Spies and Commissars: Bolshevik Russia and the West

INDEX

Page references in bold type denote complete chapters.

Aberdeen, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Adler, Alfred, ref 1

agriculture: and American help for, ref 1; Bolshevik policies for, ref 1, ref 2; in Germany, ref 1; Keynes’s economic view of, ref 1; and Lenin, ref 1; machinery for, imported by Russia, ref 1, ref 2; New Economic Policy, ref 1; peasant hostility to seizure of produce, ref 1; and peasant reluctance to sell produce, ref 1; and peasant village communes, ref 1; and Trotsky, ref 1; Yuri Larin and ‘urbanization’ of, ref 1

Albert Hall, London, ref 1, ref 2

Alexandra, Empress, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Alexandrinski theatre, Petrograd, ref 1

Alexandrovich, V. A., ref 1

Alexeev, Mikhail, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Alexinski, Grigori, ref 1, ref 2

Allen, Clifford, ref 1, ref 2

Alley, Stephen, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Allied Drug and Chemical Corporation, ref 1

Allied Supreme Council, see Supreme Council (of Allies)

All-Russia Congress of POW Internationalists, ref 1

Altvater, Admiral, ref 1

American Railway Mission to Russia, ref 1, ref 2

American Red Cross, ref 1

American Relief Administration, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

Anatolia, ref 1

Anet, Claude, ref 1

Anglo-Soviet trade treaty: ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; British terms for, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; negotiations, ref 1, ref 2; timing of, ref 1, ref 2

Antaeus Export and Import Company, ref 1

anti-Bolsheviks: anger at liaison between Reds and Allies, ref 1; in Britain, ref 1, ref 2; coalition of politicians in Russia, ref 1; Congress in Warsaw, ref 1; diplomatic roles, ref 1; majority in Constituent Assembly, ref 1; press reports, ref 1; Provisional Government and, ref 1; Socialist-Revolutionary government, ref 1; see also Volunteer Army; Western Allies; White forces

Antonov, A. S., ref 1

‘April Theses’ (Lenin), ref 1, ref 2

Archangel: Allied occupation of, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; Allied occupation of: and Lockhart, ref 1; Bolshevik plan for German attack on, ref 1, ref 2; British plan to overthrow Soviet in, ref 1; evacuation of Allied troops from, ref 1, ref 2; importance as international port, ref 1

Armand, Inessa, ref 1

Armstrong Whitworth, ref 1

Association Financière, Industrielle et Commerciale Russe, ref 1

Austria: and armistice, ref 1; Army of, ref 1; and blockade of river Danube, ref 1; and Bolshevik propaganda, ref 1; diplomats of, in Petrograd, ref 1; discontent in, ref 1; ex-prisoners of war of, ref 1, ref 2; military and diplomatic contribution to Central Powers, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; and Paris Peace Conference, ref 1; revolutionary outbreaks in, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Azbuka (White intelligence network), ref 1

Azerbaijan: becomes Soviet republic, ref 1; Congress of the Peoples of the East, ref 1; nationalization of foreign companies, ref 1; oil industry, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Baden, Max von, ref 1, ref 2

Bagge, John Picton, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Baker, George Barr, ref 1

Bakhmetev, Boris: ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; access to bank accounts of Provisional Government, ref 1, ref 2

Baku, Azerbaijan: and attracting oil companies back, ref 1; and British oil companies, ref 1; and Congress of Peoples of the East, ref 1; and Council for Propaganda and Action, ref 1; lease of oil fields to foreigners, ref 1; Lenin orders no acceptance of British help, ref 1; and Nobel Oil Company, ref 1; and oil companies and their assets, ref 1; oil output and Germans, ref 1

Baku Consolidated Oilfields, ref 1

Balabanova, Angelika, ref 1

Balfour, A. J.: and the Bolsheviks, ref 1; and Chicherin and Petrov, ref 1; and Churchill, ref 1; and informal intermediaries, ref 1, ref 2; and Kamenev, ref 1; and Litvinov, ref 1; and Lockhart, ref 1, ref 2; and Ukraine, ref 1; in Washington, ref 1

Barbusse, Henri, ref 1

Bashkirov, Vladimir, ref 1

Bauer, Rudolf, ref 1, ref 2

Bavarian Council Republic, ref 1

Beatty, Bessie: background, ref 1; after fall of Provisional Government, ref 1; in Petrograd, ref 1; and Rhys Williams, ref 1; and Russian language, ref 1; and Trotsky, ref 1, ref 2; postscript, ref 1

Beaverbrook, Lord, ref 1, ref 2

Beika, Kristap, ref 1

Benckendorff, Moura (née Zakrevskaya): assistant to Gorki, ref 1, ref 2; and Lockhart, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and Lockhart: correspondence, ref 1; on Ransome, ref 1; postscript, ref 1

Berchtold, Count, ref 1

Berkman, Alexander: deported to Soviet Russia, ref 1; detained by Department of Justice in America, ref 1; John Reed as witness for defence, ref 1; protest about imprisonment of, ref 1; and Soviet authorities, ref 1

Bernstein, Herman, ref 1

Berzin, Eduard, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Berzin, Yan, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

Bessarabia, ref 1

Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald von, ref 1

Bevin, Ernest, ref 1

Bialostok, ref 1

Birse, Edward, ref 1

Black, Dora, ref 1

Bliss, Tasker, ref 1

Blyumkin, Yakov, ref 1, ref 2

Bohemia in London, ref 1

‘Bolo Liquidation Lunches’, ref 1

Bolsheviks: ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; for and against, ref 1; and America, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; and America: distrust, ref 1; and America: Finnish Information Bureau, ref 1, ref 2; American Relief Administration, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; Brest-Litovsk treaty, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; and Britain, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8; and Britain: counter-revolutionaries, ref 1; and Britain: seizure of Archangel, ref 1; and Britain: the Lockhart Plot, ref 1; and Britain: trade talks, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7; Central Committee, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7; Central Committee: emergency session, ref 1; Central Committee: power transferred to soviets, ref 1; Comintern and expansionism, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and diplomacy, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; doctrine of, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6; doctrine of: grandiose ideas, ref 1; and Eastern peoples, ref 1; and European revolution, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; ‘fellow-travellers’, ref 1; and Finnish independence, ref 1; and foreign trade, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3 , ref 4 , ref 5, ref 6; and French agents, ref 1; and Germany, ref 1, ref2 , ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; and Germany: following Armistice with Allies, ref 1; and Germany: help from, ref 1; and Germany: revolution in, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; the Kronstadt mutiny, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; and Marxism, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; and the Mensheviks, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10; military, see Red Army; and Murmansk landings, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; New Economic Policy, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; oil production in Baku, ref 1, ref 2; opposition to, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7; see also Lockhart Plot, the; White forces and Poland, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; propaganda, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6; propaganda: in Russia, ref 1; and the Provisional Government, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and the Provisional Government: demonstrations against, ref 1; and the Provisional Government: overthrown, ref 1; and rail network, ref 1; and Romania, ref 1; and the Romanovs, ref 1; Russian Bureau of, ref 1; and the Russian economy, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; and the Socialist-Revolutionaries, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9; and the Socialist-Revolutionaries: concordat with, ref 1; spreading revolution, ref 1, ref 2; spreading revolution: POWs, ref 1; Stalin as leader, ref 1, ref 2; and subversive activity, ref 1, ref 2; the Tambov peasant revolt, ref 1; view of information, ref 1; and Western sympathisers, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and Western recruits: Sadoul, ref 1; see also Lenin, Vladimir Ilich (Ulyanov); Trotsky, Lev Davidovich

Bolshevik Revolution: Its Rise and Meaning, The (Litvinov), ref 1

Bolshoi Opera, Petrograd, ref 1

Bonar Law, Andrew, ref 1, ref 2

Bonch-Bruevich, Vladimir, ref 1

Bondfied, Margaret, ref 1, ref 2

Botosani, ref 1, ref 2

Boyce, Commander Ernest, ref 1

Boyle, Colonel Joe, ref 1

Bratianu, Ionel, ref 1, ref 2

Breshkovskaya, Yekaterina, ref 1

Brest-Litovsk: peace negotiations, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; treaty, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

Briand, Aristide, ref 1

Bristow, Mrs, ref 1

Britain: ref 1, ref 2; anti-war socialists in, ref 1; and Archangel, ref 1, ref 2; blockade of German ports, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; Bolsheviks in, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; communism, ref 1; diplomacy, ref 1, ref 2; diplomatic links with Russia, ref 1, ref 2; Empire, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; and German U-boat activity, ref 1, ref 2; and ‘Hands off Russia’ movement, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; Labour Party, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8; Labour Party: delegation trip to Volga region, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; the Lockhart plot, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7; and Murmansk, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and political prisoners, ref 1; press, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7; and the Romanovs, ref 1, ref 2; and Russian participation in WW1, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and Russian political refugees, ref 1; Secret Service, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; Secret Service: and Stalin, ref 1; Secret Service: Arthur Ransome, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; Secret Service: George Hill, ref 1, ref 2; Secret Service: Paul Dukes, ref 1; Secret Service: Sidney Reilly, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; support for anti-Bolsheviks, ref 1; trade with Russia, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11; the Triple Entente, ref 1; and Trotsky, ref 1; see also diplomatic roles; Western Allies

British Empire, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

British Foreign Office: and Kamenev, ref 1, ref 2; and Litvinov, ref 1; and the Lockhart Plot, ref 1; and Western Allies support for Russia, ref 1

British-Russian Club, London, ref 1

British Socialist Party, ref 1

Brusilov, Alexei, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Bryant, Louise: and American sub-committee on Russian propaganda, ref 1; background, ref 1; and Bessie Beatty, ref 1; booklets on Russia published, ref 1; courier for Soviet government, ref 1; and death of John Reed, ref 1; and fall of Provisional Government, ref 1; interview with Krasin, ref 1; loss of job with Philadelphia Public Ledger, ref 1; marriage to John Reed, ref 1; and Senate Committee on Bolshevik propaganda, ref 1; and Soviet propaganda in America, ref 1; speech at Madison Square Gardens, ref 1; travel to Russia delay, ref 1; on Trotsky, ref 1; and Trotsky, ref 1, ref 2; and Yakov Peters, ref 1, ref 2; postscript, ref 1

Buchanan, Sir George: and Ambassador Francis, ref 1; and detention of Trotsky in Halifax, ref 1; granted sick leave, ref 1, ref 2; and imprisonment of Chicherin and Petrov, ref 1, ref 2; language skills of, ref 1; and Lockhart, ref 1; and question of support for Russia, ref 1, ref 2; postscript, ref 1

Buchan, John, ref 1

Buckler, W. H., ref 1

Budberg, Moura, see Benckendorff, Moura

Buford (ship), ref 1

Buikis, Jan, ref 1

Bukharin, Nikolai: ref 1; and changes in contemporary capitalism, ref 1; and collective farms, ref 1; and Comintern congress, ref 1; on communism, ref 1, ref 2; and French offer of military assistance, ref 1; ill health of, ref 1; and Ioffe, ref 1; and Liebknecht, ref 1; and the March Action, ref 1, ref 2; and peace treaty with Central Powers, ref 1, ref 2; and planning of international communist congress, ref 1; and Pravda, ref 1; and repressive measures, ref 1; and Spartakusbund congress, ref 1

