Stalingrad

PREFACE

p. xiv 13,500 executions, Institute of Military History, 21 Jan. 1993, quoted in Erickson, ‘Red Army battlefield p. xiv p. xiv performance’, p. 244

p. xiv ‘former Russians’, Dobronin to Shcherbakov, 8 Oct. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/24, p. 81

CHAPTER 1

p. 3 ‘an important clarification’, Berezhkov, In diplomatischer Mission bei Hitler,p. 63

p. 3 ‘thirty-nine aircraft…’, Maslennikov, RGVA, 38652/1/58.

p. 4 ‘is not here…’, Berezhkov, op. cit., p. 64

p. 5 ‘Disinformation has…’, quoted in Andrew and Gordievsky, p. 212

p. 6 ‘In the course…’, quoted in Erickson, The Road to Stalingrad,p. 110

p. 6 ‘Reichsminister von Ribbentrop…’, Berezhkov, op. cit., p. 65

p. 7 ‘barely five feet tall…’, Andrew and Gordievsky, p. 195

p. 7 ‘like a caged…’, ‘statesmanlike…’, ‘The Führer…’, Schmidt, pp. 212, 234

p. 7 ‘His face was scarlet…’, Berezhkov, op. cit., p. 67

p. 8 ‘The Soviet Government’s…’, Schmidt, pp. 234–5

p. 8 ‘The Führer…’, Berezhkov, op. cit., p. 67

p. 8 ‘You’ll regret…’, Berezhkov, op. cit., p. 68

p. 9 ‘Even if you retreat…’, Volkogonov, p. 413

p. 10 ‘It was as if…’, Gavrielova, conversation, 22 Nov. 1995

p. 10 ‘fought in four wars’, Goncharov, conversation, 23 Nov. 1995

p. 10 ‘We thought…’, Nefyodova, conversation, 22 Nov. 1995

p. 11 ‘Propaganda fell…’, Grigorev, conversation, 22 Nov. 1995

CHAPTER 2

p. 12 ‘Nothing is impossible…!’ Reichstag speech of 4 May 1941, Völkischer Beobachter, 5 May 1941

p. 12 ‘to establish a defence…’, Führer Directive No. 21, 18 Dec. 1940

p. 13 ‘The war with Russia…’, Gefreiter, 24th Pz. Div., interrogation, 12 Aug. 1942, TsAMO 48/453/13, p. 32

p. 13 305th Inf. Div. motor transport, BA-MA, RH19 VI/1, p. 129

p. 14 ‘Our optimism…’, Freytag-Loringhoven, conversation, 23 Oct. 1995

p. 14 ‘the final encounter…’, IMT ND-447-PS

p. 14 ‘that the downfall of 1918…’, BA-MA, RW4/577

p. 14 ‘That would be…’, Stahlberg, p. 159

p. 15 ‘battle between…’, quoted in Messerschmidt, p. 214

p. 16 ‘Many tens of millions…’, IMT ND 221-L

p. 16 ‘It makes one’s hair…’, Hassell, 8 Apr. 1941, p. 173

p. 16 ‘The annihilation of those same Jews…’, quoted in Jürgen Förster, ‘Motivation and indoctrination in the Wehrmacht, 1933–1945’, in Addison and Calder, p. 270

p. 17 ‘The jewish-bolshevik…’, 11th Army HQ 20 Nov. 1941, quoted in Klee and Dressen, pp. 41–44

p. 17 ‘Thegenerals…’, paulus,2iJuly 1951,’DasVerhalten der Generalität unter Hitler’, BA-MA, N372/9, p. 1

p. 17 ‘For us…’, Edgar Klaus, p. 36, and Beiträge zur Geschichte der 60. Infanterie Division (mot.), TS, MGFA-P, 1979, p. 3

p. 17 ‘Instead of…’, Kroll, conversation, 6 May 1996

p. 18 ‘Within the regiment…’, Kageneck, conversation, 24 Oct. 1995

p. 18 ‘of the three…’, Dr Alois Beck, ÖStA-AdR 522

p. 18 ‘You could not…’, anonymous conversation, 16 May 1996

p. 18 ‘the Wehrmacht should not…’, Theo Schulte, ‘The German soldier in occupied Russia’, in Addison and Calder, p. 279

p. 18 ‘shocked by…’, Dohna-Schlobitten, pp. 213–14, and conversation, 16 Oct. 1995

p. 19 ‘handed over…’, RGVA, 38652/1/8

p. 19 ‘The bombs were falling…’, Col. I. T. Starinov, ‘The frontier aflame’, in Bialer, p. 225

