St. Petersburg : A Cultural History

Notes

PREFACE

1

1 Anna Akhmatova, Sochineniia (Works), 2 vols., vol. 2 (Moscow, 1986), p. 205.

2

2 A. S. Pushkin v vospominaniiakh sovremennikov (A. S. Pushkin in Reminiscences of Contemporaries), 2 vols., vol. 1 (Moscow, 1974), p. 468.

3

3 Semiotika goroda i gorodskoi kul’tury (Peterburg). Trudy po znakovym systemam (Semiotics of the City and of Urban Culture (Petersburg), vol. 18 (Tartu, 1984), p. 6.

4

4 Ibid., p. 28.

5

5 Doklad t. Zhdanova o zhurnalakh “Zvezda” i “Leningrad” (Comrade Zhdanov’s Report on the Journals Zvezda and Leningrad) (Moscow, 1946), p. 16.

6

6 Daniil Granin, O nabolevshem (About What Has Been Hurting) (Leningrad, 1988), p. 73.

7

7 Peterburgskii zhurnal (Petersburg Journal), 1-2 (1993), p. 9.

CHAPTER 1

8

1 A. S. Pushkin, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii (Complete Collected Works), vol. 10 (Moscow, 1951), pp. 453-54.

9

2 Ibid., p. 454.

10

3 Ibid., p. 109.

11

4 The history of the founding of Petersburg and the legends surrounding it are related, in particular, in P. N. Petrov, Istoriia Sankt-Peterburga s osnovaniia goroda do vvedeniia v deistvie vybornogo gorodskogo upravleniia po Uchrezhdeniiam o guberniiakh, 1703-1782 (The History of St. Peterburg from the Founding of the City to the Implementation of the Elected City Government According to Administrations of Provinces, 1703-1782) (St. Petersburg, 1885); P. N. Stolpyanskii, Kak voznik, osnovalsia i ros Sanktpiterburkh (How St. Petersburg Arose, Was Founded, and Grew) (Petrograd, 1918); M. I. Pyliaev, Staryi Peterburg (Old Petersburg), 2nd ed. (St. Petersburg, 1889); Ocherki istorii Leningrada (Sketches of the History of Leningrad), vol. 1 (Moscow and Leningrad, 1955); V. Mavrodin, Osnovanie Peterburga (The Founding of Petersburg) (Leningrad, 1983).

12

5 The basic sources for the description of Peter the Great were V. O. Klyuchevsky, Sochineniia (Works), 9 vols., vol. 4 (Moscow, 1989); S. M. Solovyov, Chteniia i rasskazy po istorii Rossii (Readings and Stories in Russian History) (Moscow, 1990); K. Shmurlo, Petr Velikii v otsenke sovremennikov i potomstva (Peter the Great in the Evaluation of His Contemporaries and Descendants) (St. Petersburg, 1912); M. Ustryalov, Istoriia tsarstvovaniia Petra Velikogo (History of the Reign of Peter the Great) (St. Petersburg, 1859-1863); N. I. Pavlenko, Petr Velikii (Peter the Great) (Moscow, 1994); V. V. Mavrodin, Rozhdeniie novoi Rossii (Birth of the New Russia) (Leningrad, 1988); E. V. Anisimov, Vremia petrovskikh reform (The Time of Petrine Reforms) (Leningrad, 1989).

13

6 Klyuchevsky, Sochineniia (Works), vol. 4, p. 196.

14

7 Ibid., p. 115.

15

8 M. I. Semevskii, Slovo i delo! 1700-1725 (Word and Deed! 1700-1725) (St. Petersburg, 1884), p. 88.

16

9 Ibid., pp. 87-90.

17

10 The description of Catherine the Great used, in particular, A. G. Brikner, Istoriia Ekateriny Vtoroi (History of Catherine the Second) (St. Petersburg, 1885); Zapiski imperatritsy Ekateriny Vtoroi (Notes of Empress Catherine the Second) (St. Petersburg, 1907); E. R. Dashkova, Zapiski (Notes) (Leningrad, 1985); E. V. Anisimov, Rossiia v seredine XVIII veka: Bor’ba za nasledie Petra (Russia in the Middle of the Eighteenth Century: The Struggle for Peter’s Inheritance) (Moscow, 1986); A. Kamenskii, “Pod seniiu Ekateriny …” (“Under Catherine’s Protection”) (St. Petersburg, 1992).

18

11 Quoted in A. Kaganovich, “Mednyi Vsadnik”: Istoriia sozdaniia monumenta (The Bronze Horseman: The History of the Creation of a Monument) (Leningrad, 1975), p. 42.

19

12 Ibid., p. 88.

20

13 Ibid., p. 90.

21

14 Ibid., p. 164.

22

15 Anna Akhmatova, in conversation with the author, Komarovo, 1965.

23

16 In the description of the personality and reign of Emperor Nicholas I, sources were N. K. Shil’der, Imperator Nikolai Pervyi: Ego zhizn’ i tsarstvovanie (Emperor Nicholas I: His Life and Reign), 2 vols. (St. Petersburg, 1903), as well as numerous notes and memoirs by contemporaries, particularly Marquis de Custine, Zapiski o Rossii (Notes on Russia) (Moscow, 1910); A. I. Herzen, Sobranie sochinenii (Collected Works), 30 vols., vol. 14 (Moscow, 1958); A. F. Tyutcheva, Pri dvore dvukh imperatorov: Vospominaniia i fragmenty dnevnikov freiliny dvora Nikolaiia I i Aleksandra II (At the Court of Two Emperors: Memoirs and Diary Fragments of a Lady-in-Waiting of the Court of Nicholas I and Alexander II) (Moscow, 1990).

24

17 N. V. Gogol, Sobranie sochinenii (Collected Works), 7 vols., vol. 7 (Moscow, 1967), p. 62.

25

18 Ibid., p. 207.

26

19 Vladimir Nabokov, Nikolai Gogol (New York, 1961), p. 12.

27

20 I. I. Panaev, Literaturnye vospominaniia (Literary Reminiscences) (Moscow, 1988), p. 281.

28

21 Vladimir Nabokov, Lectures on Russian Literature (New York and London, 1981), p. 313.

29

22 V. A. Sollogub, Povesti. Vospominaniia (Novellas. Reminiscences) (Leningrad, 1988), p. 667.

30

23 Quoted in Kornei Chukovsky, Sobranie sochinenii (Collected Works), 6 vols., vol. 5 (Moscow, 1967), p. 14.

31

24 Quoted in P. A. Zaionchkovskii, Pravitel’stvennyi apparat samoderzhavnoi Rossii v XIX v. (State Apparat of Sovereign Russia in the Nineteenth Century) (Moscow, 1978), pp. 181-82.

32

25 Ibid., p. 186.

33

26 Ocherki istorii Leningrada (Sketches of the History of Leningrad), vol. 2 (Moscow and Leningrad, 1957), pp. 170, 173.

34

27 S. V. Belov, Roman F. M. Dostoevskogo “Prestuplenie i nakazanie”: Kommentarii (F. M. Dostoyevsky’s Novel Crime and Punishment: Commentaries) (Leningrad, 1979), p. 38.

35

28 Ibid., p. 50.

36

29 Richard Stites, The Women’s Liberation Movement in Russia: Feminism, Nihilism and Bolshevism, 1860-1930 (Princeton, 1978), pp. 60-61.

37

30 See N. V. Yukhnyova, Etnicheskii sostav i etnosotsial’naia struktura naseleniia Peterburga: Statisticheskii analiz (Ethnic Composition and Ethnosocial Structure of the Population of Petersburg: Statistical Analysis) (Leningrad, 1984).

38

31 A. Ya. Panaeva (Golovacheva), Vospominaniia (Reminiscences) (Moscow, 1986), p. 335.

39

32 Quoted in F. M. Dostoevskii v vospominaniiakh sovremennikov (F. M. Dostoyevsky in the Reminiscences of Contemporaries), vol. 1 (Moscow, 1964), p. 294.

40

33 N. G. Chernyshevskii v vospominaniiakh sovremennikov (N. G. Chernyshevsky in the Reminiscences of Contemporaries) (Moscow, 1982), p. 248.

41

34 Quoted in Literaturnoe nasledstvo (Literary Heritage), vol. 86, F. M. Dostoevskii: Novye materialy i issledovaniia (F. M. Dostoyevsky: New Materials and Research) (Moscow, 1973), p. 26.

42

35 Dostoevskii v vospominaniiakh sovremennikov (Dostoyevsky in Reminiscences), vol. 1, p. 319.

43

36 Literaturnoe nasledstvo (Literary Heritage), vol. 86, p. 48.

44

37 Quoted in Vremia i sud’by russkikh pisatelei (The Times and Fates of Russian Writers) (Moscow, 1981), p. 193.

45

38 Literaturnoe nasledstvo (Literary Heritage), vol. 86, p. 622.

CHAPTER 2

46

1 Alexander Benois, Moi vospominaniia (My Reminiscences), 2 vols. (Moscow, 1980), vol. 1 (bks. 1-3), p. 16.

47

2 B. Asafyev, Simfonicheskie etiudy (Symphonic Etudes) (Leningrad, 1970), p. 160.

48

3 Quoted in P. N. Stolpianskii, Staryi Peterburg i Obshchestvo pooshchreniia khudozhestv (Old Petersburg and the Society for the Advancement of the Arts) (Leningrad, 1928), p. 71.

49

4 Quoted in A. V. Kornilova, Karl Briullov v Peterburge (Karl Briullov in Petersburg) (Leningrad, 1976), p. 51.

50

5 Panaev, Literaturnye vospominaniia (Literary Reminiscences), pp. 131-32.

51

6 Igor Stravinsky and Robert Craft, Expositions and Developments (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1981), p. 86. Reprint.

52

7 Benois, Moi vospominaniia (My Reminiscences), vol. 1 (bks. 1-3), p. 641.

53

8 Quoted in L. V. Korotkina, Rerikh v Peterburge-Petrograde (Roerich in Petersburg-Petrograd) (Leningrad, 1985), p. 11.

54

9 I. Remezov, M. I. Glinka (Moscow and Leningrad, 1951), pp. 3, 35.

55

10 Igor Stravinsky, Khronika moei zhizni (Chronicle of My Life) (Leningrad, 1963), p. 40.

56

11 M. Glinka, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii: Literaturnye proizvedeniia i perepiska (Complete Collected Works: Literary Works and Correspondence), vol. 1 (Moscow, 1973), pp. 248, 249.

