Spy Pilot: Francis Gary Powers, the U-2 Incident, and a Controversial Cold War Legacy

INDEX

A-12 Blackbird, 129

Abel, Rudolf, 11, 12, 54, 110–16, 234, 255

Abel v. United States, 111

Adenauer, Konrad, 47

Ambrose, Stephen E., 80

Ames, Aldrich, 243

Anderson, Brian, 176

Anderson, Gregg, 142–43, 162, 245

Anderson, Rudolf, Jr., 130

Andonian, Harry, 45

Angleton, James, 183

Apollo 1, 120

Area 51, 37, 39–40, 149

Arlington National Cemetery, 142–43, 259–60

Baa Baa Black Sheep, 148

Baburin, Serge, 263

Baugh, Betty George, 85

Baugh, James, 84–88, 91, 94, 98–100, 125–28

BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), 94–95

Beale Air Force Base, 176, 256

Beerli, Stan, 64, 73

Betterton, Michael, 47–48, 51, 55, 81

Berlin Airlift, 22

Berlin Wall, 106, 161, 164, 175, 253

Berry, Lindsey, 253

Bevacqua, Tony, 23–25, 52–53, 67, 174

Birdseye, John, 50

Bissell, Richard, III, 38

Bissell, Richard “Dick,” Jr., 37–39, 61, 63, 74–75

Biryuzov, Sergei, 71

bomber gap, 27–28, 30, 53, 83

Bond, James (character), 122–23, 264

Bong, Richard, 33

Borisoglebsky, V. V., 92, 96–97, 100

Bowen, Tom, 170

Boyd, David, 81

Boyd, Liz, 20

Bozart, Jimmy, 53

Bradley, Omar, 154

Bradt, Kenneth, 119, 124–25, 129, 130

Bridge of Spies (film), 255–56

Brown, Monteen, 85, 126–27

Bruce, David K. E., 28

Bulganin, Nikolai, 46

Burke, William, 61

C-121 Super Constellation, 25

Caen, Herb, 219

Cantor, Eric, 248

Carpenter, Buz, 176, 248

Carter, Jack, 35

Carter, Jimmy, 143

Castro, Fidel, 105, 106

CBS (Columbia Broadcasting System), 94, 98, 264

Central Armed Forces Museum, 246

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 32, 35, 42, 51, 52, 55, 74, 75, 80, 81, 86, 90, 94, 107, 110, 113, 116, 117, 119, 123, 124, 125, 129, 130, 132, 134, 150, 154, 157, 158, 161, 168, 172, 173, 174, 175, 182, 184, 192, 196, 239, 242, 249, 251, 260

