Silent Spring: 40th Anniversary Edition

CHAPTER 2: THE OBLIGATION TO ENDURE

“Report on Environmental Health Problems,” Hearings, 86th Congress, Subcom. of Com. on Appropriations, March 1960, p. 170.

The Pesticide Situation for 1957–58, U.S. Dept of Agric., Commodity Stabilization Service, April 1958, p. 10.

Elton, Charles S., The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants. New York: Wiley, 1958.

Shepard, Paul, “The Place of Nature in Man’s World,” Atlantic Naturalist, Vol. 13 (April–June 1958), pp. 85–89.

CHAPTER 3: ELIXIRS OF DEATH

Gleason, Marion, et al., Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1957.

Gleason, Marion, et al., Bulletin of Supplementary Material: Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products, Vol. IV, No. 9. Univ. of Rochester.

The Pesticide Situation for 1958–59, U.S. Dept. of Agric., Commodity Stabilization Service, April 1959, pp. 1–24.

The Pesticide Situation for 1960–61, U.S. Dept. of Agric., Commodity Stabilization Service, July 1961, pp. 1–23.

Hueper, W. C., Occupational Tumors and Allied Diseases. Springfield, 111.: Thomas, 1942.

Todd, Frank E., and S. E. McGregor, “Insecticides and Bees,” Yearbook of Agric., U.S. Dept. of Agric., 1952, pp. 131–35.

Hueper, Occupational Tumors.

Bowen, C. V., and S. A. Hall, “The Organic Insecticides,” Yearbook of Agric., U.S. Dept. of Agric., 1952, pp. 209–18.

Von Oettingen, W. F., The Halogenated Aliphatic, Olefinic, Cyclic, Aromatic, and Aliphatic-Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Including the Halogenated Insecticides, Their Toxicity and Potential Dangers. U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare. Public Health Service Publ. No. 414 (1955), pp. 341–42.

Laug, Edwin P., et al., “Occurrence of DDT in Human Fat and Milk,” A.M.A. Archives Indus. Hygiene and Occupat. Med., Vol. 3 (1951), pp. 245–46.

Biskind, Morton S., “Public Health Aspects of the New Insecticides,” Am. Jour. Diges. Diseases, Vol. 20 (1953), No. 11, pp. 331–41.

Laug, Edwin P., et al., “Liver Cell Alteration and DDT Storage in the Fat of the Rat Induced by Dietary Levels of 1 to 50 p.p.m. DDT,” Jour. Pharmacol, and Exper. Therapeut., Vol. 98 (1950), p. 268.

Ortega, Paul, et al., “Pathologic Changes in the Liver of Rats after Feeding Low Levels of Various Insecticides,” A.M.A. Archives Path., Vol. 64 (Dec. 1957), pp. 614–22.

Fitzhugh, O. Garth, and A. A. Nelson, “The Chronic Oral Toxicity of DDT (2,2-BIS p-CHLOROPHENYL-1,1,1 -TRI-CHLOROETHANE),” Jour. Pharmacol, and. Exper. Therapeut., Vol. 89 (1947). No. 1, pp. 18–30.

Laug et al., “Occurrence of DDT in Human Fat and Milk.”

Hayes, Wayland J., Jr., et al., “Storage of DDT and DDE in People with Different Degrees of Exposure to DDT,” A.M.A. Archives Indus. Health, Vol. 18 (Nov. 1958), pp. 398–406.

Durham, William F., et al., “Insecticide Content of Diet and Body Fat of Alaskan Natives,” Science, Vol. 134 (1961), No. 3493, pp. 1880–81.

Von Oettingen, Halogenated… Hydrocarbons, p. 363.

Smith, Ray F., et al., “Secretion of DDT in Milk of Dairy Cows Fed Low Residue Alfalfa,” Jour. Econ. Entomol., Vol. 41 (1948), pp. 759–63.

Laug et al., “Occurrence of DDT in Human Fat and Milk.”

Finnegan, J. K., et al., “Tissue Distribution and Elimination of DDD and DDT Following Oral Administration to Dogs and Rats,” Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol, and Med., Vol. 72 (1949), 356–57.

Laug et al., “Liver Cell Alteration.”

“Chemicals in Food Products,” Hearings, H.R. 74, House Select Com. to Investigate Use of Chemicals in Food Products, Pt. 1 (1951), p. 275.

Von Oettingen, Halogenated … Hydrocarbons, p. 322.

“Chemicals in Food Products,” Hearings, 81st Congress, H.R. 323, Com. to Investigate Use of Chemicals in Food Products, Pt. 1 (1950), pp. 388–90.

Clinical Memoranda on Economic Poisons. U.S. Public Health Service Publ. No. 476 (1956), p. 28.

Gannon, Norman, and J. H. Bigger, “The Conversion of Aldrin and Heptachlor to Their Epoxides in Soil,” Jour. Econ. Entomol., Vol. 51 (Feb. 1958), pp. 1–2.

Davidow, B., and J. L. Radomski, “Isolation of an Epoxide Metabolite from Fat Tissues of Dogs Fed Heptachlor,” Jour. Pharmacol, and Exper. Therapeut., Vol. 107 (March 1953), pp. 259–65.

Von Oettingen, Halogenated … Hydrocarbons, p. 310.

Drinker, Cecil K., et al., “The Problem of Possible Systemic Effects from Certain Chlorinated Hydrocarbons,” Jour. Indus. Hygiene and Toxicol., Vol. 19 (Sept. 1937), p. 283.

“Occupational Dieldrin Poisoning,” Com. on Toxicology, Jour. Am. Med. Assn., Vol. 172 (April 1960), pp. 2077–80.

Scott, Thomas G., et al., “Some Effects of a Field Application of Dieldrin on Wildlife,” Jour. Wildlife Management, Vol. 23 (Oct. 1959), pp. 409–27.

Paul, A. H., “Dieldrin Poisoning—a Case Report,” New Zealand Med. Jour., Vol. 58 (1959), p. 393.

Hayes, Wayland J., Jr., “The Toxicity of Dieldrin to Man,” Bull. World Health Organ., Vol. 20 (1959), pp. 891–912.

Gannon, Norman, and G. C. Decker, “The Conversion of Aldrin to Dieldrin on Plants,” Jour. Econ. Entomol., Vol. 51 (Feb. 1958), pp. 8–11.

Kitselman, C. H., et al., “Toxicological Studies of Aldrin (Compound 118) on Large Animals,” Am. Jour. Vet. Research, Vol. 11 (1950), p. 378.

Dahlen, James H., and A. O. Haugen, “Effect of Insecticides on Quail and Doves,” Alabama Conservation, Vol. 26 (1954), No. 1, pp. 21–23.

DeWitt, James B., “Chronic Toxicity to Quail and Pheasants of Some Chlorinated Insecticides,” Jour. Agric. and Food Chem., Vol. 4 (1956), No. 10, pp. 863–66.

Kitselman, C. H., “Long Term Studies on Dogs Fed Aldrin and Dieldrin in Sublethal Doses, with Reference to the Histopathological Findings and Reproduction,” Jour. Am. Vet. Med. Assn., Vol. 123 (1953), p. 28.

Treon, J. F., and A. R. Borgmann, “The Effects of the Complete Withdrawal of Food from Rats Previously Fed Diets Containing Aldrin or Dieldrin.” Kettering Lab., Univ. of Cincinnati; mimeo. Quoted from Robert L. Rudd and Richard E. Genelly, Pesticides: Their Use and Toxicity in Relation to Wildlife. Calif. Dept of Fish and Game, Game Bulletin No. 7 (1956), p. 52.

Myers, C. S., “Endrin and Related Pesticides: A Review.” Penna. Dept. of Health Research Report No. 45 (1958). Mimeo.

Jacobziner, Harold, and H. W. Raybin, “Poisoning by Insecticide (Endrin),” New York State Jour. Med., Vol. 59 (May 15, 1959), pp. 2017–22.

“Care in Using Pesticide Urged,” Clean Streams, No. 46 (June 1959). Penna. Dept. of Health.

Metcalf, Robert L., “The Impact of the Development of Organo-phosphorus Insecticides upon Basic and Applied Science,” Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am., Vol. 5 (March 1959), pp. 3–15.

Mitchell, Philip H., General Physiology. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1958. Pp. 14–15.

Brown, A. W. A., Insect Control by Chemicals. New York: Wiley, 1951.

Toivonen, T., et al., “Parathion Poisoning Increasing Frequency in Finland,” Lancet, Vol. 2 (1959), No. 7095, pp. 175–76.

Hayes, Wayland J., Jr., “Pesticides in Relation to Public Health,” Annual Rev. Entomol., Vol. 5 (1960), pp. 379–404.

Occupational Disease in California Attributed to Pesticides and Other Agricultural Chemicals. Calif. Dept. of Public Health, 1957, 1958, 1959, and 1960.

Quinby, Griffith E., and A. B. Lemmon, “Parathion Residues As a Cause of Poisoning in Crop Workers,” Jour. Am. Med. Assn., Vol. 166 (Feb. 15, 1958), pp. 740–46.

Carman, G. C., et al., “Absorption of DDT and Parathion by Fruits,” Abstracts, 115th Meeting Am. Chem. Soc. (1949), p. 30A.

Clinical Memoranda on Economic Poisons, p. 11.

Frawley, John P., et al., “Marked Potentiation in Mammalian Toxicity from Simultaneous Administration of Two Anticholinesterase Compounds,” Jour. Pharmacol, and Exper. Therapeut., Vol. 121 (1957), No. 1, pp. 96–106.

Rosenberg, Philip, and J. M. Coon, “Potentiation between Cholinesterase Inhibitors,” Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol, and Med., Vol. 97 (1958), pp. 836–39.

Dubois, Kenneth, P., “Potentiation of the Toxicity of Insecticidal Organic Phosphates,” A.M.A. Archives Indus. Health, Vol. 18 (Dec. 1958), pp. 488–96.

Murphy, S. D., et al., “Potentiation of Toxicity of Malathion by Triorthotolyl Phosphate,” Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol, and Med., Vol. 100 (March 1959), pp. 483–87.

Graham, R. C. B., et al., “The Effect of Some Organophosphorus and Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides on the Toxicity of Several Muscle Relaxants,” four. Pharm. and Pharmacol., Vol. 9 (1957), pp. 312–19.

Rosenberg, Philip, and J. M. Coon, “Increase of Hexobarbital Sleeping Time by Certain Anticholinesterases,” Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol, and Med., Vol. 98 (1958), pp. 650–52.

Dubois, “Potentiation of Toxicity.”

Hurd-Karrer, A. M., and F. W. Poos, “Toxicity of Selenium-Containing Plants to Aphids,” Science, Vol. 84 (1936), pp. 252.

Ripper, W. E., “The Status of Systemic Insecticides in Pest Control Practices,” Advances in Pest Control Research. New York: Interscience, 1957. Vol. 1, pp. 305–52.

Occupational Disease in California, 1959.

Glynne-Jones, G. D., and W. D. E. Thomas, “Experiments on the Possible Contamination of Honey with Schradan,” Annals Appl. Biol., Vol. 40 (1953), p. 546.

