Solzhenitsyn: A Soul in Exile

Preface to the First Edition

1 New Yorker, Digital Edition, August 6, 2001.

Chapter One

1. V. I. Lenin, Sobrannye Sochineniya [Collected works], vol. 36, 5th ed., p. 217, as quoted in Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 2 (London: Collins & Harvill Press, 1975), pp. 9-10.

2. Lenin, Sobrannye Sochineniya, vol. 35, p. 176, as quoted in Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 10.

3. Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 14.

4. Sobraniye Uzakonenii za 1918 [Collection of Legislative Acts for 1918], no. 65, p. 710, as quoted in The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 17.

5. Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 19.

6. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Oak and the Calf (London: Collins & Harvill Press, 1980), p. 510.

7. Ibid.

8. Ibid., p. 511.

9. Michael Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography (London: Hutchinson, 1985), p. 39.

10. Nikolai Zernov, Na perelome [At the breaking-point], (Paris: YMCA Press, 1970), p. 322.

11. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 1 (London: Book Club Associates, 1974), p. 342.

12. Ibid., p. 343.

13. Ibid., p. 345.

14. Ibid., p. 347.

15. Ibid., p. 351.

16. Ibid., pp. 36-37.

17. Ibid., p. 37.

18. Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography, p. 42.

19. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 3 (London: Collins & Harvill Press, 1978), p. 21.

Chapter Two

1. Quoted in D. M. Thomas, Alexander Solzhenitsyn: A Century in His Life (London: Little, Brown and Co., 1998), p. 38.

2. Malcolm Muggeridge, Chronicles of Wasted Time, vol. 1, The Green Stick (London: Fontana, 1975), p. 243.

3. Dimitri Panin, The Notebooks of Sologdin (London: Hutchinson, 1976), p. 11.

4. Michael Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography (London: Hutchinson, 1985), p. 55.

5. Ibid.

6. Ibid., p. 59.

7. Ibid., pp. 58-59.

8. Ibid., p. 68.

9. Natalya Reshetovskaya, Sanya: My Life with Alexander Solzhenitsyn (Indianapolis / New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1975), p. 19.

10. Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography, p. 83.

11. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, interview with the author, July 20, 1998, Moscow.

12. Ibid.

13. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 1 (London: Book Club Associates, 1974), p. 213.

14. Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography, p. 85.

15. Ibid., p. 87.

16. Ibid., p. 85.

17. Ibid., p. 87.

18. Ibid., p. 88.

19. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 3 (London: Collins & Harvill Press, 1978), p. 447.

20. Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography, pp. 88-89.

21. Ibid., p. 89.

22. H. G. Wells, “A Conversation between Stalin and Wells”, The New Statesman and Nation, Oct. 27, 1934.

23. Ibid.

24. Ibid.

25. The New Statesman and Nation, Nov. 3, 1934.

26. Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography, p. 90.

27. Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 1, p. 161.

28. Ibid.

29. Ibid., pp. 160-61.

30. Ibid., p. 160.

31. Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography, p. 91.

32. Solzhenitsyn, interview.

Chapter Three

1. Natalya Reshetovskaya, Sanya: My Life with Alexander Solzhenitsyn (Indianapolis / New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1975), p. 1.

2. Ibid., p. 2.

3. Ibid., p. 5.

4. Ibid., pp. 5-6.

5. Ibid., p. 6.

6. Ibid.

7. Ibid., pp. 6-7.

8. Ibid., p. 7.

9. Ibid.

10. Ibid. Back to text.

11. Ibid., p. 9.

12. Ibid., pp. 7-8.

13. Michael Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography (London: Hutchinson, 1985), p. 101.

14. Ibid., p. 102.

15. Reshetovskaya, Sanya, p. 9.

Chapter Four

1. Natalya Reshetovskaya, Sanya: My Life with Alexander Solzhenitsyn (Indianapolis / New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1975), pp. 9-10.

2. Ibid., p. 10.

3. Michael Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography (London: Hutchinson, 1985), p. 104.

4. Ibid.

5. Ibid., pp. 104-5.

6. D. M. Thomas, Alexander Solzhenitsyn: A Century in His Life (London: Little, Brown and Co., 1998), pp. 75-76.

7. Reshetovskaya, Sanya, p. 11.

8. Ibid., pp. 11-12.

9. Alan Clark, Barbarossa (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1995), p. 46.

10. Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography, pp. 109-10.

11. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 3 (London: Collins & Harvill Press, 1978), p. 20.

12. Ibid.

13. Ibid., pp. 20-21.

14. Ibid., pp. 21-22.

15. Ibid., p. 22.

16. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. I (London: Book Club Associates, 1974), pp. 219-20.

17. Reshetovskaya, Sanya, p. 21.

18. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, interview with the author, July 20, 1998, Moscow.

19. Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography, p. 112.

20. Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 1, p. 162.

21. Ibid.

22. Ibid.

23. Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography, p. 119.

24. Ibid., p. 121.

25. Ibid., p. 122.

26. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 2 (London: Collins & Harvill Press, 1975), p. 290.

27. Ibid., p. 291.

28. Lyudmila Saraskina, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (Moscow: Molodaya Gvardia, 2008), pp. 234-35; translated for the author by Ignat Solzhenitsyn.

29. Reshetovskaya, Sanya, p. 50.

30. Saraskina, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, p. 253.

31. Reshetovskaya, Sanya, p. 55.

32. Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 1, p. 254.

33. Ibid., pp. 254-55.

34. Ibid., p. 256.

35. Ibid.

Chapter Five

1. Michael Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography (London: Hutchinson, 1985), p. 138.

2. Ibid.

3. Lyudmila Saraskina, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (Moscow: Molodaya Gvardia, 2008), pp. 259-61; translated for the author by Ignat Solzhenitsyn.

4. Natalya Reshetovskaya, Sanya: My Life with Alexander Solzhenitsyn (Indianapolis / New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1975), p. 63.

5. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Prussian Nights (London: Collins & Harvill Press, 1977), p. 23.

6. Ibid., p. 41.

7. Ibid., pp. 51-53.

8. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The First Circle (London: Collins & Harvill Press, 1968), pp. 518-19.

9. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 1 (London: Book Club Associates, 1974), p. 260.

10. Ibid., p. 255.

11. Reshetovskaya, Sanya, pp. 63-64.

12. Ibid.

13. Ibid.

14. Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography, p. 142.

15. Solzhenitsyn, The First Circle, quoted in Reshetovskaya, Sanya, pp. 64-65.

16. Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography, pp. 142-43; Reshetovskaya, Sanya, pp. 70-71.

17. Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 1, p. 134.

18. Ibid.

19. Ibid., p. 594.

20. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, interview with the author, July 20, 1998, Moscow.

21. Ibid.

Chapter Six

1. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 1 (London: Book Club Associates, 1974), p. 165.

2. Ibid., p. 180.

3. Ibid., p. 213.

4. Ibid.

5. Ibid.

6. Ibid., p. 235.

7. Alexander Werth, Russia at War: 1941-1945 (New York: Dutton, 1964), p. 969, quoted in Michael Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography (London: Hutchinson, 1985), p. 169.

8. Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. I, p. 235.

9. Ibid., p. 611.

10. Ibid., pp. 270-71.

11. Ibid., pp. 277-78.

12. Natalya Reshetovskaya, Sanya: My Life with Alexander Solzhenitsyn (Indianapolis / New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1975), p. 93.

13. Ibid., p. 100.

14. Ibid., p. 101.

15. Ibid.

16. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 3 (London: Collins & Harvill Press, 1978), p. 37.

Chapter Seven

1. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 1 (London: Book Club Associates, 1974), p. 280.

2. Ibid., pp. 594-95.

3. Ibid., pp. 537-38.

4. Ibid., pp. 547-48.

5. Ibid., pp. 548-49.

6. Ibid., p. 546.

7. Ibid., p. 549.

8. Natalya Reshetovskaya, Sanya: My Life with Alexander Solzhenitsyn (Indianapolis / New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1975), p. 95.

9. Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 2 (London: Collins & Harvill Press, 1975), p. 190.

10. Ibid., p. 194.

11. Ibid., p. 195.

12. Ibid., p. 168.

13. G. K. Chesterton, Autobiography (London: Hutchinson, 1936), p. 343.

14. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 168.

15. Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 1, p. 601.

16. Ibid., p. 602.

17. Ibid.

18. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The First Circle (London: Collins & Harvill Press, 1968), p. 47.

19. Dimitri Panin, The Notebooks of Sologdin (London: Hutchinson, 1976), p. 262.

20. Ibid., pp. xiii, 262-63.

21. Ibid., p. 6.

22. Ibid.

23. Ibid.

24. Ibid., p. 12.

25. Ibid.

26. Ibid.

27. Robert C. Pollock, ed., The Mind of Pius XII (London: Fireside Press / W. Foulsham & Co., 1955), p. 52.

28. Ibid., p. 33.

29. Panin, Notebooks of Sologdin, pp. 12-13.

30. Ibid., p. 13.

31. Ibid., p. 259.

32. Solzhenitsyn, The First Circle, pp. 139-40.

33. Ibid., pp. 38 -39.

34. Ibid., p. 39.

35. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, interview with the author, July 20, 1998, Moscow.

Chapter Eight

1. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The First Circle (London: Collins & Harvill Press, 1968), p. 168.

2. Ibid., pp. 168-69.

3. Quoted in Gregory Wolfe, Malcolm Muggeridge: A Biography (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1995), p. 243.