and acquisition of debriefing transcript, 180

and Bay of Pigs fallout, 106

and bomber gap, 30

and coded messages, 205

distrust of Powers family by, 92–93

Francis Gary Powers awarded medal by, 176

and Francis Gary Powers’s burial arrangements, 142

Francis Gary Powers’s resentment toward, 137–38

interventions of, 29–30

monitoring of Francis Gary Powers by, 261

and New York Times article, 188

next-generation tools of, 57

and NSA intelligence dispute, 183

origins of, 28–29

and pilot unpreparedness, 72

and Powers settlement, 258–59

and Prettyman Commission, 118

probing on altitude by, 181

and risks of shoot-down, 61–62

and secret air base, 37

and success of U-2, 53

and training crashes and deaths, 66–67

U-2 deployment by, 47–49

and U-2 development, 38–40, 43

and U-2 mandate, 36

Chaffee, Roger, 120

Chancellor, John, 94

Checkpoint Charlie, 114

Church, Frank, 138

Church Committee, 138

Civilian/Military Service Review Board, 171–72, 249

Clifton, Irma, 242

Cold War Museum, The, 169, 241, 245

Collins, William, 41, 50

Connell, Jim, 171

Conrad, Chris, 133, 139, 145, 147, 149, 150, 252

Conrad, Joan, 139–40

Conrad, Robert, 14, 133, 137, 148–49, 154

Cordes, Harry, 184, 191

Costello, Edith, 158

Cuban Missile Crisis, 130–31

Cumberland Airport Commission, 257

Curry, Sol, 92

Cronkite, Walter, 94

Cruz, Frank, 141

Dailey, Jack, 177

David Clark Company, 45

Davis, Tom, 177

Deavel, R. Philip, 175

de Gaulle, Charles, 83

Dickson, William P., 91

Dilworth, Richardson, 119

Donovan, James B., 12, 54, 110, 112, 114, 115. 256

Donovan, William J. “Wild Bill,” 28–29

Douglas DC-3, 21

Douglas DC-6, 25

“duck and cover,” 22

Dulles, Allen W., 29, 38, 49, 84, 90

assurances by, 75

and Bay of Pigs, 106

and birth of CIA, 29

and cover story, 77

and descent theory, 110

and estimate of Soviet bombers, 30

and Khrushchev’s silence, 58

meeting with Francis Gary Powers of, 117–18

Nixon’s blame of, 104

offer to resign by, 80

public recognition of Francis Gary Powers by, 132

and risks of overflights, 31

and Skunk Works deal, 36

and Soviet propaganda, 96

support of 1960 overflights by, 57

Dulles, John Foster, 29

Dunaway, Glen, 48

Eden, Anthony, 46

Edens, Buster, 132

Eglin Air Force Base, 24

Eisenhower, Dwight D., 11, 29, 30, 31, 35, 48, 49, 51, 52, 59, 61, 74, 81, 98, 104, 106, 110, 175

admission of deception by, 80

approval of U-2 program by, 36

and collapse of Paris Summit, 83

and cover story, 77

doubts about overflights by, 57–58

and need for reconnaissance, 27–28

and news of missing U-2, 75

“Open Skies” proposal by, 46–47

and “plausible deniability,” 32

and Powers trial, 101

pressing for Powers’s release by, 105

and self-destruct failures, 79

Ellis, Eugene, 88, 125

Ericson, Bob, 61

Estep, Johnny, 25

Experimental Aviation Association, 246

F-84 Thunderjet, 21, 23, 41, 52

F-86 Sabre, 21

Faure, Edgar, 46

Finch, Mary, 132

First Christian Church (North Hollywood, CA), 142

Fleming, Ian, 123, 264

Ford, Tennessee Ernie, 127

Fox News, 174

Francis Gary Powers: The True Story of the U-2 Spy Incident (television movie), 136–37, 144

Frankfurter, Felix, 111

Gates, Thomas, 77

Geary, Leo, 74, 143, 157–58

Gentry, Curt, 134, 135, 179, 261

George Mason University, 165, 189, 245

Gilliland, Bob, 34, 35, 132, 176

Giraudo, Joe, 158

Glienicker Bridge, 113–15, 164, 255

Goff, Jack, 15, 16, 19, 20, 46, 126

Goodpaster, Andrew, 74, 77

Gorbachev, Mikhail, 164

Gorky Park, 79, 196–98

Grace, Frank, 66

Gray, Gordon, 77

Grinyov, Michael I., 95, 98, 99, 100–101

Grissom, Virgil I. “Gus,” 119

Gromyko, Andre, 65, 83

Gross, Robert, 32, 33

Haggerty, James, 77

Hall of Columns, 91–92, 263

Hall of Heroes, 252

Hazzard, John M., 86

Helms, Richard, 74

Helter Skelter (Bugliosi and Gentry), 135

Herbert, Adam J., 253

Hibbard, Hall, 35

Hileman, Jessica (née Powers), 92

Horton, Phillip E., 251

Houston, Lawrence, 36, 258

Hruda, Dock, 67

Huntley-Brinkley Report, The (news program), 94

Ingram, Lewis K., 92

Jaffe, Sam, 98

Javits, Jacob, 111

Johnson, Clarence L. “Kelly,” 32, 57, 110, 154, 158, 244

choosing secret base by, 37

hiring of Francis Gary Powers by, 130

and mystery of Francis Gary Powers’s dismissal, 260

selling of U-2 by, 36

Skunk Works plans of, 33

U-2 development of, 43

Johnson, Clifford, 32

Johnston, James D., 172–73

Kahn, Ayub, 75

Kallos, Bob, 146, 169, 247, 252

Kennedy, John F., 11, 104, 130–31, 168, 219, 220

approval of spy exchange by, 183–84

Francis Gary Powers’s writing about lack of negotiation by, 221, 233–34, 237–38

Khrushchev’s support for, 105–106

snubbing of Francis Gary Powers by, 119

Kennedy, Robert F., 119

KGB (Soviet secret police), 54–55, 72–73, 78–79, 84, 90, 98, 103, 107, 110, 112, 170, 172, 174, 180, 182, 191, 196–97, 208, 238, 263