Radeleff, R. D., et al., The Acute Toxicity of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon and Organic Phosphorus Insecticides to Livestock. U.S. Dept. of Agric. Technical Bulletin 1122 (1955).

Brooks, F. A., “The Drifting of Poisonous Dusts Applied by Airplanes and Land Rigs,” Agric. Engin., Vol. 28 (1947), No. 6, pp. 233–39.

Stevens, Donald B., “Recent Developments in New York State’s Program Regarding Use of Chemicals to Control Aquatic Vegetation,” paper presented at 13th Annual Meeting Northeastern Weed Control Conf. (Jan. 8, 1959).

Anon., “No More Arsenic,” Economist, Oct. 10, 1959.

“Arsenites in Agriculture,” Lancet, Vol. 1 (1960), p. 178.

Horner, Warren D., “Dinitrophenol and Its Relation to Formation of Cataract,” (A.M.A.) Archives Ophthalmol., Vol. 27 (1942), pp. 1097–1121.

Weinbach, Eugene C., “Biochemical Basis for the Toxicity of Pentachlorophenol,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., Vol. 43 (1957), No. 5, pp. 393–97.

CHAPTER 4: SURFACE WATERS AND UNDERGROUND SEAS

Biological Problems in Water Pollution. Transactions, 1959 seminar. U.S. Public Health Service Technical Report W60-3 (1960).

“Report on Environmental Health Problems,” Hearings, 86th Congress, Subcom. of Com. on Appropriations, March 1960, p. 78.

Tarzwell, Clarence M., “Pollutional Effects of Organic Insecticides to Fishes,” Transactions, 24th North Am. Wildlife Conf. (1959), Washington, D.C., pp. 132–42. Pub. by Wildlife Management Inst.

Nicholson, H. Page, “Insecticide Pollution of Water Resources,” Jour. Am. Waterworks Assn., Vol. 51 (1959), pp. 981–86.

Woodward, Richard L., “Effects of Pesticides in Water Supplies,” Jour. Am. Waterworks Assn., Vol. 52 (1960), No. 11, pp. 1367–72.

Cope, Oliver B., “The Retention of DDT by Trout and Whitefish,” in Biological Problems in Water Pollution, pp. 72–75.

Kuenen, P. H., Realms of Water. New York: Wiley, 1955.

Gilluly, James, et al., Principles of Geology. San Francisco: Freeman, 1951.

Walton, Graham, “Public Health Aspects of the Contamination of Ground Water in South Platte River Basin in Vicinity of Henderson, Colorado, August, 1959.” U.S. Public Health Service, Nov. 2, 1959. Mimeo.

“Report on Environmental Health Problems.”

Hueper, W. C., “Cancer Hazards from Natural and Artificial Water Pollutants,” Proc., Conf. on Physiol. Aspects of Water Quality, Washington, D.C., Sept. 8–9, 1960. U.S. Public Health Service.

Hunt, E. G., and A. I. Bischoff, “Inimical Effects on Wildlife of Periodic DDD Applications to Clear Lake,” Calif. Fish and Game, Vol. 46 (1960), No. 1, pp. 91–106.

Woodard, G., et al., “Effects Observed in Dogs Following the Prolonged Feeding of DDT and Its Analogues,” Federation Proc., Vol. 7 (1948), No. 1, p. 266.

Nelson, A. A., and G. Woodard, “Severe Adrenal Cortical Atrophy (Cytotoxic) and Hepatic Damage Produced in Dogs by Feeding DDD or TDE,” (A.M.A.) Archives Path., Vol. 48 (1949), p. 387.

Zimmermann, B., et al., “The Effects of DDD on the Human Adrenal; Attempts to Use an Adrenal-Destructive Agent in the Treatment of Disseminated Mammary and Prostatic Cancer,” Cancer, Vol. 9 (1956), pp. 940–48.

Cohen, Jesse M., et al., “Effect of Fish Poisons on Water Supplies. I. Removal of Toxic Materials,” Jour. Am. Waterworks Assn., Vol. 52 (1960), No. 12, pp. 1551–65. “II. Odor Problems,” Vol. 53 (1960), No. 1, pp. 49–61. “III. Field Study, Dickinson, North Dakota,” Vol. 53 (1961), No. 2, pp. 233–46.

Hueper, “Cancer Hazards from Water Pollutants.”

CHAPTER 5: REALMS OF THE SOIL

Simonson, Roy W., “What Soils Are,” Yearbook of Agric., U.S. Dept. of Agric., 1957, pp. 17–31.

Clark, Francis E., “Living Organisms in the Soil,” Yearbook of Agric., U.S. Dept. of Agric., 1957, pp. 157–65.

Farb, Peter, Living Earth. New York: Harper, 1959.

Lichtenstein, E. P., and K. R. Schulz, “Persistence of Some Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides As Influenced by Soil Types, Rate of Application and Temperature,” Jour. Econ. Entomol., Vol. 52 (1959), No. 1, pp. 124–31.

Thomas, F. J. D., “The Residual Effects of Crop-Protection Chemicals in the Soil,” in Proc., 2nd Internatl. Plant Protection Conf. (1956), Fernhurst Research Station, England.

Eno, Charles F., “Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides: What Have They Done to Our Soil?” Sunshine State Agric. Research Report for July 1959.

Mader, Donald L., “Effect of Humus of Different Origin in Moderating the Toxicity of Biocides.” Doctorate thesis, Univ. of Wise., 1960.

Sheals, J. G., “Soil Population Studies. I. The Effects of Cultivation and Treatment with Insecticides,” Bull. Entomol. Research, Vol. 47 (Dec. 1956), pp. 803–22.

Hetrick, L. A., “Ten Years of Testing Organic Insecticides As Soil Poisons against the Eastern Subterranean Termite,” Jour. Econ. Entomol., Vol. 50 (1957), p. 316.

Lichtenstein, E. P., and J. B. Polivka, “Persistence of Insecticides in Turf Soils,” Jour. Econ. Entomol., Vol. 52 (1959), No. 2, pp. 289–93.

Ginsburg, J. M., and J. P. Reed, “A Survey on DDT-Accumulation in Soils in Relation to Different Crops,” Jour. Econ. Entomol., Vol. 47 (1954), No. 3, pp. 467–73.

Cullinan, F. P., “Some New Insecticides—Their Effect on Plants and Soils,” Jour. Econ. Entomol., Vol. 42 (1949), pp. 387–91.

Satterlee, Henry S., “The Problem of Arsenic in American Cigarette Tobacco,” New Eng. Jour. Med., Vol. 254 (June 21, 1956), pp. 1149–54.

Lichtenstein, E. P., “Absorption of Some Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides from Soils into Various Crops,” Jour. Agric. and Food Chem., Vol. 7 (1959), No. 6, pp. 430–33.

“Chemicals in Foods and Cosmetics,” Hearings, 81st Congress, H.R. 74 and 447, House Select Com. to Investigate Use of Chemicals in Foods and Cosmetics, Pt. 3 (1952), pp. 1385–1416. Testimony of L. G. Cox.

Klostermeyer, E. C., and C. B. Skotland, Pesticide Chemicals As a Factor in Hop Die-out. Washington Agric. Exper. Stations Circular 362 (1959).

Stegeman, LeRoy C., “The Ecology of the Soil.” Transcription of a seminar, New York State Univ. College of Forestry, 1960.

CHAPTER 6: EARTH’S GREEN MANTLE

Patterson, Robert L., The Sage Grouse in Wyoming. Denver: Sage Books, Inc., for Wyoming Fish and Game Commission, 1952.

Murie, Olaus J., “The Scientist and Sagebrush,” Pacific Discovery, Vol. 13 (1960), No. 4, p. 1.

Pechanec, Joseph, et al., Controlling Sagebrush on Rangelands. U.S. Dept. of Agric. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 2072 (1960).

Douglas, William O., My Wilderness: East to Katahdin. New York: Doubleday, 1961.

Egler, Frank E., Herbicides: 60 Questions and Answers Concerning Roadside and Rightofway Vegetation Management. Litchfield, Conn.: Litchfield Hills Audubon Soc., 1961.

Fisher, C. E., et al., Control of Mesquite on Grazing Lands. Texas Agric. Exper. Station Bulletin 935 (Aug. 1959).

Goodrum, Phil D., and V. H. Reid, “Wildlife Implications of Hardwood and Brush Controls,” Transactions, 21st North Am. Wildlife Conf. (1956).

A Survey of Extent and Cost of Weed Control and Specific Weed Problems. U.S. Dept. of Agric. ARS 34–23 (March 1962).

Barnes, Irston R., “Sprays Mar Beauty of Nature,” Washington Post, Sept. 25, 1960.

Goodwin, Richard H., and William A. Niering, A Roadside Crisis: The Use and Abuse of Herbicides. Connecticut Arboretum Bulletin No. 11 (March 1959), pp. 1–13.

Boardman, William, “The Dangers of Weed Spraying,” Veterinarian, Vol. 6 (Jan. 1961), pp. 9–19.

Willard, C. J., “Indirect Effects of Herbicides,” Proc., 7th Annual Meeting North Central Weed Control Conf. (1950), pp. 110–12.

Douglas, William O., My Wilderness: The Pacific West. New York: Doubleday, 1960.

Egler, Frank E., Vegetation Management for Rights-of-Way and Roadsides. Smithsonian Report for 1953 (Smithsonian Inst., Washington, D.C.), pp. 299–322.

Bohart, George E., “Pollination by Native Insects,” Yearbook of Agric., U.S. Dept. of Agric., 1952, pp. 107–21.

Egler, Vegetation Management.

Niering, William A., and Frank E. Egler, “A Shrub Community of Viburnum lentago, Stable for Twenty-five Years,” Ecology, Vol. 36 (April 1955), pp. 356–60.

Pound, Charles E., and Frank E. Egler, “Brush Control in Southeastern New York: Fifteen Years of Stable Tree-Less Communities,” Ecology, Vol. 34 (Jan. 1953), pp. 63–73.

Egler, Frank E., “Science, Industry, and the Abuse of Rights of Way,” Science, Vol. 127 (1958), No. 3298, pp. 573–80.

Niering, William A., “Principles of Sound Right-of-Way Vegetation Management,” Econ. Botany, Vol. 12 (April-June 1958), pp. 140–44.

Hall, William C., and William A. Niering, “The Theory and Practice of Successful Selective Control of ‘Brush’ by Chemicals,” Proc., 13th Annual Meeting Northeastern Weed Control Conf. (Jan. 8, 1959).

Egler, Frank E., “Fifty Million More Acres for Hunting?” Sports Afield, Dec. 1954.

McQuilkin, W. E., and L. R. Strickenberg, Roadside Brush Control with 2,4,5-T on Eastern National Forests. Northeastern Forest Exper. Station Paper No. 148. Upper Darby, Penna., 1961.

Goldstein, N. P., et al., “Peripheral Neuropathy after Exposure to an Ester of Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid,” Jour. Am. Med. Assn., Vol. 171 (1959), pp. 1306–9.

Brody, T. M., “Effect of Certain Plant Growth Substances on Oxidative Phosphorylation in Rat Liver Mitochondria,” Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol, and Med., Vol. 80 (1952), pp. 533–36.