4. Daily Telegraph (Sept. 9, 1951).

5. Ibid.

6. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, interview with the author, July 20, 1998, Moscow.

7. Ibid Back to text.

8. Ibid.

9. Solzhenitsyn, The First Circle, pp. 200-201.

10. Ibid., p. 201.

11. Natalya Reshetovskaya, Sanya: My Life with Alexander Solzhenitsyn (Indianapolis / New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1975), p. 132.

12. Ibid., p. 136.

13. Solzhenitsyn, The First Circle, p. 253.

14. Reshetovskaya, Sanya, p. 148.

15. Ibid.

16. Solzhenitsyn, The First Circle, p. 581.

17. Reshetovskaya, Sanya, p. 152.

18. Ibid.

19. Ibid., p. 162.

20. Ibid.

21. Ibid., p. 169.

22. Ibid.

23. Michael Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography (London: Hutchinson, 1985), p. 309.

24. See Matthew 10:39; Mark 8:35; Luke 9:24.

25. Reshetovskaya, Sanya, p. 115.

26. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 2 (London: Collins & Harvill Press, 1975), p. 612.

27. Ibid., p. 613.

28. Ibid.

29. Ibid.

30. Ibid.

31. This poem was translated for the author by Michael A. Nicholson from the Russian edition of The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 2.

Chapter Nine

1. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, interview with the author, July 20, 1998, Moscow.

2. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, interview published in Encounter, April 1976, quoted in Solzhenitsyn in Exile: Critical Essays and Documentary Materials, ed. John B. Dunlop, Richard S. Haugh, and Michael Nicholson (Stanford: Hoover Institute Press, 1985), p. 262.

3. Quoted in D. M. Thomas, Alexander Solzhenitsyn: A Century in His Life (London: Little, Brown and Co., 1998), p. 194.

4. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 3 (London: Collins & Harvill Press, 1978), p. 366.

5. Ibid., pp. 366-67.

6. Ibid., p. 367.

7. Ibid., p. 104.

8. Ibid., pp. 104-5.

9. Ibid., p. 106.

10. Ibid., pp. 106-7.

11. Ibid., p. 107.

12. Solzhenitsyn, interview.

13. Ibid.

14. Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 3, p. 406.

15. Ibid., p. 420.

16. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The First Circle (London: Collins & Harvill Press, 1968), p. 120.

17. Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 3, pp. 421-22.

18. Ibid., p. 428.

19. Ibid., p. 440.

20. Ibid.

21. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Cancer Ward (London: Book Club Associates by arrangement with The Bodley Head, 1975), pp. 37-38.

22. Ibid., p. 522.

23. Ibid., p. 478.

24. Solzhenitsyn, interview.

25. Ibid.

26. Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 3, p. 328.

27. Paul Johnson, Intellectuals (London: Weidenfeld, 1988), p. 244.

28. Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 3, p. 440.

29. Ibid.

30. Supreme Court of the USSR, Decision no. 4n-083/56, published in Solzhenitsyn: A Documentary Record, ed. Leopold Labedz, 2nd ed. (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1974), p. 26.

31. Ibid.

Chapter Ten

1. Natalya Reshetovskaya, Sanya: My Life with Alexander Solzhenitsyn (Indianapolis / New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1975), pp. 185-86.

2. Michael Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography (London: Hutchinson, 1985), p. 355.

3. Reshetovskaya, Sanya, p. 187.

4. Ibid., p. 188.

5. Ibid., p. 191.

6. Ibid., p. 192.

7. Ibid., p. 200.

8. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The First Circle (London: Collins & Harvill Press, 1968), pp. 38 -39.

9. Reshetovskaya, Sanya, p. 115.

10. Ibid., p. 206.

11. Ibid., p. 207.

12. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, interview with the author, July 20, 1998, Moscow.

13. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Warning to the Western World (Mar. 1, 1976), transcript of interview on Panorama, BBC Television (London: The Bodley Head & BBC, 1976), p. 5.

14. Solzhenitsyn, interview.

15. Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography, p. 382.

16. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1963), p. 139.

17. Leopold Labedz, ed., Solzhenitsyn: A Documentary Record, 2nd ed. (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1974), p. 31.

18. Quoted in Leonid Rzhevsky, Solzhenitsyn: Creator and Heroic Deed (Tuscaloosa, Ala.: University of Alabama Press, 1978), p. 17.

19. Solzhenitsyn, interview.

20. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Matryona’s House, in Stories and Prose Poems (London: The Bodley Head, 1971), p. 54.

21. Luke 11:35.

22. Reshetovskaya, Sanya, pp. 214, 215.

23. Ibid., p. 214.

24. Solzhenitsyn, interview.

25. Ibid.

26. Solzhenitsyn, Candle in the Wind.

27. Ibid., pp. 119, 133.

28. Ibid., p. 17.

29. Quoted in Labedz, Solzhenitsyn: A Documentary Record, p. 31.

30. Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography, p. 408.