Bulak-Balakhovich, Stanislav, ref 1, ref 2

Bulgaria, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

Bullitt, William C.: background, ref 1; as emissary to Moscow, ref 1, ref 2; encouraged by Felix Frankfurter, ref 1; and gaining information, ref 1; letter to Lansing, ref 1; letter to Wilson, ref 1; and Lloyd George, ref 1; marriage to Louise Bryant, ref 1; and Nuorteva, ref 1, ref 2; outcome of Moscow visit, ref 1; in the State Department, ref 1, ref 2; resignation from State Department, ref 1; postscript, ref 1

Bureau of International Revolutionary Propaganda, ref 1

Buxton, Charles Roden, ref 1, ref 2

Cachin, Marcel, ref 1

Callaghan, Margaret Reilly, ref 1

Call (magazine), ref 1

Camber Higgs, William, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Canada, ref 1, ref 2

Cantacuzène, Princess, ref 1

capitalism, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8; American view of, ref 1; Bolshevik view of, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9; Bolshevik view of, in America, ref 1, ref 2; Bolshevik view of, in Europe, ref 1, ref 2; Bolshevik view of Provisional Government, ref 1; ‘finance capitalism’, ref 1; and Germany, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7; and higher standard of living, ref 1, ref 2; and Italy, ref 1; and Marxist theory, ref 1, ref 2; in report of Labour delegation, ref 1; and Russian economy, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8; and Russian economy: American view of, ref 1; and Trotsky, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Carson, Sir Edward, ref 1

Castro, Fidel, ref 1

Cecil, Lord Robert, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Central Committee of Bolsheviks: and Brest-Litovsk talks, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; and Brest-Litovsk treaty: Germany’s continued advances, ref 1; and conditional support for Provisional Government, ref 1; and demonstration against government policy, ref 1; and discussions for socialist coalition, ref 1; establishment of the Politburo, ref 1; and Georgia, ref 1; and intelligence activity, ref 1; and Lenin, ref 1; Lenin puts case for an uprising, ref 1; majority of supporters of Lenin in, ref 1, ref 2; and oil concessions in Baku, ref 1; and Poland, ref 1, ref 2; and trade with Britain, ref 1; and transfer of power to the soviets, ref 1

Central Powers: ref 1; advances of, ref 1; the Brest-Litovsk treaty, ref 1; and France, ref 1; German and Austrian diplomats in Petrograd, ref 1, ref 2; and the June military offensive, ref 1; and Ukraine, ref 1, ref 2

Central Rada, Ukraine: delegation at Brest-Litovsk, ref 1; and French initiative, ref 1; Germans install client ruler, ref 1; and Russian Provisional Government, ref 1; separate peace with Central Powers, ref 1; and Sovnarkom, ref 1

Chaikovski, Nikolai, ref 1, ref 2

Cheka (Extraordinary Commission): and the Bolshevik party, ref 1; and code-breaking and encryption, ref 1; and counter-revolutionary activity in Bolshevist areas, ref 1; and covert operations, ref 1, ref 2; damage to Western intelligence networks, ref 1, ref 2; and dictatorship, ref 1; and Dzerzhinski, ref 1, ref 2; established, ref 1; in Europe, ref 1; execution of Reilly, ref 1; exploitation of Boris Savinkov, ref 1; and foreign military campaigns, ref 1; freed from legal restraints by Sovnarkom, ref 1; learns to organize intelligence, ref 1; and the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; liquidation of anticommunist groups, ref 1, ref 2; and the Lockhart Plot, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and the National Centre, ref 1; and Poland, ref 1; under pressure, ref 1; and Ransome, ref 1; and Raymond Robins, ref 1; recruiting for, ref 1; and the Red Terror, ref 1, ref 2; release of prisoners with English names, ref 1; and subversion in former Russian Empire, ref 1; and the Tactical Centre, ref 1; targets named in Constitution, ref 1; and Trotsky, ref 1; and violence, ref 1; and Western politics, ref 1

Chelyabinsk Soviet, ref 1

Chesham House, London, ref 1, ref 2

Chicherin, Georgi: and Ambassador Francis, ref 1; and Anglo-Soviet trade talks, ref 1; appointed People’s Commissar of Foreign Affairs, ref 1; in Brixton prison, ref 1, ref 2; and Bullitt, ref 1; and courier work, ref 1, ref 2; deputizing for Trotsky, ref 1; and exchange of prisoners with Britain, ref 1, ref 2; and German involvement in Russia, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; at meeting in Genoa, ref 1; and Mirbach, ref 1; and peace with Latvia and Lithuania, ref 1; at the People’s Commissariat of Foreign Affairs, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and Raymond Robins, ref 1; repatriation issues of, ref 1, ref 2; retirement and death of, ref 1; and subversive activity, ref 1; and Turkey, ref 1; and visit of British Labour delegation, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Chkheidze, Nikolai, ref 1

Christian Science Monitor, ref 1

Church, see religion

Churchill, Winston: ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; accused of deceit, ref 1; asked for paper costing of military options, ref 1; on Bolshevism, ref 1; British-Russian Club talk, ref 1; and Clare Sheridan, ref 1, ref 2; and the Independent Labour Party, ref 1; ‘iron curtain’ reference, ref 1; opposition to trade with Soviet Russia, ref 1; the Paris Peace Conference, ref 1; and Poland, ref 1, ref 2; political militant against the Bolsheviks, ref 1, ref 2; and supplies for White forces, ref 1; postscript, ref 1, ref 2

Cisneros, Garrido, ref 1

City of Marseilles (ship), ref 1

civil war: and the Bolsheviks, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; in Finland, ref 1; in Hungary, ref 1; in Russia, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Clarke, John, ref 1, ref 2

Clemenceau, Georges: becomes premier, ref 1; description of, ref 1; and finance for White forces, ref 1; and information gathering, ref 1; objection to Wilson’s proposal for Russian peace, ref 1; and Polish off to attack Soviet Russia, ref 1; retirement of, ref 1; and Russian policy of Allies, ref 1; on sending French troops to Russia, ref 1; and terms of German treaty at Versailles, ref 1; views on Russia, ref 1; and Wilson, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and withdrawal of French troops from Ukraine, ref 1

Clerk, Sir George, ref 1

Cleveland, Grover, ref 1

Coates, Albert, ref 1

Code and Cypher School, British, ref 1, ref 2

codes: ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8; British Code and Cypher School, ref 1, ref 2

Cold War, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Comintern (Communist International): ref 1; and America, ref 1, ref 2; communist federations and, ref 1; foundation of, ref 1, ref 2; and France, ref 1; and Germany, ref 1; and Italy, ref 1, ref 2; and John Reed, ref 1; in Moscow, ref 1; Radek’s report on, ref 1; recruiting for, ref 1; spreading of, ref 1

Communist International, see Comintern

Communist Labor Party, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Communist Manifesto, The, ref 1

Communist Party of America, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Communist Party of Great Britain, ref 1

Congress of Peoples of the East, ref 1

Congress of Soviets: and Bolshevik demonstration against government policy, ref 1; and Bolshevik policies, ref 1; Constitution and citizenship, ref 1; and oil concessions in Baku, ref 1; and overthrow of Provisional Government, ref 1, ref 2; and peace treaty with Germany, ref 1; Trotsky’s plans for, ref 1

Constantinople, ref 1

Constituent Assembly: and Kolchak, ref 1; Litvinov and, ref 1, ref 2; Radek and anti-Bolshevik majority, ref 1; and separate peace with Germany, ref 1; and Socialist-Revolutionaries, ref 1

Constitutional-Democrats, see Kadets (Constitutional-Democrats)

convoy system protecting commercial shipping, ref 1, ref 2

Cooper, Merian (‘Coop’), ref 1, ref 2

Cossacks, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Council for Propaganda and Action, ref 1

Council for Propaganda and Action, Baku, ref 1

Council of Ten, ref 1, ref 2

Creel, George, ref 1

Crispien, Arthur, ref 1

Cromie, Francis, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Crowley, Aleister, ref 1

Cumming, Mansfield: choosing recruits, ref 1; and Maugham, ref 1; and Paul Dukes, ref 1, ref 2; and Reilly, ref 1

Curzon, Earl: against the Bolsheviks, ref 1; and the Curzon Line, ref 1; Government Code and Cypher School, ref 1; and Lockhart, ref 1; and scheme of Savinkov, ref 1

Curzon Line, the, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Czech Corps: advance to Yekaterinburg, ref 1; and General Poole, ref 1; and Kolchak, ref 1; and Komuch, ref 1, ref 2; proposed by Savinkov, ref 1; in Samara, ref 1; and Savinkov, ref 1; and Trotsky, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and the Yaroslavl uprising, ref 1

Czernin, Count Otto von, ref 1

Daily Express, ref 1, ref 2

Daily Herald: ref 1, ref 2; and finance from Soviets, ref 1, ref 2

Daily Mail, ref 1

Daily News, ref 1, ref 2

Daily Telegraph, ref 1

d’Anselme, Philippe Henri, ref 1

Dardanelles Straits, ref 1

Death of Ivan the Terrible, The, ref 1

Debs, Eugene, ref 1

decrees of Bolshevik government: ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; Decree on Land, ref 1, ref 2; Decree on Peace, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; Decree on Press, ref 1; recognizing new Soviet republics, ref 1; requisition of grain abolished, ref 1

Defence of the Realm Act (British), ref 1, ref 2

de Gaulle, Charles, ref 1

della Torretta, Marchese, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Denikin, Anton: and Azbuka, ref 1; on Finnish independence, ref 1; and Hill, ref 1; and information network, ref 1; and the National Centre, ref 1, ref 2; and the National Centre: Azbuka informant, ref 1; northward attack defeated, ref 1; and opinion of Herbert Hoover, ref 1; and supplies, ref 1, ref 2; and the Volunteer Army, ref 1, ref 2; postscript, ref 1; see also White forces

De Potere, Austrian ambassador, ref 1, ref 2

Désirée, Belgian minister, ref 1

Diamandy, Constantin, ref 1, ref 2

dictatorship: American communists’ view of, ref 1; and Bolshevik leadership, ref 1, ref 2; and Comintern, ref 1; and Lenin, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6; and Lenin: fondness for, ref 1; in Moscow, Polish view of, ref 1; of the proletariat, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; of the proletariat: in Germany, ref 1; and Russian anti-Bolshevism, ref 1; and Theodore Rothstein, ref 1; and Trotsky, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Die Fackel (later Der Völkfried), ref 1

