Spy Pilot: Francis Gary Powers, the U-2 Incident, and a Controversial Cold War Legacy

CHAPTER ONE: THE RESTLESS HEART

1. Francis Gary Powers and Curt Gentry, Operation Overflight: A Memoir of the U-2 Incident (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1970), p. 4.

2. Ibid.

3. Ibid.

4. Personal tapes of Francis Gary Powers, 1969.

5. Ibid.

6. Ibid.

7. Ibid.

8. Ibid.

9. Winston Skinner, “The Marriage of U-2 Spy Pilot,” Newnan-Coweta Magazine, September/October 2011, pp. 78–79.

CHAPTER TWO: OPEN SKIES

1. Evan Thomas, “Spymaster General: The Adventures of Wild Bill Donovan and the “Oh So Social” O.S.S.,” Vanity Fair, March 2011, https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2011/03/wild-bill-donovan201103.

2. Stephen Kinzer, The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (New York: St. Martin’s, 2013), p. 1.

3. Michael R. Beschloss, Mayday: Eisenhower, Khrushchev, and the U-2 Affair (New York: Harper & Row, 1986), p. 126.

4. Allen W. Dulles, The Craft of Intelligence (Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2016), pp. 157–58.

5. Ibid., p. 194.

6. Nikita Khrushchev, Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev, vol. 3, ed. Sergei Khrushchev (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, Thomas J. Watson Institute for International Studies, Brown University, 2013), p. 241.

7. Stephen E. Ambrose, Eisenhower: Solider and President (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990), p. 378.

8. Clifford Johnson, in video interview with Carol Osborne, June 6, 1993.

9. Clarence L. “Kelly” Johnson with Maggie Smith, Kelly: More than My Share of It All (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1985), p. 97.

10. Tony LeVier, in video interview with Carol Osborne, September 18, 1982.

11. Johnson with Smith, Kelly.

12. Chris Pocock, The U-2 Spyplane: Toward the Unknown (Atglen, PA: Schiffer Military History, 2000), p. 9.

13. Ibid., pp. 9–10.

14. Clarence L. “Kelly” Johnson, Skunk Works Program Log, Project X, December 1953.

15. Ibid., December 19, 1954.

16. Ibid.

17. Pocock, U-2 Spyplane, p. 27.

18. Johnson, Skunk Works Log, April 13, 1955.

19. Richard M. Bissell Jr., with Jonathan E. Lewis and Francis T. Pudlo, Reflections of a Cold Warrior (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996), p. 23.

20. Nick Sabides Jr., “A Spymaster’s Son, Bangor Man Seeks Traces of His CIA Dad,” Bangor Daily News, August 25, 2013.

21. Johnson, Skunk Works Log, July 15, 1955.

22. Bissell with Lewis and Pudlo, Reflections, p. 99.

23. Ben R. Rich and Leo Janos, Skunk Works (New York: Little, Brown, 1994), p. 134.

24. Ibid., p. 135.

25. Ibid.

26. Ibid., p. 140.

27. Francis Gary Powers and Curt Gentry, Operation Overflight: A Memoir of the U-2 Incident (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1970), p. xi.

28. Ibid., p. xii.

29. Ibid., p. xiv.

30. Bissell with Lewis and Pudlo, Reflections, p. 107.

31. Powers and Gentry, Operation Overflight, p. 10.

32. Personal tapes of Francis Gary Powers, 1969.

33. “Eisenhower Presents His ‘Open Skies’ Plan,” History.com, last updated August 21, 2018, www.history.com/this-day-in-history/eisenhower-presents-his-open-skies-plan.

34. Johnson, Skunk Works Log, May 3, 1956.

35. Pocock, U-2 Spyplane.

36. Rich and Janos, Skunk Works, p. 146.

37. Powers and Gentry, Operation Overflight, p. xv.

38. Beschloss, Mayday, pp. 136–39; Ambrose, Eisenhower, pp. 424–26; Pocock, U-2 Spyplane, pp. 54–56.

39. Powers and Gentry, Operation Overflight, p. 39.

40. James B. Donovan, Strangers on a Bridge (New York: Atheneum, 1964), p. 189.

41. Ibid., p. 260.

42. Kurt Loft, “Sputnik Began Space Race 40 Years Ago,” Tampa Tribune, October 4, 1997, p. 1.

43. Carl Nolte, “Warm Welcome during Cold War,” San Francisco Chronicle, May 26, 1990, p. C9.

44. Pocock, U-2 Spyplane, p. 160.

45. Dulles, Craft, p. 195.

46. Powers and Gentry, Operation Overflight, p. 57.

CHAPTER THREE: MAYDAY

1. The Last Overflights of the Soviet Union, 1959–60 (Washington, DC: National Security Agency Report, June 25, 2013), chap. 4, p. 170.