31. Ibid., pp. 406-7.

32. Labedz, Solzhenitsyn: A Documentary Record, p. 31.

33. Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography, p. 414.

34. Ibid., p. 415.

35. Ibid., p. 418.

36. Ibid., p. 421.

37. Ibid., p. 434.

38. Michel Tatu, Power in the Kremlin (New York: Viking Press, 1967), p. 248.

39. Max Hayward and Edward L. Crowley, eds., Soviet Literature in the Sixties (London: Methuen, 1965), p. 191.

Chapter Eleven

1. Izvestia, Nov. 18, 1962.

2. Pravda, Nov. 23, 1962.

3. The reactions to the publication of One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich on this and the following pages were published in Leopold Labedz, ed., Solzhenitsyn: A Documentary Record, 2nd ed. (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1974), pp. 48-53.

4. Ibid.

5. Ibid.

6. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 3 (London: Collins & Harvill Press, 1978), pp. 473-74.

7. Ibid., p. 474.

8. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 1 (London: Book Club Associates, 1974), p. 298.

9. Michael Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography (London: Hutchinson, 1985), p. 930.

10. Literaturnaya Gazeta, Mar. 19, 1963.

11. Komsomolskaya Pravda, Mar. 22, 1963.

12. Literaturnaya Gazeta, Mar. 12, 1963.

13. Literaturnaya Gazeta, Aug. 31, 1963.

14. Ibid.

15. Literaturnaya Gazeta, Oct. 15, 1963.

16. Literaturnaya Gazeta, Oct. 19, 1963.

17. Pravda, Apr. 11, 1964.

18. Leonid Rzhevsky, Solzhenitsyn: Creator and Heroic Deed (Tuscaloosa, Ala.: University of Alabama Press, 1978), p. 68.

19. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Oak and the Calf (London: Collins & Harvill Press, 1980), pp. 73-76.

20. Ibid.

21. Ibid.

22. Ibid., p. 87.

23. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 3 (London: Collins & Harvill Press, 1978), p. 526.

24. Solzhenitsyn, The Oak and the Calf, p. 103.

25. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Invisible Allies (Washington, D.C.: Counterpoint, 1995), p. 59.

26. Ibid., p. 116.

27. Ibid., pp. 20-21.

28. D. M. Thomas, Alexander Solzhenitsyn: A Century in His Life (London: Little, Brown and Co., 1998), p. 533.

29. Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography, pp. 990-91.

Chapter Twelve

1. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, “Easter Procession”, in Stories and Prose Poems (London: The Bodley Head, 1971), pp. 121-26.

2. Ibid.

3. Ibid.

4. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Oak and the Calf (London: Collins & Harvill Press, 1980), p. 135.

5. Leopold Labedz, Solzhenitsyn: A Documentary Record, 2nd ed. (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1974), pp. 87-109.

6. Solzhenitsyn, The Oak and the Calf, p. 458.

7. Ibid., pp. 142-45.

8. Ibid., pp. 144-45.

9. Ibid.

10. Michael Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography (London: Hutchinson, 1985), p. 575.

11. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 3 (London: Collins & Harvill Press, 1978), p. 527.

12. Labedz, Solzhenitsyn: A Documentary Record, p. 107.

13. Ibid., p. 112.

14. Ibid.

15. Solzhenitsyn, The Oak and the Calf, pp. 169-74.

16. Labedz, Solzhenitsyn: A Documentary Record, pp. 130-31.

17. Ibid., p. 133.

18. Edward Ericson, Jr., Solzhenitsyn: The Moral Vision (Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans, 1980), p. 89.

19. Ibid., p. 147.

20. Ibid., p. 152.

21. Ibid., pp. 151-52.

22. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Invisible Allies, trans. Alexis Klimoff and Michael Nicholson (Washington, D.C.: Counterpoint, 1995), p. 197.

23. Ignat Solzhenitsyn, note appended to Alya Solzhenitsyn’s answers to the author, October 1998.

24. Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography, p. 484.

25. The foregoing biographical information was given by Alya Solzhenitsyn in answer to questions from the author.

26. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Invisible Allies (Washington, D.C.: Counterpoint, 1995), pp. 198-200.

27. D. M. Thomas, Alexander Solzhenitsyn: A Century in His Life (London: Little, Brown and Co., 1998), p. 340.

28. Solzhenitsyn, Invisible Allies, pp. 198-99.

29. Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography, p. 661.

30. Ibid, p. 642.

Chapter Thirteen

1. Leopold Labedz, Solzhenitsyn: A Documentary Record, 2nd ed. (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1974), pp. 181, 215.