Croker, Barbara H., “Effects of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T on Mitosis in Allium cepa,” Bot. Gazette, Vol. 114 (1953), pp. 274–83.

Willard, “Indirect Effects of Herbicides.”

Stahler, L. M., and E. J. Whitehead, “The Effect of 2,4-D on Potassium Nitrate Levels in Leaves of Sugar Beets,” Science, Vol. 112 (1950), No. 2921, pp. 749–51.

Olson, O., and E. Whitehead, “Nitrate Content of Some South Dakota Plants,” Proc., South Dakota Acad, of Sei., Vol. 20 (1940), p. 95.

What’s New in Farm Science. Univ. of Wise. Agric. Exper. Station Annual Report, Pt. II, Bulletin 527 (July 1957), p. 18.

Stahler and Whitehead, “The Effect of 2,4-D on Potassium Nitrate Levels.”

Grayson, R. R., “Silage Gas Poisoning: Nitrogen Dioxide Pneumonia, a New Disease in Agricultural Workers,” Annals Internal Med., Vol. 45 (1956), pp. 393–408.

Crawford, R. F., and W. K. Kennedy, Nitrates in Forage Crops and Silage: Benefits, Hazards, Precautions. New York State College of Agric., Cornell Misc. Bulletin 37 (June 1960).

Briejèr, C. J., To author.

Knake, Ellery L., and F. W. Slife, “Competition of Setaria faterii with Corn and Soybeans,” Weeds, Vol. 10 (1962), No. 1, pp. 26–29.

Goodwin and Niering, A Roadside Crisis.

Egler, Frank E., To author.

DeWitt, James B., To author.

Holloway, James K., “Weed Control by Insect,” Sci. American, Vol. 197 (1957), No. 1, pp. 56–62.

Holloway, James K., and C. B. Huffaker, “Insects to Control a Weed,” Yearbook of Agric., U.S. Dept. of Agric., 1952, pp. 135–40.

Huffaker, C. B., and C. E. Kennett, “A Ten-Year Study of Vegetational Changes Associated with Biological Control of Klamath Weed,” four. Range Management, Vol. 12 (1959), No. 2, pp. 69–82.

Bishopp, F. C., “Insect Friends of Man,” Yearbook of Agric., U.S. Dept. of Agric., 1952, pp. 79–87.

CHAPTER 7: NEEDLESS HAVOC

Nickell, Walter, To author.

Here Is Your 1959 Japanese Beetle Control Program. Release, Michigan State Dept. of Agric., Oct. 19, 1959.

Hadley, Charles H., and Walter E. Fleming, “The Japanese Beetle,” Yearbook of Agric., U.S. Dept. of Agric., 1952, pp. 567–73.

Here Is Your 1959 Japanese Beetle Control Program.

“No Bugs in Plane Dusting,” Detroit News, Nov. 10, 1959.

Michigan Audubon Newsletter, Vol. 9 (Jan. 1960).

“No Bugs in Plane Dusting.”

Hickey, Joseph J., “Some Effects of Insecticides on Terrestrial Birdlife,” Report of Subcom. on Relation of Chemicals to Forestry and Wildlife, Madison, Wise., Jan. 1961. Special Report No. 6.

Scott, Thomas G., To author, Dec. 14, 1961.

“Coordination of Pesticides Programs,” Hearings, 86th Congress, H.R. 11502, Com. on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, May 1960, p. 66.

Scott, Thomas G., et al., “Some Effects of a Field Application of Dieldrin on Wildlife,” Jour. Wildlife Management, Vol. 23 (1959), No. 4, pp. 409–27.

Hayes, Wayland J., Jr., “The Toxicity of Dieldrin to Man.,” Bull. World Health Organ., Vol. 20 (1959), pp. 891–912.

Scott, Thomas G., To author, Dec. 14, 1961, Jan. 8, Feb. 15, 1962.

Hawley, Ira M., “Milky Diseases of Beetles,” Yearbook of Agric., U.S. Dept. of Agric., 1952, pp. 394–401.

Fleming, Walter E., “Biological Control of the Japanese Beetle Especially with Entomogenous Diseases,” Proc., 10th Internatl. Congress of Entomologists (1956), Vol. 3 (1958), pp. 115–25.

Chittick, Howard A. (Fairfax Biological Lab.), To author, Nov. 30, 1960.

Scott et al., “Some Effects of a Field Application of Dieldrin on Wildlife.”

CHAPTER 8: AND NO BIRDS SING

Audubon Field Notes. “Fall Migration—Aug. 16 to Nov. 30, 1958.” Vol. 13 (1959), No. 1, pp. 1–68.

Swingle, R. U., et al., “Dutch Elm Disease,” Yearbook of Agric., U.S. Dept. of Agric., 1949, pp. 451–52.

Mehner, John F., and George J. Wallace, “Robin Populations and Insecticides,” Atlantic Naturalist, Vol. 14 (1959), No. 1, pp. 4–10.

Wallace, George J., “Insecticides and Birds,” Audubon Mag., Jan.–Feb. 1959.

Barker, Roy J., “Notes on Some Ecological Effects of DDT Sprayed on Elms,” Jour. Wildlife Management, Vol. 22 (1958), No. 3, pp. 269–74.

Hickey, Joseph J., and L. Barrie Hunt, “Songbird Mortality Following Annual Programs to Control Dutch Elm Disease,” Atlantic Naturalist, Vol. 15 (1960), No. 2, pp. 87–92.

Wallace, “Insecticides and Birds.”

Wallace, George J., “Another Year of Robin Losses on a University Campus,” Audubon Mag., March-April 1960.

“Coordination of Pesticides Programs,” Hearings, H.R. 11502, 86th Congress, Com. on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, May 1960, pp. 10, 12.

Hickey, Joseph J., and L. Barrie Hunt, “Initial Songbird Mortality Following a Dutch Elm Disease Control Program,” Jour. Wildlife Management, Vol. 24 (1960), No. 3, pp. 259–65.

Wallace, George J., et al., Bird Mortality in the Dutch Elm Disease Program in Michigan. Cranbrook Inst, of Science Bulletin 41 (1961).

Hickey, Joseph J., “Some Effects of Insecticides on Terrestrial Birdlife,” Report of Subcom. on Relation of Chemicals to Forestry and Wildlife, State of Wisconsin, Jan. 1961, pp. 2–43.

Walton, W. R., Earthworms As Pests and Otherwise. U.S. Dept. of Agric. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 1569 (1928).

Wright, Bruce S., “Woodcock Reproduction in DDT-Sprayed Areas of New Brunswick,” four. Wildlife Management, Vol. 24 (1960), No. 4, pp. 419–20.

Dexter, R. W., “Earthworms in the Winter Diet of the Opossum and the Raccoon,” Jour. Mammal., Vol. 32 (1951), p. 464.

Wallace et al., Bird Mortality in the Dutch Elm Disease Program.

“Coordination of Pesticides Programs.” Testimony of George J. Wallace, p. 10.

Wallace, “Insecticides and Birds.”

Bent, Arthur C., Life Histories of North American Jays, Crows, and Titmice. Smithsonian Inst., U.S. Natl. Museum Bulletin 191 (1946).

MacLellan, C. R., “Woodpecker Control of the Codling Moth in Nova Scotia Orchards,” Atlantic Naturalist, Vol. 16 (1961), No. 1, pp. 17–25.

Knight, F. B., “The Effects of Woodpeckers on Populations of the Engelmann Spruce Beetle,” Jour. Econ. Entomol., Vol. 51 (1958), pp. 603–7.

Carter, J. C., To author, June 16, 1960.

Sweeney, Joseph A., To author, March 7, 1960.

Welch, D. S., and J. G. Matthysse, Control of the Dutch Elm Disease in New York State. New York State College of Agric., Cornell Ext. Bulletin No. 932 (June 1960), pp. 3–16.

Matthysse, J. G., An Evaluation of Mist Blowing and Sanitation in Dutch Elm Disease Control Programs. New York State College of Agric., Cornell Ext. Bulletin No. 30 (July 1959), pp. 2–16.

Miller, Howard, To author, Jan. 17, 1962.

Matthysse, An Evaluation of Mist Blowing and Sanitation.

Elton, Charles S., The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants. New York: Wiley, 1958.

Broley, Charles E., “The Bald Eagle in Florida,” Atlantic Naturalist, July 1957, pp. 230–31.

——, “The Plight of the American Bald Eagle,” Audubon Mag., July-Aug. 1958, pp. 162–63.

Cunningham, Richard L., “The Status of the Bald Eagle in Florida,” Audubon Mag., Jan.-Feb. 1960, pp. 24–43.

“Vanishing Bald Eagle Gets Champion,” Florida Naturalist, April 1959, p. 64.

McLaughlin, Frank, “Bald Eagle Survey in New Jersey,” New Jersey Nature News, Vol. 16 (1959), No. 2, p. 25. Interim Report, Vol. 16 (1959), No. 3, p. 51.

Broun, Maurice, To author, May 22, 30, 1960.

Beck, Herbert H., To author, July 30, 1959.

Rudd, Robert L., and Richard E. Genelly, Pesticides: Their Use and Toxicity in Relation to Wildlife. Calif. Dept. of Fish and Game, Game Bulletin No. 7 (1956), p. 57.

DeWitt, James B., “Effects of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides upon Quail and Pheasants,” Jour. Agric. and Food Chem., Vol. 3 (1955), No. 8, p. 672.

——, “Chronic Toxicity to Quail and Pheasants of Some Chlorinated Insecticides. Jour. Agric. and Food Chem., Vol. 4 (1956), No. 10, p. 863.

Imler, Ralph H., and E. R. Kalmbach, The Bald Eagle and Its Economic Status. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Circular 30 (1955).

Mills, Herbert R., “Death in the Florida Marshes,” Audubon Mag., Sept.-Oct. 1952.

Bulletin, Internatl. Union for the Conservation of Nature, May and Oct. 1957.

The Deaths of Birds and Mammals Connected with Toxic Chemicals in the First Half of 1960. Report No. 1 of the British Trust for Ornithology and Royal Soc. for the Protection of Birds. Com. on Toxic Chemicals, Royal Soc. Protect. Birds.

Sixth Report from the Estimates Com., Ministry of Agric., Fisheries and Food, Sess. 1960–61, House of Commons.

Christian, Garth, “Do Seed Dressings Kill Foxes?” Country Life, Jan. 12, 1961.

Rudd, Robert L., and Richard E. Genelly, “Avian Mortality from DDT in Californian Rice Fields,” Condor, Vol. 57 (March-April 1955), pp. 117–18.

Rudd and Genelly, Pesticides.

Dykstra, Walter W., “Nuisance Bird Control,” Audubon Mag., May-June 1960, pp. 118–19.

Buchheister, Carl W., “What About Problem Birds?” Audubon Mag., May-June 1960, pp. 116–18.

Quinby, Griffith E., and A. B. Lemmon, “Parathion Residues As a Cause of Poisoning in Crop Workers,” Jour. Am. Med. Assn., Vol. 166 (Feb. 15, 1958), pp. 740–46.