KGIL radio, 134, 141

Khrushchev, Elena, 92

Khrushchev, Nikita, 11, 27, 31, 46, 51, 61, 75, 88, 92, 104, 105–106, 164, 167–68, 168, 169, 219, 233–34, 237

anger concerning overflights by, 49

bragging about Soviet missiles by, 55

and Kitchen Debate with Nixon, 56

learning of May 1 overflight, 65

learning of shoot-down, 71

ordering search for wreckage, 79

railing against May 1 overflight, 76–77

rejection of “Open Skies” proposal by, 47

silence of about overflights, 58

storming out of Paris Summit, 83–84

telegram to Oliver Powers, 89

Khrushchev, Sergei, 167–68, 169

Killian, James, 31, 32

King, Bob, 74

KNBC-TV, 13, 137, 140–41, 161

Kratt, Jake, 37, 43, 48, 56, 59

Kreimendahl, Rod, 67

Kruminsh, Zigurd, 103–104, 106, 107, 180, 217, 224

Lackland Air Force Base, 21

Laird, Melvin, 258

Land, Edwin, 31, 53

Larson, Joann, 141

Law, Pete, 32

LeMay, Curtis, 52

Lenin’s and Stalin’s Mausoleum, 27

LeVier, Tony, 33, 34, 37, 40, 46

USS Liberty, 243

Liberty Bell 7, 120

Lockheed Aircraft Corporation, 43, 52, 132, 138, 158, 159, 172, 258, 260, 261

and dismissal of Francis Gary Powers, 134

early spy plane plans of, 35–36

and hiring of Francis Gary Powers, 130, 132

and involvement in cover story, 75, 86–87

origins of, 32–33

pilot losses and crashes by, 66–67

See also Lockheed Skunk Works

Lockheed Skunk Works, 36

and F-104 Starfighter, 34–35

origins of, 33

and P-80 Shooting Star, 33–34

U-2 development by, 36–40, 44–45

Lonesome Pine Airport, 256

Lovejoy Memorial United Methodist Church (Newnan, GA), 24

Lubyanka Prison, 78, 79, 81, 90, 107, 170, 172, 175, 205, 213, 248, 249

Luce, Henry, 90–91

MacAfee, Carl, 92

Majors, Lee, 136, 144

Malinovsky, Rodion, 65–66

Manson, Charles, 135

March Air Force Base, 52

Marlow, Jess, 12–14, 161

May Day parade, 27, 71, 164

McCone, John A., 106, 118, 120–21, 132, 173, 183, 184, 191, 238

McDougall, Ian, 94

McKone, John, 175, 248, 249

McMahon, John, 113, 183, 238

McNamara, Robert, 191

Meade, Joan (née Powers), 18, 88, 123, 165–65, 208, 209

Meade, Walton, 76, 121, 126, 165, 166

Means, Chris, 156, 247

Melton, Mel, 141

Melvin, Jan (née Powers), 16, 17–18, 19, 49, 88, 93, 126, 129, 138

Mercury Seven astronauts, 91

Meyer, Vance T., 160

MiG (Soviet fighter series), 34, 49, 61, 261–62

Mikahlilov, Aleksandrovich, 79

Milam, Vic, 23

Miller, Herbert, 39

missile gap, 65, 83, 104

Moore, Jack, 24

Mullins, Kim, 257

Murphy, Joe, 51, 76, 113–15, 122, 144

Myasishchev M-4 Molot (Soviet bomber), 27, 30

Nasser, Abdul, 51

National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), 47

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 47, 75, 77, 91, 172

National Security Agency (NSA), 183, 191, 242

Neff, Marvine, 140

New York Times, 80, 82, 108, 110, 186, 188

Nixon, Richard, 56, 104, 105, 106, 257

Norman, Joe, 24

North, Oliver, 174

North American Air Defense Command (NORAD), 31

Olmstead, Bruce, 105, 175, 248–49

“Open Skies” proposal, 46–48

Operation Grand Slam, 63

Operation Overflight (Powers and Gentry), 134, 179

Operation Square Deal, 61–62

Overstreet, Carl, 48, 252