2. Ibid., p. 217.

3. Ibid., p. 218.

4. Ibid., p. 220.

5. Ibid.

6. Ibid., p. 221.

7. Ibid., pp. 222-23.

8. Ibid., p. 223.

9. Ibid., p. 237.

10. Soviet Weekly, Oct. 17, 1970.

11. Komsomolskaya Pravda, Oct. 17, 1970.

12. Labedz, Solzhenitsyn: A Documentary Record, p. 244.

13. Humanité, Oct. 9, 1970.

14. L’Unita, Oct. 9, 1970.

15. New York Times, Nov. 16, 1970.

16. New York Times, Dec. I, 1970.

17. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Nobel Lecture (New York: Stenvalley Press, 1972), pp. 5-6.

18. Quoted in Niels C. Nielsen, Solzhenitsyn’s Religion (London: Mowbray, 1976), p. 135.

19. Solzhenitsyn, Nobel Lecture, p. 19.

20. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, interview with the author, July 20, 1998, Moscow.

21. Solzhenitsyn, Nobel Lecture, p. 19.

22. Solzhenitsyn, interview.

Chapter Fourteen

1. Leopold Labedz, Solzhenitsyn: A Documentary Record, 2nd ed. (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1974), pp. 270-71.

2. The Times, Mar. 5, 1976.

3. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Oak and the Calf (London: Collins & Harvill Press, 1980), p. 327.

4. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Invisible Allies (Washington, D.C.: Counterpoint, 1995), p. 130.

5. Solzhenitsyn, The Oak and the Calf, p. 327.

6. Ibid., p. 330.

7. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, A Lenten Letter to Pimen, Patriarch of All Russia (Minneapolis: Burgess Publishing, 1972), p. 5.

8. Ibid., p. 8.

9. Quoted in Michael Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography (London: Hutchinson, 1985), pp. 768-69.

10. Quoted in Edward E. Ericson, Jr., Solzhenitsyn: The Moral Vision (Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans, 1980), p. 4.

11. Ibid.

12. Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography, p. 769.

13. Solzhenitsyn, The Oak and the Calf, p. 332.

14. Washington Post, Apr. 21, 1992.

15. Ibid.

16. Ibid.

17. Sovershenno Sekretno (1992), no. 4.

18. Oleg Kalugin, The First Directorate (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994), p. 180.

19. New York Times, May 15, 1997, http://nytimes.com.

20. Edward E. Ericson, Jr., and Alexis Klimoff, The Soul and Barbed Wire (Wilmington, Del.: ISI Books), 2008, p. 27.

21. Labedz, Solzhenitsyn: A Documentary Record, pp. 267-68.

22. Ibid., p. 268.

23. Solzhenitsyn, The Oak and the Calf, pp. 363-66.

24. Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography, p. 819.

25. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Letter to Soviet Leaders (London: Index on Censorship, 1974), p. 20.

26. Ibid., p. 21.

27. Ibid., p. 26.

28. Ibid., p. 35.

29. Ibid., p. 37.

30. Ibid., pp. 37-38.

31. Ibid., pp. 56-57.

32. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, interview with the author, July 20, 1998, Moscow.

33. Alexander Solzhenitsyn et al., From under the Rubble (Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown and Co., 1975), p. 15.

34. Ibid., p. 19.

35. Ibid., p. 21.

36. Ibid., pp. 21-22.

37. Ibid., p. 23.

38. Ibid., pp. 24-25.

39. Solzhenitsyn, interview.

40. Solzhenitsyn et al., From under the Rubble, p. 120.

41. Ibid., pp. 120-21.

42. Ibid., pp. 136-37.

43. Solzhenitsyn, interview.

44. Solzhenitsyn, The Oak and the Calf, p. 379.

Chapter Fifteen

1. Pravda, Jan. 14, 1974.

2. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Oak and the Calf (London: Collins & Harvill Press, 1980), p. 531.

3. Leopold Labedz, Solzhenitsyn: A Documentary Record, 2nd ed. (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1974), p. 362.

4. New York Times, Jan. 15, 1974.

5. Solzhenitsyn, The Oak and the Calf, p. 538.

6. New York Times, Mar. 28, 1974.

7. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Lenin in Zurich (London: The Bodley Head, 1976), p. 223.

8. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, interview with the author, July 20, 1998, Moscow.

9. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 1 (London: Book Club Associates, 1974), p. 475.

10. Michael Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography (London: Hutchinson, 1985), p. 883.

11. Ibid.

12. Quoted in D. M. Thomas, Alexander Solzhenitsyn: A Century in His Life, (London: Little, Brown and Co., 1998), p. 446.

13. Ibid.

14. Ibid.

15. Ibid.

16. Niels C. Nielsen, Solzhenitsyn’s Religion (London: Mowbray, 1976), p. 144.

17. Ibid., pp. 154-55.

18. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Detente: Prospects for Democracy and Dictatorship (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 1977), pp. 37, 36.