57

12 Dorozhnyi dnevnik M. Pogodina (Travel Diary of M. Pogodin), part 1 (Moscow, 1844), pp. 9-10.

58

13 Quoted in T. Livanova, Vl. Protopopov, Glinka, 2 vols., vol. 2 (Moscow, 1955), pp. 228-29.

59

14 Glinka, Literaturnye proizvedeniia (Literary Works), vol. 1, p. 310.

60

15 A. N. Serov, Stat’i o muzyke (Articles on Music), 7 issues, issue 4, 1859-1860 (Moscow, 1988), p. 341.

61

16 Glinka, Literaturnye proizvedeniia (Literary Works), vol. 2B, p. 93.

62

17 Sollogub, Vospominaniia(Reminiscences), p. 615.

63

18 George Balanchine, in conversation with the author, New York, 1981.

64

19 Robert Craft, Present Perspectives: Critical Writings (New York, 1984), p. 280.

65

20 New York Times, January 7, 1953.

66

21 Sollogub, Vospominaniia (Reminiscences), p. 615.

67

22 Ibid., pp. 593-94.

68

23 A. G. Rubinstein, Literaturnoe nasledie (Literary Heritage), 3 vols., vol. 1 (Moscow, 1983), p. 87.

69

24 Sollogub, Vospominaniia (Reminiscences), p. 593.

70

25 Quoted in L. Raaben, Zhizn’ zamechatel’nykh skripachei: Biograficheskie ocherki (The Lives of Outstanding Violinists: Biographical Sketches) (Moscow and Leningrad, 1967), p. 107.

71

26 Rubinstein, Literaturnoe nasledie (Literary Heritage), vol. 1, p. 70.

72

27 Ibid.

73

28 Ibid., p. 76.

74

29 V. V. Stasov, Stat’i o muzyke (Articles on Music), 5 issues, issue 2, 1861-1879 (Moscow, 1976), p. 9.

75

30 A, P. Borodin, Kriticheskie stat’i (Critical Articles) (Moscow, 1982), p. 60.

76

31 F.I. Chaliapin, Maska i dusha: Moi sorok let na teatrakh (Mask and Soul: My Forty Years in the Theater) (Paris, 1932), pp. 157-58.

77

32 Dmitri Shostakovich, in conversation with the author, Moscow, 1972.

78

33 Stasov, Stat’i o muzyke (Articles on Music), issue 3, 1880-1886 (Moscow, 1977), pp. 73-74.

79

34 Quoted in A. Gozenpud, Russkii opernyi teatr XIX veka, 1857-1872 (Russian Opera Theater of the Nineteenth Century, 1857-1872) (Leningrad, 1971), p. 286.

80

35 M. P. Mussorgsky, Literaturnoe nasledie. Pis’ma. Biograficheskie materialy i dokumenty (Literary Heritage. Letters. Biographical Materials and Documents) (Moscow, 1971), p. 100.

81

36 Ibid.

82

37 Quoted in L. Barenboim, Anton Grigor’evicb Rubinshtein. Zhizn’, artisticheskii put’, tvorchestvo, muzykal’no-obshchestvennaia deiatel’nost’ (Anton Grigoryevich Rubinstein. Life, Artistic Path, Work, and Musical and Public Activity), vol. 2, 1867-1894 (Leningrad, 1962), pp. 251-52.

83

38 Joseph Brodsky, in conversation with the author, New York, 1978.

84

39 Quoted in Mussorgsky, Literaturnoe nasledie (Literary Heritage), p. 17.

85

40 Ibid., p. 20.

86

41 N. Rimsky-Korsakov, Letopis’ moei muzykal’noi zhizni (Annals of My Musical Life) (Moscow, 1980), p. 183.

87

42 Quoted in Sovetskaia muzyka (Soviet Music), 9 (1980), p. 104.

88

43 M. P. Musorgskii v vospominaniiakh sovremennikov (M. P. Mussorgsky in the Reminiscences of Contemporaries) (Moscow, 1989), p. 204.

89

44 Ibid., p. 168.

90

45 P. Tchaikovsky, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii. Literaturnye proizvedeniia i perepiska (Complete Collected Works. Literary Works and Correspondence), vol. 5 (Moscow, 1959), p. 105.

91

46 Quoted in N. A. Troitskii, Tsarskie sudy protiv revoliutsionnoi Rossii: Politicheskie protsessy 1871-1880 gg. (Tsarist Courts Against Revolutionary Russia: Political Trials 1871-1880) (Saratov, 1976), p. 73.

92

47 Ibid., p. 79.

93

48 Ibid., p. 95.

94

49 Tchaikovsky, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii (Complete Collected Works), vol. 10 (Moscow, 1966), p. 54.

95

50 See Troitskii, Tsarskie sudy (Tsarist Courts), p. 311.

96

51 A. Gozenpud, Russkii opernyi teatr XIX veka, 1873-1889 (Russian Opera Theater of the Nineteenth Century, 1873-1889) (Leningrad, 1973), p. 222.

97

52 A. Gozenpud, Russkii opernyi teatr na rubezhe XIX-XX vekov i F. I. Shaliapin, 1890-1904 (Russian Opera Theater at the Turn of the Century and F. I. Chaliapin, 1890-1904) (Leningrad, 1974), p. 6.

98

53 I. E. Repin, Dalekoe blizkoe (Distant Closeness) (Leningrad, 1982), p. 211.

99

54 Perepiska I. S. Turgeneva (Correspondence of I. S. Turgenev), 2 vols., vol. 2 (Moscow, 1986), pp. 318-19.

100

55 P. I. Tchaikovsky, Pis’ma rodnym (Letters to Family) (Moscow, 1940), p. 667.

101

56 Rimsky-Korsakov, Letopis’ (Annals), p. 66.

102

57 Tchaikovsky, Perepiska (Correspondence), vol. 5, p. 372.

103

58 Quoted in A. Orlova, Trudy i dni M. P. Musorgskogo. Letopis’ zhizni i tvorchestva (Works and Days of M. P. Mussorgsky: Annals of His Life and Work) (Moscow, 1963), p. 405.

104

59 Ibid., p. 500.

105

60 Quoted in A. N. Kriukov, “Moguchaia kuchka”: Stranitsy istorii peterburgskogo kruzhka muzykantov (“The Mighty Handful”: Pages from the History of a Petersburg Circle of Musicians) (Leningrad, 1977), p. 183.

106

61 Ibid., p. 184.

107

62 Quoted in Sovetskaia muzyka (Soviet Music), 3 (1989), p. 113.

108

63 Benois, Moi vospominaniia (My Reminiscences), vol. 1 (bks. 1-3), p. 371.

109

64 Ibid., p. 366.

110

65 Orlova, Trudy i dni Musorgskogo (Works and Days of Mussorgsky), p. 354.

111

66 Rimsky-Korsakov, Letopis’ (Annals), p. 160.

112

67 Benois, Moi vospominaniia (My Reminiscences), vol. 1 (bks. 1-3), p. 650.

113

68 Tchaikovsky, Perepiska (Correspondence), vol. 5, p. 70.

114

69 Quoted in A. Dolzhanskii, Simfonicheskaia muzyka Chaikovskogo (Tchaikovsky’s Symphonic Music) (Moscow and Leningrad, 1965), p. 94.

115

70 Ibid., p. 99.

116

71 Igor Glebov [B. V. Asafyev], Chaikovskii (Tchaikovsky) (Petersburg and Berlin, 1923), p. 34.

117

72 A. V. Ossovskii, Muzykal’no-kriticheskie stat’i, 1894-1912 (Musical Criticism Articles, 1894-1912) (Leningrad, 1971), p. 171.

118

73 P. Tchaikovsky, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii. Literaturnye proizvedeniia i perepiska (Complete Collected Works. Literary Works and Correspondence), vol. 8 (Moscow, 1963), p. 226.

119

74 Tchaikovsky, Perepiska (Correspondence), vol. 10, p. 202.

120

75 Quoted in Muzykal’noe nasledie Chaikovskogo: Iz istorii ego proizvedenii (Tchaikovsky’s Musical Heritage: From the History of His Works) (Moscow, 1958), p. 239.

121

76 Glebov [Asafyev], Chaikovskii, pp. 43-44.

122

77 Quoted in L. M. Konisskaya, Chaikovskii v Peterburge (Tchaikovsky in Petersburg) (Leningrad, 1969), p. 240.

123

78 Benois, Moi vospominaniia (My Reminiscences), vol. 1 (bks. 1-3), p. 640.

124

79 Ibid., p. 644.

125

80 Ibid., p. 646.

126

81 Ibid., p. 603.

127

82 Ibid.

128

83 Ibid., p, 654.

129

84 Ibid., p. 653.

130

85 P. Tchaikovsky, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii. Literaturnye proizvedeniia i perepiska (Complete Collected Works. Literary Works and Correspondence), vol. 13 (Moscow, 1971), p. 349.

131

86 Quoted in Russkaia literatura kontsa XIX-nachala XX v. Devianostye gody (Russian Literature of the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries: The Nineties) (Moscow, 1968), p. 276.

132

87 Alexander Benois, Moi vospominaniia (My Reminiscences), 2 vols. (Moscow, 1980), vol. 2 (bks. 4-5), p. 48.

133

88 Benois, Moi vospominaniia (My Reminiscences), vol. 1 (bks. 1-3), p. 592.

134

89 Ibid., pp. 697-98.

135

90 Quoted in Yu. B. Solovyov, Samoderzhavie i dvorianstvo v kontse XIX veka (Sovereignty and the Nobility in the Late Nineteenth Century) (Leningrad, 1973), p. 121.

136

91 Quoted in Russkaia khudozhestvennaia kul’tura kontsa XIX-nachala XX veka, 1895-1907 (Russian Art Culture of the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries, 1895-1907), vol. 2 (Moscow, 1969), p. 133.

137

92 Ibid., p. 18.

138

93 V. V. Stasov, Pis’ma k deiateliam russkoi kul’tury (Letters to People in Russian Culture), vol. 1 (Moscow, 1962), p. 80.

139

94 Benois, Moi vospominaniia (My Reminiscences), vol. 1 (bks. 1-3), p. 16.

140

95 Mir iskusstva, 1 (1902), p. 1 (“Khronika” [Chronicle]).

141

96 Ibid., p. 4.

142

97 M. V. Dobuzhinsky, Vospominaniia (Reminiscences) (Moscow, 1987), p. 188.

143

98 A. Fedorov-Davydov, Russkoe i sovetskoe iskusstvo: Stat’i i ocherki (Russian and Soviet Art: Articles and Sketches) (Moscow, 1975), p. 333.