p. 20 ‘Of course I’ll be there…’, Schmidt, p. 233

p. 20 ‘approximately 160…’, quoted in Domarus, vol. ii, p. 1731

p. 20 ‘European Crusade…’, Völkischer Beobachter, 28 June 1941

CHAPTER 3

p. 21 ‘I know! It has already…’, Starinov, op. cit., in Bialer, p. 222

p. 22 ‘impetuous dash…’, Erich von Manstein, Lost Victories,p. 187

p. 22 ‘Our pilots feel…’, 4 Oct. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/24, p. 48

p.23 ‘The Germans are coming…’, Erickson, The Road to Stalingrad,p. 121

p. 23 ‘the study of the…’, Erickson, ‘The development of Soviet military doctrine’, p. 7

p. 24 ‘political demands…’, captured document, APRF 3/58/451

p. 25 ‘I was with the troops…’, Starinov, op. cit., in Bialer, p. 237

p. 25 ‘a number of conclusions’, APRF, 45/1/478

p. 26 ‘I am dying…’, TsMVS

p. 26 ‘nearly always stubborn…’, APRF, 3/58/451

p. 27 ‘shocking and in comprehensible’, Gavrielova, conversation, 22 Nov. 1995

p. 27 ‘The hatred Fascism…’, Grossman, Life and Fate,p. 34

p. 27 ‘The Motherland Calls!’, TsMVS

p. 28 ‘Our aim is to defend…’, quoted in N. D. Dyatlenko MS.

p. 28 ‘Tomorrow, or…’, Ehrenburg collection, RGALI 1204/2/3453

p. 29 ‘the greatest battle…’, Sommerfeldt, pp. 95–6

p. 30 ‘Look closely…’, Malaparte, p. 61

CHAPTER 4

p. 31 ‘The vastness…’, 12 August 1941, quoted in Messenger, p. 150

p. 32 ‘up to forty miles…’, Gottfried von Bismarck MS.

p. 32 ‘the knights of modern warfare’, Podewils, p. 32

p. 35 ‘What a great…’, letter, 11 Oct. 1941, quoted in Paulus, p. 144

p. 35 ‘Strong-point after…’, letter, Lt-Gen. Himer, 2 Oct. 1941, quoted in Paulus, p. 143

p. 37 ‘rubbish’, quoted in Volkogonov, p. 422

p. 38 ‘with his impassive…’, Werth, The Year of Stalingrad,p. 104

p. 38 ‘Was the military parade…’, conversation, Ulko, 22 Nov. 1995

p. 39 ‘If they want a war of extermination…’, Werth, Russia at War,p. 246

p. 39 ‘There can be…’, Erickson, The Road to Stalingrad,p. 258

p. 40 ‘Many of the men…’, Gen. d. PZ. Tr. Rudolf Schmidt, XXXIX Panzer Corps, 13 Nov. 1941, quoted in Paulus, p. 145

p. 40 ‘This is no longer…’, quoted in Bartov, Hitler’s Army,p. 41

p.44 ‘a small army…’, Melnikov to Beria, 25 Sept. 1943, TsKhIDK, 451P/2/6

p. 44 ‘The German people…’, Hitler, quoted in Seydlitz, p. 114

p. 44 ‘You could see…’, Pabst, p. 54

p. 44 ‘photographing of executions…’, German reference: W 283/11.41c, 28 Nov. 1941, RTsKhIDNI 17/125/96

p. 45 ‘destroy and burn to ashes’, quoted in Volkogonov, p. 456

p.45 ‘Suicide in…’, order entitled ‘Suicide and Attempted Suicide’ of 17 Jan. 1942, TsAMO 48/453/21, p. 29

p. 45 ‘Christmas will not take place…’, TsAMO 206/294/48, p. 468

p. 46 ‘You are under…’, TsAMO 206/294/48, p. 346

p.46 ‘Notes for Those…’, TsAMO 206/294/48, pp. 471–4

p.47 ‘We want to return…’, Reichenau to XXIX Army Corps, 25 Dec. 1941, 01348/41, RTsKhIDNI 17/125/96

p. 47 ‘Front Letter No. 3’, TsAMO 206/294/12, pp. 17–19

CHAPTER 5

p. 52 ‘roughneck…’, quoted in Messenger, p. 61

p. 53 ‘more like a scientist…’, Kageneck, conversation, 24 Oct. 1995

p. 54 ‘Even his…’, letter, 11 Feb. 1942, quoted in Paulus, p. 164

p. 54 ‘punitive measures’, VOTsDNI 113/14/306, quoted in Epifanov, p. 135

p. 55 SS-Obersturmführer August Häfner, quoted in Klee and Dressen (eds.), p. 111