19. Thomas, Solzhenitsyn: A Century in His Life, p. 433.

20. Ibid.

21. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Warning to the Western World (Mar. 1, 1976), transcript of interview on Panorama, BBC Television (London: The Bodley Head & BBC, 1976), p. 8.

22. Ibid., p. 9.

23. Ibid., p. 12.

24. Quoted in Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography, p. 946.

25. Ibid., p. 947.

26. Ibid.

27. Ibid.

28. Ibid., p. 948.

29. Ibid.

Chapter Sixteen

1. The Times, Mar. 25 and 31, 1976.

2. Solzhenitsyn in Exile: Critical Essays and Documentary Materials, ed. John B. Dunlop, Richard S. Haugh, and Michael Nicholson (Stanford: Hoover Institute Press, 1985), p. 262.

3. The Times, May 1, 1976.

4. The Times, Apr. 4, 1977.

5. The Times, July 26, 1977.

6. The Times, Nov. 18, 1977.

7. The Times, Feb. 22, 1978.

8. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, “A World Split Apart”, in Solzhenitsyn at Harvard, ed. Ronald Berman (Washington, D.C.: Ethics and Public Policy Center, 1980), pp. 8-9.

9. Ibid., p. 10.

10. Ibid., pp. 12-13.

11. Ibid., p. 16.

12. Ibid., pp. 16-17.

13. Ibid., p. 19.

14. Richard Pipes, “In the Russian Intellectual Tradition”, in Berman, Solzhenitsyn at Harvard, p. 115.

15. New York Times, June 11, 1978.

16. The Times, June 21, 1978.

17. George F. Will, “Solzhenitsyn’s Critics”, in Berman, Solzhenitsyn at Harvard, p. 33.

18. The Times, Aug. 1, 1978.

19. Ignat Solzhenitsyn, interview with the author, Sept. 24, 1998.

20. Dimitri Panin, The Notebooks of Sologdin (London: Hutchinson, 1976), p. 265.

21. Solzhenitsyn, interview.

22. Ibid.

23. Ignat Solzhenitsyn, letter to the author, Aug. 1998.

24. Ibid.

25. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, East and West (New York: Harper & Row, 1980), pp. 174-75.

26. Ibid., pp. 175-76.

27. Daily Telegraph, Feb. 14, 1979.

28. Daily Telegraph, Mar. 27, 1979.

29. Edward E. Ericson, Jr., Solzhenitsyn: The Moral Vision (Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans, 1980), pp. 2-3.

30. Malcolm Muggeridge, foreword, in ibid., p. xiii.

31. Ibid., pp. xiv-xv.

Chapter Seventeen

1. Daily Telegraph, Oct. 15, 1979.

2. Michael Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography (London: Hutchinson, 1985), p. 993.

3. The Times, Nov. 20, 1982.

4. The Times, May 11, 1983.

5. The Times, May 12, 1983.

6. The Times, May 23, 1983.

7. Ibid.

8. Ibid.

9. Ibid.

10. The Times, July 5, 1983.

11. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, interview with the author, July 20, 1998, Moscow.

12. The Times, Dec. 12, 1983.

13. Solzhenitsyn, interview.

14. Ibid.

15. Ibid.

16. The Times, June 26, 1985.

17. Alya Solzhenitsyn, written answer to the author’s questions, Oct. 1998.

18. The Times, Mar. 4, 1987.

19. The Times, Apr. 12, 1988.

20. The Times, Aug. 15, 1988.

21. D. M. Thomas, Alexander Solzhenitsyn: A Century in His Life (London: Little, Brown and Co., 1998), p. 498.

22. The Times, Nov. 30, 1988.

23. The Times, Mar. 21, 1989.

24. Thomas, Solzhenitsyn: A Century in His Life, p. 498.

25. The Times, June 3, 1989.

26. The Times, Dec. 12, 1989.

Chapter Eighteen

1. The Times, Jan. 6, 1990.

2. Ibid.

3. Ignat Solzhenitsyn, e-mail to the author, July 10, 2010.

4. The Times, Jan. 6, 1990.

5. D. M. Thomas, Alexander Solzhenitsyn: A Century in His Life (London: Little, Brown and Co., 1998), p. 473.

6. Yermolai Solzhenitsyn, letter to the author, Sept. 27, 1998.

7. Ibid.

8. Ibid.

9. Thomas, Solzhenitsyn: A Century in His Life, p. 473.

10. Ignat Solzhenitsyn, letter to the author, undated [Sept. 1998].

11. Ibid.

12. Thomas, Solzhenitsyn: A Century in His Life, p. 474.

13. Ibid.

14. The Times, Feb. 13, 1990.

15. Daily Telegraph, Feb. 28, 1998; Thomas, Solzhenitsyn: A Century in His Life, p. 498.

16. The Times, Apr. 12, 1990.

17. The Times, May 1, 1990.

18. The Times, Aug. 17, 1990.

19. The Times, Aug. 25, 1990.

20. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Rebuilding Russia (London: Harvill / HarperCollins, 1991), pp. 9-10.