Die Rote Fahne (newspaper), ref 1

Die Zukunft (publication), ref 1

Diplomatic History of the War, The, ref 1

diplomatic roles, ref 1; American embassy in Archangel, ref 1; and Bolshevik attempt to ease Soviet diplomacy, ref 1; of Bolshevik plenipotentiaries, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; of Bolshevik plenipotentiaries and world revolution, ref 1; of Bolshevik plenipotentiaries: loss of diplomatic bag, ref 1; of Bolshevik plenipotentiaries: severance of link with Germany, ref 1; of Bolshevik plenipotentiaries: use of Western press, ref 1; and the Bolsheviks, ref 1, ref 2; see also Finnish Information Bureau, New York and Brest-Litovsk treaty, ref 1; British diplomatic initiative for Russian-Polish peace, ref 1; Central Powers: in Petrograd, ref 1; detention of Diamandy, ref 1; German diplomats and the Bolsheviks, ref 1; in Germany: rejection of Soviet aid for revolution, ref 1; Lenin and priority of Soviet Diplomacy, ref 1; Lockhart on Allied embassies in Vologda, ref 1; Mirbach in Petrograd, ref 1, ref 2; the Politburo and diplomatic duplicity, ref 1; and proprieties, ref 1, ref 2; and proprieties: Britain and Litvinov, ref 1; of Provisional Government, ref 1; Soviet treaty with Germany: diplomacy and trade, ref 1; in Switzerland and rail travel, ref 1; and trade talks, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; and trade talks: America, ref 1, ref 2; and trade talks: Estonia, ref 1; use of unofficial and informal methods, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; of Western Allies, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; of Western Allies and anti-Bolshevik activities, ref 1; of Western Allies: gathering information, ref 1, ref 2; of Western Allies: safety, ref 1

Dobruja, ref 1

Don Carlos (Verdi), ref 1

Douglas, Alfred Lord, ref 1

Drinker, Aimee Ernesta: marriage to Bullitt, ref 1

Dukes, Paul, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7; notes to pages, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

Dukhonin, General, ref 1

Duranty, Walter, ref 1

Dvinsk, Latvia, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Dzerzhinski, Felix: background, ref 1; as head of Cheka, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; illness and death, ref 1; and Ioffe, ref 1, ref 2; and Lenin, ref 1; and Liberman, ref 1; and liquidation of enemies, ref 1; and the Lockhart Plot, ref 1; moral scruples of, ref 1; resignation, ref 1; sculpted by Clare Sheridan, ref 1, ref 2; and subversive activity, ref 1; taken captive by Left-Socialist-Revolutionaries, ref 1

Dzerzhinski, Zofia (née Muszkat), ref 1, ref 2

Eastman, Max: ref 1; memo for Trotsky and Lenin, ref 1; produces booklet with John Reed, ref 1

Eberlein, Hugo, ref 1, ref 2

Ebert, Friedrich, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Economic Consequences of the Peace, The (Keynes), ref 1

Eisner, Kurt, ref 1

embourgeoisement of Soviet leaders, ref 1

Estonia: ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; and Soviet Russia, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; and White armies, ref 1

Europe: ref 1, ref 2; and the Allied Treaties, ref 1; anti-communism in, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7; and Bolshevik plans for revolution, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7; Bolshevik subversion in, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; Bolshevik view of agriculture in, ref 1; and grain shipments from America, ref 1; labour movements in, ref 1; Marxism-Leninism in, ref 1; political emigrants in, ref 1; revolutionary outbreaks in, ref 1; Russian accounts held in, ref 1; see also Great War; particular European countries; France; Germany

Fairchild, E. C., ref 1

Fardon, Private A. J., ref 1

Fauntleroy, Cedric, ref 1

Faux-Pas Bidet, Charles Adolphe, ref 1

Fëdorov, G. F., ref 1

‘fellow-travellers’, ref 1

Fetterlein, Ernst, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Finance Capital (Hilferding), ref 1

‘finance capitalism’, ref 1

Findlay, Sir Mansfeldt, ref 1

Finland, ref 1, ref 2

Finland Station, Petrograd, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Finlayson, Brigadier General, ref 1

Finnish Information Bureau, New York: and the Bolsheviks, ref 1, ref 2; and the Bureau of Information on Soviet Russia, ref 1; and purchase requirements of Soviet Russia, ref 1; raided by police, ref 1; see also Nuorteva, Santeri

Fischer, Ruth, ref 1

Foch, Marshall, ref 1, ref 2

Ford, Henry, ref 1

Forward (Jewish newspaper), ref 1

‘Fourteen Points’ (Wilson), ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

France: ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and action against the Bolsheviks, ref 1; American help for, ref 1; army of, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; army of: in Odessa, ref 1, ref 2; consulate of, in Russia, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; and the Czechs, ref 1; diplomats of, in Sweden, ref 1; German forces in, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; and the Lockhart Plot, ref 1; national military and foreign policy, ref 1; official visitors to Russia from, ref 1; and Poland, ref 1, ref 2; and post-war blockade of Germany, ref 1; post-war economy of, ref 1; and the post-war settlements, ref 1, ref 2; Russian political emigrants leave, ref 1, ref 2; secret service of, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6; threat of communism in, ref 1, ref 2; threat of communist revolution in, ref 1; and trade with Russia, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6; Treaty of Versailles, ref 1; and Trotsky, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; and Ukraine, ref 1, ref 2; visit of President Wilson to, ref 1; visit of Winston Churchill to, ref 1; see also Western Allies

France, Joseph I., ref 1, ref 2

Franchet d’Espèrey, French commander, ref 1

Francis, David R.: and anarchists, ref 1; appointment to embassy, ref 1; appeal to ‘the People of Russia’, ref 1; background, ref 1; and Buchanan, ref 1; death of, ref 1; and diplomatic immunity, ref 1; health of, ref 1; and move of embassy to Archangel, ref 1; move of embassy to Vologda, ref 1; organizing an army, ref 1; and Radek, ref 1; and Raymond Robins, ref 1, ref 2; and the restoration of rail network, ref 1; return to America, ref 1

Frankfurter, Felix: ref 1, ref 2; and Bullitt, ref 1

Freikorps; and Bavarian Council Republic, ref 1; and projected agreement with Comintern, ref 1; in putsch led by Wolfgang Kapp, ref 1; suppress Spartacist revolt, ref 1, ref 2; unofficial armed squads, ref 1

Fride, Alexander, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Fride, Maria: Allied agent, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; operative of Reilly, ref 1; sentenced to forced labour, ref 1

From the October Revolution to the Brest Peace Treaty (Trotsky), ref 1

Gale, Linn A. E., ref 1, ref 2

Gallacher, Willie, ref 1

George V: ref 1, ref 2; and Lockhart, ref 1; and Paul Dukes, ref 1

Georgia: and the Bolsheviks, ref 1; rejects Sovnarkom, ref 1; Soviet republic proclaimed, ref 1; and Trotsky, ref 1

German Communist Party, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

German Social-Democratic Party, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Germany: ref 1, ref 2; Allied intelligence in, ref 1; Allied peace settlement with, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; armistice with Allies, ref 1; the Bavarian Council Republic, ref 1; blockade of, ref 1, ref 2; and the Bolsheviks, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9; Brest-Litovsk treaty, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and Communism, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; Foreign Office of, ref 1, ref 2; and the Freikorps, ref 1, ref 2; the Great War (1914–18), ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13; and the Romanovs, ref 1; Russian trade with, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; secret service of, ref 1, ref 2; and the Spartacists, ref 1, ref 2

Gibbes, Sidney, ref 1

Girshberg, Maria, ref 1

Goebbels, Joseph, ref 1

Goethe, ref 1

Goldman, Emma: ref 1; deported to Soviet Russia, ref 1; detained by Department of Justice in America, ref 1; protest about imprisonment of, ref 1; and Soviet authorities, ref 1

gold reserves, Russian: and Kolchak, ref 1, ref 2; in possible trade deals, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; in possible trade deals: Sweden, ref 1; in possible trade deals: Vanderlip, ref 1; regarded as tainted, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; in supplementary treaty with Germans, ref 1, ref 2; and Trotsky: import strategy, ref 1

Goode, W. T., ref 1, ref 2

Gorki, Maxim, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Government Code and Cypher School, ref 1, ref 2

Gramsci, Antonio, ref 1

Graves, William S., ref 1

Great Britain, see Britain

Great War: ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6; and the Americans, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6; and the Americans: aid for Russia, ref 1; Archangel, ref 1; blockade of German fleet, ref 1, ref 2; Bolshevik view of, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6; German involvement, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8; prisoners of war, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; Russian involvement, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7; Western Allies, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11; Western Allies: Allied Supreme War Council, ref 1

Gregory, Captain T. T. C.: ref 1; article in World’s Wealth, ref 1

Grenard, Fernand: and finance for Savinkov, ref 1; and Lockhart, ref 1, ref 2; and monarchists in Moscow, ref 1; sanctuary in American consulate, ref 1; tried in Lockhart case, ref 1

Guchkov, Alexander, ref 1, ref 2

Gumberg, Alexander, ref 1, ref 2

Haase, Hugo, ref 1, ref 2

Haden Guest, Dr Leslie, ref 1, ref 2

Halifax, Nova Scotia, ref 1, ref 2

Hammer, Dr Armand, ref 1

Hammer, Julius, ref 1

Hands Off Russia movement: and Clare Sheridan, ref 1; in opinion of Milyukov, ref 1; and the political left, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Haparanda, Sweden, ref 1, ref 2

Harden, Maximilien, ref 1

Harding, Warren G., ref 1, ref 2

Hardinge, Lord Charles, ref 1, ref 2

Harper, Professor Samuel, ref 1

Harrison, Marguerite E., ref 1, ref 2

Hauschild, Herbert, ref 1

Helfferich, Karl, ref 1

Helig Olaf, ref 1

Helsinki: fighting in streets of, ref 1; Lenin in, ref 1; naval bases, ref 1

Hicks, William, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Higgs, William Camber, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Hilferding, Rudolph, ref 1

Hill, George: at ‘Bolo Liquidation Lunches’, ref 1; and Bullitt in Paris, ref 1; and Colonel Joe Boyle, ref 1; Cumming sets up enquiry on Reilly, ref 1; and Denikin, ref 1; establishes covert network, ref 1, ref 2; help for Orthodox Church, ref 1; instructs Trotsky in aeronautics, ref 1; and Latvians, ref 1; and Lockhart, ref 1; and the Lockhart Plot, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and Ransome, ref 1; and Reilly, ref 1, ref 2; and Reilly: in southern Russia, ref 1; return to Britain for funding, ref 1, ref 2; Trotsky orders his arrest, ref 1; and uprisings in Ukraine, ref 1, ref 2; works undercover, ref 1; and Yakov Peters, ref 1; and Zalkind, ref 1; postscript, ref 1

Hindenburg, Paul von, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Hintze, Paul von, ref 1, ref 2

HMS Jupiter, ref 1, ref 2

Hoffmann, General, ref 1

Höglund, Zeth, ref 1

Hohenzollerns, the, ref 1, ref 2

Hoover, Herbert: director of American Relief Administration, ref 1; and food relief to Central Europe, ref 1; and food relief to Central Europe: and Yudenich, ref 1; and Gorki’s appeal for relief, ref 1; and Gregory, ref 1; and Keynes, ref 1; opposition to trade treaty with Soviets, ref 1; and Paris Peace Conference, ref 1, ref 2; on Russian economic recovery, ref 1; Trotsky’s view of, ref 1; postscript, ref 1, ref 2

Hoover, J. Edgar, ref 1

Horne, Robert, ref 1

House, Edward ‘Colonel’: ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and Bullitt, ref 1; and Sir William Wiseman, ref 1

