M. 351

Vasilevskii, A.M. 387

Vasilevkii Island 120

Vasilii (Shuiskii) 69–72; see also Shuiskii, V.

Vasilii I 21–2, 24–5, 28, 540

Vasilii II 25, 27–9, 39, 41, 540

Vasilii III 32, 38, 41, 61, 98, 540

Vatutin, N.F. 387

Vedomosti 117, 543

Vekhi (Signposts) 266, 548

Velikie Luki 48, 57

Venetia 98, 106

Venetsianov, A. 190

Venice 103–4, 107

Vereia 22

Versailles, Treaty of, 320

vertikal 496

Veselovskii, S.B. 33

Vesenkha xxii

Viatichi 3

Viatka 34, 540

Viazma 48

Vienna 49, 98, 107, 179, 264

Vietnam War 445

Vilna (Vilnius) 86, 173, 204, 382, 554

Virgin Lands 411–12, 424, 431, 552

Vitovt 28–9

Vladimir 7–8, 12–14, 16–18, 25–7, 29, 36, 46, 57–8, 70, 208, 539–40

Vladimir Monomakh 11, 539

voevoda xxii, 67, 72, 86, 93

Voguly 34

Volga 1–2, 4, 9, 12, 15, 21, 23, 28–9, 32, 36, 41–2, 51, 53, 54, 70, 72, 84–5, 109, 114, 156–7, 223, 239, 297–8, 349, 367, 380, 419

Volga Bulgars 4, 9, 12, 42

Volga Germans 419

Volhynia 5, 12, 14–16, 18

Volkhov 1, 3, 6

Volkov, D.V. 147

Vologda 35–6, 38, 57, 72

Volok 38, 97

volost xxii, 35, 50, 206, 262, 272, 278

volosteli 50

Volunteer Army 296–7

Volynskii, A. 128

Vonifatev, S. 88

Voprosy istorii 420

Voronezh 104, 108, 110, 298, 381

Voroshilov, K. 367, 387, 413, 426

Voroshilovgrad 411

Vorotynskie princes 39

votchina xxii, 42, 46, 96

votchinniki 48

vozhd’ 362, 406, 433–4

Voznesenskii, N.A. 404

Vsevolod Iaroslavich, Prince 10

Vyborg 116

Vyborg 111

Vychegda 25, 34

Vyg 161

Vyshnegradskii, I. 237, 244

vyt xxii, 54

wages 251, 282, 303, 328, 332, 359, 442, 444, 472, 474, 481, 523

War and Peace 546

War Communism 291, 293, 300–3

War Industries Committees 272, 273, 293

War of the League of Augsburg 106

War of the Polish Succession 129, 544

Warsaw 115, 174

Warsaw Pact 436–7, 449, 518

Warsaw University 224

Washington 398, 450, 457–8, 485, 499, 516–9, 521; see also United States

Washington Consensus 496, 499

Wesel 121

West German 400, 418

West Prussia 136

Westernizers 191–2, 197

Westphalia, Peace of, 77

What Is To Be Done? 225, 249, 546–7

white army 298

White House (Moscow) 554

‘white places’ 39

White Sea 33, 35, 53, 57, 77, 89, 140, 389

whites 298–300, 302

Wildman, A. 242

William of Orange 106

Wilson, W. 297, 300

Winius, a. 78

Winter Palace 133, 251, 291

Witte, S.Iu. 237, 241–4, 246, 248, 253, 259, 547

Władysław 70, 72, 75

Woe from Wit 357

women 45, 94, 118, 137, 162, 173, 174, 183–4, 214, 222–3, 242, 252, 263, 273–4, 305, 330–3, 337, 350, 358–9, 385–6, 390, 396, 482

workers 222, 233, 235–6, 240, 242, 245–7, 250–5, 257, 262–4, 275, 278, 281–6, 288–9, 291–5, 298, 303–4, 307–8, 310, 312, 314, 316, 318, 323–4, 328, 334–6, 338–9, 342–3, 350, 352–4, 356–7, 359, 363, 367, 369, 371, 380–7, 421, 432, 436–7, 442, 444, 474, 547–8, 550

Workers’ and Peasants’ Inspectorate (Rabkrin) 295, 356

workers’ control 281, 284, 295, 308

Workers Opposition 295

World Bank 474–5, 478, 496, 499–500, 511–12

World Health Organization (WHO), 483, 512

World Press Freedom Index 505

World War I 269–70, 274, 322–3, 328, 548

World War II 366, 380, 382, 388, 399, 401, 417, 475, 516; see also Great

Fatherland War

Wrangel, P.N. 297–9

Wreckers 417

Writers’ Union 359, 429; see also Union of Soviet Writers