21. Ibid., pp. 34-35.

22. Ibid., p. 35.

23. Ibid., p. 40.

24. Ibid., p. 49.

25. Ibid., p. 23.

26. Ibid., p. 37.

27. Ibid., pp. 71-72.

28. Ibid., p. 33.

29. Ibid., p. 34.

30. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, interview with the author, July 20, 1998, Moscow.

31. Ibid.

32. Solzhenitsyn, Rebuilding Russia, p. 90.

33. Ibid., pp. 44-45.

34. The Times, Sept. 19, 1990.

35. The Times, May 14, 1992.

36. The Times, June 17, 1992.

37. Ibid.

38. Ibid.

39. The Times, June 1, 1993.

40. The Times, June 4, 1993.

41. Ignat Solzhenitsyn, letter.

42. Ibid.

43. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Russian Question (London: The Harvill Press, 1995), pp. 114-15.

44. Ibid., p. 115.

45. Ibid., p. 117.

46. Ibid.

47. Ibid., p. 119.

Chapter Nineteen

1. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, interview with the author, July 20, 1998, Moscow.

2. Ibid.

3. Ibid.

4. The Times, Mar. 2, 1994.

5. New Yorker, Feb. 14, 1994.

6. Ibid.

7. The Times, Apr. 26, 1994.

8. Ibid.

9. The Times, May 20, 1994.

10. The Times, May 30, 1994.

11. The Times, May 28, 1994.

12. Ibid.

13. New Yorker, Feb. 14 1994.

14. Ignat Solzhenitsyn, letter to the author, undated [Sept. 1998.] Back to text.

15. Yermolai Solzhenitsyn, letter to the author, Sept. 27, 1998.

16. D. M. Thomas, Alexander Solzhenitsyn: A Century in His Life (London: Little, Brown and Co., 1998), p. 503.

17. Nezavisimaya Gazeta, May 1994; quoted in ibid., pp. 514, 523.

18. Guardian, May 28, 1994.

19. Doctor Michael Nicholson, interview with the author, University College, Oxford, Nov. 2, 1998.

20. Doctor Michael Nicholson, “Solzhenitsyn, Exile and the Genius Loci”, unpublished manuscript.

21. Ibid.

22. Thomas, Solzhenitsyn: A Century in His Life, p. 528.

23. Ibid.

24. Solzhenitsyn, interview.

25. Quoted in Nicholson, “Solzhenitsyn, Exile and the Genius Loci”.

26. Solzhenitsyn, interview.

27. Reuters press release, Nov. 26, 1996.

28. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, “Russia Close to its Deathbed”, Le Monde, Nov. 25, 1996.

29. Ibid.

30. Solzhenitsyn, interview.

31. Reuters press release, Nov. 26, 1996.

32. Solzhenitsyn, interview.

33. Ibid.

34. Solzhenitsyn, interview.

35. Solzhenitsyn, interview.

36. Ibid.

37. Ibid.

38. Ibid.

39. Ibid.

40. Nicholson, interview.

41. Yermolai Solzhenitsyn, letter.

42. Ibid.

43. Ignat Solzhenitsyn, letter.

44. Doctor Michael Nicholson, “Solzhenitsyn as ‘Socialist Realist’”, in In the Party Spirit: Socialist Realism and Literary Practice in the Soviet Union, East Germany and China, ed. Hilary Chung (Amsterdam and Atlanta, Ga.: Rodopi, 1996), p. 68.

45. Quoted in ibid.

Chapter Twenty

1. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, speech given in Moscow at the unveiling of a statue in honor of Anton Chekhov, Oct. 26, 1998; translated for the author by Ignat Solzhenitsyn from his father’s notes.

2. Ignat Solzhenitsyn, conversation with the author, Nov. 1998.

3. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, interview with the author, July 20, 1998, Moscow.

4. Ibid. Unless otherwise specified, all other quotes by Solzhenitsyn in this chapter are from his interview with the author.

5. Doctor Michael Nicholson, interview with the author, Nov. 2, 1998, University College, Oxford.

6. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Cancer Ward (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1968), p. 432.

7. J. R. R. Tolkien, The Monsters and the Critics and Other Essays, ed. Christopher Tolkien (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1984), pp. 153-54; J. R. R. Tolkien, The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien, ed. Humphrey Carpenter (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1981), pp. 53-54.

8. Ibid.

Chapter Twenty-One

1. Quoted in Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Oak and the Calf (London: Collins & Harvill Press, 1980), p. 538.

2. Quoted in ibid., p. 389.

3. A more thorough investigation of the range of criticism of Solzhenitsyn’s legacy can be found in Edward E. Ericson’s article in Modern Age, Spring 2002.