Hughes apparatus, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

Hughes, Charles Evans, ref 1

Hungary, revolution in, ref 1

Hunt, Major, ref 1

Imperial government in Russia: ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and looting of German embassy, ref 1; military supplies bought by, ref 1; the Romanov family, ref 1, ref 2

Independent Social-Democratic Party of Germany, ref 1, ref 2

Information Service (United States): and Edgar Sisson, ref 1; setting up of, ref 1, ref 2

International News Service, ref 1, ref 2

In the Claws of the German Eagle, ref 1

Ioffe, Adolf: background, ref 1; at Brest-Litovsk, ref 1, ref 2; and Chicherin, ref 1; and Dzerzhinski, ref 1, ref 2; exchanged for Hauschild, ref 1; and governance, ref 1; and Gustav Stresemann, ref 1; and international etiquette, ref 1; and J. Keynes’ book, ref 1; lack of administrative skills, ref 1; and Mirbach, ref 1; and oil in Baku, ref 1; and ‘peaceful cohabitation’ with capitalist countries, ref 1; and Poland, ref 1, ref 2; private life of, ref 1; relays news that Germany to sue for peace, ref 1; report on German offer of backing in northern Russia, ref 1; and revolution, ref 1; and the Romanovs, ref 1; and servants, ref 1; signs affidavits for Hill and Boyle, ref 1; and Soviet military difficulties, ref 1; Soviet mission expelled from Germany, ref 1; Soviet mission in Berlin, ref 1; Soviet mission in Berlin: base for propaganda for Allies, ref 1; Soviet mission in Berlin: covert tasks of, ref 1; and the Spartakusbund, ref 1; and Trotsky, ref 1; postscript, ref 1

Ioffe, Nadya, ref 1

Ipatev, Nikolai, ref 1

Iraq, ref 1

‘iron curtain’, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Irwin, William, ref 1

Ishimoto, Keikichi, ref 1

Italy: and the Allies, ref 1; and Austria-Hungary, ref 1; and the Bolsheviks, ref 1; and capitalist instability, ref 1; and communism, ref 1, ref 2; and revolution, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; Soviet links in, ref 1; territorial benefits for, ref 1; and Wilson’s advocacy of national self-determination, ref 1; see also della Torretta, Marchese; Western Allies

Japan: ref 1; joins the Allies, ref 1; and post-war settlements, ref 1; and Russian policy, ref 1; and Siberia, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Jewish refugees: in America, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; in London, ref 1

Jogiches, Leo, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Johnston, William H., ref 1

Jordan, ref 1

Journal of Revolutionary Communism, ref 1

Judson, William V., ref 1

Julier, Ferenc, ref 1

Kadets (Constitutional-Democrats): and Buchanan, ref 1; and Kornilov, ref 1; and socialist reforms, ref 1; and Trotsky, ref 1; and Ukraine, ref 1

Kalamatiano, Xenophon Dmitrievich de Blumenthal: background, ref 1; and Information Service, ref 1; and the Lockhart Plot, ref 1, ref 2; and the Lockhart Plot: show trial, ref 1, ref 2; in prison, ref 1; released from prison, ref 1

Kalinin, Mikhail, ref 1

Kamchatka project, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Kamenev, Lev: and Anglo-Soviet trade, ref 1, ref 2; and Bolshevik uprising, ref 1, ref 2; at Brest-Litovsk, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and the Central Committee, ref 1, ref 2; and Clare Sheridan, ref 1; description of, ref 1; detained by White Finns, ref 1; greets returning refugees, ref 1; and international communist congress, ref 1; and Kronstadt, ref 1; and oil concessions, ref 1; prevented from travelling to France, ref 1; and repressive measures, ref 1; Soviet delegation in London, ref 1, ref 2

Kamkov, Boris, ref 1

Kanegisser, Leonid, ref 1

Kaplan, Dora, ref 1

Kapp, Wolfgang, ref 1

Karakhan, Lev: and Czech Volunteers, ref 1; in delegation to Brest-Litovsk, ref 1; disappearance of, ref 1; and Lockhart, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; and Radek, ref 1

Karozus, Dagmara, ref 1

Karsavina, Tamara, ref 1

Kaiserling, Rear-Admiral Count, ref 1

Kautsky, Karl, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Kedrov, Mikhail, ref 1

Keeling, H. V., ref 1

Kelley, William J., ref 1

Kellock, Harold, ref 1

Kelly, Sherwood, ref 1

Kemal, Mustafa, ref 1

Kemp, Admiral, ref 1

Kenworthy, Commander J. M., ref 1

Kerenski, Alexander: and the advance on Petrograd, ref 1; and agricultural troubles, ref 1; and coalition plans, ref 1; Milyukov’s view of, ref 1; Minister for Military Affairs, ref 1, ref 2; overthrown by Bolsheviks, ref 1, ref 2; and the Romanovs, ref 1; takes over from Lvov, ref 1; and the Western Allies, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and W. Somerset Maugham, ref 1

Kerr, Philip, ref 1

Keynes, John Maynard: on Clemenceau, ref 1, ref 2; Economic Consequences of the Peace, The, ref 1; on Herbert Hoover, ref 1, ref 2; on Lloyd George, ref 1; on Spartacism in Berlin, ref 1; Treasury consultant in London, ref 1; on Versailles treaty, ref 1; on Wilson, ref 1

Kiel, Germany, ref 1, ref 2

Kiev, ref 1, ref 2

Kii, ref 1

King, Joseph, ref 1, ref 2

Kinmochi, Saionji, ref 1

Klyshko, Nikolai, ref 1, ref 2

‘Knit a Straitjacket for your Soldier Boy’ (Reed), ref 1

Knox, Alfred, ref 1, ref 2

Kolchak, Admiral Alexander: and the Allies, ref 1; and American finance, ref 1; and the Americans, ref 1; declares himself Supreme Ruler in Ufa, ref 1; and the National Centre, ref 1; retreat eastwards, ref 1, ref 2; and White force advance, ref 1; and Wilson, ref 1; see also White forces

Kollontai, Alexandra, ref 1

Komuch (Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly): and Czech troops, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; govern the Volga region, ref 1; setting up of, ref 1; and Sovnarkom, ref 1, ref 2

Kopp, Viktor, ref 1

Kornilov, Lavr, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Kosciuszko Squadron, ref 1

Krasin, Leonid: background, ref 1; Bolshevik expert on foreign trade, ref 1; British businessmen unhappy with, ref 1; and British terms for trade, ref 1; enters Britain, ref 1; interview with Louise Bryant, ref 1; and judgement of Mr Justice Roche, ref 1; and privilege, ref 1; and Senator France, ref 1; and signing of contracts, ref 1; and trade talks in Britain, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6; and trade talks in Britain: agreement signed, ref 1; and trade talks in Sweden, ref 1, ref 2; urges America to trade with Russia, ref 1; and Urquhart, ref 1, ref 2

Krasnov, General, ref 1, ref 2

Krestinski, Nikolai, ref 1

Kronstadt: naval garrison, ref 1; naval garrison mutiny, ref 1; official Soviet account of, ref 1, ref 2; Red Army in, ref 1

Kropotkina, Sasha, ref 1

Kropotkin, Pëtr, ref 1

Krupp (company), ref 1, ref 2

Krupskaya, Nadezhda, ref 1, ref 2

Krylenko, Nikolai, ref 1, ref 2

Kühlmann, Richard von, ref 1, ref 2

Kun, Béla: background, ref 1; at Baku, ref 1; Churchill on, ref 1; and communist regime in Budapest, ref 1; denied help of Red Army, ref 1; and fight for Hungarian soil, ref 1; and Herbert Hoover, ref 1; liberated from prison, ref 1; and the March Action, ref 1, ref 2; as plenipotentiary in Berlin, ref 1; popularity of, ref 1; and print job for Radek, ref 1

Kursk, Russia, ref 1, ref 2

Kutuzov, I. I., ref 1

Labour Party, the: British Labour delegation to Russia, ref 1; candidates at general election, ref 1; celebration of revolutionary events, ref 1; Council of Action, ref 1; and Litvinov, ref 1; and Lloyd George, ref 1

Lafont, Ernest, ref 1

Lansing, Robert: and action against Soviet Russia, ref 1; and Bullitt, ref 1, ref 2; and German questions, ref 1; and joint Anglo-American intelligence, ref 1; and Nuorteva, ref 1; the Paris Peace Conference, ref 1, ref 2

Larin, Yuri, ref 1

Latsis, Martyn, ref 1

Latvian Riflemen: core of Red Army, ref 1; the Lockhart Plot, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; and Sovnarkom, ref 1, ref 2

Lavergne, Jean, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

League of Nations: Bullitt’s view of, ref 1; and territorial disputes, ref 1; and Wilson, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Le Bulletin de la Presse (publication), ref 1

Leeper, Rex, ref 1, ref 2

Left Centre, ref 1

Left Socialist-Revolutionaries: coalition with Bolsheviks and Cheka, ref 1; concordat with Bolsheviks, ref 1; denounce Sovnarkom, ref 1; dislike of agrarian policy of Sovnarkom, ref 1; included in Bolshevik plans, ref 1; main opposition party to Bolsheviks, ref 1; and overthrow of Provisional Government, ref 1, ref 2; protest at Brest-Litovsk treaty, ref 1, ref 2; sanction terror attacks in Russia, ref 1; shooting of Mirbach, ref 1; split from rest of party, ref 1; and Ukraine, ref 1

‘Lenin Boys’, ref 1

Lenin, Vladimir Ilich (Ulyanov): ref 1, ref 2; advice to Rhys Williams, on learning Russian, ref 1; and America, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; assassination attempts on, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; background and description, ref 1, ref 2; and Bertrand Russell, ref 1; at the Bolshevik Central Committee, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and Bolshevik revolution, ref 1, ref 2; and the Brest-Litovsk treaty, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6; and the British, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8; and Cheka (Extraordinary Commission), ref 1, ref 2; and Comintern, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; on communism and socialism, ref 1, ref 2; and the Constituent Assembly, ref 1; death of, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; Decree on Peace, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and European revolution, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10; and foreign trade, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; and German appeasement, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and Germany, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; independence granted to Finland by, ref 1; interview with H. G. Wells, ref 1; and Ioffe, ref 1; and John Maynard Keynes, ref 1; and the Kronstadt mutiny, ref 1; and the March Action, ref 1; the New Economic Policy, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; and the People’s Commissariat of Foreign Affairs, ref 1; and Poland, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; and the ‘proletarian state’, ref 1; and the Provisional Government, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; return to Russia (1917), ref 1; and revolution in Germany, ref 1; and Romania, ref 1; and the Romanovs, ref 1; and Russian armed forces, ref 1, ref 2; as seen by others, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8; and Senator France, ref 1; State and Revolution, The (1917), ref 1, ref 2; and the Tambov rebellion, ref 1; and treachery, ref 1, ref 2; and the Western Allies, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