144

99 Quoted in A. L. Ospovat and R. D. Timenchik, “Pechal’nu povest’ sokhranit’…” (“To Preserve the Sorrowful Tale …”) (Moscow, 1987), p. 229.

145

100 Ibid., p. 232.

146

101 Ibid., p. 231.

147

102 Dobuzhinsky, Vospominaniia (Reminiscences), p. 188.

CHAPTER 3

148

1 Ocherki istorii Leningrada (Sketches of the History of Leningrad), vol. 3 (Moscow and Leningrad, 1956), p. 104.

149

2 Benois, Moi vospominaniia (My Reminiscences), vol. 2 (bks. 4-5), p. 412.

150

3 Quoted in Panorama iskusstv (Panorama of the Arts), issue 4 (Moscow, 1981), p. 32.

151

4 Akhmatova, Sochineniia (Works), 2 vols., vol. 2, p. 253.

152

5 Nathan Milstein, in conversation with the author, New York, 1987.

153

6 Sergei Prokofiev, Avtobiografiia (Autobiography) (Moscow, 1973), p. 538.

154

7 M. F. Gnesin, Stat’i. Vospominaniia. Materialy (Articles. Reminiscences. Materials) (Moscow, 1961), p. 141.

155

8 Prokofiev, Avtobiografiia (Autobiography), pp. 503-4.

156

9 I. F. Stravinsky, Stat’i i materialy (Articles and Materials) (Moscow, 1973), p. 445.

157

10 N. A. Berdyaev, Samopoznanie (opyt filosofskoi biografii) (Self-Cognition [An Attempt at a Philosophical Biography]) (Moscow, 1991), p. 144.

158

11 Alexander Blok, Zapisnye knizhki, 1901-1920 (Notebooks, 1901-1920) (Moscow, 1965), p. 126.

159

12 Ibid., p. 118.

160

13 Kornei Chukovsky, Sobranie sochinenii (Collected Works), 6 vols., vol. 6 (Moscow, 1969), pp. 122, 124.

161

14 Quoted in N. M. Zorkaia, Na rubezhe stoletii. U istokov massovogo iskusstva v Rossii 1900-1910 godov (At the Turn of the Century: At the Source of Mass Art in Russia 1900-1910) (Moscow, 1976), p. 94.

162

15 Quoted in A. N. Bokhanov, Burzhuaznaia pressa Rossii i krupnyi kapital: Konets XIX v-1914 g. (The Bourgeois Press in Russia and Major Capital: The Late Nineteenth Century-1914) (Moscow, 1984), p. 40.

163

16 Quoted in Chukovsky, Sochineniia (Works), vol. 6, p. 146.

164

17 Quoted in Voprosy literatury (Issues of Literature), 2 (1977), p. 198.

165

18 Quoted in A. Turkov, A. P. Chekhov i ego vremia (A. P. Chekhov and His Times) (Moscow, 1980), p. 73.

166

19 Ibid., p. 60.

167

20 Ibid., p. 54.

168

21 I. I. Yasinsky, Roman moei zhizni (The Novel of My Life) (Moscow and Leningrad, 1926), p. 280.

169

22 Nathan Milstein, in conversation with the author, New York, 1980.

170

23 Quoted in E. A. Dinershtein, “Fabrikant” chitatelei: A. F. Marks (“Manufacturer” of Readers: A. F. Marx) (Moscow, 1986), p. 77.

171

24 V. V. Vorovskii, Estetika. Literatura. Iskusstvo (Aesthetics. Literature. Art) (Moscow, 1975), p. 255.

172

25 Chukovsky, Sochineniia (Works), vol. 6, pp. 370-71.

173

26 Vorovskii, Estetika (Aesthetics), pp. 530-31.

174

27 D. S. Mirsky, Contemporary Russian Literature, 1881-1925 (London, 1926), p. 151.

175

28 Anna Akhmatova, in conversation with the author, Komarovo, 1965.

176

29 Kornei Chukovsky, Iz vospominanii (From Reminiscences) (Moscow, 1959), p. 373.

177

30 Ibid., p. 371.

178

31 Quoted in D. Maksimov, Poeziia i proza A. Bloka (Poetry and Prose of A. Blok) (Leningrad, 1975), p. 507.

179

32 Literaturnoe nasledstvo (Literary Heritage), vol. 92 (in four books), Aleksandr Blok: Novye materialy i issledovaniia (Alexander Blok: New Materials and Research), book 3 (Moscow, 1982), p. 438.

180

33 V. E. Meyerhold, Stat’i. Pis’ma. Rechi. Besedy (Articles. Letters. Speeches. Conversations), part 1, 1891-1917 (Moscow, 1968), p. 103.

181

34 Georgii Chulkov, Gody stranstvii. Iz knigi vospominanii (Years of Wanderings: From the Book of Reminiscences) (Moscow, 1930), p. 221.

182

35 Amanda Haight, Anna Akhmatova: Poeticheskoe stranstvie. Dnevniki, vospominaniia, pis’ma A. Akhmatovoi (Anna Akhmatova: A Poetic Pilgrimage. Diaries, Reminiscences, Letters of A. Akhmatova) (Moscow, 1991), pp. 323, 324-25.

183

36 Ob Anne Akhmatovoi. Stikhi. Esse. Vospominaniia. Pis’ma (About Anna Akhmatova. Poems. Essays. Reminiscences. Letters) (Leningrad, 1990), p. 33.

184

37 Joseph Brodsky and Solomon Volkov, Vspominaiia Akhmatovu: Dialogi (Remembering Akhmatova: Dialogues) (Moscow, 1992), p. 35.

185

38 Quoted in G. A. Tishkin, Zhenskii vopros v Rossii, 50-60-e gody XIX v. (The Women’s Question in Russia, 1850-1860s) (Leningrad, 1984), p. 202.

186

39 Quoted in E. V. Letenkov, “Literaturnaiia promyshlennost’” Rossii kontsa XIX-nachala XX veka (“Literary Industry” of Russia in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries) (Leningrad, 1988), p. 114.

187

40 Rech’ (Speech), February 21, 1910.

188

41 Tamara Ivanova, Moi sovremenniki, kakimi ia ikh znala (My Contemporaries As I Knew Them) (Moscow, 1984), p. 424.

189

42 V. I. Nemirovich-Danchenko, Na kladbishchakh (In Cemeteries) (Revel, 1922), p. 135.

190

43 I. A. Bunin, Sobranie sochinenii (Collected Works), 9 vols., vol. 9 (Moscow, 1967), p. 289.

191

44 Ibid., p. 281.

192

45 Quoted in Literaturnoe nasledstvo (Literary Heritage), vol. 85, Valerii Briusov (Valery Briusov) (Moscow, 1976), p. 691.

193

46 Anna Akhmatova, in conversation with the author, Komarovo, 1965.

194

47 Ibid.

195

48 Quoted in Pamiatniki kul’tury: novye otkrytiia. Pis’mennost’. Iskusstvo. Arkheologiia. Ezhegodnik-1988 (Cultural Monuments: New Discoveries. Literacy. Art. Archaeology. Annual for 1988) (Moscow, 1989), p. 58.

196

49 Ibid.

197

50 Ibid., p. 54.

198

51 Ibid., p. 59.

199

52 Quoted in Druzhba narodov (Friendship of the Peoples), 6 (1989), p. 250.

200

53 Quoted in Anna Saakyants, Marina Tsvetayeva. Stranitsy zhizni i tvorchestva, 1910-1922 (Marina Tsvetayeva: Pages of Her Life and Work, 1910-1922) (Moscow, 1986), p. 88.

201

54 Valery Briusov, Sobranie sochinenii (Collected Works), 7 vols., vol. 6 (Moscow, 1975), p. 365.

202

55 N. Gumilyov, Sobranie sochinenii (Collected Works), 4 vols., vol. 4 (Washington, D.C., 1968), p. 262.

203

56 R. D. Timenchik, Khudozhestvennye printsipy predrevoliutsionnoi poezii Anny Akhmatovoi (Artistic Principles of Anna Akhmatova’s Prerevolutionary Poetry) [Synopsis of dissertation] (Tartu State University, 1982), p. 6.

204

57 B. Eikhenbaum, O poezii (On Poetry) (Leningrad, 1969), p. 75.

205

58 Osip Mandelstam, Sochineniia (Works), 2 vols., vol. 2 (Moscow, 1990), pp. 265-66.

206

59 V. Piast, Vstrechi (Encounters) (Moscow, 1929), p. 157.

207

60 Aleksandr Blok v vospominaniiakh sovremennikov (Alexander Blok in the Reminiscences of Contemporaries), vol. 2 (Moscow, 1980), pp. 62-63.

208

61 Quoted in Anatoly Nayman, Rasskazy o Anne Akhmatovoi (Stories About Anna Akhmatova) (Moscow, 1989), p. 200.

209

62 Blok v vospominaniiakh sovremennikov (Blok in Reminiscences), vol. 2, p. 66.

210

63 Piast, Vstrechi (Encounters), p. 156.

211

64 Ob Anne Akhmatovoi (About Anna Akhmatova), p. 74.

212

65 V. F. Khodasevich, Nekropol’ (Necropolis) (Paris, 1976), p. 10. Reprint.

213

66 Yu. N. Tynyanov, Poetika. Istoriia literatury. Kino (Poetics. History of Literature. Film) (Moscow, 1977), pp. 118-19.

214

67 Khodasevich, Nekropol’ (Necropolis), p. 14.

215

68 Literaturnoe nasledstvo (Literary Heritage), vol. 92, book 4 (Moscow, 1987), p. 572.

216

69 Ob Anne Akhmatovoi (About Anna Akhmatova), p. 35.

217

70 Nathan Milstein, in conversation with the author, New York, 1984.

218

71 V. V. Rozanov, Mysli o literature (Thoughts on Literature) (Moscow, 1989), p. 402.

219

72 Panorama iskusstv (Panorama of the Arts), issue 12 (Moscow, 1989), p. 192.

220

73 Ibid.

221

74 N. N. Punin, Russkoe i sovetskoe iskusstvo (Russian and Soviet Art) (Moscow, 1976), p. 147.

222

75 Benedikt Livshits, Polutoraglazyi strelets (One-and-a-Half-Eyed Archer) (Leningrad, 1989), p. 538.

223

76 Punin, Russkoe i sovetskoe iskusstvo (Russian and Soviet Art), p. 150.

224

77 Panorama iskusstv (Panorama of the Arts), issue 12, p. 183.

225

78 Nathan Altman, in conversation with the author, Leningrad, 1966.

226

79 V. P. Verigina, Vospominaniia (Reminiscences) (Leningrad, 1974), p. 173.

227

80 Il’ia Sats (Ilya Sats) (collection) (Moscow and Leningrad, 1923), p. 20.

228

81 Livshits, Polutoraglazyi strelets (One-and-a-Half-Eyed Archer), p. 465.

229

82 Teatr i iskusstvo (Theater and Art), 10 (1913), p. 232.

230

83 Irina Odoevtseva, Na beregakh Nevy (On the Banks of the Neva) (Washington, D.C., 1967), p. 144.

231

84 Ibid.

232

85 Quoted in B. Kats and R. Timenchik, Anna Akhmatova i muzyka. lssledovatel’skie ocherki (Anna Akhmatova and Music. Research Articles) (Leningrad, 1989), p. 39.