2. Nikita Khrushchev, Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev, vol. 3, ed. Sergei Khrushchev (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, Thomas J. Watson Institute for International Studies, Brown University, 2013), pp. 236–37.

3. George B. Kistiakowsky, A Scientist at the White House (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1976), p. 328.

4. Richard M. Bissell Jr., with Jonathan E. Lewis and Francis T. Pudlo, Reflections of a Cold Warrior (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996), p. 121.

5. Chris Pocock, The U-2 Spyplane: Toward the Unknown (Atglen, PA: Schiffer Military History, 2000), p. 167.

6. Francis Gary Powers and Curt Gentry, Operation Overflight: A Memoir of the U-2 Incident (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1970), p. 49.

7. Last Overflights.

8. Personal tapes of Francis Gary Powers, 1969.

9. Bissell with Lewis and Pudlo, Reflections, p. 124.

10. Last Overflights, chap. 4, pp. 175–76.

11. Powers and Gentry, Operation Overflight, p. 57.

12. Bissell with Lewis and Pudlo, Reflections, p. 126.

13. Michael R. Beschloss, Mayday: Eisenhower, Khrushchev, and the U-2 Affair (New York: Harper & Row, 1986), p. 33.

14. Bissell with Lewis and Pudlo, Reflections, p. 126–27.

15. Powers and Gentry, Operation Overflight, p. 59.

16. Khrushchev, Memoirs, p. 237.

17. Ibid., pp. 237–38.

18. Ibid.

19. Powers and Gentry, Operation Overflight, p. 60.

20. Ibid., p. 61.

21. Pocock, U-2 Spyplane, p. 55.

22. Clarence L. “Kelly” Johnson, Skunk Works Program Log, Project X, December 17, 1956.

23. Pocock, U-2 Spyplane, p. 64.

24. Johnson, Skunk Works Program Log.

25. Ibid., November 17, 1955.

26. Pocock, U-2 Spyplane, p. 34.

27. Powers tapes.

28. Powers and Gentry, Operation Overflight, p. 67.

29. Powers tapes.

30. Ibid.

31. David Wise and Thomas Ross, magazine excerpt from The U-2 Affair (New York: Random House, 1962).

32. Powers tapes.

33. Powers and Gentry, Operation Overflight, pp. 69–70.

34. Powers tapes.

35. Wise and Ross, U-2 Affair.

36. Khrushchev, Memoirs, pp. 237–38.

37. Ibid., p. 238.

38. Powers tapes.

39. Powers and Gentry, Operation Overflight, p. 73.

40. Powers tapes.

41. Ibid.

42. The May Day 1960 Incident (Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency Report), p. 2.

43. Bissell with Lewis and Pudlo, Reflections, p. 127.

44. Ibid., p. 127.

45. Ibid., p. 128.

46. Stephen E. Ambrose, Eisenhower: Solider and President (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990), p. 508.