Leopold of Bavaria, Prince, ref 1

Letter to America (Ransome), ref 1

Leuenroth, Edgard, ref 1

Levien, Max, ref 1

Leviné, Eugen, ref 1

Levi, Paul: belief in doom of capitalism, ref 1; against the March Action, ref 1; meeting with Radek, ref 1; as scapegoat for March Action, ref 1; survives Spartacist suppression, ref 1

L’Humanité, ref 1

Liberman, Simon, ref 1, ref 2

Liebknecht, Karl: anti-war articles, ref 1; description and beliefs, ref 1; and Lenin, ref 1; and Radek, ref 1; released from prison, ref 1; revolutionary plans, ref 1, ref 2; and Soviet mission in Berlin, ref 1; violent death of, ref 1

Liggett, Walter W., ref 1

L’Illustration (magazine), ref 1

‘Litbel’ republic, ref 1

Lithuania: and Allied governments, ref 1; gets reassurance from Kremlin, ref 1; joint Lithuanian-Belorussian Soviet Republic set up, ref 1; and Kolchak, ref 1; and the Politburo, ref 1, ref 2; proclaimed borders, ref 1; seizure of power in, ref 1; and Sovnarkom, ref 1

Lithuanian-Belorussian Soviet Republic, ref 1

Litvinov, Ivy: and Alexandra Kollontai, ref 1; birth of son Misha, ref 1; on Bolshevik ambivalent lifestyles, ref 1; and Clare Sheridan, ref 1; on fall of Romanovs, ref 1; on the Lockhart Plot, ref 1; on Maxim’s reaction to Lenin’s policy, ref 1; and Maxim’s return to Russia, ref 1; the New Year party for Russian colony, ref 1; and the revolutionary militants, ref 1; in Russia, ref 1; and social events in London, ref 1; on the Soviet regime, ref 1; postscript, ref 1

Litvinov, Maxim: advocates revolution in Britain, ref 1; and the Americans, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and Arthur Ransome, ref 1; attends social events with Ivy, ref 1; The Bolshevik Revolution: Its Rise and Meaning (pamphlet), ref 1; and British socialists, ref 1; and Clare Sheridan, ref 1, ref 2; and Comintern, ref 1; death of, ref 1; and false passports, ref 1; imprisoned, ref 1, ref 2; intelligence gathering for People’s Commissariat of Foreign Affairs, ref 1; Ivy’s view of, ref 1, ref 2; and Kamenev, ref 1; and Konstantin Nabokov, ref 1; and Krasin, ref 1, ref 2; and lifting of Allies economic blockade, ref 1, ref 2; and Lockhart, ref 1; New Year party for Russian colony, ref 1; reaction to abdication of Nicholas II, ref 1; return to Russia, ref 1, ref 2; and Senator France, ref 1; spokesman for Sovnarkom, ref 1, ref 2

Lloyd George, David: and the Allied Supreme War Council, ref 1; and the Anglo-Soviet trade treaty, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8; and the Anglo-Soviet trade treaty: timing of, ref 1, ref 2; and assistance for White forces, ref 1; and Churchill, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; and the Council of Ten, ref 1, ref 2; description and background of, ref 1; and diplomatic links with Russian Bolsheviks, ref 1, ref 2; and evacuation of Archangel and Murmansk, ref 1, ref 2; and General Sir Henry Wilson, ref 1; and information gathering, ref 1, ref 2; and initiative for peace between Russia and Poland, ref 1, ref 2; and internal peace for Russia, ref 1; and Lockhart, ref 1; and Nuorteva, ref 1; and the Prinkipo project, ref 1, ref 2; and the Romanovs, ref 1; and Russian policy of Allies, ref 1; and shipment of potatoes to Archangel, ref 1; on total defeat of the Germans, ref 1; and travel for Russian political refugees, ref 1, ref 2; and troops to Russia, ref 1; and Trotsky, ref 1; and Wilson’s advocacy of national self-determination, ref 1; postscript, ref 1

Lockhart, Jean (née Turner), ref 1

Lockhart Plot, the, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

Lockhart, Robert Bruce: ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7; on Allied ambassadors, ref 1; arrest and imprisonment of, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and Karakhan, ref 1; memoirs and films, ref 1; and Moura Benckendorff, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; and Reilly, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; on return from Russia, ref 1, ref 2; subversive activities, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; support for anti-Bolsheviks, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and Trotsky, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Lodge, Henry Cabot, ref 1

Lomonosov, Professor Yuri, ref 1

Lomov, Georgi, ref 1

London, ref 1

London Morning Post, ref 1

L’Ordine Nuovo (publication), ref 1

Lovestone, Jay, ref 1

Ludendorff, Erich: and armistice, ref 1; and Bolsheviks, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; military offensive, ref 1; and territorial expansion, ref 1

Lunacharski, Anatoli, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Luxemburg, Rosa: anti-war articles, ref 1; and Bolshevik leaders, ref 1; dislike of Bolsheviks, ref 1; and Radek, ref 1; released from prison, ref 1; and revolution, ref 1; revolutionary beliefs, ref 1; violent death of, ref 1

Lvov, Georgi: ref 1; approval of his cabinet, ref 1; cabinet divided, ref 1; hands over power, ref 1; and Lenin and Trotsky, ref 1; and Pavel Milyukov, ref 1

Lyubarski, Nikolai, ref 1

MacDonald, Ramsay: guest at Downing Street, ref 1; and Kamenev, ref 1; and the Litvinovs, ref 1; and Russia’s withdrawal from the war, ref 1; and Seamen’s Union, ref 1; speaker at Albert Hall revolutionary celebrations, ref 1

Maclean, John, ref 1, ref 2

Macready, Sir Nevil, ref 1

Madriaga, Salvador de, ref 1

Maiski, Ivan, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Maklakov, Vasili, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Malinina, Lyubov, ref 1

Malinovski, Roman, ref 1

Malone, Cecil, ref 1

Manchester Guardian: article on communism, ref 1; and Kamenev, ref 1, ref 2; and Krasin, ref 1; and Morgan Philips Price, ref 1, ref 2; Paul Dukes protests to, ref 1; praise of Keynes, ref 1; and pressure on Lloyd George, ref 1; and Ransome, ref 1, ref 2; report of US lifting restrictions, ref 1; and Theodore Rothstein, ref 1

Mannerheim, Gustaf, ref 1, ref 2

March Action, ref 1, ref 2

Marchand, René: and the Lockhart Plot, ref 1; and Noulens, ref 1; stays in Soviet Russia, ref 1; postscript, ref 1

Martens, Ludwig: background, ref 1, ref 2; and Bureau of Information on Soviet Russia, ref 1; contact with American firms, ref 1; and the Finnish Information Bureau, ref 1; and Senator France, ref 1, ref 2; spared arrest, ref 1; speech at Madison Square Gardens, ref 1; support for Bolsheviks in America, ref 1

Martov, Yuli, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Marxism and Marxists: and Bolsheviks, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and Bolsheviks: case for revolution, ref 1, ref 2; in Britain, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and Dzerzhinski, ref 1; and Germany, ref 1; and Herbert Hoover, ref 1; and H. G. Wells, ref 1; and Ioffe, ref 1; and Lenin, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and Lenin: interpretation of doctrine, ref 1; Marxism-Leninism, ref 1; and the Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries, ref 1; and the proletariat, ref 1; and Trotsky, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

Mason, Frank, ref 1

Masses (publication), ref 1, ref 2

Maugham, W. Somerset, ref 1

McCall’s Magazine, ref 1

Melnichanski, Georgi, ref 1

Mensheviks: and the advance on Petrograd, ref 1; and the Bolsheviks, ref 1, ref 2; and Georgia, ref 1, ref 2; and Lenin, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and Marxism, ref 1; and negotiations for socialist coalition, ref 1; and the Provisional Government, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; and the search for peace, ref 1; and Trotsky, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

Menzhinski, Vladimir, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Menzies, Sir Stewart, ref 1

Methodist Episcopal Church, Petrograd, ref 1

Mexico, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Meynell, Francis, ref 1

Michaelis, Georg, ref 1

Middle East, ref 1, ref 2

Military-Revolutionary Committee of Petrograd Soviet: allow first international cable from Petrograd, ref 1; and Ioffe, ref 1, ref 2; orders occupation of strategic points, ref 1; and Trotsky, ref 1, ref 2

Millerand, Alexandre, ref 1

Miller, Yevgeni, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Milner, Viscount, ref 1, ref 2

Milyukov, Pavel, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

Ministry of Internal Affairs, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Minsk, Belorussia, ref 1, ref 2

Mirbach, Count von: assassination of, ref 1; background, ref 1; and Chicherin, ref 1; at the Fifth Congress of Soviets, ref 1; in Naval Delegation to Petrograd, ref 1; and Sovnarkom, ref 1; and traditional diplomacy, ref 1, ref 2; and Zalkind, ref 1

Molotov, Vyacheslav: and American Relief Administration, ref 1; calls for struggle against the Provisional government, ref 1; significance of pseudonym, ref 1

Morgan, J. P., ref 1

Moutet, Marius, ref 1

Munich, republic declared in, ref 1, ref 2

Murmansk, Russia: British in occupation of, ref 1; British landing in, ref 1, ref 2; evacuation of Allied troops from, ref 1; possible German attack on, ref 1, ref 2; Reilly in, ref 1; Soviet, ref 1; western segment ceded to Finns, ref 1, ref 2

My Disillusionment in Russia (Goldman), ref 1

Nabokov, Konstantin: and Litvinov, ref 1, ref 2; at National Unification congress, ref 1; and visas for emigrants, ref 1, ref 2

Nansen, Fridtjof, ref 1

Narimanov, Nariman, ref 1

Nashe Slovo (newspaper), ref 1

National Board for Historical Science, ref 1

National Centre: coalition opposition to Bolsheviks, ref 1; and Denikin, ref 1, ref 2; and Lockhart, ref 1; and Paul Dukes, ref 1, ref 2; reject ‘artificial attempts at peacemaking’, ref 1

nationalization: decrees of Bolshevik government, ref 1, ref 2; of foreign assets, ref 1, ref 2; in Hungary, ref 1; in occupied areas, ref 1

National Storage Company, ref 1

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), ref 1

Naudeau, Ludovic, ref 1

Nauen radio station, ref 1

Neratov, Deputy Foreign Minister, ref 1

Neslukhovski, General, ref 1

New Economic Policy of Lenin: and agricultural harvest, ref 1, ref 2; an American witness to, ref 1; and Anglo-Soviet trade treaty, ref 1; anti-Bolshevik opposition to, ref 1; confirmed, ref 1; explained to peasantry, ref 1; Lenin’s defence of, ref 1

New Statesman, ref 1, ref 2

New York Evening Post, ref 1, ref 2

New York Times: on book of J. M. Keynes, ref 1; on British trade with Bolsheviks, ref 1; editorial on October Revolution, ref 1; interview with Senator France, ref 1; and judgement of Mr Justice Roche, ref 1; and police leak on Information Bureau, ref 1; and Sisson, ref 1; ‘The Plot Against America’, ref 1; and Vanderlip, ref 1

New York World (magazine), ref 1

Nicholas II, Emperor: ref 1; assassination of, ref 1; press reports of his abdication, ref 1; and the Provisional Government, ref 1