p. 55 ‘In various places…’, reproduced in Heer (ed.), p. 75

p. 55 ‘dishonourable for officers…’, Paget, p. 173

p. 56 ‘We cannot…’, quoted in Groscurth, p. 91

p. 56 ‘You should bring with you…’, quoted in Heer, p. 78

p. 56 more than 30,000, R. W. M. Kempner, SS im Kreuzverhör, Munich, 1964, p. 29

p. 56 Reichenau’s order, quoted in Klee and Dressen (eds.), p. 39

p. 57 village of Komsomolsk, TsAMO 206/294/48

p. 57 ‘Interrogations should end…’, TsAMO 48/453/21, p. 32

p. 57 ‘The Landsers go…’, 5 July 1942, TsAMO 206/294/48, p. 485

p. 58 ‘Führer’s Birthday’ and other examples all in BA-MA, N395/10

p. 58 ‘dead men lying…’, Kageneck, p. 30

p. 59 ‘We were afraid…’, Kageneck, pp. 32–3

p. 59 ‘Most of them…’, Malaparte, p. 121

p. 59 600 Soviet prisoners, Goldhagen, p. 157

p. 59 ‘should be left to starve’, BA-ΜA, N159/4, quoted in Messerschmidt, pp. 221–2

p. 59 ‘of cold, of starvation…’, Erickson, The Road to Stalingrad,p. 328

p. 59 Maximov, NKVD report, 4 Mar. 1943, TsAMO 226/335/7, p. 364

p. 60 ‘Their information on…’, 29 Mar. 1942, RTsKhIDNI 17/125/96

p. 60 ‘work only if…’, 16 Mar. 1942, RTsKhIDNI 17/125/96

p. 60 ‘My ambulance had…’, Dr Hans Heinz Schrömbgens, quoted in Schneider-Janessen, p. 136

p. 61 Feodosia, BA-MA, RW2/V. 151, 152, quoted in de Zayas, p. 181

p. 62 ‘Morale was…’, Freytag-Loringhoven, conversation, 23 Oct. 1995

p. 62 ‘Just be happy…’, Bruno Gebele, in Beck, p. 102

p. 63 ‘qualitative superiority…’, Förster, ‘Evolution and development of erman doctrine 1914–1945’, p. 7

p. 63 ‘My great concern…’, Bock diary, 8 May 1942, quoted in Paulus, p. 176

p. 63 ‘that it was a farewell…’, Seydlitz, p. 147

p. 63 ‘The buildings…’, Seydlitz, p. 148

p. 65 ‘shells bounced…’, Kageneck, conversation, 24 Oct. 1995

p. 66 ‘The fighting methods…’, Uffz. Hans Urban, 389th I.D., BA-MA, RW4/V 264, p. 89

p. 67 ‘the German searchlights…’, MS. by unknown soldier in Ehrenburg papers, RGALI 1204/2/3453

p. 67 ‘the success…’, 20 May 1942, quoted in Paulus, p. 166

p. 67 ‘How refreshing it is…’, 12 July 1942, quoted in Paulus, p. 168

CHAPTER 6

p. 69 ‘If we don’t take…’, Paulus, p. 157

p. 71 ‘the fateful place’, Podewils, p. 29

p. 73 ‘The Russian tanks…’, Podewils, pp. 47–8

p. 73 ‘shot them…’, TsAMO 230/586/1, p. 78

p. 74 ‘During the…’, Bock diary, 3 July 1942, Paulus, p. 185

p.75 ‘As far as the eye…’, Podewils, p. 47

p. 75 ‘It was almost…’, Kageneck, conversation, 24 Oct. 1995

p. 76 ‘an ocean that…’, Strecker, 19 July 1942, Haller, p. 44

p. 76 ‘Black figures…’, Podewils, p. 44

p. 77 ‘A really small boy…’, 5 July 1942, Bähr and Bähr, p. 137

p. 77 ‘Germany, I have not…’, Bähr and Bähr, p. 139

p.77 ‘Our lads have…’, Cpl István Balogh, diary entry, 24 July 1942, RTsKhIDNI 17/125/97