CHAPTER 9: RIVERS OF DEATH

Kerswill, C. J., “Effects of DDT Spraying in New Brunswick on Future Runs of Adult Salmon,” Atlantic Advocate, Vol. 48 (1958), pp. 65–68.

Keenleyside, M. H. A., “Insecticides and Wildlife,” Canadian Audubon, Vol. 21 (1959), No. 1, pp. 1–7.

——, “Effects of Spruce Budworm Control on Salmon and Other Fishes in New Brunswick,” Canadian Fish Culturist, Issue 24 (1959), pp. 17–22.

Kerswill, C. J., Investigation and Management of Atlantic Salmon in 1956 (also for 1957, 1958, 1959–60; in 4 parts). Federal-Provincial Co-ordinating Com. on Atlantic Salmon (Canada).

Ide, F. P., “Effect of Forest Spraying with DDT on Aquatic Insects of Salmon Streams,” Transactions, Am. Fisheries Soc., Vol. 86 (1957), pp. 208–19.

Kerswill, C. J., To author, May 9, 1961.

——, To author, June 1, 1961.

Warner, Kendall, and O. C. Fenderson, “Effects of Forest Insect Spraying on Northern Maine Trout Streams.” Maine Dept. of Inland Fisheries and Game. Mimeo., n.d.

Alderdice, D. F., and M. E. Worthington, “Toxicity of a DDT Forest Spray to Young Salmon.” Canadian Fish Culturist, Issue 24 (1959), PP. 41–48.

Hourston, W. R., To author, May 23, 1961.

Graham, R. J., and D. O. Scott, Effects of Forest Insect Spraying on Trout and Aquatic Insects in Some Montana Streams. Final Report, Mont. State Fish and Game Dept., 1958.

Graham, R. J., “Effects of Forest Insect Spraying on Trout and Aquatic Insects in Some Montana Streams,” in Biological Problems in Water Pollution. Transactions, 1959 seminar. U.S. Public Health Service Technical Report W60–3 (1960).

Crouter, R. A., and E. H. Vernon, “Effects of Black-headed Budworm Control on Salmon and Trout in British Columbia,” Canadian Fish Culturist, Issue 24 (1959), pp. 23–40.

Whiteside, J. M., “Spruce Budworm Control in Oregon and Washington, 1949–1956,” Proc., 10th Internatl. Congress of Entomologists (1956), Vol. 4 (1958), pp. 291–302.

Pollution-Caused Fish Kills in 1960. U.S. Public Health Service Publ. No. 847 (1961), pp. 1–20.

“U.S. Anglers—Three Billion Dollars,” Sport Fishing Inst. Bull., No. 119 (Oct. 1961).

Powers, Edward (Bur. of Commercial Fisheries), To author.

Rudd, Robert L., and Richard E. Genelly, Pesticides: Their Use and Toxicity in Relation to Wildlife. Calif. Dept. of Fish and Game, Game Bulletin No. 7 (1956), p. 88.

Biglane, K. E., To author, May 8, 1961.

Release No. 58–38, Penna. Fish Commission, Dec. 8, 1958.

Rudd and Genelly, Pesticides, p. 60.

Henderson, C., et al., “The Relative Toxicity of Ten Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides to Four Species of Fish,” paper presented at 88th Annual Meeting Am. Fisheries Soc. (1958).

“The Fire Ant Eradication Program and How It Affects Wildlife,” subject of Proc. Symposium, 12th Annual Conf. Southeastern Assn. Game and Fish Commissioners, Louisville, Ky. (1958). Pub. by the Assn., Columbia, S.C., 1958.

“Effects of the Fire Ant Eradication Program on Wildlife,” report, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, May 25, 1958. Mimeo.

Pesticide-Wildlife Review, 1959. Bur. Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Circular 84 (1960), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, pp. 1–36.

Baker, Maurice F., “Observations of Effects of an Application of Heptachlor or Dieldrin on Wildlife,” in Proc. Symposium, pp. 18–20.

Glasgow, L. L., “Studies on the Effect of the Imported Fire Ant Control Program on Wildlife in Louisiana,” in Proc. Symposium, pp. 24–29.

Pesticide-Wildlife Review, 1959.

Progress in Sport Fishery Research, 1960. Bur. Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Circular 101 (1960), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

“Resolution Opposing Fire-Ant Program Passed by American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists,” Copeia (1959), No. 1, p. 89.

Young, L. A., and H. P. Nicholson, “Stream Pollution Resulting from the Use of Organic Insecticides,” Progressive Fish Culturist, Vol. 13 (1951), No. 4, pp. 193–98.

Rudd and Genelly, Pesticides.

Lawrence, J. M., “Toxicity of Some New Insecticides to Several Species of Pondfish,” Progressive Fish Culturist, Vol. 12 (1950), No. 4, pp. 141–46.

Pielow, D. P., “Lethal Effects of DDT on Young Fish,” Nature, Vol. 158 (1946), No. 4011, p. 378.

Herald, E. S., “Notes on the Effect of Aircraft-Distributed DDT-Oil Spray upon Certain Philippine Fishes,” Jour. Wildlife Management, Vol. 13 (1949), No. 3, p. 316.

“Report of Investigation of the Colorado River Fish Kill, January, 1961.” Texas Game and Fish Commission, 1961. Mimeo.

Harrington, R. W., Jr., and W. L. Bidlingmayer, “Effects of Dieldrin on Fishes and Invertebrates of a Salt Marsh,” Jour. Wildlife Management, Vol. 22 (1958), No. 1, pp. 76–82.

Mills, Herbert R., “Death in the Florida Marshes,” Audubon Mag., Sept.-Oct. 1952.

Springer, Paul F., and John R. Webster, Effects of DDT on Salt-marsh Wildlife: 1949. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report, Wildlife No. 10 (1949).

John C. Pearson, To author.

Butler, Philip A., “Effects of Pesticides on Commercial Fisheries,” Proc., 13th Annual Session (Nov. 1960), Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Inst., pp. 168–71.

CHAPTER 10: INDISCRIMINATELY FROM THE SKIES

Perry, C. C., Gypsy Moth Appraisal Program and Proposed Plan to Prevent Spread of the Moths. U.S. Dept. of Agric. Technical Bulletin No. 1124 (Oct. 1955).

Corliss, John M., “The Gypsy Moth,” Yearbook of Agric., U.S. Dept. of Agric., 1952, pp. 694–98.

Worrell, Albert C., “Pests, Pesticides, and People,” offprint from Am. Forests Mag., July 1960.

Clausen, C. P., “Parasites and Predators,” Yearbook of Agric., U.S. Dept. of Agric., 1952, pp. 380–88.

Perry, Gypsy Moth Appraisal Program.

Worrell, “Pests, Pesticides, and People.”

“USDA Launches Large-Scale Effort to Wipe Out Gypsy Moth,” press release, U.S. Dept. of Agric., March 20, 1957.

Worrell, “Pests, Pesticides, and People.”

Robert Cushman Murphy et al. v. Ezra Taft Benson et al. U.S. District Court, Eastern District of New York, Oct. 1959, Civ. No. 17610.

Murphy et al. v. Benson et al. Petition for a Writ of Certiorari to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, Oct. 1959.

Waller, W. K., “Poison on the Land,” Audubon Mag., March-April 1958, pp. 68–71.

Murphy et al. v. Benson et al. U.S. Supreme Court Reports, Memorandum Cases, No. 662, March 28, 1960.

Waller, “Poison on the Land.”

Am. Bee Jour., June 1958, p. 224.

Murphy et al. v. Benson et al. U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit. Brief for Defendant-Appellee Butler, No. 25,448, March 1959.

Brown, William L., Jr., “Mass Insect Control Programs: Four Case Histories,” Psyche, Vol. 68 (1961), Nos. 2–3, pp. 75–111.

Arant, F. S., et al., “Facts about the Imported Fire Ant,” Highlights of Agric. Research, Vol. 5 (1958), No. 4.

Brown, “Mass Insect Control Programs.”

“Pesticides: Hedgehopping into Trouble?” Chemical Week, Feb. 8, 1958, p. 97.

Arant et al., “Facts about the Imported Fire Ant.”

Byrd, I. B., “What Are the Side Effects of the Imported Fire Ant Control Program?” in Biological Problems in Water Pollution. Transactions, 1959 seminar. U.S. Public Health Service Technical Report W60–3 (1960), pp. 46–50.

Hays, S. B., and K. L. Hays, “Food Habits of Solenopsis saevissima richteri Forel,” Jour. Econ. Entomol., Vol. 52 (1959), No. 3, pp. 455–57.

Caro, M. R., et al., “Skin Responses to the Sting of the Imported Fire Ant,” A.M.A. Archives Dermat., Vol. 75 (1957), pp. 475–88.

Byrd, “Side Effects of Fire Ant Program.”

Baker, Maurice F., in Virginia Wildlife, Nov. 1958.

Brown, “Mass Insect Control Programs.”

Pesticide-Wildlife Review, 1959. Bur. Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Circular 84 (1960), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, pp. 1–36.

“The Fire Ant Eradication Program and How It Affects Wildlife,” subject of Proc. Symposium, 12th Annual Conf. Southeastern Assn. Game and Fish Commissioners, Louisville, Ky. (1958). Pub. by the Assn., Columbia, S.C., 1958.

Wright, Bruce S., “Woodcock Reproduction in DDT-Sprayed Areas of New Brunswick,” Jour. Wildlife Management, Vol. 24 (1960), No. 4, pp. 419–20.

Clawson, Sterling G., “Fire Ant Eradication—and Quail,” Alabama Conservation., Vol. 30. (1959), No. 4, p. 14.

Rosene, Walter, “Whistling-Cock Counts of Bobwhite Quail on Areas Treated with Insecticide and on Untreated Areas, Decatur County, Georgia,” in Proc. Symposium, pp. 14–18.

Pesticide-Wildlife Review, 1959.

Cottam, Clarence, “The Uncontrolled Use of Pesticides in the Southeast,” address to Southeastern Assn. Fish, Game and Conservation Commissioners, Oct. 1959.

Poitevint, Otis L., Address to Georgia Sportsmen’s Fed., Oct. 1959.

Ely, R. E., et al., “Excretion of Heptachlor Epoxide in the Milk of Dairy Cows Fed Heptachlor-Sprayed Forage and Technical Heptachlor,” Jour. Dairy Sci., Vol. 38 (1955), No. 6, pp. 669–72.

Gannon, N., et al., “Storage of Dieldrin in Tissues and Its Excretion in Milk of Dairy Cows Fed Dieldrin in Their Diets,” Jour. Agric. and Food Chem., Vol. 7 (1959), No. 12, pp. 824–32.

Insecticide Recommendations of the Entomology Research Division for the Control of Insects Attacking Crops and Livestock for 1961. U.S. Dept. of Agric. Handbook No. 120 (1961).

Peckinpaugh, H. S. (Ala. Dept. of Agric. and Indus.), To author, March 24, 1959.

Hartman, H. L. (La. State Board of Health), To author, March 23, 1959.

Lakey, J. F. (Texas Dept. of Health), To author, March 23, 1959.