Nicolson, Harold, ref 1

Niessel, Henri, ref 1, ref 2

NKVD (People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs), ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Nobel Brothers’ Petroleum Co., ref 1

Nobel, Emil, ref 1

Nobel Oil Company, ref 1

Northcliffe, Lord, ref 1

Noulens, Joseph: background, ref 1; and Buchanan, ref 1; and Diarmandy, ref 1; and diplomatic immunity, ref 1; and Kerenski, ref 1; and Lockhart, ref 1; and Marchand, ref 1; and Radek, ref 1; and Sadoul, ref 1; and Savinkov, ref 1, ref 2; and Trotsky, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Nuorteva, Santeri: and American subcommittee on Russian propaganda, ref 1; and Bullitt, ref 1, ref 2; and Bureau of Information on Soviet Russia, ref 1; and commercial approaches to American firms, ref 1; criticizes Sisson, ref 1; and deportation of ‘Russian Reds’, ref 1; deported from Britain to Estonia, ref 1; and Felix Frankfurter, ref 1; head of Finnish Information Bureau in New York, ref 1; and John Reed, ref 1; and Julius Hammer, ref 1; and police raid on Information Bureau, ref 1, ref 2; support for Bolsheviks in America, ref 1

October Revolution: ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7; aftermath of the fall of the Romanovs, ref 1; the Allies view of, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; and American communists, ref 1; the Brest-Litovsk treaty, ref 1, ref 2; and the Provisional Government, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; and the Provisional Government: overthrown, ref 1

Odessa, Ukraine: British Foreign Office and, ref 1; French troops in, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; French troops leave, ref 1; and Kalamatiano, ref 1

Odier, M., ref 1

O’Grady, James, ref 1

oil industry: exports, ref 1, ref 2; funding for Yudenich, ref 1; and Germany, ref 1; nationalized British assets, ref 1; and Soviet economic recovery, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Okhrana, the, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Old Peter’s Russian Tales, ref 1

Onou, Consul-General, ref 1

Ordjonikidze, Sergo, ref 1

Orlando, Vittorio, ref 1, ref 2; at the Paris Peace Conference, ref 1, ref 2

Orthodox Church, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Oshmyanski, Captain, ref 1

Otten, Yelizaveta, ref 1

Overman, Lee S., ref 1

Pacelli, Eugenio, ref 1; see also Pope Pius XII

Paderewski, Ignacy, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Painlevé, Paul, ref 1

Palmer, Alexander Mitchell, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Pankhurst, Emmeline, ref 1

Pares, Professor Bernard, ref 1

Paris, ref 1, ref 2

Paris Peace Conference, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Parvus, Alexander Helphand, ref 1

Pasha, Enver, ref 1

peasants: and agricultural system, ref 1; attack troops of Kolchak, ref 1; and Bolshevism, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; and the Decree on Land, ref 1, ref 2; in Hungary, ref 1, ref 2; in Kandalaksha, ref 1; ‘kulaks’, ref 1; and land of gentry landlords, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; and the New Economic Policy, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6; resentment of, ref 1; and sale of grain, ref 1; in slogans of Lenin, ref 1; Soviet leaders and, ref 1; support for Socialist-Revolutionaries, ref 1; and the Supreme Government of North Russia, ref 1; the Tambov peasant revolt, ref 1; in Ukraine, ref 1; in uniform, ref 1, ref 2; in view of Zalkind, ref 1; and the village communes, ref 1; and the Workers’ Opposition, ref 1

Persia, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Pétain, Marsall, ref 1

Peter-Paul Fortress, Petrograd, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Peters, Yakov: attitude to violence, ref 1, ref 2; and Cheka, ref 1, ref 2; the Decree on Peace, ref 1; and Lockhart Plot, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; and Naudeau, ref 1; postal communication with UK, ref 1; and Western Bolshevik sympathisers, ref 1

Petit, Georges, ref 1

Petit Parisien (newspaper), ref 1

Petliura, Symon, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Petrograd, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; Battle for (October 1919), ref 1, ref 2

Petrograd Soviet: elected by workers and soldiers, ref 1; and the Military-Revolutionary Committee, ref 1, ref 2; and the Provisional Government, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and the Provisional Government: overthrown, ref 1; in Smolny Institute, ref 1; and socialist ministers, ref 1; and Trotsky, ref 1, ref 2

Petrov, Pëtr, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Phelan, Edward, ref 1

Philadelphia Public Ledger, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Philips Price, Morgan, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; Labour MP, ref 1

Phillips, William, ref 1

Picton Bagge, John, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Pilsudski, Józef: defence of Warsaw, ref 1; and Dzerzhinski, ref 1; and the ‘Litbel’ republic, ref 1; need to eliminate Bolshevism, ref 1; and the Politburo, ref 1; strategy to expand territory, ref 1; tells Russian forces to leave Poland, ref 1; and Ukraine, ref 1, ref 2; postscript, ref 1

Pius XII, Pope, ref 1

Plekhanov, Georgi, ref 1, ref 2

‘plenipotentiaries’: Béla Kun, ref 1; Berzin in Switzerland, ref 1, ref 2; at Brest-Litovsk, ref 1; and clandestine activity, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; Litvinov in Britain, ref 1; lose use of diplomatic bags, ref 1; Soviet leaders refer to German ambassador, ref 1; Zalkind, ref 1

Poincaré, Georges, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Poland: ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; and the American Relief Administration, ref 1; and Germany, ref 1; nationalism in, ref 1

Politburo (Political Bureau):, ref 1, ref 2; and Central Europe, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and Comintern, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; the Kronstadt mutiny, ref 1, ref 2; and the March Action, ref 1; and the New Economic Policy, ref 1; and Poland, ref 1; and Profintern, ref 1; and rural revolts, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; secret agents of, ref 1, ref 2; and trade with Russia, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; and the Yudenich offensive on Petrograd, ref 1

Poole, DeWitt Clinton: flies Norwegian flag, ref 1; and meeting with Lockhart, ref 1; and Reilly, ref 1, ref 2

Poole, Frederick: and American embassy, ref 1; and British withdrawal, ref 1; and Chicherin and the Germans, ref 1; in command of operation to seize Archangel, ref 1; and expanding operations, ref 1; plan for invasion, ref 1; ultimatum to city, ref 1

Pravda: Bukharin’s resignation from, ref 1; and Chicherin, ref 1; on conditions for working people, ref 1; on German ambassador, ref 1; and Lenin, ref 1; on the Lockhart Plot, ref 1; on possibility of German revolution, ref 1; reports on foreign trade, ref 1, ref 2; reports on Red Army, ref 1; reports on western front, ref 1; reports speech of H. G. Wells, ref 1

Profintern, ref 1

Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky, The (Lenin), ref 1

propaganda: and Albert Rhys Williams, ref 1; of Bolsheviks among POWs, ref 1, ref 2; Bolshevik use of, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; Bolshevik use of: Boris Savinkov, ref 1; Bolshevik use of: in Allied countries, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; Bolshevik use of in America, ref 1; Bolshevik use of: in America, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; Bolshevik use of: in elections, ref 1; Bolshevik use of: in Germany, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; Bolshevik use of: to soldiers, ref 1; and Brest-Litovsk talks, ref 1; and British trade talks, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; Bureau of International Revolutionary Propaganda, ref 1; Council for Propaganda and Action in Baku, ref 1; counter-revolutionary in Russia, ref 1; in film, ref 1; and Herbert Hoover, ref 1; and John Reed, ref 1, ref 2; Litvinov refused visa because of, ref 1; Litvinov’s letter to President Wilson, ref 1; Ludwig Martens speech in New York, ref 1; in print, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; in print: John Reed, ref 1; in print: spilled in Germany, ref 1; and Rothstein, ref 1; and Trotsky, ref 1; and Trotsky: among POWs, ref 1; and Trotsky: his instinct for, ref 1

Provisional Government in Russia: allows Trotsky’s release from Halifax, ref 1; blamed by Bolsheviks for collapse of urban economy, ref 1; Bolshevik Central Committee and conditional support for, ref 1; Bolsheviks call for overthrow of, ref 1; and collapse of urban economy, ref 1, ref 2; consent of Petrograd Soviet for, ref 1; dependency on socialist support in soviets, ref 1; diplomats of, and Western Allies, ref 1; downfall of, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; funds remaining in Western banks, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; internal dispute over Ukraine, ref 1; and Lenin, ref 1; Lenin impressed by reforms of, ref 1; Menshevik support for, ref 1; October Revolution denounced by diplomats of, ref 1, ref 2; Petrograd Soviet and military discipline, ref 1; Petrograd Soviet and war aims of Milyukov, ref 1; political emigrants and opposition to, ref 1; resentment against, ref 1; and the Romanovs, ref 1; and Russian embassy in London, ref 1; takes power, ref 1; Trotsky coordinates armed action against, ref 1; trouble for, ref 1; and waning power of Kerenski, ref 1; and the Western Allies, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; and Western Bolshevik sympathisers, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Provisional Revolutionary Committee, Poland, ref 1

pseudonyms of Bolsheviks, ref 1

Pskov, Russia, ref 1

Pulitzer, Joseph, ref 1

Purcell, A. A., ref 1, ref 2

Putilov, Alexei, ref 1

Radek, Karl: and Ambassador Francis, ref 1, ref 2; at Baku, ref 1; conversation with Khristo Rakovski, ref 1; in Department of Prisoners-of-War, ref 1; description of, ref 1; and diplomatic links with Germany, ref 1; on German Communist Party, ref 1; and Germans suing for peace, ref 1; imprisoned in Germany, ref 1, ref 2; and information gathering, ref 1; and Lenin, ref 1; and Lockhart, ref 1; and the March Action, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and Mirbach, ref 1, ref 2; and Ransome, ref 1; release from prison, ref 1; return to Russia, ref 1, ref 2; and revolutionary socialism, ref 1, ref 2; rivalry with Karakhan, ref 1; and Spartakusbund congress, ref 1; postscript, ref 1

Radziwill, Princess Catherine, ref 1

Railwaymen’s Union, ref 1

Rakovski, Khristo: communication with Radek, ref 1; at congress in Berlin, ref 1; and Ioffe, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and the March Congress, ref 1; and Radek, ref 1; and Red administration in Kiev, ref 1

Ransome, Arthur: ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8; admiration of Trotsky, ref 1; marriage to Yevgenia Shelepina, ref 1; and Radek, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; and the Secret Service, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; writings of, ref 1, ref 2

Ransome, Ivy (née Walker), ref 1

Rathenau, Walter, ref 1

Ravich, Olga, ref 1

Rawlinson, Henry, ref 1

‘Red Ark’, the, ref 1

Red Army: ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; and anarchists, ref 1; and the Germans, ref 1, ref 2; Hungarian, ref 1; and information gathering, ref 1; and the Kronstadt mutiny, ref 1; and Poland, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; strength of, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; and Trotsky, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; and the White armies, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Red Cross, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

Red Heart of Russia, The, ref 1

Red Square, Moscow, ref 1, ref 2

Reed, John: ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7; interview with Trotsky, ref 1; in Petrograd, ref 1; and the Propaganda bureau, ref 1, ref 2; and Senate Committee on Bolshevik propaganda, ref 1, ref 2; writings of, ref 1, ref 2; notes to pages, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8