p. 78 ‘We were starved…’, TsAMO 206/294/47, p. 147

p. 80 Rattenhuber’s interrogation by SMERSH on 28 Nov. 1945, Voennye Arkhivi Rossii, No. 1, 1993, p. 357

p. 81 ‘The constant…’, Haider, 23 July 1942, p. 489

p.81 ‘a sun-ray cure’, quoted in Stahlberg, p. 308

p. 81 ‘absolute League of Nations army’, quoted in Messenger, p. 149

p. 82 ‘amid silent people…’, RTsKhIDNI 17/125/97

p. 82 ‘enough to buy…’, interrogation 26 Sept. 1942, TsAMO 206/294/47, p. 561

p. 82 ‘A man went to…’, RTsKhIDNI 17/125/97

p. 83 98,000 casualties, Mark Axworthy, ‘The Romanian soldier at the siege of Odessa’, in Addison and Calder, p. 227

p. 83 ‘The habit of looting…’, RTsKhIDNI 17/125/97

CHAPTER 7

p. 84 ‘They’ve forgotten…’, TsAMO 3/11 556/9, Volkogonov, p. 459

p. 84 ‘anyone who removes…’, Order 270 of 16 Aug. 1941, TsAMO 298/2526/5a, quoted in Volkogonov, p. 427

p. 85 ‘Panic-mongers…’, 16 Aug. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/28, p. 8

p. 85 ‘to combat cowardice’, Zhukov to Stalin, quoted in Volkogonov, p. 469

p. 85 ‘traitor to the…’, RTsKhIDNI 17/43/1774

p. 85 422,700 Red Army men, Erickson, ‘Red Army battlefield performance’, in Addison and Calder, p. 236

p. 85 ‘atone with…’, TsAMO 48/486/28, p. 15

p.85 ‘already wounded…’, Dobronin to Shcherbakov, 29 Oct. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/24, p. 315

p. 86 ‘pale because they…’, Nikolay Filin, ‘Kak i pochemu ya byl agentom SMERSh’, Vechernyaya Moskva, 25 Nov. 1995

p. 86 ‘It is very difficult…’, Ehrenburg papers, RGALI 1284/2/3466

p. 86 ‘of the treatment…’, order from Second Panzer Army, 9 Feb. 1942, RTsKhIDNI 17/125/96

p. 87 ‘Most of the soldiers…’, 10 Aug. 1942, TsAMO 48/453/13, p. 10

p. 87 ‘a sin against…’, TsAMO 48/453/13, pp. 4–7

p. 87 ‘as hot…’, letter, 9 July 1942, quoted in Haller, p. 192; ‘53 degrees in the sun’, Groscurth, p. 527

p. 87 ‘The Russians have…’, Gefr. H. S., 389th I.D., 10 Aug. 1942, BZG-S

p. 87 ‘Soviet bombers…’, BA-MA, RH27-16/42

p. 88 ‘the plague of flies…’, Dr Günther Diez, quoted in Schneider-Janessen, p. 130

p. 88 ‘To be honest…’, 19 July 1942, TsAMO 206/294/48, p. 485

p. 89 horsebrush, TsAMO 48/486/28, p. 15

p. 89 ‘about this senseless task’, Podewils, p. 98

p. 90 ‘hiding in a ditch’, 31 July 1942, TsAMO 206/294/47, p. 251

p. 90 ‘They had a longer range…’, Freytag-Loringhoven, conversation, 23 Oct. 1995

p. 91 ‘They would have quickly…’, Simonov, Raznye dni voiny,p. 180

p. 92 ‘Russians resisting…’, 2, 3, 5 and 6 Aug. 1942, TsAMO 206/294/48, p. 486

p. 92 night-fighter regiment, Sterman, conversation, 7 Nov. 1995

p. 94 ‘Papa Hube’, BA-MA, RH27-16/42

p. 94 ‘consuming so many…’, Behr, conversation, 25 Oct. 1995

p. 94 ‘old warhorse’, Dohna-Schlobitten, conversation, 16 Oct. 1995

p. 94 ‘too pessimistic’, Freytag-Loringhoven, conversation, 23 Oct. 1995

p. 94 ‘Not an encouraging sight…’, Podewils, p. 85

p. 95 ‘whenever a Russian…’, Metelmann, conversation, 12 Apr. 1996

p. 95 ‘an enormous herd of elephants’, Seydlitz, p. 158

p. 96 ‘The Russians are…’, quoted Paulus, p. 187

p. 96 ‘höchst primitiv’, Podewils, p. 95

p. 96 181st Rifle Division, conversation, Tsygankov, 22 Nov. 1995

p. 97 ‘the many, many…’, Sold. H. R., 9 Aug. 1942, 389th I.D., BZG-S

p. 97 seventy-two corpses, 24 Sept. 1942, TsAMO 62/335/7

p. 97 ‘The Russians can…’, Gefr. W. V., 9 Aug. 1942, 305th I.D., BZG-S

p. 97 ‘The only consolation…’, Sold. B. B., 389th I.D., 14 Aug. 1942, BZG-S

p. 97 ‘workers’columns’, RTsKhIDNI 17/43/1773

p. 98 petroleum-storage tanks, Nefyodova and Grebennikova, conversation, 23 Nov. 1995