233

86 V. G. Karatygin (collection) (Leningrad, 1927), p. 73.

234

87 Apollon, 1 (1913), p. 66.

235

88 Fyodor Lopukhov, in conversation with the author, Leningrad, 1967.

236

89 Vozdushnye puti (Aerial Paths), issue 5 (New York, 1967), p. 139.

237

90 Vera Stravinsky, in conversation wtih the author, New York, 1976.

238

91 Vozdushnye puti (Aerial Paths), issue 5, p. 141.

239

92 Ibid., pp. 142-43.

240

93 Nadezhda Mandelstam, Vtoraia kniga (Second Book) (Paris, 1972), p. 510.

241

94 Quoted in V. Krasovskaia, Russkii baletnyi teatr nachala XX veka (Russian Ballet Theater of the Early Twentieth Century), part 2 (Leningrad, 1972), p. 35.

242

95 Ibid., p. 47.

243

96 Ibid., p. 55.

244

97 Ibid., p. 54.

245

98 Quoted in Zinaida Serebryakova (collection) (Moscow, 1987), p. 245.

246

99 Fyodor Lopukhov, Shest’desiat let v balete (Sixty Years in Ballet) (Moscow, 1966), p. 182.

247

100 Piast, Vstrechi (Encounters), p. 275.

248

101 Viktor Shklovsky, Zhili-byli (Once upon a Time) (Moscow, 1966), p. 115.

249

102 Blok, Zapisnye knizbki (Notebooks), p. 237.

250

103 N. P. Antsiferov, Dusha Peterburga (The Soul of Petersburg) (Petersburg, 1922), pp. 218-19.

251

104 Livshits, Polutoraglazyi strelets (One-and-a-Half-Eyed Archer), p. 544.

252

105 Nikolai Gumilyov v vospominaniiakh sovremennikov (Nikolai Gumilyov in the Reminiscences of Contemporaries) (collection) (Paris, New York, and Düsseldorf, 1989), p. 215.

253

106 N. Wrangel, Vospominaniia (Reminiscences) (Berlin, 1924), p. 210.

254

107 Sovremennye zapiski (Contemporary Notes), 18 (1924), p. 235.

255

108 Quoted in K. Rudnitskii, Meierhol’d (Meyerhold) (Moscow, 1981), p. 216.

256

109 Leonid Dolgopolov, in conversation with the author, New York, 1990.

257

110 Yu. M. Yuryev, Zapiski (Notes), vol. 2 (Leningrad and Moscow, 1963), p. 194.

258

111 Quoted in K. Rudnitskii, Rezhisser Meierhol’d (Meyerhold the Director) (Moscow, 1969), pp. 200-202.

259

112 Viktor Shklovsky, in conversation with the author, Moscow, 1975.

260

113 Quoted in Avangard, ostanovlennyi na begu (The Avant-Garde, Halted in Mid-Run) (Leningrad, 1989), p. 2.

261

114 Literaturnoe nasledstvo (Literary Heritage), vol. 80, V. I. Lenin i A. V. Lunacharskii. Perepiska, doklady, dokumenty (V. I. Lenin and A. V. Lunacharsky. Correspondence, Speeches, Documents) (Moscow, 1971), p. 260.

262

115 A. Blok, Dnevnik (Diary) (Moscow, 1989), pp. 267-68.

263

116 Dekrety Sovetskoi vlasti o Petrograde, 25 oktiabria [7 noiabria] 1917 g.-29 dekabria 1918 (Soviet Decrees Regarding Petrograd, 25 October [7 November] 1917-29 December 1918) (Leningrad, 1986), pp. 126-27.

264

117 Nikolai Martyanov, in conversation with the author, New York, 1976,

265

118 D. L. Golinkov, Krushenie antisovetskogo podpol’ia v SSSR (The Collapse of the Anti-Soviet Underground in the USSR), book 1 (Moscow, 1978), p. 186.

266

119 Dekrety Sovetskoi vlasti o Petrograde (Soviet Decrees on Petrograd), pp. 149-50.

267

120 Literaturnoe nasledstvo (Literary Heritage), vol. 80, p. 58.

268

121 Quoted in S. Varshavskii, B. Rest, Bilet na vsiu vechnost’ (Ticket to All Eternity), parts 1-2 (Leningrad, 1986), p. 149.

269

122 Ibid., p. 160.

270

123 Antsiferov, Dusha Peterburga (Soul of Petersburg), p. 219.

271

124 Maksim Gor’kii v vospominaniiakh sovremennikov (Maxim Gorky in Reminiscences of Contemporaries), 2 vols., vol. 2 (Moscow, 1981), p. 23.

272

125 V. I. Lenin o literature (V. I. Lenin on Literature) (Moscow, 1971), p. 160.

273

126 Quoted in Kontinent, 55 (1988), p. 195.

274

127 S. N. Semanov, Likvidatsiia antisovetskogo Kronshtadskogo miatezha 1921 goda (The Liquidation of the Anti-Soviet Kronstadt Rebellion of 1921) (Moscow, 1973), p. 25.

275

128 Yuri Annenkov, Dnevnik moikh vstrech (Diary of My Encounters), vol. 1 (New York, 1966), p. 34.

276

129 A. P. Ostroumova-Lebedeva, Autobiograficheskie zapiski (Autobiographical Notes), vol. 3 (Moscow, 1974), p. 22.

277

130 A. V. Lunacharsky, Vospominaniia i vpechatleniia (Reminiscences and Impressions) (Moscow, 1968), p. 210.

278

131 Nathan Altman, in conversation with the author, Leningrad, 1966.

279

132 A. I. Piotrovsky, Za sovetskii teatr! (For the Soviet Theater!) (Leningrad, 1925), pp. 51-52.

280

133 M. Gorky, V. I. Lenin (Moscow, 1974), p. 37.

281

134 Quoted in Andrei Bely, Peterburg (Moscow, 1981), p. 528.

282

135 Alexander Bakhrakh, Bunin v khalate. Po pamiati, po zapisiam (Bunin in a Robe. From Memory, From Notes) (New Jersey, 1979), p. 109.

283

136 Blok, Dnevnik (Diary), p. 186.

284

137 Alexander Blok, Sobranie sochinenii (Collected Works), 8 vols., vol. 8, Pis’ma, 1898-1921 (Moscow and Leningrad, 1963), pp. 130-31.

285

138 Blok, Dnevnik (Diary), p. 121.

286

139 Literaturnoe nasledstvo (Literary Heritage), vol. 92, book 3, p. 478.

287

140 Blok, Zapisnye knizhki (Notebooks), p. 406.

288

141 V. M. Zhirmunsky, Tvorchestvo Anny Akhmatovoi (The Work of Anna Akhmatova) (Leningrad, 1973), p. 97.

289

142 Quoted in Osip Mandelstam, Sochineniia (Works), 2 vols., vol. 1 (Moscow, 1990), p. 42.

290

143 V. Milashevsky, Vchera, pozavchera … (Yesterday, Day Before Yesterday …) (Moscow, 1989), p. 239.

291

144 Dobuzhinsky, Vospominanya (Reminiscences), p. 23.

292

145 Ibid.

293

146 N. N. Evreinov, Original o portretistakh (A Model About His Portraitists) (Petrograd, 1922), p. 55.

294

147 Milashevsky, Vchera, pozavchera (Yesterday, Day Before Yesterday), p. 180.

295

148 Semanov, Likvidatsiia antisovetskogo Kronshtadskogo miatezha (Liquidation of the Anti-Soviet Kronstadt Rebellion), p. 69.

296

149 Annenkov, Dnevnik moikh vstrech (Diary of my Encounters), vol. 1, pp. 75-78.

297

150 Literaturnoe nasledstvo (Literary Heritage), vol. 92, book 4, p. 273.

298

151 Quoted in Nikolai Gumilyov v vospominaniiakh sovremennikov (Gumilyov in the Reminiscences of Contemporaries), p. 216.

299

152 Georgii Ivanov, Stikhotvoreniia. Tretii Rim. Peterburgskie zimy. Kitaiskie teni (Poems. Third Rome. Petersburg Winters. Chinese Shadows) (Moscow, 1989), p. 440.

300

153 Literaturnoe nasledstvo (Literary Heritage), vol. 92, book 3, p. 478.

301

154 Quoted in Anna Akhmatova, Requiem (Moscow, 1989), p. 31.

302

155 Ob Anne Akhmatovoi (About Anna Akhmatova), p. 135.

303

156 Odoevtseva, Na beregakh Nevy (On the Banks of the Neva), pp. 477-78.

304

157 Quoted in Daugava, 8 (1990), p. 118.

305

158 Blok, Dnevnik (Diary), p. 321.

306

159 Annenkov, Dnevnik moikh vstrech (Diary of My Encounters), vol. 1, p. 74.

307

160 Chaliapin, Maska i dusha (Mask and Soul), p. 288.

308

161 Ibid., p. 294.

309

162 Alexander Blok, Sobranie sochinenii (Collected Works), 8 vols., vol. 6 (Moscow and Leningrad, 1962), p. 167.

310

163 Literaturnoe nasledstvo (Literary Heritage), vol. 80, p. 261.

311

164 Blok, Sobranie sochinenii (Collected Works), vol. 8, p. 537.

312

165 Ibid., p. 539.

313

166 Literaturnoe nasledstvo (Literary Heritage), vol. 92, book 2 (Moscow, 1981), p. 164.

314

167 Daugava, 11 (1990), pp. 91-93.

315

168 Khodasevich, Nekropol’ (Necropolis), p. 122.

316

169 Ogonyok, 18 (1990), p. 14.

317

170 Ibid., p. 15.

318

171 Daugava, 8 (1990), pp. 120, 122.

319

172 Victor Serge, Memoirs of a Revolutionary (London, 1984), p. 150.

320

173 Vozvrashchennye imena (Returned Names) [anthology], book 1 (Moscow, 1989), p. 191.

321

174 Nina Bruni-Balmont, in conversation with the author, Moscow, 1974.

322

175 Ob Anne Akhmatovoi (About Anna Akhmatova), pp. 197-98.

323

176 Quoted in Anna Akhmatova, Poema bez geroiia (Poem Without a Hero) (Moscow, 1989), p. 11.

324

177 K. Chukovsky, Dnevnik, 1901-1929 (Diary, 1901-1929) (Moscow, 1991), p. 143.

325

178 Ibid., p. 194.

326

179 Literaturnoe nasledstvo (Literary Heritage), vol. 92, book 3, p. 816.

327

180 Quoted in Saakyants, Marina Tsvetaeva, p. 310.

328

181 Odoevtseva, Na beregakh Nevy (On the Banks of the Neva), p. 480.

329

182 Ibid., p. 473.

330

183 Ibid., pp. 480-81.

CHAPTER 4

331

1 George Balanchine, in conversation with the author, New York, 1981.

332

2 Ibid.

333

3 Marquis de Custine, Empire of the Czar (New York, 1989), p. 106.

334

4 M. M. Zagoskin, Roslavlev, ili Russkie v 1812 godu (Roslavlev; or, Russians in 1812) (Moscow, 1955), p. 48.

335

5 Quoted in Ospovat and Timenchik, “Pechal’nu povest’ sokhranit’…” (“To Preserve the Sorrowful Tale”), p. 263.

336

6 Ibid.

337

7 Igor Stravinsky and Robert Craft, Memories and Commentaries (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1981), p. 30. Reprint.