Reibnitz, General von, ref 1

Reilly Callaghan, Margaret, ref 1

Reilly, Sidney: ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7; Anti-Bolshevik Congress in Warsaw, ref 1; arrival in Russia, ref 1; biography of, ref 1; ‘Bolo Liquidation Lunches’, ref 1; and forged documents, ref 1; and George Hill, ref 1; lifestyle in Russia, ref 1; and Lockhart, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; and Lockhart: trial and sentence in absentia, ref 1; and Paul Dukes, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; rumour of his being a Cheka agent, ref 1

Reinstein, Boris, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

religion: and the Bavarian Council Republic, ref 1; Bolsheviks dislike of, ref 1; and Bolshevism, ref 1; and the Cheka, ref 1; church and state separated, ref 1, ref 2; and communism in Asia, ref 1; the Decree on Land, ref 1; and fall of Romanovs, ref 1; Orthodox believers and separation of church and state, ref 1; Orthodox Church and Bolshevik seizure of power, ref 1; seen as under threat by ambassadors, ref 1; and Sovnarkom, ref 1; threat to American stability, ref 1

Rhys Williams, Albert: and American subcommittee on Russian propaganda, ref 1; background, ref 1; and the Bolsheviks, ref 1; and the Bureau of International Revolutionary Propaganda, ref 1; after fall of Provisional Government, ref 1; and Lenin, ref 1, ref 2; and Russian language, ref 1; postscript, ref 1

Ribot, Alexandre, ref 1

Right Centre, ref 1

Robins, Raymond: and Ambassador Francis, ref 1, ref 2; belief in Soviet-American links, ref 1; and the Brest-Litovsk Treaty, ref 1, ref 2; car stolen by anarchists, ref 1; and informers in Petrograd garrison, ref 1; and Lockhart, ref 1; at meeting of Allied military representatives, ref 1; move to Vologda, ref 1; return to America, ref 1; and trade with Russia, ref 1; and Trotsky, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and western handling of Sovnarkom, ref 1

Roche, Mr Justice, ref 1

Roden Buxton, Charles, ref 1, ref 2

Roland-Holst, Henriette, ref 1

Romania: and the Allies, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; ambassador arrested in Petrograd, ref 1; and the Bolsheviks, ref 1, ref 2; crown jewels of, ref 1; and Hungary, ref 1, ref 2; and propaganda, ref 1; Russian troops in, ref 1

Romanovs, the: abdication of Nicholas II, ref 1; assassination of, ref 1; effects of abdication: in America, ref 1; effects of abdication: in Britain, ref 1, ref 2; effects of abdication: in Germany, ref 1; effects of abdication: in Russia, ref 1, ref 2

Romberg, Gisbert von, ref 1

Roosevelt, Franklin D., ref 1

Roosevelt, Theodore, ref 1, ref 2

Root, Elihu, ref 1, ref 2

Rosen, Baron, ref 1

Rostov-on-Don, Russia, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Rothermere, Lord, ref 1

Rothstein, Theodore: advocate of Bolshevik ideas, ref 1; background, ref 1; and British government, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and creation of Communist Party of Great Britain, ref 1; and information gathering for Sovnarkom, ref 1; interpreting Lenin for H. G. Wells, ref 1; in Moscow, ref 1; possible article by, ref 1; Soviet ambassador to Tehran, ref 1

Royal Navy, British: blockade of German fleet, ref 1, ref 2; convoy system, ref 1

Russian Communist Party, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Russell, Bertrand, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; and Bolshevism, ref 1, ref 2; and Clifford Allen, ref 1; and Trotsky, ref 1

Russia as an American Problem (Spargo), ref 1

Russia in 1919 (Ransome), ref 1

Russia in the Shadows (Wells), ref 1, ref 2

Russian Embassy in London, ref 1, ref 2

Russian Famine Relief (United States), ref 1

Russian Marxist colony in London: ref 1; New Year party at the Litvinov’s, ref 1; and return to Russia, ref 1

Russian Soviet Bureau, ref 1

Ruthenberg, Charles, ref 1, ref 2

Ryan, Edward W., ref 1

Rykov, Alexei, ref 1, ref 2

Sadoul, Jacques: background and description, ref 1; and the Bolsheviks, ref 1, ref 2; comment at Brest-Litovsk, ref 1; at Fifth Congress of Soviets, ref 1; and French embassy, ref 1; French government prevents his free return to France, ref 1; information on military, ref 1; interviews Naudeau for Bolsheviks, ref 1; and Lockhart, ref 1; and Soviet leadership, ref 1; staying in Russia, ref 1, ref 2; and Trotsky, ref 1; postscript, ref 1

Safarova, Varvara, ref 1

St Petersburg, see Petrograd

Salvation Army, ref 1

Saturday Evening Post, ref 1

Savinkov, Boris: and Churchill, ref 1; expelled from Warsaw, ref 1; insurrection in Yaroslavl province, ref 1; and Lloyd George, ref 1; military advisor to Kerenski, ref 1; and Noulens, ref 1, ref 2; and resistance to Bolshevism, ref 1; and Russian Foreign Delegation in Paris, ref 1; and Russian Political Committee in Warsaw, ref 1; and Sidney Reilly, ref 1, ref 2; support for Allies, ref 1, ref 2; execution by Cheka, ref 1

Sazonov, Sergei: anti-Bolshevik diplomat in Paris, ref 1; on Finland’s independence, ref 1; and Kolchak, ref 1; in London, ref 1; and the Russian Foreign Delegation, ref 1; and the Supreme Council, ref 1

Scavenius, Harald, ref 1

Scheidemann, Philipp, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Schubert, military attaché, ref 1

Scott, C. P., ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Secret Service Bureau: and American support for war, ref 1; and Arthur Ransome, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and Francis Meynell, ref 1; and George Hill, ref 1; the Lockhart Plot, ref 1, ref 2; Mansfield Cumming, ref 1, ref 2; and Maugham, ref 1; New York station, ref 1; and Sidney Reilly, ref 1; and Stalin, ref 1; training course of, ref 1

Semënov, G. M., ref 1

Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, ref 1

Sèvres, treaty of, ref 1

Shalyapin, Fëdor, ref 1

Shatov, Bill, ref 1, ref 2

Shaumyan, Stepan, ref 1

Shaw, Tom, ref 1

Shelepina, Yevgenia: and Arthur Ransome, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; background, ref 1; in Brest-Litovsk, ref 1; and Lockhart, ref 1; and Paul Dukes, ref 1; secretarial assistant to Trotsky, ref 1

Sheridan, Clare: and Churchill, ref 1; drawn to Russia, ref 1; and Dzerzhinski, ref 1; and Kamenev, ref 1; and Trotsky, ref 1; return to Britain, ref 1

Siberia: aid to, ref 1, ref 2; and the Japanese, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; and the Romanovs, ref 1, ref 2; rural revolts in, ref 1; and trade, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; Trans-Siberian railway, ref 1, ref 2

Siberian Creameries Co-operative Union, ref 1

Siemens-Schuckert (company), ref 1, ref 2

Simons, Rev. George A., ref 1

Sirola, Yrjö, ref 1

Sisson, Edgar, ref 1

Skinner, H., ref 1, ref 2

Skoropadskyi, Pavlo, ref 1, ref 2

Smolny Institute, Petrograd, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

Snowden, Mrs Philip, (Ethel), ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

Social Democratic Federation, ref 1

Socialist-Revolutionary Combat Organization, ref 1

Socialist-Revolutionary party, ref 1; and the advance on Petrograd, ref 1; and Arthur Ransome, ref 1; and the Bolsheviks, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and the Constituent Assembly, ref 1; in elected soviets, ref 1; and Komuch, ref 1, ref 2; and Lenin, ref 1, ref 2; and the Petrograd Soviet, ref 1; and the Provisional Government, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and search for peace, ref 1; and socialist coalition negotiations, ref 1; and Trotsky, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and Ukraine, ref 1; see also Komuch (Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly); Left Socialist-Revolutionaries

Sokolnikov, Grigori, ref 1, ref 2

Sokolovskaya, Alexandra, ref 1

Soskice, David, ref 1

soviets: as basis for government, ref 1, ref 2; and the Bolsheviks, ref 1, ref 2; in factories, ref 1; and garrison troops, ref 1, ref 2; and Kerenski, ref 1; and the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; propaganda in elections to, ref 1; and the Provisional Government, ref 1, ref 2; and sale of grain, ref 1; transfer of power to, ref 1; see also Petrograd Soviet

Sovnarkom (Council of People’s Commissars): and Allied assistance in training for Red Army, ref 1; and American communists, ref 1; Anglo-Soviet trade talks, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; the Brest-Litovsk treaty, ref 1, ref 2; and the Cheka, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and the Cheka freed from legal restraints, ref 1; Chicherin and Petrov, ref 1; and Constituent Assembly, ref 1; and the Czechs, ref 1, ref 2; defended by MacDonald, ref 1; demobilization of Russian Army, ref 1; and diplomatic exchange with Germany, ref 1; and diplomatic recognition internationally, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and diplomatic safety, ref 1; diplomacy: use of ‘unofficial agents’, ref 1, ref 2; and economic situation and foreign trade, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6; and Finnish independence, ref 1; and former Russian Empire, ref 1, ref 2; forms Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army, ref 1; and German and Austrian diplomats, ref 1; and German high command, ref 1; and German strategic interests, ref 1; and intelligence activity, ref 1, ref 2; journalist accreditation, ref 1; journalist accreditation: Decree on Press, ref 1; and Komuch, ref 1; lack of diplomatic service, ref 1; and Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, ref 1, ref 2; and Left Socialist-Revolutionaries: Blyumkin kills Mirbach, ref 1; and Litvinov, ref 1, ref 2; the Lockhart Plot, ref 1, ref 2; and Murmansk landings by Allies, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and Murmansk: request for German help, ref 1; occupation of telegraph offices, ref 1; overthrows Provisional Government, ref 1; POWs freed from detention camps, ref 1; and propaganda, ref 1; revolutionary decrees of, ref 1, ref 2; and Romania, ref 1; and the Romanovs, ref 1; and the Russian co-operative movement, ref 1; and secret Allied treaties, ref 1; sue for peace with Germans, ref 1; supplementary treaty with Germany, ref 1; and Sweden, ref 1; and trade with America, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and trade with America: famine relief, ref 1; and trade with Germany, ref 1; and Ukraine, ref 1, ref 2; use of couriers, ref 1; and Western Bolshevik sympathisers, ref 1, ref 2

Spalajkovic, Serbin Ambassador, ref 1

Spargo, John, ref 1, ref 2

Spartakusbund and Spartacists: ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; leaders of, ref 1; revolution in Germany, ref 1, ref 2