Davidow, B., and J. L. Radomski, “Metabolite of Heptachlor, Its Analysis, Storage, and Toxicity,” Federation Proc., Vol. 11 (1952), No. 1, p. 336.

Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, in Federal Register, Oct. 27, 1959.

Burgess, E. D. (U.S. Dept. of Agric.), To author, June 23, 1961.

“Fire Ant Control is Parley Topic,” Beaumont [Texas] Journal, Sept. 24, 1959.

“Coordination of Pesticides Programs,” Hearings, 86th Congress, H.R. 11502, Com. on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, May 1960, p. 45.

Newsom, L. D. (Head, Entomol. Research, La. State Univ.), To author, March 23, 1962.

Green, H. B., and R. E. Hutchins, Economical Method for Control of Imported Fire Ant in Pastures and Meadows. Miss. State Univ. Agric. Exper. Station Information Sheet 586 (May 1958).

CHAPTER 11: BEYOND THE DREAMS OF THE BORGIAS

“Chemicals in Food Products,” Hearings, 81st Congress, H.R. 323, Com. to Investigate Use of Chemicals in Food Products, Pt. I, (1950), pp. 388–90.

Clothes Moths and Carpet Beetles. U.S. Dept. of Agric., Home and Garden Bulletin No. 24 (1961).

Mulrennan, J. A., To author, March 15, 1960.

New York Times, May 22, 1960.

Petty, Charles S., “Organic Phosphate Insecticide Poisoning. Residual Effects in Two Cases,” Am. Jour. Med., Vol. 24 (1958), pp. 467–70.

Miller, A. C., et al., “Do People Read Labels on Household Insecticides?” Soap and Chem. Specialties, Vol. 34 (1958), No. 7, pp. 61–63.

Hayes, Wayland J., Jr., et al., “Storage of DDT and DDE in People with Different Degrees of Exposure to DDT,” A.M.A. Archives Indus. Health, Vol. 18 (Nov. 1958), pp. 398–406.

Walker, Kenneth C., et al., “Pesticide Residues in Foods. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene Content of Prepared Meals,” Jour. Agric. and Food Chem., Vol. 2 (1954), No. 20, pp. 1034–37.

Hayes, Wayland J., Jr., et al., “The Effect of Known Repeated Oral Doses of Chlorophenothane (DDT) in Man,” Jour. Am. Med. Assn., Vol. 162 (1956), No. 9, pp. 890–97.

Milstead, K. L., “Highlights in Various Areas of Enforcement,” address to 64th Annual Conf. Assn. of Food and Drug Officials of U.S., Dallas (June 1960).

Durham, William, et al., “Insecticide Content of Diet and Body Fat of Alaskan Natives,” Science, Vol. 134 (1961), No. 3493, pp. 1880–81.

“Pesticides—1959,” Jour. Agric. and Food Chem., Vol. 7 (1959), No. 10, pp. 674–88.

Annual Reports, Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare. For 1957, pp. 196, 197; 1956, p. 203.

Markarian, Haig, et al., “Insecticide Residues in Foods Subjected to Fogging under Simulated Warehouse Conditions,” Abstracts, 135th Meeting Am. Chem. Soc. (April 1959).

CHAPTER 12: THE HUMAN PRICE

Price, David E., “Is Man Becoming Obsolete?” Public Health Reports, Vol. 74 (1959), No. 8, pp. 693–99.

“Report on Environmental Health Problems,” Hearings, 86th Congress, Subcom. of Com. on Appropriations, March 1960, P- 34.

Dubos, René, Mirage of Health. New York: Harper, 1959. World Perspectives Series. P. 171.

Medical Research: A Midcentury Survey. Vol. 2, Unsolved Clinical Problems in Biological Perspective. Boston: Little, Brown, 1955. P. 4.

“Chemicals in Food Products,” Hearings, 81st Congress, H.R. 323, Com. to Investigate Use of Chemicals in Food Products, 1950, p. 5. Testimony of A. J. Carlson.

Paul, A. H., “Dieldrin Poisoning—a Case Report,” New Zealand Med. Jour., Vol. 58 (1959), p. 393.

“Insecticide Storage in Adipose Tissue,” editorial, Jour. Am. Med. Assn., Vol. 145 (March 10, 1951), pp. 735–36.

Mitchell, Philip H., A Textbook of General Physiology. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1956. 5th ed.

Miller, B. F., and R. Goode, Man and His Body: The Wonders of the Human Mechanism. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1960.

Dubois, Kenneth P., “Potentiation of the Toxicity of Insecticidal Organic Phosphates,” A.M.A. Archives Indus. Health, Vol. 18 (Dec. 1958), pp. 488–96.

Gleason, Marion, et al., Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1957.

Case, R. A. M., “Toxic Effects of DDT in Man,” Brit. Med. Jour., Vol. 2 (Dec. 15, 1945), pp. 842–45.

Wigglesworth, V. D., “A Case of DDT Poisoning in Man,” Brit. Med. Jour., Vol. 1 (April 14, 1945), p. 517.

Hayes, Wayland J., Jr., et al., “The Effect of Known Repeated Oral Doses of Chlorophenothane (DDT) in Man,” Jour. Am. Med. Assn., Vol. 162 (Oct. 27, 1956), pp. 890–97.

Hargraves, Malcolm M., “Chemical Pesticides and Conservation Problems,” address to 23rd Annual Conv. Natl. Wildlife Fed. (Feb. 27, 1959). Mimeo.

——, and D. G. Hanlon, “Leukemia and Lymphoma—Environmental Diseases?” paper presented at Internatl. Congress of Hematology, Japan, Sept. 1960. Mimeo.

“Chemicals in Food Products,” Hearings, 81st Congress, H.R. 323, Com. to Investigate Use of Chemicals in Food Products, 1950. Testimony of Dr. Morton S. Biskind.

Thompson, R. H. S., “Cholinesterases and Anticholinesterases,” Lectures on the Scientific Basis of Medicine, Vol. II (1952–53), Univ. of London. London: Athlone Press, 1954.

Laug, E. P., and F. M. Keenz, “Effect of Carbon Tetrachloride on Toxicity and Storage of Methoxychlor in Rats,” Federation Proc., Vol. 10 (March 1951), p. 318.

Hayes, Wayland J., Jr., “The Toxicity of Dieldrin to Man,” Bull. World Health Organ., Vol. 20 (1959), pp. 891–912.

“Abuse of Insecticide Fumigating Devices,” Jour. Am. Med. Assn., Vol. 156 (Oct. 9, 1954), pp. 607–8.

“Chemicals in Food Products.” Testimony of Dr. Paul B. Dunbar, pp. 28–29.

Smith, M. I., and E. Elrove, “Pharmacological and Chemical Studies of the Cause of So-Called Ginger Paralysis,” Public Health Reports, Vol. 45 (1930), pp. 1703–16.

Durham, W. F., et al., “Paralytic and Related Effects of Certain Organic Phosphorus Compounds,” A.M.A. Archives Indus. Health, Vol. 13 (1956), pp. 326–30.

Bidstrup, P. L., et al., “Anticholinesterases (Paralysis in Man Following Poisoning by Cholinesterase Inhibitors),” Chem. and Indus., Vol. 24 (1954), pp. 674–76.

Gershon, S., and F. H. Shaw, “Psychiatric Sequelae of Chronic Exposure to Organophosphorus Insecticides,” Lancet, Vol. 7191 (June 24, 1961), pp. 1371–74.

CHAPTER 13: THROUGH A NARROW WINDOW

Wald, George, “Life and Light,” Set. American, Oct. 1959, pp. 40–42.

Rabinowitch, E. I., Quoted in Medical Research: A Midcentury Survey. Vol. 2, Unsolved Clinical Problems in Biological Perspective. Boston: Little, Brown, 1955. P. 25.

Ernster, L., and O. Lindberg, “Animal Mitochondria,” Annual Rev. Physiol., Vol. 20 (1958), pp. 13–42.

Siekevitz, Philip, “Powerhouse of the Cell,” Sci. American, Vol. 197 (1957). No. 1, pp. 131–40.

Green, David EL, “Biological Oxidation,” Sci. American, Vol. 199 (1958), No. 1, pp. 56–62.

Lehninger, Albert L., “Energy Transformation in the Cell,” Sci. American, Vol. 202 (1960), No. 5, pp. 102–14.

——, Oxidative Phosphorylation. Harvey Lectures (1953–54), Ser. XLIX, Harvard University. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1955. Pp. 176–215.

Siekevitz, “Powerhouse of the Cell.”

Simon, E. W., “Mechanisms of Dinitrophenol Toxicity,” Biol. Rev., Vol. 28 (1953), pp. 453–79,

Yost, Henry T., and H. H. Robson, “Studies on the Effects of Irradiation of Cellular Particulates. III. The Effect of Combined Radiation Treatments on Phosphorylation,” Biol. Bull., Vol. 116 (1959), No. 3, pp. 498–506.

Loomis, W. F., and Lipmann, F., “Reversible Inhibition of the Coupling between Phosphorylation and Oxidation,” four. Biol. Chem., Vol. 173 (1948), pp. 807–8.

Brody, T. M., “Effect of Certain Plant Growth Substances on Oxidative Phosphorylation in Rat Liver Mitochondria,” Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol, and Med., Vol. 80 (1952), pp. 533–36.

Sacklin, J. A., et al., “Effect of DDT on Enzymatic Oxidation and Phosphorylation,” Science, Vol. 122 (1955), pp. 377–78.

Danziger, L., “Anoxia and Compounds Causing Mental Disorders in Man,” Diseases Nervous System, Vol. 6 (1945), No. 12, pp. 365–70.

Goldblatt, Harry, and G. Cameron, “Induced Malignancy in Cells from Rat Myocardium Subjected to Intermittent Anaerobiosis During Long Propagation in Vitro,” Jour. Exper. Med., Vol. 97 (1953), No. 4, pp. 525–52.

Warburg, Otto, “On the Origin of Cancer Cells,” Science, Vol. 123 (1956), No. 3191, pp. 309–14.

“Congenital Malformations Subject of Study,” Registrar, U.S. Public Health Service, Vol. 24, No. 12 (Dec. 1959), p. 1.

Brachet, J., Biochemical Cytology. New York: Academic Press, 1957. P. 516.

Genelly, Richard E., and Robert L. Rudd, “Effects of DDT, Toxaphene, and Dieldrin on Pheasant Reproduction,” Auk, Vol. 73 (Oct. 1956), pp. 529–39.

Wallace, George J., To author, June 2, 1960.

Cottam, Clarence, “Some Effects of Sprays on Crops and Livestock,” address to Soil Conservation Soc. of Am., Aug. 1961. Mimeo.

Bryson, M. J., et al., “DDT in Eggs and Tissues of Chickens Fed Varying Levels of DDT,” Advances in Chem., Ser. No. 1, 1950.

Genelly, Richard E., and Robert L. Rudd, “Chronic Toxicity of DDT, Toxaphene, and Dieldrin to Ring-necked Pheasants,” Calif. Fish and Game, Vol. 42 (1956), No. 1, pp. 5–14.