338

8 Benois, Moi vospominaniia (My Reminiscences), vol. 1 (bks. 1-3), p. 13.

339

9 Quoted in V. Krasovskaia, Istoriia russkogo baleta (History of Russian Ballet) (Leningrad, 1978), p. 15.

340

10 Quoted in A. Gozenpud, Russkii opernyi teatr XIX veka, 1836-1856 (Russian Opera Theater of the Nineteenth Century, 1836-1856) (Leningrad, 1969), p. 77.

341

11 Ibid.

342

12 Quoted in V. Krasovskaia, Istoriia russkogo baleta (History of Russian Ballet), pp. 64-65.

343

13 Quoted in O. Petrov, Russkaia baletnaia kritika kontsa XVIII-pervoi poloviny XIX veka (Russian Ballet Criticism of the Late Eighteenth-First Half of the Nineteenth Centuries) (Moscow, 1982), p. 146.

344

14 Yu. M. Lotman, Stat’i po tipologii kul’tury (Articles on the Typology of Culture), issue 2 (Tartu, 1973), p. 64.

345

15 Quoted in Mikheil Gorgidze, Gruziny v Peterburge (Georgians in Petersburg) (Tbilisi, 1976), p. 104.

346

16 George Balanchine, in conversation with the author, New York, 1982.

347

17 Ibid.

348

18 Marius Petipa, Materialy. Vospominaniia. Stat’i (Materials. Reminiscences. Articles) (Leningrad, 1971), p. 90.

349

19 Ibid.

350

20 V. Gayevsky, Divertisment (Divertissement) (Moscow, 1981), p. 79.

351

21 Ibid., p. 70.

352

22 Petipa, Materialy (Materials), p. 68.

353

23 Quoted in Yu. Slonimsky, P. I. Chaikovskii i baletnyi teatr ego vremeni (P. I. Tchaikovsky and the Ballet Theater of His Times) (Moscow, 1956), p. 121.

354

24 Ibid., p. 9.

355

25 George Balanchine, in conversation with the author, New York, 1982.

356

26 Alexandra Danilova, in conversation with the author, New York, 1986.

357

27 Sergei Diagilev i russkoe iskusstvo (Sergei Diaghilev and Russian Art) [collection], 2 vols., vol. 2 (Moscow, 1982), p. 100.

358

28 Quoted in V. Krasovskaia, Russkii baletnyi teatr nachala XX veka (Russian Ballet Theater of the Early Twentieth Century), 2 vols., vol. 1 (Leningrad, 1971), p. 361.

359

29 Stravinsky and Craft, Memories and Commentaries, p. 36.

360

30 Stravinsky, Stat’i i materialy (Articles and Materials), p. 462.

361

31 Ibid.

362

32 Apollon, 6 (1911), p. 74.

363

33 Stravinsky and Craft, Expositions and Developments, p. 135.

364

34 Quoted in Nesta Macdonald, Diaghilev Observed by Critics in England and the United States, 1911-1929 (New York, 1975), p. 76.

365

35 Ibid.

366

36 Fyodor Lopukhov, in conversation with the author, Leningrad, 1967.

367

37 M. Fokine, Protiv techeniia. Vospominaniia baletmeistera. Stat’i, pis’ma (Against the Current. Reminiscences of a Choreographer. Articles, Letters) (Leningrad and Moscow, 1962), p. 93.

368

38 Fyodor Lopukhov, in conversation with the author, Leningrad, 1967.

369

39 Alexandra Danilova, in conversation with the author, New York, 1991.

370

40 Quoted in Yurii Alianskii, Teatral’nye legendy (Theater Legends) (Moscow, 1973), p. 164.

371

41 Quoted in Samuil Alianskii, Vstrechi s Aleksandrom Blokom (Encounters with Alexander Blok) (Moscow, 1972), p. 11.

372

42 Quoted in Voprosy literatury (Issues of Literature), 2 (1974), p. 117.

373

43 Andrei Bely, Simvolizm (Symbolism) (Moscow, 1910), p. 212.

374

44 Ibid., p. 172.

375

45 Quoted in N. Khardzhiev and V. Trenin, Poeticheskaia kul’tura Maiakovskogo (Poetic Culture of Mayakovsky) (Moscow, 1970), p. 32.

376

46 Boris Pasternak, Vozdushnye puti (Aerial Paths) (Moscow, 1982), p. 264.

377

47 Shklovsky, Zhili-Byli (Once upon a Time), p. 301. v monodramu (Introduction to Monodrama) (St. Petersburg, 1909), p. 8.

378

48 N. Evreinov, Vvedenie v monodramu (Introduction to Monodrama) (St. Petersburg, 1909), p.8.

379

49 Livshits, Polutoraglazyi strelets (One-and-a-Half-Eyed Archer), p. 446.

380

50 Quoted in Pavel Nikolaevich Filonov, Katalog vystavki (Exhibit Catalogue) (Leningrad, 1988), p. 22.

381

51 Quoted in V. Maiakovskii v vospominaniiakh sovremennikov (Mayakovsky in Reminiscences of Contemporaries) (Moscow, 1963), p. 111.

382

52 Pasternak, Vozdushnye puti (Aerial Paths), p. 269.

383

53 Maiakovskii v vospominaniiakh sovremennikov (Mayakovsky in Reminiscences of Contemporaries), p. 625.

384

54 Quoted in A. Fevral’skii, Pervaia sovetskaia p’esa: “Misteriia-buff” V. V. Maiakovskogo (The First Soviet Play: Mayakovsky’s Mystery-Bouffe) (Moscow, 1971), p. 11.

385

55 Milashevsky, Vchera, pozavchera (Yesterday, Day Before Yesterday), p. 84.

386

56 Ibid., pp. 121, 120.

387

57 Quoted in Ezhegodnik rukopisnogo otdela Pushkinskogo Doma na 1974 god (Yearbook of the Manuscript Department of Pushkin House for 1974) (Leningrad, 1976), p. 187.

388

58 Ibid., pp. 185-86.

389

59 Ibid., p. 192.

390

60 Panorama iskusstv (Panorama of the Arts), issue 12, p. 183.

391

61 Milashevsky, Vchera, pozavchera (Yesterday, Day Before Yesterday), p. 117.

392

62 Panorama iskusstv (Panorama of the Arts), issue 12, p. 193.

393

63 Ibid., p. 194.

394

64 Nina Bruni-Balmont, in conversation with the author, Moscow, 1974.

395

65 Quoted in Ezhegodnik rukopisnogo otdela Pushkinskogo Doma na 1974 god (Yearbook of the Manuscript Department of Pushkin House for 1974), p. 183.

396

66 A. N. Efros, Mastera raznykh epokh (Masters of Various Eras) (Moscow, 1979), p. 249.

397

67 Quoted in Ezhegodnik rukopisnogo ordela Pushkinskogo Doma na 1974 god (Yearbook of the Manuscript Department of Pushkin House for 1974), p. 183.

398

68 Ibid., p. 182.

399

69 Quoted in Literaturnoe nasledstvo (Literary Heritage), vol. 65, Novoe o Maiiakovskom (New Materials About Mayakovsky) (Moscow, 1958), p. 565.

400

70 Ibid., p. 586.

401

71 Annenkov, Dnevnik moikh vstrech (Diary of My Encounters), vol. 2, pp. 49-50.

402

72 Viktor Shklovsky, Khod konia (Knight Move) (Moscow and Berlin, 1923), p. 137.

403

73 Tamara Geva, in conversation with the author, New York, 1991.

404

74 P. M. Kerzhentsev, Tvorcheskii teatr (Creative Theater) (Petersburg, 1920), p. 137.

405

75 A. Lunacharsky, Rasskazy o Lenine (Stories About Lenin) (Moscow, 1971), p. 44.

406

76 Literaturnoe nasledstvo (Literary Heritage), vol. 80, p. 369.

407

77 Yu. Slonimsky, Chudesnoe bylo riadom s nami (The Marvelous Was Right next to Us) (Leningrad, 1984), p. 147.

408

78 George Balanchine, in conversation with the author, New York, 1981.

409

79 Viktor Shklovsky, Gamburgskii schet. Stat’i-Vospominaniia-Esse, 1914-1933 (Hamburg Rules. Articles, Reminiscences, Essays, 1914-1933) (Moscow, 1990), p. 44.