47. May Day Incident, p. 4.

48. Beschloss, Mayday, p. 38.

49. May Day Incident, p. 6.

50. Ibid., p. 7.

51. Beschloss, Mayday, p. 39.

52. Khrushchev, Memoirs, p. 239.

53. Associated Press, “Reds Say They Shot Down U.S. Plane,” Washington Daily News, May 5, 1960, p. A1.

54. May Day Incident, p. 7.

55. Ibid., p. 8.

56. Ibid., p. 9.

57. Powers tapes.

58. Ibid.

59. May Day Incident, p. 33.

60. Ibid.

61. David Wise, “The Russian Behind the Downing of Powers’ U-2,” Los Angeles Times, April 30, 1995, p. 18.

62. Osgood Caruthers, “Khrushchev Charges Jet Was 1,200 Miles from the Border,” New York Times, May 8, 1960, p. A1.

63. Beschloss, Mayday, p. 243.

64. Ambrose, Eisenhower, p. 511.

65. Ibid., p. 512.

66. Staff, “The Nation: Summit and Consequences,” Time, May 30, 1960, p. 18.

67. James Reston, “What Kind of President Do You Want? III,” New York Times, May 11, 1960, p. 38.

68. Editorial, Toledo Blade, May 10, 1960.

69. Editorial board, “Crisis in the Cold War,” New York Times, May 8, 1960, p. 28.

70. Ambrose, Eisenhower, p. 509.

71. Powers tapes.

72. Ibid.

73. Ibid.

74. Ovid Demaris, “Going to See Gary,” Esquire, May 1966, p. 90.

75. Ibid., p. 91.

76. Staff, “Nation.”

77. A. M. Rosenthal, “3 Leaders Fly from Wreckage of Summit,” New York Times, May 20, 1960, p. 4.

78. Allen W. Dulles, The Craft of Intelligence (Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2016), p. 195.

79. Demaris, “Going to See Gary,” p. 92.

80. Dr. James Baugh, unpublished manuscript, 1960–62. Reprinted with the permission of Baugh family.

81. Ibid.

82. Ibid.

83. Associated Press, “U-2 Pilot Urges Wife to Visit Him in Moscow,” New York Times, June 15, 1960.

84. Associated Press, “U-2 Pilot Denies He Spied,” New York Times, May 10, 1960, p. 1.

85. Baugh, manuscript.

86. Ibid.

87. Ibid.

88. Richmond Times-Dispatch, May 11, 1960.

89. Oliver Powers, letter to Nikita Khrushchev, May 10, 1960. Powers Family Archives.

90. Nikita Khrushchev, telegram to Oliver Powers. Powers Family Archives.

91. Peter Hahn, “Wealthy Immigrant Pays Tab for Trip of Powers Family,” Boston Globe, August 18, 1960, p. 4.

92. Baugh, manuscript.

93. Hahn, “Wealthy Immigrant”.”

94. Associated Press, “Moscow Says Trial Indicts U.S.,” New York Times, p. 11.

95. Richmond Times-Dispatch, August 7, 1960.

96. Seymour Topping, “U-2 Pilot’s Father Pleads for Khrushchev Sympathy,” New York Times, August 14, 1960, p. 1.

97. May Day Incident, p. 31.

98. “U.S. Issues Statement,” New York Times, August 10, 1960.

99. New York Times, August 12, 1960.

100. Ibid.

101. May Day Incident, p. 26.

102. Ibid., p. 27.

103. Jason Caffrey, “Gary Powers: The U-2 Spy Pilot the U.S. Did Not Love,” BBC World Service, January 3, 2016, https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-35064221.

104. Associated Press, “Pilot Calls Treatment Better than Expected,” New York Times, August 18, 1960, p. 23.

105. Excerpts from trial transcript, New York Times, August 18, 1960.

106. Ibid.

107. Unnamed correspondent, “Two Soviet Witnesses Are Questioned by Powers,” New York Times, August 19, 1960, p. 4.

108. Ibid.

109. Ibid.

110. Ibid.

111. Associated Press, “Washington ‘Pilliored,’” New York Times, August 18, 1960, p. 16.

112. Ibid.

113. Ibid.

114. Trial transcript.

115. Powers and Gentry, Operation Overflight, p. 154.

116. Associated Press, “Powers’ Soviet Lawyer Sees Hope for Leniency,” New York Times, August 19, 1960, p. 4.

117. Beschloss, Mayday, reprinting of FBI file, p. 331.

118. Trial transcript.

119. Beschloss, Mayday, p. 334.

120. Trial transcript.

121. Baugh, manuscript.

122. Powers and Gentry, Operation Overflight, p. 158.

123. Seymour Topping, “U.S. Pilot Rejects Attacks on U.S.,” New York Times, August 20, 1960, p. 1.

124. William J. Jorden, “President Voices Regret at Ruling,” New York Times, August 19, 1960, p. 1.

125. Baugh, manuscript.

CHAPTER FOUR: REPATRIATED

1. Francis Gary Powers and Curt Gentry, Operation Overflight: A Memoir of the U-2 Incident (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1970), p. 232.

2. Personal tapes of Francis Gary Powers, 1969.

3. Ibid.

4. Associated Press, Atlanta Constitution, February 6, 1962.

5. Nikita Khrushchev, Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev, vol. 3, ed. Sergei Khrushchev (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, Thomas J. Watson Institute for International Studies, Brown University, 2013), p. 293–94.