Emmel, L., and M. Krupe, “The Mode of Action of DDT in Warm-blooded Animals,” Zeits. für Naturforschung, Vol. 1 (1946), pp. 691–95.

Wallace, George J., To author.

Pillmore, R. E., “Insecticide Residues in Big Game Animals,” U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, pp. 1–10. Denver, 1961. Mimeo.

Hodge, C. H., et al., “Short-Term Oral Toxicity Tests of Methoxychlor in Rats and Dogs,” Jour. Pharmacol, and Exper. Therapeut., Vol. 99 (1950), p. 140.

Burlington, H., and V. F. Lindeman, “Effect of DDT on Testes and Secondary Sex Characters of White Leghorn Cockerels,” Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol, and Med., Vol. 74, (1950), pp. 48–51.

Lardy, H. A., and P. H. Phillips, “The Effect of Thyroxine and Dinitrophenol on Sperm Metabolism,” Jour. Biol. Chem., Vol. 149 (1943), p. 177.

“Occupational Oligospermia,” letter to Editor, Jour. Am. Med. Assn., Vol. 140, No. 1249 (Aug. 13, 1949).

Burnet, F. Macfarlane, “Leukemia As a Problem in Preventive Medicine,” New Eng. Jour. Med., Vol. 259 (1958), No. 9, pp. 423–31.

Alexander, Peter, “Radiation-Imitating Chemicals,” Sci. American, Vol. 202 (1960), No. 1, pp. 99–108.

Simpson, George G., C. S. Pittendrigh, and L. H. Tiffany, Life: An Introduction to Biology. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1957.

Burnet, “Leukemia As a Problem in Preventive Medicine.”

Beam, A. G., and J. L. German III, “Chromosomes and Disease,” Sci. American, Vol. 205 (1961), No. 5, pp. 66–76.

“The Nature of Radioactive Fall-out and Its Effects on Man,” Hearings, 85th Congress, Joint Com. on Atomic Energy, Pt. 2 (June 1957), p. 1062. Testimony of Dr. Hermann J. Muller.

Alexander, “Radiation-Imitating Chemicals.”

Muller, Hermann J., “Radiation and Human Mutation,” Sci. American, Vol. 193 (1955), No. 11, pp. 58–68.

Conen, P. E., and G. S. Lansky, “Chromosome Damage during Nitrogen Mustard Therapy,” Brit. Med. Jour., Vol. 2 (Oct. 21, 1961), pp. 1055–57.

Blasquez, J., and J. Maier, “Ginandromorfismo en Culex fatigans sometidos por generaciones sucesivas a exposiciones de DDT,” Revista de Sanidad y Assistencia Social (Caracas), Vol. 16 (1951), pp. 607–12.

Levan, A., and J. H. Tjio, “Induction of Chromosome Fragmentation by Phenols,” Hereditas, Vol. 34 (1948), pp. 453–84.

Loveless, A., and S. Revell, “New Evidence on the Mode of Action of ‘Mitotic Poisons,’ “ Nature, Vol. 164 (1949), pp. 938–44.

Hadorn, E., et al., Quoted by Charlotte Auerbach in “Chemical Mutagenesis,” Biol. Rev., Vol. 24 (1949), pp. 355–91.

Wilson, S. M., et al., “Cytological and Genetical Effects of the Defoliant Endothal,” Jour, of Heredity, Vol. 47 (1956), No. 4, pp. 151–55.

Vogt, quoted by W. J. Burdette in “The Significance of Mutation in Relation to the Origin of Tumors: A Review,” Cancer Research, Vol. 15 (1955), No. 4, pp. 201–26.

Swanson, Carl, Cytology and Cytogenetics. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1957.

Kostoff, D., “Induction of Cytogenic Changes and Atypical Growth by Hexachlorcyclohexane,” Science, Vol. 109 (May 6, 1949), pp. 467–68.

Sass, John E., “Response of Meristems of Seedlings to Benzene Hexachloride Used As a Seed Protectant,” Science, Vol. 114 (Nov. 2, 1951), p. 466.

Shenefelt, R. D., “What’s Behind Insect Control?” in What’s New in Farm Science. Univ. of Wise. Agric. Exper. Station Bulletin 512 (Jan. 1955).

Croker, Barbara H., “Effects of 2,4–D and 2,4,5–T on Mitosis in Allium cepa,” Bot. Gazette, Vol. 114 (1953), pp. 274–83.

Mühling, G. N., et al., “Cytological Effects of Herbicidal Substituted Phenols,” Weeds, Vol. 8 (1960), No. 2, pp. 173–81.

Davis, David E., To author, Nov. 24, 1961.

Jacobs, Patricia A., et al., “The Somatic Chromosomes in Mongolism,” Lancet, No. 7075 (April 4, 1959), p. 710.

Ford, C. E., and P. A. Jacobs, “Human Somatic Chromosomes,” Nature, June 7, 1958, pp. 1565–68.

“Chromosome Abnormality in Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia,” editorial, Brit. Med. Jour., Vol. 1 (Feb. 4, 1961), p. 347.

Bearn and German, “Chromosomes and Disease.”

Patau, K., et al., “Partial-Trisomy Syndromes. I. Sturge-Weber’s Disease,” Am. Jour. Human Genetics, Vol. 13 (1961), No. 3, pp. 287–98.

___, “Partial-Trisomy Syndromes. II. An Insertion As Cause of the OFD Syndrome in Mother and Daughter,” Chromosoma (Berlin), Vol. 12 (1961), pp. 573–84.

Therman, E., et al., “The D Trisomy Syndrome and XO Gonadal Dysgenesis in Two Sisters,” Am. four. Human Genetics, Vol. 13 (1961), No. 2, pp. 193–204.

CHAPTER 14: ONE IN EVERY FOUR

Hueper, W. C., “Newer Developments in Occupational and Environmental Cancer,” A.M.A. Archives Inter. Med., Vol. 100 (Sept. 1957), pp. 487–503.

___, Occupational Tumors and Allied Diseases. Springfield, Ill.: Thomas, 1942.

___, “Environmental Cancer Hazards: A Problem of Community Health,” Southern Med. Jour., Vol. 50 (1957), No. 7, pp. 923–33.

“Estimated Numbers of Deaths and Death Rates for Selected Causes: United States,” Annual Summary for 1959, Pt. 2, Monthly Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 7, No. 13 (July 22, 1959), p. 14. Natl. Office of Vital Statistics, Public Health Service.

1962 Cancer Facts and Figures, American Cancer Society.

Vital Statistics of the United States, 1959. Natl. Office of Vital Statistics, Public Health Service. Vol. I, Sec. 6, Mortality Statistics. Table 6–K.

Hueper, W. C., Environmental and Occupational Cancer. Public Health Reports, Supplement 209 (1948).

“Food Additives,” Hearings, 85th Congress, Subcom. of Com. on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, July 19, 1957. Testimony of Dr. Francis E. Ray, p. 200.

Hueper, Occupational Tumors and Allied Diseases.

___, “Potential Role of Non-Nutritive Food Additives and Contaminants as Environmental Carcinogens,” A.M.A. Archives Path., Vol. 62 (Sept. 1956), pp. 218–49.

“Tolerances for Residues of Aramite,” Federal Register, Sept. 30, 1955. Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare.

“Notice of Proposal to Establish Zero Tolerances for Aramite,” Federal Register, April 26, 1958. Food and Drug Administration.

“Aramite—Revocation of Tolerances; Establishment of Zero Tolerances,” Federal Register, Dec. 24, 1958. Food and Drug Administration.

Von Oettingen, W. F., The Halogenated Aliphatic, Olefinic, Cyclic, Aromatic, and Aliphatic-Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Including the Halogenated Insecticides, Their Toxicity and Potential Dangers. U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare. Public Health Service Publ. No. 414 (1955).

Hueper, W. C., and W. W. Payne, “Observations on the Occurrence of Hepatomas in Rainbow Trout,” Jour. Natl. Cancer Inst., Vol. 27 (1961), pp. 1123–43.

VanEsch, G. J., et al., “The Production of Skin Tumours in Mice by Oral Treatment with Urethane-Isopropyl-N-Phenyl Carbamate or Isopropyl-N-Chlorophenyl Carbamate in Combination with Skin Painting with Croton Oil and Tween 60,” Brit. Jour. Cancer, Vol. 12 (1958), pp. 355—62.

“Scientific Background for Food and Drug Administration Action against Aminotriazole in Cranberries.” Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Nov. 17, 1959. Mimeo.

Rutstein, David, Letter to New York Times, Nov. 16, 1959.

Hueper, W. C., “Causal and Preventive Aspects of Environmental Cancer,” Minnesota Med., Vol. 39 (Jan. 1956), pp. 5–11, 22.

“Estimated Numbers of Deaths and Death Rates for Selected Causes: United States,” Annual Summary for 1960, Pt. 2, Monthly Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 9, No. 13 (July 28, 1961), Table 3.

Robert Cushman Murphy et al. v. Ezra Taft Benson et al. U.S. District Court, Eastern District of New York, Oct. 1959, Civ. No. 17610. Testimony of Dr. Malcolm M. Hargraves.

Hargraves, Malcolm M., “Chemical Pesticides and Conservation Problems,” address to 23rd Annual Conv. Natl. Wildlife Fed. (Feb. 27, 1959). Mimeo.

___, and D. G. Hanlon, “Leukemia and Lymphoma—Environmental Diseases?” paper presented at Internatl. Congress of Hematology, Japan, Sept. 1960. Mimeo.

Wright, C., et al., “Agranulocytosis Occurring after Exposure to a DDT Pyrethrum Aerosol Bomb,” Am. Jour. Med., Vol. 1 (1946), pp. 562–67.

Jedlicka, V., “Paramyeloblastic: Leukemia Appearing Simultaneously in Two Blood Cousins after Simultaneous Contact with Gammexane (Hexachlorcyclohexane),” Acta Med. Scand., Vol. 161 (1958), pp. 447–51.

Friberg, L., and J. Martensson, “Case of Panmyelopthisis after Exposure to Chlorophenothane and Benzene Hexachloride,” (A.M.A.) Archives Indus. Hygiene and Occupat. Med., Vol. 8 (1953), No. 2, pp. 166–69.

Warburg, Otto, “On the Origin of Cancer Cells,” Science, Vol. 123, No. 3191 (Feb. 24, 1956), pp. 309–14.

Sloan-Kettering Inst. for Cancer Research, Biennial Report, July 1, 1957–June 30, 1959, p. 72.

Levan, Albert, and John J. Biesele, “Role of Chromosomes in Cancerogenesis, As Studied in Serial Tissue Culture of Mammalian Cells,” Annals New York Acad. Sci., Vol. 71 (1958), No. 6, pp. 1022–53.

Hunter, F. T., “Chronic Exposure to Benzene (Benzol). II. The Clinical Effects,” Jour. Indus. Hygiene and Toxicol., Vol. 21 (1939), pp. 331–54.

Mallory, T. B., et al., “Chronic Exposure to Benzene (Benzol). III. The Pathologic Results,” Jour. Indus. Hygiene and Toxicol., Vol. 21 (1939), pp. 355–93.

Hueper, Environmental and Occupational Cancer, pp. 1–69.