Overstreet, Elizabeth, 252

P-47 Thunderbolt, 19

P-51 Mustang, 19, 49

Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza (Shah), 30

Paris Summit, 57, 58, 83, 84, 89, 100, 130

Parker, Andrew W., 101

Patterson, Joe, 133, 146, 149, 253

Platt, Mark, 255

Pocock, Chris, 35

Polmar, Norman, 118

Popovich, Jeanie. See Walls, Jeanie (née Popovich)

Powers, Barbara Gay (née Moore), 42, 50–51, 58, 92–94, 101, 131, 144, 157, 188, 198–99, 200–201, 203–205, 207–208, 210, 213, 216–17, 219–22, 224, 228, 230–36

attempted suicide by, 239

discovery of letters discarded by, 180

divorce settlement between Francis Gary Powers and, 129

drinking and emotional problems of, 86–88, 98, 117, 125–29

Francis Gary Powers’s courtship of, 24

Francis Gary Powers’s marriage to, 24–25

medical treatment of, 85

news of missing plane delivered to, 74

tension between Powers family and, 90–91, 100

Powers, Claudia “Sue” (Downey), 13, 132, 137, 158, 146, 149–50, 154, 160, 169, 173, 176–77, 239

alcohol use of, 144–45, 157

confronting of teacher by, 134

encouragement of son’s efforts, 157–58

Francis Gary Powers’s courtship of, 129–31

Francis Gary Powers’s marriage to, 131

insistence on Francis Gary Powers’s burial at Arlington, 142–43

struggles on day Francis Gary Powers died, 139–40

Powers, Dee, 13, 131, 134, 140, 143, 144, 145, 148, 157, 158, 251–52, 253

Powers, Francis Gary (Frank)

Air Force career of, 21–23, 25, 41

and artifacts preserved in Soviet Union, 170

back pay awarded to, 118

burial of, 142–44

capture of, 69–70

CIA recruitment of, 41–42

CIA/U-2 training of, 44–45

and coded messages, 94, 205–207

congressional testimony of, 120

and courtship/marriage of Barbara Moore, 24–25

and courtship/marriage of Sue Downey, 129–31

criticism of, 118–19, 121–23

death of, 13–14, 140–42

deployment of with CIA Detachment B (Adana, Turkey), 49–52

divorce settlement of, 129

early years of, 17–20

and fears of torture, 82, 190, 192–93, 195

first flight of, 18

first-marriage troubles of, 42, 51, 129, 198–201, 203–205, 220–24, 228–31, 234–36, 239

first sight of U-2 photo by, 43–44

and flame-out/intentional descent theory, 110, 174, 183, 191

and government-funded trust account, 257–60

imprisonment of, 103–12, 180–238

Lockheed career of, 131–34

and Lockheed dismissal, 134, 260–61

May 1, 1960, mission/shoot-down of, 58–59, 62–66, 181–90

medical career plans of, 20–21

military/intelligence medals awarded to, 157, 173, 176

and poison-tipped pin controversy, 59, 69, 72, 96, 121–22, 134, 150, 170, 174, 247, 256

post–U-2 Incident CIA career of, 124–25

prisoner exchange of, 113–16

radio/television career of, 13, 134–35, 140–42

and refuting Oliver’s statement to the New York Times, 186–88

relationship with cellmate, 103, 106–107, 180, 217–18, 224–25

and relationship with son, 133–37

repatriation of, 116–18

shoot-down of, 67–69

Silver Star awarded to, 250–53

Soviet interrogation of, 72–73, 78–79, 81–84

strategy of for dealing with interrogators, 78, 192–94

suicidal thoughts of, 212–13

trial of, 91–101

viewing of wreckage of U-2, 196–98

Powers, Francis Gary, Jr.