6. Michael R. Beschloss, Mayday: Eisenhower, Khrushchev, and the U-2 Affair (New York: Harper & Row, 1986), p. 302.

7. Michael R. Beschloss, The Crisis Years (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), p. 35.

8. Ibid., p. 36.

9. Dario Leone, “55th Wing RB-47 Co-Pilot Shot Down and Imprisoned by Soviets Will Be Buried in Arlington National Cemetery,” Aviation Geek Club, July 26, 2017, https://theaviationgeekclub.com/55th-wing-rb-47-co-pilot-shot-imprisoned-soviets-will-buried-arlington-national-cemetery/.

10. Adam Taylor, “This Kremlin Leader Bragged about Tipping a U.S. Presidential Election,” Washington Post, January 6, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/01/06/this-kremlin-leader-bragged-about-tipping-a-u-s-presidential-election/?utm_term=.4133a24956ea.

11. David Lawrence, “Khrushchev Believes Kennedy Victory Represents Apology for U-2 Incident,” LaCrosse (Wisconsin) Tribune/New York Herald Tribune syndicate, January 4, 1961, p. 6.

12. Powers tapes.

13. Ibid.

14. Powers and Gentry, Operation Overflight, p. 235.

15. Unnamed staff, “Powers, in Letter from Soviet, ‘Sure’ U-2 Itself Did Not Explode,” New York Times, September 27, 1960, p. 1.

16. Francis G. Powers, letter to the editor, New York Times, September 27, 1960.

17. Beschloss, Mayday, p. 356.

18. Unnamed contributor, “Dr. James B. Donovan, 53, Dies; Lawyer Arranged Spy Exchange,” New York Times, January 20, 1970, p. 43.

19. James B. Donovan, Strangers on a Bridge (New York: Atheneum, 1964), p. 264–65.

20. Garrett Epps, “The Real Case Behind Bridge of Spies,” Atlantic, November 17, 2015, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/11/abel-bridge-of-spies/416325/.

21. Oliver Powers, letter to Rudolf Abel, June 2, 1960. Powers Family Archives.

22. Powers tapes.

23. Jeff Gammage, “Swarthmore Prof Was Snared in ‘Bridge of Spies’ Case,” Philadelphia Inquirer, October 25, 2015, http://www.philly.com/philly/education/20151025_Swarthmore_prof_was_snared_in__Bridge_of_Spies__case.html.

24. Powers and Gentry, Operation Overflight.

25. Powers tapes.

26. Washington Daily News, February 10, 1962.

27. Peter Braestrup, “U-2 Pilot Is Reunited with Parents under Extreme Security,” New York Times, February 11, 1962, p. 1.

28. Associated Press, “Predawn Telephone Calls Bring Powerses Surprising, Good News,” Courier-Journal (Louisville, KY), February 11, 1962, p. 1.

29. Associated Press, “I Can’t Sleep… I’m Too Excited,” says Powers’ wife in Georgia,” Redlands (California) Daily Facts, February 12, 1962, p. 1.

30. Powers tapes.

31. Ibid.

32. John D. Morris, “Powers Fulfilled His Contract, U-2 Inquiry Thus Far Shows,” New York Times, February 22, 1962, p. 1.

33. Powers and Gentry, Operation Overflight.

34. Ibid.

35. New York Times News Service, “Pilot Blasted for Attempt to Save Self,” Los Angeles Times, August 26, 1960, p. 1.

36. Paul Healey and Jerry Greene, “Powers Talks: The U-2 Story,” Washington Daily News, March 7, 1962, p. 1.

37. Beschloss, Mayday, p. 354.

38. Staff, “Text of CIA Chief’s Report on Powers Inquiry and Excerpt from Pilot’s Statement,” New York Times, March 7, 1962, p. 12.

39. Executive Sessions of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Volume 12, 86th Cong., Report on the U-2 Incident.