___, “Recent Developments in Environmental Cancer,” A.M.A. Archives Path., Vol. 58 (1954), pp. 475–523.

Burnet, F. Macfarlane, “Leukemia As a Problem in Preventive Medicine,” New Eng. Jour. Med., Vol. 259 (1958), No. 9, pp. 423–31.

Klein, Michael, “The Transplacental Effect of Urethan on Lung Tumorigenesis in Mice,” Jour. Natl. Cancer Inst., Vol. 12 (1952), pp. 1003–10.

Biskind, M. S., and G. R. Biskind, “Diminution in Ability of the Liver to Inactivate Estrone in Vitamin B Complex Deficiency,” Science, Vol. 94, No. 2446 (Nov. 1941), p. 462.

Biskind, G. R., and M. S. Biskind, “The Nutritional Aspects of Certain Endocrine Disturbances,” Am. Jour. Clin. Path., Vol. 16 (1946), No. 12, pp. 737–45.

Biskind, M. S., and G. R. Biskind, “Effect of Vitamin B Complex Deficiency on Inactivation of Estrone in the Liver,” Endocrinology, Vol. 31 (1942), No. 1, pp. 109–14.

Biskind, M. S., and M. C. Shelesnyak, “Effect of Vitamin B Complex Deficiency on Inactivation of Ovarian Estrogen in the Liver,” Endocrinology, Vol. 30 (1942), No. 5, pp. 819–20.

Biskind, M. S., and G. R. Biskind, “Inactivation of Testosterone Propionate in the Liver During Vitamin B Complex Deficiency. Alteration of the Estrogen-Androgen Equilibrium,” Endocrinology, Vol. 32 (1943), No. 1, pp. 97–102.

Greene, H. S. N., “Uterine Adenomata in the Rabbit. III. Susceptibility As a Function of Constitutional Factors,” Jour. Exper. Med., Vol. 73 (1941), No. 2, pp. 273–92.

Horning, E. S., and J. W. Whittick, “The Histogenesis of Stil-boestrol-Induced Renal Tumours in the Male Golden Hamster,” Brit. Jour. Cancer, Vol. 8 (1954), pp. 451–57.

Kirkman, Hadley, Estrogen-Induced Tumors of the Kidney in the Syrian Hamster. U.S. Public Health Service, Natl. Cancer Inst. Monograph No. 1 (Dec. 1959).

Ayre, J. E., and W. A. G. Bauld, “Thiamine Deficiency and High Estrogen Findings in Uterine Cancer and in Menorrhagia,” Science, Vol. 103, No. 2676 (April 12, 1946), pp. 441–45.

Rhoads, C. P., “Physiological Aspects of Vitamin Deficiency,” Proc. Inst. Med. Chicago, Vol. 13 (1940), p. 198.

Sugiura, K., and C. P. Rhoads, “Experimental Liver Cancer in Rats and Its Inhibition by Rice-Bran Extract, Yeast, and Yeast Extract,” Cancer Research, Vol. 1 (1941), pp. 3–16.

Martin, H., “The Precancerous Mouth Lesions of Avitaminosis B. Their Etiology, Response to Therapy and Relationship to Intra-oral Cancer,” Am. Jour. Surgery, Vol. 57 (1942), pp. 195–225.

Tannenbaum, A., “Nutrition and Cancer,” in Freddy Homburger, ed., Physiopathology of Cancer. New York: Harper, 1959. 2nd ed. A Paul B. Hoeber Book. P. 552.

Symeonidis, A., “Post-starvation Gynecomastia and Its Relationship to Breast Cancer in Man,” Jour. Natl. Cancer Inst., Vol. 11 (1950), p. 656.

Davies, J. N. P., “Sex Hormone Upset in Africans,” Brit. Med. Jour., Vol. 2 (1949), pp. 676–79.

Hueper, “Potential Role of Non-Nutritive Food Additives.”

VanEsch et al., “Production of Skin Tumours in Mice by Carbamates.”

Berenblum, I., and N. Trainin, “Possible Two-Stage Mechanism in Experimental Leukemogenesis,” Science, Vol. 132 (July 1, 1960), pp. 40–41.

Hueper, W. C., “Cancer Hazards from Natural and Artificial Water Pollutants,” Proc., Conf. on Physiol. Aspects of Water Quality, Washington, D.C., Sept. 8–9, 1960, pp. 181–93. U.S. Public Health Service.

Hueper and Payne, “Observations on Occurrence of Hepatomas in Rainbow Trout.”

Sloan-Kettering Inst, for Cancer Research, Biennial Report, 1957–59.

Hueper, W. C., To author.

CHAPTER 15: NATURE FIGHTS BACK

Briejèr, C. J., “The Growing Resistance of Insects to Insecticides,” Atlantic Naturalist, Vol. 13 (1958), No. 3, pp. 149–55.

Metcalf, Robert L., “The Impact of the Development of Organo-phosphorus Insecticides upon Basic and Applied Science,” Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am., Vol. 5 (March 1959), pp. 3–15.

Ripper, W. E., “Effect of Pesticides on Balance of Arthropod Populations,” Annual Rev. Entomol., Vol. 1 (1956), pp. 403–38.

Allen, Durward L., Our Wildlife Legacy. New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1954. Pp. 234–36.

Sabrosky, Curtis W., “How Many Insects Are There?” Yearbook of Agric., U.S. Dept. of Agric., 1952, pp. 1–7.

Bishopp, F. C., “Insect Friends of Man,” Yearbook of Agric., U.S. Dept. of Agric., 1952, pp. 79–87.

Klots, Alexander B., and Elsie B. Klots, “Beneficial Bees, Wasps, and Ants,” Handbook on Biological Control of Plant Pests, pp. 44–46. Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Reprinted from Plants and Gardens, Vol. 16 (1960), No. 3.

Hagen, Kenneth S., “Biological Control with Lady Beetles,” Handbook on Biological Control of Plant Pests, pp. 28–35.

Schlinger, Evert I., “Natural Enemies of Aphids,” Handbook on Biological Control of Plant Pests, pp. 36–42.

Bishopp, “Insect Friends of Man.”

Ripper, “Effect of Pesticides on Arthropod Populations.”

Davies, D. M., “A Study of the Black-fly Population of a Stream in Algonquin Park, Ontario,” Transactions, Royal Canadian Inst., Vol. 59 (1950), pp. 121–59.

Ripper, “Effect of Pesticides on Arthropod Populations.”

Johnson, Philip C., Spruce Spider Mite Infestations in Northern Rocky Mountain Douglas-Fir Forests. Research Paper 55, Intermountain Forest and Range Exper. Station, U.S. Forest Service, Ogden, Utah, 1958.

Davis, Donald W., “Some Effects of DDT on Spider Mites,” Jour. Econ. Entomol., Vol. 45 (1952), No. 6, pp. 1011–19.

Gould, E., and E. O. Hamstead, “Control of the Red-banded Leaf Roller,” Jour. Econ. Entomol., Vol. 41 (1948), pp. 887–90.

Pickett, A. D., “A Critique on Insect Chemical Control Methods,” Canadian Entomologist, Vol. 81 (1949), No. 3, pp. 1–10.

Joyce, R. J. V., “Large-Scale Spraying of Cotton in the Gash Delta in Eastern Sudan,” Bull. Entomol. Research, Vol. 47 (1956), pp. 390–413.

Long, W. H., et al., “Fire Ant Eradication Program Increases Damage by the Sugarcane Borer,” Sugar Bull., Vol. 37 (1958), No. 5, pp. 62–63.

Luckmann, William H., “Increase of European Corn Borers Following Soil Application of Large Amounts of Dieldrin,” Jour. Econ. Entomol., Vol. 53 (1960), No. 4, pp. 582–84.

Haeussler, G. J., “Losses Caused by Insects,” Yearbook of Agric., U.S. Dept. of Agric., 1952, pp. 141–46.

Clausen, C. P., “Parasites and Predators,” Yearbook of Agric., U.S. Dept. of Agric., 1952, pp. 380–88.

___, Biological Control of Insect Pests in the Continental United States. U.S. Dept. of Agric. Technical Bulletin No. 1139 (June 1956), pp. 1–151.

DeBach, Paul, “Application of Ecological Information to Control of Citrus Pests in California,” Proc., 10th Internatl. Congress of Entomologists (1956), Vol. 3 (1958), pp. 187–94.

Laird, Marshall, “Biological Solutions to Problems Arising from the Use of Modern Insecticides in the Field of Public Health,” Acta Tropica, Vol. 16 (1959), No. 4, pp. 331–55.

Harrington, R. W., and W. L. Bidlingmayer, “Effects of Dieldrin on Fishes and Invertebrates of a Salt Marsh,” Jour. Wildlife Management, Vol. 22 (1958), No. 1, pp. 76–82.

Liver Flukes in Cattle. U.S. Dept. of Agric. Leaflet No. 493 (1961).

Fisher, Theodore W., “What Is Biological Control?” Handbook on Biological Control of Plant Pests, pp. 6–18. Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Reprinted from Plants and Gardens, Vol. 16 (1960), No. 3.

Jacob, F. H., “Some Modern Problems in Pest Control,” Science Progress, No. 181 (1958), pp. 30–45.

Pickett, A. D., and N. A. Patterson, “The Influence of Spray Programs on the Fauna of Apple Orchards in Nova Scotia. IV. A Review,” Canadian Entomologist, Vol. 85 (1953), No. 12, pp. 472–78.

Pickett, A. D., “Controlling Orchard Insects,” Agric. Inst. Rev., March–April 1953.

___, “The Philosophy of Orchard Insect Control,” 79th Annual Report, Entomol. Soc. of Ontario (1948), pp. 1–5.

___, “The Control of Apple Insects in Nova Scotia.” Mimeo.

Ullyett, G. C., “Insects, Man and the Environment,” Jour. Econ. Entomol., Vol. 44 (1951), No. 4, pp. 459–64.

CHAPTER 16: THE RUMBLINGS OF AN AVALANCHE

Babers, Frank H., Development of Insect Resistance to Insecticides. U.S. Dept. of Agric., E 776 (May 1949).

___, and J. J. Pratt, Development of Insect Resistance to Insecticides. II. A Critical Review of the Literature up to 1951. U.S. Dept. of Agric., E 818 (May 1951).

Brown, A. W. A., “The Challenge of Insecticide Resistance,” Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am., Vol. 7 (1961), No. 1, pp. 6–19.

___, “Development and Mechanism of Insect Resistance to Available Toxicants,” Soap and Chem. Specialties, Jan. 1960.

Insect Resistance and Vector Control. World Health Organ. Technical Report Ser. No. 153 (Geneva, 1958), p. 5.

Elton, Charles S., The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants. New York: Wiley, 1958. P. 181.

Babers and Pratt, Development of Insect Resistance to Insecticides, II.

Brown, A. W. A., Insecticide Resistance in Arthropods. World Health Organ. Monograph Ser. No. 38 (1958), pp. 13, 11.

Quarterman, K. D., and H. F. Schoof, “The Status of Insecticide Resistance in Arthropods of Public Health Importance in 1956,” Am. Jour. Trop. Med. and Hygiene, Vol. 7 (1958), No. 1, pp. 74–83.