410

80 Piast, Vstrechi (Encounters), p. 277.

411

81 Shklovsky, Gamburgskii schet (Hamburg Rules), p. 486.

412

82 Piast, Vstrechi (Encounters), p. 250.

413

83 Viktor Shklovsky, O teorii prozy (On a Theory of Prose) (Moscow, 1983), p. 72.

414

84 Shklovsky, Zhili-byli (Once upon a Time), p. 288.

415

85 Shklovsky, Gamburgskii schet (Hamburg Rules), p. 63.

416

86 D. S. Mirsky, Uncollected Writings on Russian Literature (Berkeley, 1989), p. 226.

417

87 Mandelstam, Sochineniia (Works), vol. 2, p. 273.

418

88 Peterburg, 2 (1922), p. 14.

419

89 George Balanchine, in conversation with the author, New York, 1982.

420

90 Konst. Fedin, Sobranie sochinenii (Collected Works), 10 vols., vol. 10 (Moscow, 1973), p. 128.

421

91 Slonimsky, Chudesnoe bylo riadom s nami (The Marvelous Was Right next to Us), p. 17.

422

92 Milashevsky, Vchera, pozavchera (Yesterday, Day Before Yesterday), p. 218.

423

93 Slonimsky, Chudesnoe bylo riadom s nami (The Marvelous Was Right next to Us), p. 135.

424

94 Valerian Bogdanov-Berezovsky, in conversation with the author, Leningrad, 1970.

425

95 Alexandra Danilova, in conversation with the author, New York, 1991.

426

96 George Balanchine, in conversation with the author, New York, 1982.

427

97 Quoted in Muzyka i khoreografiia sovremennogo baleta (Music and Choreography of Modern Ballet) [collection] (Leningrad, 1974), p. 165.

428

98 Alexandra Danilova, in conversation with the author, New York, 1991.

429

99 I. Sollertinsky, Stat’i o balete (Articles on Ballet) (Leningrad, 1973), pp. 18-19.

430

100 Slonimsky, Chudesnoe bylo riadom s nami (The Marvelous Was Right next to Us), p. 200.

431

101 Fyodor Lopukhov, Shest’desiat let v balete (Sixty Years in the Ballet) (Moscow, 1966), p. 14.

432

102 Ibid., p. 13.

433

103 Quoted in E. Ia. Surits, Khoreograficheskoe iskusstvo dvadtsatykh godov (The Art of Choreography of the Twenties) (Moscow, 1979), p. 284.

434

104 Sollertinsky, Stat’i o balete (Articles on Ballet), p. 29.

435

105 Ibid., p. 26.

436

106 Lopukhov, Shest’desiat let v balete (Sixty Years in the Ballet), p. 33.

437

107 Quoted in Surits, Khoreograficheskoe iskusstvo dvadtsatykh godov (The Art of Choreography of the Twenties), pp. 66-67.

438

108 Teatr, 13 (1923), p. 7.

439

109 Teatr, 1 (1924), pp. 6-7.

440

110 Quoted in M. Dolinskii, Sviaz’ vremen (Connections of Times) (Moscow, 1976), p. 122.

441

111 Alexandra Danilova, in conversation with the author, New York, 1992.

442

112 Fyodor Lopukhov, in conversation with the author, Leningrad, 1967.

443

113 George Balanchine, in conversation with the author, New York, 1982.

444

114 V. Bogdanov-Berezovsky, Vstrechi (Encounters) (Moscow, 1967), p. 250.

445

115 M. Mikhailov, Zhizn’ v balete (Life in the Ballet) (Leningrad and Moscow, 1966), p. 44.

446

116 Quoted in V. I. Berezkin, V. V. Dmitriev (Leningrad, 1981), p. 13.

447

117 George Balanchine, in conversation with the author, New York, 1981.

448

118 Alexandra Danilova, in conversation with the author, New York, 1992.

449

119 Quoted in Slonimsky, Chudesnoe bylo riadom s nami (The Marvelous Was Right next to Us), p. 214.

450

120 Mikhailov, Zhizn’ v balete (Life in the Ballet), pp. 44-45.

451

121 Quoted in U istokov (At the Sources) [collection] (Moscow, 1960), p. 129.

452

122 Shklovsky, Gamburgskii schet (Hamburg Rules), p. 175.

453

123 George Balanchine, in conversation with the author, New York, 1982.

454

124 A. V. Lunacharsky, Sobranie sochinenii (Collected Works), 8 vols., vol. 7 (Moscow, 1967), p. 502.

455

125 George Balanchine, in conversation with the author, New York, 1981.

456

126 Ibid.

457

127 Quoted in Slonimsky, Chudesnoe bylo riadom s nami (The Marvelous Was Right next to Us), p. 182.

458

128 Ibid., p. 186.

459

129 Lopukhov, Shest’desiat let v balete (Sixty Years in the Ballet), p. 188.

460

130 Vladimir Mayakovsky, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii (Complete Collected Works), 13 vols., vol. 4 (Moscow, 1957), p. 253.

461

131 S. S. Prokofiev and N. Ya. Miaskovsky, Perepiska (Correspondence) (Moscow, 1977), p. 281.

462

132 Stravinsky and Craft, Expositions and Developments, p. 83.

463

133 Igor Stravinsky, An Autobiography (New York and London, 1962), p. 100.

464

134 Ibid., pp. 99-100.

465

135 Lincoln Kirstein, Dance: A Short History of Classic Theatrical Dancing (New York, 1969), p. 257.

466

136 Richard Buckle, George Balanchine, Ballet Master (New York, 1988), p. 68.

467

137 Stravinsky, Stat’i i materialy (Articles and Materials), p. 391.

468

138 Stravinsky and Craft, Expositions and Developments, pp. 34-35.

469

139 Ibid., p. 21.

470

140 Ibid., p. 32.

471

141 Portrait of Mr. B: Photographs of George Balanchine, with an essay by Lincoln Kirstein (New York, 1984), p. 16.

472

142 Igor Stravinsky, Themes and Conclusions (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1982), p. 34. Reprint.

473

143 Arlene Croce, Afterimages (New York, 1977), p. 419.

474

144 Nathan Milstein, in conversation with the author, New York, 1984.

475

145 Nathan Milstein, in conversation with the author, New York, 1986.

CHAPTER 5

476

1 Galina Serebryakova, O drugikh i o sebe (About Others and Myself) (Moscow, 1971), p. 9.

477

2 Vera Inber, Stranitsy dnei perebiraiia…. (Going Through the Pages of the Days) (Moscow, 1977), p. 13.

478

3 Serebryakova, O drugikh i o sebe (About Others and Myself), p. 9.

479

4 Mikhail Bulgakov, Chasha zhizni (The Cup of Life) (Moscow, 1988), pp. 461-62.

480

5 Quoted in Leningrad. Entsiklopedicheskii spravochnik (Leningrad. Encyclopedic Guidebook) (Moscow and Leningrad, 1957), pp. 112-13.

481

6 Benois, Moi vospominaniia (My Reminiscences), vol. 1 (bks. 1-3), pp. 11-12.

482

7 Ibid., p. 12.

483

8 Boris Pasternak, Perepiska s Ol’goi Freidenberg (Correspondence with Olga Freidenberg) (New York and London, 1981), p. 68.

484

9 V. Kaverin, Izbrannye proizvedeniia (Selected Works), 2 vols., vol. 1 (Moscow, 1977), p. 370.

485

10 Quoted in Vstrechi s proshlym (Encounters with the Past), issue 5 (Moscow, 1984), p. 242.

486

11 Pasternak, Perepiska s Freidenberg (Correspondence with Freidenberg), p. 68.

487

12 Stranitsy zhizni N.A. Rimskogo-Korsakova. Letopis’ zhizni i tvorchestva (Pages from the Life of N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov. The Chronicle of His Life and Work), issue 1 (Leningrad, 1969), p. 213.

488

13 Rimsky-Korsakov, Letopis’ (Chronicle), p. 218.

489

14 Tynyanov, Poetika. Istoriia literatury. Kino (Poetics. History of Literature. Film), p. 198.

490

15 Ibid.

491

16 M. F. Gnessin, Mysli i vospominaniia o N. A. Rimskom-Korsakove (Thoughts and Reminiscences About N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov) (Moscow, 1956), p. 199.

492

17 Rimsky-Korsakov, Letopis’ (Chronicle), p. 34.

493

18 N. A. Malko, Vospominaniia. Stat’i. Pis’ma (Reminiscences. Articles. Letters) (Leningrad, 1972), p. 49.

494

19 S. S. Prokofiev, Materialy. Dokumenty. Vospominaniia (Materials. Documents. Reminiscences) (Moscow, 1961), p. 138.

495

20 Anna Akhmatova, in conversation with the author, Komarovo, 1965.

496

21 Prokofiev, Avtobiografiia (Autobiography), p. 390.

497

22 Ibid.

498

23 Ibid., p. 503.

499

24 Stranitsy zhizni N.A. Rimskogo-Korsakova. Letopis’ zhizni i tvorchestva (Pages from the Life of N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov. Chronicle of His Life and Work), issue 4 (Leningrad, 1973), p. 113.

500

25 Ibid., p. 114.

501

26 Rimsky-Korsakov, Letopis’ (Chronicle), p. 191.

502

27 Malko, Vospominaniia (Reminiscences), p. 45.

503

28 Rimsky-Korsakov, Letopis’ (Chronicle), pp. 211, 212.

504

29 B. Asafyev, Kniga o Stravinskom (Book About Stravinsky) (Leningrad, 1977), p. 30.

505

30 Prokofiev, Materialy (Materials), p. 138.

506

31 Quoted in Vospominaniia o B. V. Asaf’eve (Reminiscences of B. V. Asafyev) (Leningrad, 1974), p. 82.

507

32 A. K. Glazunov, Pis’ma, stat’i, vospominaniia (Letters, Articles, Reminiscences) (Moscow, 1958), p. 379.

508

33 Prokofiev, Autobiografiia (Autobiography), p. 520.

509

34 Shklovsky, Zhili-byli (Once upon a Time), p. 164.

510

35 Glazunov, Pis’ma (Letters), pp. 367-68.

511

36 Asafyev, Kniga o Stravinskom (Book About Stravinsky), p. 28.

512

37 Rimsky-Korsakov, Letopis’ (Chronicle), p. 215.

513

38 Valerian Bogdanov-Berezovsky, in conversation with the author, Leningrad, 1970.

514

39 Novyi Amerikanets (New American), June 22-28, 1982.

515

40 Ibid.

516

41 Vstrechi s proshlym (Encounters with the Past), issue 5, p. 257.

517

42 Berthe Malko, in conversation with the author, New York, 1982.

518

43 Berthe Malko, in conversation with the author, Hillsdale, 1987.

519

44 L. Anninskii, Leskovskoe ozherel’e (Leskov’s Necklace) (Moscow, 1982), p. 80.

520

45 Yevgeny Zamyatin, Sochineniia (Works) (Moscow, 1988), p. 335.

521

46 Ibid.

522

47 Ibid.

523

48 Valerian Bogdanov-Berezovsky, in conversation with the author, Leningrad, 1970.

524

49 Ibid.

525

50 Nathan Milstein, in conversation with the author, London, 1987.

526

51 Yuri Shaporin, Izbrannye stat’i (Selected Articles) (Moscow, 1969), p. 101.

527

52 Nathan Milstein, in conversation with the author, New York, 1982.

528

53 Nathan Milstein, in conversation with the author, Vienna, 1976.

529

54 George Balanchine, in conversation with the author, New York, 1981.

530

55 Muzyka i revoliutsiia (Music and Revolution), 4 (1927), p. 31.

531

56 Vladimir Horowitz, in conversation with the author, New York, 1985.

532

57 Iosif Schwartz, in conversation with the author, Leningrad, 1961.

533

58 Valerian Bogdanov-Berezovsky, in conversation with the author, Leningrad, 1970.

534

59 Iosif Schwartz, in conversation with the author, Leningrad, 1961.

535

60 Vospominaniia o Sofronitskom (Reminiscences About Sofronitsky) (Moscow, 1970), p. 65.

536

61 Valerian Bogdanov-Berezovsky, in conversation with the author, Leningrad, 1970.

537

62 Berthe Malko, in conversation with the author, Hillsdale, 1989.

538

63 Maria Yudina, in conversation with the author, Moscow, 1970.

539

64 Quoted in Vospominaniia o Asaf’eve (Reminiscences About Asafyev), p. 83.

540

65 Quoted in Protokoly Pervoi Vserossiiskoi konferentsii proletarskikh kul’turno-prosvetitel’nykh organizatsii (Transcripts of the First All-Russian Conference of Proletarian Cultural and Educational Organizations) (Moscow, 1918), p. 127.