40. Ian Fleming, “Gary Powers and the Big Lie,” Sunday Times (London), March 11, 1962.

41. Baugh, manuscript.

42. Ibid.

43. Ibid.

44. Ibid.

45. Dr. James Baugh, letter to Francis Gary Powers, November 25, 1961. Reprinted with permission of Baugh family.

46. Powers and Gentry, Operation Overflight, p. 287.

47. Tom Fitzpatrick, “Another Scapegoat Talks, but Few Listen,” Chicago Sun-Times, July 1, 1973.

48. Powers tapes.

49. Fitzpatrick, “Another Scapegoat Talks.”

50. Don Page, “Former U-2 Pilot Reconnoiters Freeways Now,” Los Angeles Times, March 1, 1973, part 4, pp. 1 and 24.

51. Ibid.

52. Francis Gary Powers, letter to the Church Commission, September 17, 1975.

CHAPTER FIVE: LOST IN A CROWD

1. Dale Fetherling, “Wreckage of Powers Helicopter Examined,” Los Angeles Times, August 2, 1977, part 1, p. 3.

2. Ibid.

3. Ibid.

CHAPTER SIX: SEARCHING FOR THE TRUTH

1. Greg E. Norman, “Son of the Cold War Won’t Let Era Be Buried,” Los Angeles Times, March 6, 1997, part 3, p. 1.

2. Francis Gary Powers Jr., letter to Department of Defense Civilian/Military Service Review Board, August 7, 1997. Powers Family Archives.

3. James D. Johnston, letter to Francis Gary Powers Jr., Powers Family Archives.

4. Ibid., chap. 4, p. 178.

5. Colonel R. Philip Deavel, letter to Francis Gary Powers Jr., November 22, 1999. Powers Family Archives.

6. “Bob Gilliland Intro to Gary Powers 2000 Hall of Fame,” 2000 enshrinement ceremony, Kentucky Aviation Hall of Fame, YouTube video, 4:48, September 18, 2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vn7kqDZcQno.

7. Ibid.

8. Mrs. Francis Gary Powers, letter to General J. R. Dailey, April 17, 2004. Powers Family Archives.

CHAPTER SEVEN: VOICE FROM THE GRAVE

1. Personal tapes of Francis Gary Powers, 1969.

2. Ibid.

3. CIA de-briefing transcript of Francis Gary Powers, February 1962. (Very lightly edited, for ease of readability.)

4. The Last Overflights of the Soviet Union, 1959–60 (Washington, DC: National Security Agency Report, June 25, 2013), chap. 4, p. 185.