Spears, E. L., ref 1

Spies Petroleum Company, ref 1

Spiridonova, Maria, ref 1

SS George Washington (ship), ref 1

SS Kristianiafjord, ref 1, ref 2

Stalin, Joseph: and Brest-Litovsk talks, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and British Secret Service, ref 1; and Churchill, ref 1; and communization of Eastern Europe, ref 1; and conditional support for Provisional Government, ref 1; and defence of Petrograd, ref 1; and federation of communist republics, ref 1; health of, ref 1; on the invasion of Ukraine, ref 1; and recognition of new Soviet republics, ref 1; and the Red Army advance into Poland, ref 1; and regime of radical changes, ref 1; significance of pseudonym, ref 1; suspicion of ‘bourgeois’ experts, ref 1; and Trotsky, ref 1; on the Volunteer Army, ref 1

Starzhevskaya, Olga, ref 1, ref 2

Stasova, Yelena, ref 1

State and Revolution, The (Lenin), ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

State Department, United States: and Felix Frankfurter, ref 1; and John Reed, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and John Reed: memo, ref 1; and Nuorteva, ref 1; and Soviet commercial requests, ref 1; sympathisers in, ref 1

Steed, Henry Wickham, ref 1

Steffens, Lincoln, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Stevenson, Frances, ref 1, ref 2

Streseman, Gustav, ref 1

Strong, Anna Louise, ref 1

Struve, Pëtr, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

submarines, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

Supreme Council (of Allies): and Estonian government, ref 1; founded, ref 1; lifts economic blockade, ref 1; policies and Churchill, ref 1; and Polish offer of attack on Soviets, ref 1; quarantines Bolshevism, ref 1

Sverdlov, Yakov: and Brest-Litovsk talks, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and expenses for delegation to Germany, ref 1; and international communist congress, ref 1; and military apparel, ref 1; and Mirbach, ref 1; and news that Germany to sue for peace, ref 1; and the Romanovs, ref 1; takes command after Lenin shot, ref 1

Swallows and Amazons (Ransome), ref 1

Sweden, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

Switzerland, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Syria, ref 1

Szamuely, Tibor, ref 1, ref 2

Tactical Centre, ref 1

Tambov peasant revolt, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

telegraphy, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12; see also Hughes apparatus

Ten Days that Shook the World (Reed), ref 1

Tereshchenko, Foreign Affairs Minister, ref 1

Thalheimer, August, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Thälmann, Ernst, ref 1, ref 2

Theory and Practice of Bolshevism, The (Russell), ref 1

Thomas, Albert, ref 1, ref 2

Thompson, William B., ref 1

Thomson, Basil, ref 1

Thorne, Will, ref 1

Tiflis bank robbery (1907), ref 1, ref 2

Tikhon, Patriarch, ref 1

Times, The, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; and Kamenev, ref 1, ref 2; and Paul Dukes, ref 1, ref 2; as source of information, ref 1, ref 2

Tobolsk, Siberia, ref 1, ref 2

Toller, Ernst, ref 1

Tolstoy, Alexei, ref 1

Tomski, Head of Soviet trade union, ref 1

Tornio, Finland, ref 1, ref 2

Trachtenberg, Alexander L., ref 1

trade agreements, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; Anglo-Soviet trade treaty, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Trades Union Congress, ref 1

trade unions: and Bolsheviks, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; in Britain: against military action, ref 1, ref 2; in Britain: Seamen’s Union, ref 1; elections to, ref 1; expanding network of, ref 1; in Germany, ref 1, ref 2; in Hungary, ref 1; and the New Economic Policy, ref 1; Profintern as international agency for, ref 1; strike by Railwaymen’s Union, ref 1; and Tomski, ref 1

Trans-Siberian railway, ref 1, ref 2

Transylvania, ref 1

Trentino, ref 1, ref 2

Trotsky, Lev Davidovich: on Admiral Altvater, ref 1; and America, ref 1, ref 2; and America: American Railway Mission to Russia, ref 1; and American Relief Administration, ref 1; and Bertrand Russell, ref 1; and Brest-Litovsk treaty, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and the British, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; and the British: Litvinov as ‘plenipotentiary’, ref 1; and the British: Murmansk landings, ref 1; and the Central Committee, ref 1; and Comintern, ref 1, ref 2; Congress of Soviets, ref 1; and Czech former POWs, ref 1; and diplomatic links, ref 1; and the domestic economic system, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and the Estonian offensive, ref 1; and European revolution, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7; exile and death, ref 1; and Faux-Pas Bidet, ref 1; and foreign trade, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; and France, ref 1; and Germany, ref 1; interview with John Reed, ref 1; the Kronstadt mutiny, ref 1, ref 2; the Lockhart plot, ref 1, ref 2; marriage to Alexandra Sokolovskaya, ref 1; and Marxism, ref 1, ref 2; as People’s Commissar for Military Affairs, ref 1; as People’s Commissar of Foreign Affairs, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; in the Petrograd Soviet, ref 1, ref 2; and the Polish offensive, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; political ideology, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6; political ideology: What Next? (booklet), ref 1; and POWs, ref 1; and the proletarian dictatorship, ref 1, ref 2; and propaganda, ref 1; and propaganda: Bureau of International revolutionary Propaganda, ref 1; and the Provisional Government, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6; and Raymond Robins, ref 1; return to Russia (1917), ref 1; on the Romanov killings, ref 1; and Russian economy, ref 1; sculpted by Clare Sheridan, ref 1; as seen by others, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; and supporters in the West, ref 1; and the war with Komuch, ref 1; and the Western Allies, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; and Yevgenia Shelepina, ref 1

Trubetskoi, E. D., ref 1

Truth about Russia, The (booklet), ref 1

Tsereteli, Irakli, ref 1

Tukhachevski, Mikhail, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Turkey, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7

Turner, Ben, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Turner, Jean, ref 1

Tyrrell, W. G. T., ref 1

U-boats, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

Ukraine: agricultural troubles, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; Bolsheviks and, ref 1, ref 2; border with Russia negotiations, ref 1; at Brest-Litovsk, ref 1; and the Central Powers, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; Central Rada, ref 1; covert activities in, ref 1, ref 2; and the French, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; and Poland, ref 1, ref 2; and the Provisional Government, ref 1; and the Romanovs, ref 1; trade with, ref 1

Union for the Defence of the Fatherland and Freedom, ref 1

Union of Russian Workers, ref 1

United Kingdom, see Britain

United States of America: aid to Germany, ref 1; aid to White forces, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; American Railway Mission to Russia, ref 1, ref 2; American Red Cross, ref 1, ref 2; American Relief Administration, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6; and communications and information, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10; communism and Bolshevism in, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; embassy consulates, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7; and the Great War, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; journalists in Russia, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and the Lockhart Plot, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; and military expeditions in Russia, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; the Paris Peace Conference, ref 1; and Poland, ref 1; and post-war planning, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and the Provisional Government, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and trade with Russia, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13; and Trotsky, ref 1; postscript, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; see also Western Allies

Uritski, Moisei: assassination of, ref 1; and Lenin, ref 1; and possible attack of Archangel by Germans, ref 1; and transfer of Romanovs, ref 1

Urquhart, Leslie, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Vanderlip, Frank A., ref 1

Vanderlip, Washington B., ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

Varga, Jeno, ref 1

Vaucher, Paul, ref 1

Vaucher, Robert, ref 1

Versailles, Treaty of: in book of J. M. Keynes, ref 1; and German government, ref 1, ref 2; and German industry, ref 1; signed, ref 1; and Soviet leaders, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Verthamont, Henri de, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Volodarski, V., ref 1

Vologda, Russia: Chicherin says town unsafe, ref 1; embassies move to, ref 1, ref 2; Noulens in, ref 1; Western diplomatic corps leave, ref 1

Volunteer Army: considered as danger by Stalin, ref 1; and Denikin, ref 1, ref 2; and Denikin: defeated by Red Army, ref 1; evacuation from Crimea, ref 1; first of White forces, ref 1; and General Poole, ref 1; and Lockhart, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; recovery and re-equipment of, ref 1; Reilly on readiness of, ref 1; and Savinkov, ref 1

Vorovski, Vatslav, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Wallhead, R. C., ref 1, ref 2

War and Peace, ref 1

Wardrop, Oliver, ref 1, ref 2

Warsaw, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; Anti-Bolshevik Congress in, ref 1

Warsaw Pact, ref 1

Washington Post, ref 1

Webb, Beatrice, ref 1

Webb, Sidney, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Wedgwood, Josiah, ref 1

Western Allies: ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10; Allied Supreme War Council, ref 1, ref 2; and the Americans, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6; and the Americans: aid for Russia, ref 1; and the Bolsheviks, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11; espionage and subversion, ref 1, ref 2; information gathering, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and Lenin, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6; and Poland, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and the Romanians, ref 1; Russian policy, ref 1; and Trotsky, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; see also United Kingdom

What Next? (Trotsky), ref 1

White forces: ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; and the Allies, ref 1; and Britain, ref 1, ref 2; in Finland, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and information gathering, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and Kolchak, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; Romanian, ref 1; strategic aim of, ref 1, ref 2; Volunteer Army, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Wilhelm II, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Wilhelmshaven, Germany, ref 1

Williams, Harold, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Williams, Robert, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Wilson, President Woodrow: and action against Russia, ref 1; affect of his illness on policy, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and assistance to Germany, ref 1; background and description, ref 1; and Congress support to join Allies, ref 1; establishing League of Nations, ref 1, ref 2; and expansionism in Europe, ref 1; and ‘Fourteen Points’ speech, ref 1; and information gathering, ref 1, ref 2; and Lenin and Trotsky, ref 1; at the Paris Peace Conference, ref 1; and propaganda in Russia, ref 1; and Sovnarkom, ref 1; and US aviators in Poland, ref 1

Wilson, Sir Henry, ref 1, ref 2

Winship, North, ref 1

Wintin, Mr, ref 1

Wiseman, Sir William, ref 1

Wolf, Felix, ref 1

Workers’ Party of America, ref 1

World’s Wealth (magazine), ref 1

Wrangel, Pëtr, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

Yaroslavl uprising, ref 1, ref 2

Yekaterinburg, ref 1

Yekaterinodar, Russia, ref 1, ref 2

YMCA, ref 1

Young, Douglas, ref 1

Yudenich, Nikolai: and Estonia, ref 1, ref 2; failure of Petrograd offensive, ref 1, ref 2; finance from oil companies, ref 1; and Herbert Hoover, ref 1; information from Allies, ref 1; and Poland, ref 1; recruitment problem, ref 1; supplies from America, ref 1; postscript, ref 1

Zagryazhski, Alexander, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Zalkind, Ivan: background and description, ref 1; and Bureau of International Revolutionary Propaganda, ref 1; and detention of Romanian ambassador, ref 1; and Kamenev, ref 1, ref 2; and Louise Bryant, ref 1; and Mirbach, ref 1; on revolution, ref 1; Soviet plenipotentiary to Switzerland, ref 1

Zangwill, Israel, ref 1

Zeligowski, Lucjan, ref 1

Zinoviev, Grigori: and Bolshevik uprising, ref 1, ref 2; and the Comintern Executive Committee, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; Congress of the Peoples of the East, ref 1; and the March Action, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and Petrograd offensive, ref 1; return to Russia, ref 1; sculpted by Clare Sheridan, ref 1; support for Lenin at Brest-Litovsk, ref 1, ref 2; and use of couriers, ref 1; postscript, ref 1

Zygadlowicz, Gustaw, ref 1