Brown, Insecticide Resistance in Arthropods.

Hess, Archie D., “The Significance of Insecticide Resistance in Vector Control Programs,” Am. Jour. Trop. Med. and Hygiene, Vol. 1 (1952), No. 3, pp. 371–88.

Lindsay, Dale R., and H. I. Scudder, “Nonbiting Flies and Disease,” Annual Rev. Entomol., Vol. 1 (1956), pp. 323–46.

Schoof, H. F., and J. W. Kilpatrick, “House Fly Resistance to Organo-phosphorus Compounds in Arizona and Georgia,” Jour. Econ. Entomol., Vol. 51 (1958), No. 4, p. 546.

Brown, “Development and Mechanism of Insect Resistance.”

___, Insecticide Resistance in Arthropods.

___, “Challenge of Insecticide Resistance.”

___, Insecticide Resistance in Arthropods.

___, “Development and Mechanism of Insect Resistance.”

___, Insecticide Resistance in Arthropods.

___, “Challenge of Insecticide Resistance.”

Anon., “Brown Dog Tick Develops Resistance to Chlordane,” New Jersey Agric., Vol. 37 (1955), No. 6, pp. 15–16.

New York Herald Tribune, June 22, 1959; also J. C. Pallister, To author, Nov. 6, 1959.

Brown, “Challenge of Insecticide Resistance.”

Hoffmann, C. H., “Insect Resistance,” Soap, Vol. 32 (1956), No. 8, pp. 129–32.

Brown, A. W. A., Insect Control by Chemicals. New York: Wiley, 1951.

Briejèr, C. J., “The Growing Resistance of Insects to Insecticides,” Atlantic Naturalist, Vol. 13 (1958), No. 3, pp. 149–55.

Laird, Marshall, “Biological Solutions to Problems Arising from the Use of Modern Insecticides in the Field of Public Health,” Acta Tropica, Vol. 16 (1959), No. 4, pp. 331–55.

Brown, Insecticide Resistance in Arthropods.

___, “Development and Mechanism of Insect Resistance.”

Briejèr, “Growing Resistance of Insects to Insecticides.”

“Pesticides—1959,” Jour. Agric. and Food Chem., Vol. 7 (1959), No. 10, p. 680.

Briejèr, “Growing Resistance of Insects to Insecticides.”

CHAPTER 17: THE OTHER ROAD

Swanson, Carl P., Cytology and Cytogenetics. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1957.

Knipling, E. F., “Control of Screw-Worm Fly by Atomic Radiation,” Sci. Monthly, Vol. 85 (1957), No. 4, pp. 195–202.

___, Screwworm Eradication: Concepts and Research Leading to the Sterile-Male Method. Smithsonian Inst. Annual Report, Publ. 4365 (1959).

Bushland, R. C., et al., “Eradication of the Screw-Worm Fly by Releasing Gamma-Ray-Sterilized Males among the Natural Population,” Proc., Internatl. Conf. on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, Geneva, Aug. 1955, Vol. 12, pp. 216–20.

Lindquist, Arthur W., “The Use of Gamma Radiation for Control or Eradication of the Screwworm,” Jour. Econ. Entomol., Vol. 48 (1955), No. 4, pp. 467–69.

___, “Research on the Use of Sexually Sterile Males for Eradication of Screw-Worms,” Proc., Inter-Am. Symposium on Peaceful Applications of Nuclear Energy, Buenos Aires, June 1959, pp. 229–39.

“Screwworm vs. Screwworm,” Agric. Research, July 1958, p. 8. U.S. Dept. of Agric.

“Traps Indicate Screwworm May Still Exist in Southeast.” U.S. Dept. of Agric. Release No. 1502–59 (June 3, 1959). Mimeo.

Potts, W. H., “Irradiation and the Control of Insect Pests,” Times (London) Sci. Rev., Summer 1958, pp. 13–14.

Knipling, Screwworm Eradication: Sterile-Male Method.

Lindquist, Arthur W., “Entomological Uses of Radioisotopes,” in Radiation Biology and Medicine. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, 1958. Chap. 27, Pt. 8, pp. 688–710.

___, “Research on the Use of Sexually Sterile Males.”

“USDA May Have New Way to Control Insect Pests with Chemical Sterilants.” U.S. Dept. of Agric. Release No. 3587–61 (Nov. 1, 1961). Mimeo.

Lindquist, Arthur W., “Chemicals to Sterilize Insects,” Jour. Washington Acad. Sci., Nov. 1961, pp. 109–14.

___, “New Ways to Control Insects,” Pest Control Mag., June 1961.

LaBrecque, G. C., “Studies with Three Alkylating Agents As House Fly Sterilants,” Jour. Econ. Entomol., Vol. 54 (1961), No. 4, pp. 684–89.

Knipling, E. F., “Potentialities and Progress in the Development of Chemosterilants for Insect Control,” paper presented at Annual Meeting Entomol. Soc. of Am., Miami, 1961.

___, “Use of Insects for Their Own Destruction,” Jour. Econ. Entomol., Vol. 53 (1960), No. 3, pp. 415–20.

Mitlin, Norman, “Chemical Sterility and the Nucleic Acids,” paper presented Nov. 27, 1961, Symposium on Chemical Sterility, Entomol. Soc. of Am., Miami.

Alexander, Peter, To author, Feb. 19, 1962.

Eisner, T., “The Effectiveness of Arthropod Defensive Secretions,” in Symposium 4 on “Chemical Defensive Mechanisms,” 11th Internatl. Congress of Entomologists, Vienna (1960), pp. 264–67. Offprint.

___, “The Protective Role of the Spray Mechanism of the Bombardier Beetle, Brachynus ballistarius Lec.,” Jour. Insect Physiol., Vol. 2 (1958), No. 3, pp. 215–20.

___, “Spray Mechanism of the Cockroach Diploptera punctata,” Science, Vol. 128, No. 3316 (July 18, 1958), pp. 148–49.

Williams, Carroll M., “The Juvenile Hormone,” Sci. American, Vol. 198, No. 2 (Feb. 1958), p. 67.

“1957 Gypsy-Moth Eradication Program.” U.S. Dept. of Agric. Release 858-57-3. Mimeo.

Brown, William L., Jr., “Mass Insect Control Programs: Four Case Histories,” Psyche, Vol. 68 (1961), Nos. 2–3, pp. 75–111.

Jacobson, Martin, et al., “Isolation, Identification, and Synthesis of the Sex Attractant of Gypsy Moth,” Science, Vol. 132, No. 3433 (Oct. 14, 1960), p. 1011.

Christenson, L. D., “Recent Progress in the Development of Procedures for Eradicating or Controlling Tropical Fruit Flies,” Proc., 10th Internatl. Congress of Entomologists (1956), Vol. 3 (1958), pp. 11–16.

Hoffmann, C. H., “New Concepts in Controlling Farm Insects,” address to Internatl. Assn. Ice Cream Manuf. Conv., Oct. 27, 1961. Mimeo.

Frings, Hubert, and Mable Frings, “Uses of Sounds by Insects,” Annual Rev. Entomol., Vol. 3 (1958), pp. 87–106.

Research Report, 1956–1959. Entomol. Research Inst, for Biol. Control, Belleville, Ontario. Pp. 9–45.

Kahn, M. C., and W. Offenhauser, Jr., “The First Field Tests of Recorded Mosquito Sounds Used for Mosquito Destruction,” Am. Jour. Trop. Med., Vol. 29 (1949), pp. 800–27.

Wishart, George, To author, Aug. 10, 1961.

Beirne, Bryan, To author, Feb. 7, 1962.

Frings, Hubert, To author, Feb. 12, 1962.

Wishart, George, To author, Aug. 10, 1961.

Frings, Hubert, et al., “The Physical Effects of High Intensity Air-Borne Ultrasonic Waves on Animals,” Jour. Cellular and Compar. Physiol., Vol. 31 (1948), No. 3, pp. 339–58.

Steinhaus, Edward A., “Microbial Control—The Emergence of an Idea,” Hilgardia, Vol. 26, No. 2 (Oct. 1956), pp. 107–60.

___, “Concerning the Harmlessness of Insect Pathogens and the Standardization of Microbial Control Products,” Jour. Econ. Entomol., Vol. 50, No. 6 (Dec. 1957), pp. 715–20.

___, “Living Insecurities,” Sri. American, Vol. 195, No. 2 (Aug. 1956), pp. 96–104.

Angus, T. A., and A. E. Heimpel, “Microbial Insecticides,” Research for Farmers, Spring 1959, pp. 12–13. Canada Dept. of Agric.

Heimpel, A. M., and T. A. Angus, “Bacterial Insecticides,” Bacteriol. Rev., Vol. 24 (1960), No. 3, pp. 266–88.

Briggs, John D., “Pathogens for the Control of Pests,” Biol, and Chem. Control of Plant and Animal Pests. Washington, D.C., Am. Assn. Advancement Sci., 1960. Pp. 137–48.

“Tests of a Microbial Insecticide against Forest Defoliators,” Bi-Monthly Progress Report, Canada Dept. of Forestry, Vol. 17, No. 3 (May–June 1961).

Steinhaus, “Living Insecticides.”

Tanada, Y., “Microbial Control of Insect Pests,” Annual Rev. Entomol., Vol. 4 (1959), pp. 277–302.

Steinhaus, “Concerning the Harmlessness of Insect Pathogens.”

Clausen, C. P., Biological Control of Insect Pests in the Continental United States. U.S. Dept. of Agric. Technical Bulletin No. 1139 (June 1956), pp. 1–151.

Hoffmann, C. H., “Biological Control of Noxious Insects, Weeds,” Agric. Chemicals, March–April 1959.

DeBach, Paul, “Biological Control of Insect Pests and Weeds,” Jour. Applied Nutrition, Vol. 12 (1959), No. 3, pp. 120–34.

Ruppertshofen, Heinz, “Forest-Hygiene,” address to 5th World Forestry Congress, Seattle, Wash. (Aug. 29–Sept. 10, 1960).

___, To author, Feb. 25, 1962.

Gösswald, Karl, Die Rote Waldameise im Dienste der Waldhygiene. Lüneburg: Metta Kinau Verlag, n.d.

___, To author, Feb. 27, 1962.

Balch, R. E., “Control of Forest Insects,” Annual Rev. Entomol., Vol. 3 (1958), pp. 449–68.

Buckner, C. H., “Mammalian Predators of the Larch Sawfly in Eastern Manitoba,” Proc., 10th Internatl. Congress of Entomologists (1956), Vol. 4 (1958), pp. 353–61.

Morris, R. F., “Differentiation by Small Mammal Predators between Sound and Empty Cocoons of the European Spruce Sawfly,” Canadian Entomologist, Vol. 81 (1949), No. 5.

MacLeod, C. F., “The Introduction of the Masked Shrew into Newfoundland,” Bi-Monthly Progress Report, Canada Dept. of Agric., Vol. 16, No. 2 (March–April 1960).

___, To author, Feb. 12, 1962.

Carroll, W. J., To author, March 8, 1962.