541

66 Nikolai Otsup, Sovremenniki (Contemporaries) (New York, 1986), p. 100.

542

67 Quoted in Zamyatin, Sochineniia (Works), p. 543.

543

68 Viktor Shklovsky, in conversation with the author, Moscow, 1975.

544

69 Fedin, Sobranie sochinenii (Collected Works), vol. 10, p. 78.

545

70 Shklovsky, Gamburgskii shchet (Hamburg Rules), p. 413.

546

71 Chukovsky, Dnevnik, 1901-1929 (Diary, 1901-1929), p. 407.

547

72 Ibid., p. 430.

548

73 Ibid., p. 406.

549

74 V. Kaverin, Epilog (Epilogue) (Moscow, 1989), p. 61.

550

75 Novyi mir (New World), 12 (1982), p. 131.

551

76 Annenkov, Dnevnik moikh vstrech (Diary of My Encounters), vol. 1, p. 310.

552

77 Quoted in Kaverin, Epilog, p. 501.

553

78 Mirsky, Uncollected Writings, p. 256.

554

79 Quoted in Kaverin, Epilog, p. 501.

555

80 Nikolai Chukovsky, Literaturnye vospominaniia (Literary Reminiscences) (Moscow, 1989), p. 320.

556

81 Ibid.

557

82 Grigory Kozintsev, Sobranie sochinenii (Collected Works), 5 vols., vol. 4 (Leningrad, 1984), p. 254.

558

83 Sovetskaia muzyka (Soviet Music), 6 (1983), p. 91.

559

84 Lydia Zhukova, in conversation with the author, New York, 1979.

560

85 Dmitri Shostakovich, in conversation with the author, Repino, 1972.

561

86 Ibid.

562

87 Yunost (Youth), 1 (1988), p. 56.

563

88 Maria Yudina, in conversation with the author, Moscow. 1970.

564

89 Fedin, Sobranie sochinenii (Collected Works), vol. 10, p. 105.

565

90 Sovetskaia muzyka (Soviet Music), 9 (1976), p. 50.

566

91 Vospominaniia o Zabolotskom (Reminiscences About Zabolotsky) (Moscow, 1977), pp. 86-87.

567

92 Quoted in Sovetskoe iskusstvo 20-30-kh godov (Soviet Art of the Twenties and Thirties) (Leningrad, 1988), p. 22.

568

93 Ibid., p. 16.

569

94 Daugava, 3 (1988), p. 109.

570

95 Yevgeny Shvarts, Zhivu bespokoino … (I Live Anxiously …) (Leningrad, 1990), p. 632.

571

96 Adrian Piotrovsky, Teatr. Kino. Zhizn’ (Theater. Film. Life) (Leningrad, 1969), p. 93.

572

97 Ibid., p. 97.

573

98 Dmitri Shostakovich, in conversation with the author, Repino, 1972.

574

99 Ibid.

575

100 Pavel Vulfius, in conversation with the author, Leningrad, 1962.

576

101 Maria Yudina, in conversation with the author, Moscow, 1970.

577

102 Nikolai Chukovsky, Literaturnye vospominaniia (Literary Reminiscences), pp. 173, 172.

578

103 Kirill Kondrashin, in conversation with the author, Washington, D.C., 1980.

579

104 Yulian Vainkop, in conversation with the author, Leningrad, 1967.

580

105 George Balanchine, in conversation with the author, New York, 1981.

581

106 Sovetskaia muzyka (Soviet Music), 6 (1983), p. 92.

582

107 Novoye Russkoye Slovo (The New Russian Word), April 6, 1990.

583

108 Lydia Ginzburg, Literatura v poiskakh real’nosti (Literature in Search of Reality) (Leningrad, 1987), p. 242.

584

109 Anna Akhmatova, in conversation with the author, Komarovo, 1965.

585

110 Vyacheslav Zavalishin, in conversation with the author, New York, 1993.

586

111 Fyodor Lopukhov, in conversation with the author, Moscow, 1967.

587

112 Dmitri Shostakovich, in conversation with the author, Moscow, 1974.

588

113 Quoted in Anna Akhmatova, Requiem (Moscow, 1989), p. 105.

589

114 Shvarts, Zhivu bespokoino (I Live Anxiously), pp. 629-30.

590

115 Lydia Zhukova, Epilogi (Epilogues), book 1 (New York, 1983), p. 7.

591

116 Voprosy literatury (Issues of Literature), 9 (1974), p. 175.

592

117 Lydia Zhukova, in conversation with the author, New York, 1979.

593

118 Joseph Brodsky, in conversation with the author, New York, 1981.

594

119 Ibid.

595

120 Ibid.

596

121 Lydia Chukovskaya, Zapiski ob Anne Akhmatovoi (Notes About Anna Akhmatova), vol. 1 (Paris, 1976), p. 10.

597

122 Shvarts, Zhivu bespokoino (I Live Anxiously), p. 633.

598

123 Sovetskaia muzyka (Soviet Music), 9 (1989), p. 45.

599

124 Shvarts, Zhivu bespokoino (I Live Anxiously), p. 630.

600

125 Veniamin Sher, in conversation with the author, Leningrad, 1960.

601

126 Novoye Russkoye Slovo (The New Russian Word), May 10, 1991.

602

127 Quoted in Ales’ Adamovich and Daniil Granin, Blokadnaia kniga (Blockade Book) (Leningrad, 1989), p. 28.

603

128 K. Kripton, Osada Leningrada (The Siege of Leningrad) (New York, 1952), p. 235.

604

129 Quoted in 900 geroicheskikh dnei (900 Heroic Days) (Moscow and Leningrad, 1966), p. 56.

605

130 S. Khentova, Shostakovich: Zhizn’i tvorchestvo (Shostakovich: Life and Work), vol. 2 (Leningrad, 1986), p. 24.

606

131 Ilya Ehrenburg, Liudi, gody, zhizn’: Vospominaniia (People, Years, Life: Reminiscences), 3 vols., vol. 2 (Moscow, 1990), p. 242.

607

132 Novyi mir (New World), 3 (1990), p. 267.

608

133 Sovetskaia muzyka (Soviet Music), 5 (1991), pp. 31-32.

609

134 Sovetskoe iskusstvo (Soviet Art), October 9,1941.

610

135 A. Kriukov, Muzyka v gorode-fronte (Music in the Front City) (Leningrad, 1975), pp. 9-10.

611

136 Kontinent, 37 (1983), p. 363.

612

137 Time, July 20, 1942.

613

138 Embassy of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Information Bulletin, Special Issue, Washington, D.C., August 10, 1942.

614

139 Antal Dorati, Notes of Seven Decades (Detroit, 1981), pp. 60-62.

615

140 Vera Stravinsky, in conversation with the author, New York, 1976.

616

141 Kripton, Osada Leningrada (Siege of Leningrad), p. 185.

617

142 Shvarts, Zhivu bespokoino (I Live Anxiously), p. 657.

618

143 Minuvshee (The Past), issue 3 (Paris, 1987), pp. 20-21.

619

144 Adamovich and Granin, Blokadnaia kniga (Blockade Book), p. 519.

620

145 Ibid., p. 370.

621

146 Minuvshee (The Past), issue 3, pp. 23, 38.

622

147 Kripton, Osada Leningrada (The Siege of Leningrad), p. 238.

623

148 Adamovich and Granin, Blokadnaia kniga (Blockade Book), pp. 273-74.

624

149 A. N. Kriukov, Muzyka v kol’tse blokady (Music Inside the Circle of the Blockade) (Moscow, 1973), p. 110.

625

150 A. Korol’kevich, A muzy ne molchali (But the Muses Were Not Silent) (Leningrad, 1965), pp. 141-42.

CHAPTER 6

626

1 Vsevolod Vishnevsky, Sobranie sochinenii (Collected Works), 5 vols., vol. 6 (additional) (Moscow, 1961), pp. 164-65.

627

2 Milashevsky, Vchera, pozavchera (Yesterday, Day Before Yesterday), p. 253.

628

3 Blair A. Ruble, Leningrad: Shaping a Soviet City (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1990), p. 59.

629

4 Harrison Salisbury, in conversation with the author, New York, 1977.

630

5 Doklad t. Zhdanova o zhurnalakh “Zvezda” i “Leningrad” (Comrade Zhdanov’s Report on the Journals Zvezda and Leningrad), pp. 32-33.

631

6 Teatr, 8 (1988),p. 143.

632

7 Quoted in Konstantin Simonov, Glazami cheloveka moego pokoleniia (Through the Eyes of a Man of My Generation) (Moscow, 1990), p. 111.