5. John McMahon, CIA interview, December 4, 1997, and February 4, 1998. Declassified 2010.

6. Harry Cordes, Oral History, Roadrunners Internationale, http://roadrunnersinternationale.com/cordes_u-2.html.

7. CIA de-briefing transcript.

8. Prettyman Board investigation into the U-2 Incident, transcript of interviews, 1962.

9. CIA de-briefing transcript.

10. Francis Gary Powers, letter to Oliver and Ida Powers, September 6, 1960. Powers Family Archives.

11. Ida Powers, letter to Francis Gary Powers, September 17, 1960. Powers Family Archives.

12. CIA de-briefing transcript.

13. Powers tapes.

14. Francis Gary Powers, personal journal, written while being confined in Soviet prison, 1960–62.

15. CIA de-briefing transcript.

16. Cordes, Oral History.

17. Powers, personal journal.

18. CIA de-briefing transcript.

19. Prettyman investigation, transcript of interviews.

20. CIA de-briefing transcript.

21. Powers tapes.

22. CIA de-briefing transcript.

23. Francis Gary Powers, letter to Barbara Powers, May 26, 1960. Powers Family Archives.

24. Francis Gary Powers, letter to Oliver and Ida Powers, June 21, 1960. Powers Family Archives.

25. Powers, personal journal.

26. Francis Gary Powers, letter to Barbara Powers, June 28, 1960. Powers Family Archives.

27. CIA de-briefing transcript.

28. Powers, personal journal.

29. Powers tapes.

30. Francis Gary Powers, letter to Barbara Powers, July 19, 1960. Powers Family Archives.

31. Francis Gary Powers, letter to Barbara Powers, 1960. Powers Family Archives.

32. Powers, personal journal.

33. Ibid.

34. Powers tapes.

35. Ibid.

36. Francis Gary Powers, letter to Barbara Powers, September 5, 1960. Powers Family Archives.

37. Oliver and Ida Powers, letter to Francis Gary Powers, September 12, 1960. Powers Family Archives.

38. Powers, personal journal.

39. Francis Gary Powers, letter to Barbara Powers, September 21, 1960. Powers Family Archives.

40. Powers, personal journal.

41. Francis Gary Powers, letter to Barbara Powers, January 16, 1961. Powers Family Archives.

42. Francis Gary Powers, letter to Oliver and Ida Powers, Undated 1961, Powers Family Archives.

43. Oliver and Ida Powers, letter to Francis Gary Powers, January 27, 1961. Powers Family Archives.

44. Francis Gary Powers, letter to Barbara Powers, March 1, 1961. Powers Family Archives.

45. Powers, personal journal.

46. Prettyman investigation, transcript of interviews.

47. Powers tapes.

48. CIA de-briefing transcript.

49. Powers, personal journal.

50. Powers tapes.

51. Francis Gary Powers, letter to Barbara Powers, April 30, 1961. Powers Family Archives.

52. Francis Gary Powers, letter to Oliver and Ida Powers, May 4, 1961. Powers Family Archives.

53. Francis Gary Powers, letter to sisters Jean and Jan, May 4, 1961. Powers Family Archives.

54. Francis Gary Powers, letter to Barbara Powers, June 15, 1961. Powers Family Archives.

55. Francis Gary Powers, letter to Barbara Powers, August 10, 1961. Powers Family Archives.

56. Powers, personal journal.

57. Francis Gary Powers, letter to Barbara Powers, November 1, 1961. Powers Family Archives.

58. Francis Gary Powers, letter to Barbara Powers, November 9, 1961. Powers Family Archives.

59. Powers, personal journal.

60. Ibid.

61. Francis Gary Powers, letter to Oliver and Ida Powers, December 26, 1961. Powers Family Archives.

62. Powers, personal journal.

63. McMahon, CIA interview.

64. Powers tapes.

CHAPTER EIGHT: THE LAST ECHO

1. Maria Glod, “Students Help Museum Collect Cold War History,” Washington Post, October 12, 2006, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/10/AR2006101001546.html.

2. Ibid.

3. Fredrick Kunkle, “Fairfax, Virginia Breaks Off Talks on Cold War Museum,” Washington Post, April 15, 2009, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/14/AR2009041402885.html.

4. Glod, “Students Help Museum Collect Cold War History.”

5. Associated Press, Lansing (Michigan) State Journal, May 2, 2010.

6. Kentucky Post, December 8, 2001.

7. Ibid.

8. Francis Gary Powers, letter to Department of Defense Civilian/Military Service Review Board, January 16, 2011. Powers Family Archives.

9. Air Force Board of Correction of Military Records, Memorandum, November 16, 2011. Powers Family Archives.

10. Air Force Chief of Staff, Memorandum, December 8, 2011. Powers Family Archives.

11. Citation, Air Force Silver Star awarded to Francis Gary Powers, June 14, 2012.

12. Adam J. Hebert, “Long Roads to Redemption,” Air Force, July 2012, p. 4.

CHAPTER NINE: UNFINISHED BUSINESS

1. Robert Sorrell, “Heart in the Sky: Lonesome Pine Airport Dedicates Terminal to Wise County Veteran,” Bristol (Virginia) Herald Courier, March 12, 2006, https://www.heraldcourier.com/news/local/lonesome-pine-airport-dedicates-terminal-to-wise-county-veteran/article_e905b0a1-33be-57fa-8dfc-26af27494580.html.

2. Ibid.

3. Stephen Igo, “Lonesome Pine Airport Terminal Dedicated in Honor of Cold War Spy Plane Pilot,” Times News (Kingsport, TN), March 14, 2016, http://www.timesnews.net/News/2016/03/14/Airport-terminal-dedicated-in-honor-of-Cold-War-spy-plane-pilot-1.

4. Jerry K. Staub, letter to President Richard Nixon, August 31, 1971. Released by the CIA after a Freedom of Information Act request.

5. Memorandum for Executive Officer, “Items for General Cushman’s Black Book,” September 16, 1971. Released by the CIA after a Freedom of Information Act request.

6. Memorandum from Lawrence R. Houston, October 19, 1971. Released by the CIA after a Freedom of Information Act request.

7. Memorandum for John F. Blake, August 4, 1977, Released by the CIA after a Freedom of Information Act request.

8. Memorandum from John Parangosky, October 27, 1972. Released by the CIA after a Freedom of Information Act request.

9. Memorandum to Director, Special Projects Staff, October 24, 1971. Released by the CIA after a Freedom of Information Act request.

10. Associated Press, “Son of US Spy Pilot Views U-2 Artifacts at Russian Museum,” Air Force Times, December 7, 2017, http://www.airforcetimes.com/news/your-air-force/2017/12/07/son-of-us-spy-pilot-views-u-2-artifacts-at-russian-museum.

11. “Almanac: Ian Fleming,” CBS Sunday Morning, May 28, 2017, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/almanac-ian-fleming/.

12. Ibid.