4. D. M. Thomas, Alexander Solzhenitsyn: A Century in His Life (London: Little, Brown and Co., 1998), p. 449.

5. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Russia in Collapse (Moscow: Russkii put’, 2006). This book, sometimes referred to as Russia in the Abyss, has not yet been published in an English translation. The author is indebted to Ignat Solzhenitsyn for the translations in this chapter.

6. Ibid.

7. Ibid.

8. Ibid.

9. Ibid.

10. ITAR-Tass news agency release, Apr. 8, 1999.

11. Reuters (US), June 3, 1999.

12. Pravda, Aug. 29, 2001.

13. Moscow Times, Dec. 14, 2000.

14. Pravda, Feb. 21, 2001.

15. Pravda, Apr. 26, 2001.

16. Pravda, Apr. 29, 2001.

17. Daniel J. Mahoney, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn: The Ascent from Ideology (Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2001), p. 120.

18. CDI Russia Weekly (213), July 4, 2002, http://www.cdr.org/russia/213-4-pr.cfm (accessed on Aug. 1, 2005).

19. Ibid.

20. Ibid.

21. Cathy Young, “Traditional Prejudices: The Anti-Semitism of Alexander Solzhenitsyn”, Reason, May 2004, http://www.reason.com.

22. The Guardian (England), Jan. 25, 2003.

23. Reason, Aug. / Sept. 2004, http://www.reason.com.

24. New Republic, Nov. 25, 2002.

25. The Guardian, Jan. 25, 2003.

26. National Review, June 6, 2003, http://www.nationalreview.com.

27. The transcript of this film documentary, made by “Island Studios” and broadcast by TV Channel Russia, was translated for the author by Yermolai Solzhenitsyn. All quotations in chapter 21 hereinafter are from that transcript.

Chapter Twenty-Two

1. Information Service of the Serbian Orthodox Church, http://www.spc.rs/Vesti-2004/u/18-u-04-e.html#ale (accessed on December 31, 2010).

2. Translated by Yermolai Solzhenitsyn.

3. Alexander Solzhenitsyn interview, Russia Channel 2, June, 2005.

4. Ibid.

5. Washington Times, July 31, 2005.

6. New York Times, Feb. 9, 2006.

7. Ibid.

8. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, interview with the author, July 20, 1998, Moscow.

9. Ibid.

10. Doctor Michael Nicholson, “Solzhenitsyn, Exile and the Genius Loci”, unpublished manuscript.

11. Ibid.

12. Solzhenitsyn, interview with the author.

Chapter Twenty-Three

1. News articles published, respectively, on the website of BBC News, Apr. 28, 2006, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk/; on the website of Defense News, Apr. 27, 2006, http://www.defensenews.com; and on the English language website of Pravda, Apr. 28, 2006, http://www.english.pravda.ru/.

2. Moskovskiye Novosti, Apr. 28, 2006; the English language translation of the interview was posted on the Moscow News website on May 2, 2006, http://www.moscownews.com.

3. Ibid., This quote and all extracts between it and the one cited in note 2 are found in ibid.

4. Le Figaro, Dec. 1, 2006.

5. International Herald Tribune, Apr. 29, 2007.

6. Website of the Moscow Times, June 6, 2007, http://www.themoscowtimes.com.

7. Alexis Klimoff, e-mail to the author and others, June 12, 2007.

8. Daniel Mahoney, a speaker at the Solzhenitsyn conference, e-mail to the author and others, July 22, 2007.

9. Ibid.

10. Daily Telegraph, July 16, 2001.

11. Der Spiegel, June 23, 2007.

12. Ibid.

13. Ibid.

14. Ibid.

15. Ibid.

16. Ibid.

17. Ibid.

18. Ibid.

19. Ibid.

Chapter Twenty-Four

1. “Vesti Nedeli”, Dec. 9, 2007, Rossiya Television network.

2. Daily Telegraph, Mar. 31, 2008.

3. Ibid.

4. Michael Nicholson, e-mail to the author and others, Aug. 11, 2008.

5. BBC News website, Aug. 18, 2008, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk.

6. Ibid.

7. New York Times, Sept. 25, 2008.

8. Ibid. It seems that the depiction of Solzhenitsyn as a “traitor” has wide currency among many Russians. This was driven home to the present author during a chance encounter with a young Russian expatriate at a sports event in Texas in July 2009. When asked what he thought of Solzhenitsyn, this young man replied that most people in Russia thought him a traitor.

9. Ibid.

10. RIA Novosti (Russian Information Agency Novosti) news dispatch, Aug. 3, 2009, http://www.en.rian.ru/.

11. President of Russia website, Aug. 3, 2009, http://www.Kremlin.ru.

12. Oct. 26, 2010, http://rt.com/news/solzhenitsyn-gulag-novel-putin/.