birth of, 132

and campaign for recognition of father, 171–76, 247–53

Cold War Museum, The, founded by, 169, 241–43

consideration of naming son by, 245

and dealing with mother’s alcohol abuse, 145, 157

and death of father, 139–44

first speech concerning father by, 160–61

fraternity pledging of, 153–55

Freedom of Information Act requests by, 170, 180, 257–61

learning of father’s death by, 13–14

meeting and marrying wife, 243–45

meeting Sergei Khrushchev, 167–68

relationship with father, 133–37

role in TV movie, 136–37

Smithsonian U-2 unveiling attended by, 157–59

and teenage drug use, 147–48

and teenage insecurities/rebellion, 146–51

test, stealing of, 150–51

and transcription of father’s letters/journal, 180, 189, 191, 224

trips to Soviet Union/Russia by, 161–64, 170–71, 261–63

U-2 flight of, 176

Powers, Francis Gary “Trey,” III, 253

Powers, Ida, 15, 16–17, 19, 89–91, 92, 93, 94, 100, 116–17, 143, 165, 188, 201, 228

Powers, James, 15, 16

Powers, Jean, 88, 165, 210, 233

Powers, Jennifer (née Webber), 243, 244, 245–46, 247, 252

Powers, Oliver, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21, 76, 88- 91, 92, 93, 99, 110, 112, 116–17, 186–88

Prettyman, E. Barrett, 118

Prettyman Commission, 118, 120, 183, 185, 194–95, 224

Pryor, Frederick, 114–15

USS Pueblo, 243

Putt, Donald, 36

Radio Moscow, 92, 96, 98

RB-47, 90, 105, 119, 175, 191, 248–49

Reston, James “Scotty,” 80

Rich, Ben, 40

Ritland, Ozzie, 39

Robo’s, 166

Rogers, Frank W., 101

Roizman, Yevgeny, 262

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 38

Root, Gene, 35

Rose, Jay, 153, 155

Rosenberg, Julius and Ethel, 30, 54

Rostow, Walt, 74

Rudenko, Roman Andreyevich, 82, 95, 97, 99, 196

Safronov, Sergei, 261–62

Saltonstall, Leverett, 120

Schischkin, Alexandrovich, 112, 115

Schwartz, Norman, 252

Seamans, Robert C., Jr., 258

Senate Armed Services Committee, 120

Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 120

Shaud, John A., 175

Shelton, William M., 59, 63, 64, 95, 97, 224

Sieker, Bob, 66–67

Simpson, O. J., 154

Sinatra, Frank, 56

Smith, Adam, 246

Smithsonian Institution, 158–59, 177

Spears, George, 140

Spielberg, Arnold, 79

Spielberg, Steven, 255, 256

Speranza, Jimmy, 89–90

Speranza, Rosa Anne, 89–90

SR-71Blackbird, 129

Stalin, Joseph, 27, 38, 56

Starodomskaya, Svetlana, 161

Stasi (East German secret police), 114, 242

Staub, Jerry K., 257

Stepashin, Sergei, 263

Stockman, Hervey, 48, 49

Sulzberger, C. L., 110

Talbott, Harold, 36

Teperson, Jon, 146, 149–50, 169

Thigpen, Corbett H., 127

Thompson, Llewellyn E., 71

Time (magazine), 80, 155

Today (TV program), 141

Toledo Blade, 80

Truman, Harry, 22, 29, 30

Tumanov, Svetlana, 263

Turner Air Force Base, 21, 24

Twining, Nathan, 48

U-2 Spyplane, The (Pocock), 35

Upchurch, Wes, 23

US Army Security Agency, 242

USS Liberty, 243

USS Pueblo, 243

Vague, Harold R., 259–60

Vienna-Tysons Corner Chamber of Commerce, 241, 245

Vint Hill Farms Station, 242

Virginia Bar Association, 90, 91, 100

Vito, Carmine, 74

Vladimir Prison, 103–104, 171, 172, 180, 215, 217, 233, 236

Yalta Conference, 37–38

Yeager, Chuck, 36

Young, Stephen, 119

Walls, Jeanie (née Popovich), 123–24, 132–33, 158

Wall Street Journal, 264

Washington Daily News, 116

Washington Post, 242

Webber, Binnie, 243–44

Welch, John C., 169, 242

West, Red, 148

White, Ed, 120

White, Lincoln, 77

Wicked (musical), 255

Wickers, John

Williams, John J., 119

Winch, Patti, 241