633

8 Zvezda (Star), 6 (1989), p. 167.

634

9 B. Eikhenbaum, O literature (On Literature) (Moscow, 1987), p. 28.

635

10 Tynianovskii sbornik (Tynyanov Anthology), issue 3 (Riga, 1988), p. 218.

636

11 Sergei Yutkevich, in conversation with the author, Moscow, 1976.

637

12 Quoted in Iz istorii Lenfil’ma (From the History of Lenfilm), issue 2 (Leningrad, 1970), p. 29.

638

13 Ibid.

639

14 L. Trauberg, Fil’m nachinaetsia … (The Film Is Beginning) (Moscow, 1977), p. 209.

640

15 Kozintsev, Sobranie sochinenii (Collected Works), vol. 4, pp. 253-54.

641

16 Sergei Yutkevich, in conversation with the author, Moscow, 1976.

642

17 Iz istorii Lenfil’ma (From the History of Lenfilm), issue 4 (Leningrad, 1975), p. 99.

643

18 Sergei Yutkevich, in conversation with the author, Moscow, 1976.

644

19 Trauberg, Fil’m nachinaetsia (The Film Is Beginning), p. 101.

645

20 G. Mar’iamov, Kremlevskii tsenzor (Kremlin Censor) (Moscow, 1992), p. 33.

646

21 Ibid., p. 35.

647

22 Lydia Chukovskaya, Zapiski ob Anne Akhmatovoi (Notes on Anna Akhmatova), vol. 2 (Paris, 1980), p. 215.

648

23 Novyi mir (New World), 3 (1990), p. 263.

649

24 Chukovskaya, Zapiski of Akhmatovoi (Notes on Akhmatova), vol. 1, p. 47.

650

25 Nathan Altman, in conversation with the author, Leningrad, 1966.

651

26 N. Ia. Berkovsky, Literatura i teatr (Literature and Theater) (Moscow, 1969), p. 446.

652

27 Nathan Altman, in conversation with the author, Leningrad, 1966.

653

28 Kozintsev, Sobranie sochinenii (Collected Works), vol. 4, p. 264.

654

29 Ibid., pp. 264-65.

655

30 Sergei Yutkevich, in conversation with the author, Moscow, 1976.

656

31 Nathan Altman, in conversation with the author, Leningrad, 1966.

657

32 Akhmatovskii sbornik (Akhmatova Anthology), issue 1 (Paris, 1989), p. 118.

658

33 Cf. V. N. Toporov, Akhmatova i Blok (Akhmatova and Blok) (Berkeley, 1981).

659

34 Cf. Brodsky and Volkov, Vspominaiia Akhmatovu (Remembering Akhmatova), pp. 36-38.

660

35 Irina Graham, in conversation with the author, New York, 1978.

661

36 Anna Akhmatova, in conversation with the author, Komarovo, 1965.

662

37 Dmitri Shostakovich, in conversation with the author, Moscow, 1973.

663

38 E. Dobin, Siuzhet i deistvitel’nost’ (Plot and Reality) (Leningrad, 1976), p. 145.

664

39 Quoted in V. Vilenkin, V sto pervom zerkale (In the One Hundred and First Mirror) (Moscow, 1987), p. 237.

665

40 A. Afanas’ev, Poeticheskie vozzreniia slavian na prirodu (Poetic Visions of the Slavs on Nature), vol. 2 (Moscow, 1868), p. 85.

666

41 Quoted in Vozdushnye puti (Aerial Paths), issue 4 (New York, 1965), p. 280.

667

42 Joseph Brodsky, in conversation with the author, New York, 1982.

668

43 Vozdushnye puti (Aerial Paths), issue 4, p. 283.

669

44 Ibid., p. 303.

670

45 Literaturnaya gazeta (Literary Gazette), May 5, 1993.

671

46 Andrei Bitov, in conversation with the author, New York, 1988.

672

47 Yevgeny Rein, in conversation with the author, New York, 1988.

673

48 Joseph Brodsky, in conversation with the author, New York, 1981.

674

49 Joseph Brodsky, in conversation with the author, Washington, D.C., 1992.

675

50 Ibid.

676

51 Joseph Brodsky, in conversation with the author, New York, 1981.

677

52 Iosif Brodskii razmerom podlinnika (Joseph Brodsky in Original Meter) (Tallinn, 1990), p. 168.

678

53 Joseph Brodsky, in conversation with the author, New York, 1981.

679

54 Ibid.

680

55 Kirill Kondrashin, in conversation with the author, Washington, D.C., 1980.

681

56 George Balanchine, in conversation with the author, New York, 1982.

682

57 Maxim Shostakovich, in conversation with the author, New York, 1986.

683

58 Shvarts, Zhivu bespokoino (I Live Anxiously), p. 298.

684

59 Irina Kichanova-Lifshits, Prosti menia za to, chto ia zhivu (Forgive Me for Being Alive) (New York, 1982), p. 37.

685

60 Novyi mir (New World), 6 (1992), p. 101.

686

61 Tynianovskii sbornik (Tynyanov Anthology), issue 3, p. 210.

687

62 Shvarts, Zhivu bespokoino (I Live Anxiously), p. 630.

688

63 Kichanova-Lifshits, Prosti menia (Forgive Me), p. 49.

689

64 Shvarts, Zhivu bespokoino (I Live Anxiously), p. 117.

690

65 Berkovsky, Literatura i teatr (Literature and Theater), p. 566.

691

66 Sollertinsky, Stat’i o balete (Articles on Ballet), p. 90.

692

67 Ibid., p. 96.

693

68 Quoted in Konstantin Sergeyev, Sbornik statei (Collection of Articles) (Moscow, 1978), p. 154.

694

69 Rudolf Nureyev, in conversation with the author, New York, 1986.

695

70 Ibid.

696

71 George Balanchine, in conversation with the author, New York, 1982.

697

72 Ibid.

698

73 Joseph Brodsky, in conversation with the author, New York, 1981.

699

74 Yuri Grigorovich, in conversation with the author, New York, 1990.

700

75 Literaturnaya gazeta (Literary Gazette), May 5, 1993.

701

76 Brodsky and Volkov, Vspominaia Akhmatovu (Remembering Akhmatova), p. 49.

702

77 Ibid., p. 48.

703

78 Ibid.

704

79 Joseph Brodsky, in conversation with the author, New York, 1981.

705

80 Ibid.

706

81 Quoted in Neva, 2 (1989), p. 166.

707

82 Ibid.

708

83 Anatolii Afanas’ev, Polyn’ v chuzhikh poliakh (Wormwood in Alien Fields) (Moscow, 1984), p. 248.

709

84 Joseph Brodsky, in conversation with the author, New York, 1981.

710

85 Solomon Volkov, Iosif Broskii v N’iu-Iorke (Joseph Brodsky in New York) (New York, 1990), p. 20.

711

86 Ibid., p. 50.

712

87 Joseph Brodsky, in conversation with the author, New York, 1988.

713

88 New Criterion, 1986, special summer issue, p. 11.

714

89 Joseph Brodsky, in conversation with the author, Washington, D.C., 1991.

715

90 Literaturnaya gazeta (Literary Gazette), May 5, 1993.

716

91 Nikolai Chukovsky, Literaturnye vospominaniia (Literary Reminiscences), p. 46,

717

92 Iosif Brodskii razmerom podlinnika (Joseph Brodsky in Original Meter), p. 179.

718

93 Pushkin v vospominaniiakh sovremennikov (Pushkin in Reminiscences of Contemporaries), vol. 1, p. 120.

719

94 Quoted in Vas. Bazanov, Russkie revoliutsionnye demokraty i narodoznanie (Russian Revolutionary Democrats and Knowing the People) (Leningrad, 1974), p. 316.

720

95 Ibid., p. 396.

721

96 Knizhnoe obozrenie (Book Review), June 16, 1989.

722

97 Ibid.

723

98 Andrei Bitov, in conversation with the author, New York, 1988.

724

99 Ibid.

725

100 Ibid.

726

101 Andrei Bitov, in conversation with the author, New York, 1992.

727

102 Ibid.

728

103 Ibid.

729

104 Andrei Bitov, in conversation with the author, New York, 1988.

730

105 Viktor Sosnora, in conversation with the author, New York, 1987.

731

106 Andrei Bitov, in conversation with the author, New York, 1992.

732

107 Ibid.

733

108 Joseph Brodsky, in conversation with the author, New York, 1981.

734

109 Konstantin Kuzminsky, in conversation with the author, New York, 1993.

735

110 Ibid.

736

111 Ibid.

737

112 Alexander Zhitinsky, Puteshestvie rok-diletanta (Travels of a Rock Dilettante) (Leningrad, 1990), p. 403.

738

113 Ibid.

739

114 Vladimir Rekshan, Kaif polnyi (Total High), (Leningrad, 1990), p. 23.

740

115 Ibid., p. 38.

741

116 Ibid., p. 125.

742

117 Anatoly Sobchak, Khozhdenie vo vlast’ (Taking Power) (Moscow, 1991), p. 214.

743

118 Yu. Karyakin, Dostoevskii i kanun XXI veka (Dostoyevsky and the Eve of the Twenty-first Century) (Moscow, 1989), p. 606.

744

119 Sobchak, Khozhdenie vo vlast’ (Taking Power), p. 65.

745

120 Tsarstvennoe slovo: Akhmatovskie chteniia (Royal Word: Akhmatova’s Readings), issue 1 (Moscow, 1992), p. 41.

746

121 Moskovskie novosti (Moscow News), May 1, 1988.

747

122 Literaturnaya gazeta (Literary Gazette), August 17, 1988.

748

123 Komsomolskaya pravda (Komsomol Pravda), March 19, 1988.

749

124 Nezavisimaia gazeta (Independent Newspaper), July 16, 1992.

750

125 Vechernii Minsk (Evening Minsk), June 5, 1991.

751

126 Yegor Ligachev, in conversation with the author, New York, 1991.

752

127 Sovetskaia Rossiia (Soviet Russia), July 5, 1991.

753

128 Novoye Russkoye Slovo (New Russian Word), December 12, 1990.

754

129 Joseph Brodsky, in conversation with the author, Washington, D.C., 1991.

755

130 Ibid.

756

131 Novoye Russkoye Slovo (New Russian Word), October 22, 1993.

757

132 L. N. Gumilyov, Ot Rusi do Rossii (From Rus to Russia) (St. Petersburg, 1992), p. 255.

758

133 Ibid., p. 256.

759

134 Andrei Bitov, My prosnulis’ v neznakomoi strane (We Awakened in an Unfamiliar Land) (Leningrad, 1991), p. 38.

760

135 G. P. Fedotov, Sud’ba i grekhi Rossii: Izbrannye stat’i po filosofii russkoi istorii i kul’tury (Russia’s Fate and Sins: Selected Articles on the Philosophy of Russian History and Culture), vol. 2 (St. Petersburg, 1991), p. 146.

761

136 Joseph Brodsky, in conversation with the author, New York, 1988.

762

137 Ogonyok (Little Flame), 24 (1990), p. 10.

763

138 Bitov, My prosnulis’ (We Awakened), p. 58.

764

139 Iskusstvo Leningrada (Art of Leningrad), 1 (1991), p. 53.

765

140 Joseph Brodsky, in conversation with the author, Washington, D.C., 1992.

766

141 Ibid.