p. 98 ‘Do you want to defend…?’ Albert, conversation, 23 Nov. 1995

p. 98 high-school pupils, RTsKhIDNI 17/43/1774

p. 99 Traitor to the Party…’, RTsKhIDNI 17/43/1774

p. 99 ‘special attention to the investigation…’, Dobronin to Shcherbakov, 18 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 240

p. 99 ‘advising him to…’, RTsKhIDNI 17/43/1774

p. 99 ‘political and moral degeneracy…’, RTsKhIDNI 17/43/1774

p. 100 ‘the end of the world…’, Lazarev, conversation, 13 Nov. 1995

p. 100 ‘After the Don…’, TsAMO 206/294/48, p. 485

CHAPTER 8

p. 103 ‘a very exhilarating…’, Freytag-Loringhoven, conversation, 23 Oct. 1995

p. 103 ‘General Paulus…’, Richthofen diary, 20 Aug. 1942, Paulus, p. 188

p. 103 ‘to cripple…’, Richthofen diary, 23 Aug. 1942, Paulus, p. 188

p. 103 ‘Make use of today!’ Podewils, p. 107

p. 104 ‘in tightly packed groups’, BA-MA, RH27-16/42

p. 104 ‘Stalingrad, the city of Stalin…’, BA-MA, RH20-6/216

p. 104 ‘a day which…’, Gavrielova, conversation, 22 Nov. 1995

p. 104 ‘Comrades, an air-raid…’, Nekrassov, p. 82

p. 104 ‘not just industrial…’, Grigorev, conversation, 22 Nov. 1995

p. 105 ‘literally had to drag…’, Nefyodova, conversation, 22 Nov. 1995

p. 105 ‘Before filling in…’, Goncharov, conversation, 23 Nov. 1995

p. 106 1,600 sorties, 1,000 tons, Plocher, p. 231

p. 106 ‘No one bothered…’, Goncharov, conversation, 23 Nov. 1995

p. 106 ‘Around Gumrak…’, BA-MA, RH27-16/42

p. 107 ‘seemed to think…’, Albert, conversation, 22 Nov. 1995

p. 107 ‘Oh, they’re finished now!’ Grossman papers, RGALI 618/2/108

p. 107 ‘the soldiers…’, BA-MA, RH27-16/42

p. 107 ‘We had started…’, Freytag-Loringhoven, conversation, 23 Oct. 1995

p. 107, ‘The Volga is reached!’ BA-MA, RH20-6/216

p. 107 ‘a feeling of…’, Langsdorff, p. 194

p. 108 ‘We looked at the…’, Freytag-Loringhoven, conversation, 23 Oct. 1995

p. 108 ‘the girls refused…’, Grossman papers, RGALI 618/2/108

p. 108 ‘stayed at her post…’, Goncharov, conversation, 22 Nov. 1995

p. 108 ‘Right until the late…’, BA-MA, RH27-16/42

p. 108 ‘It is completely…’, BA-MA, RW4/V. 264

p. 109 ‘We shall never surrender…’, TsMVS

p. 109 ‘deserted his post’, RTsKhIDNI 17/43/1773

p. 110 ‘Yesterday we reached…’, Gefr. E. R. 16th Pz. Div., 25 Aug. 1942, BZG-S

p. 110 ‘mit Eleganz’, Gefr. B. G., 2 Sept. 1942, BZG-S

p. 111 ‘gunboats’, BA-MA, RH27-16/42

p. 111 ‘We know how…’, Podewils, p. 117

p. 112 ‘like a calm lake’, Podewils, p. 105

p. 112 ‘Soon we too will…’, Gefr. B. G., 24 Aug. 1942, BZG-S

p. 112 ‘The song will really…’, Uffz. W. W., 27 Aug. 1942, BZG-S

p. 112 ‘You can’t imagine…’, Sold. H. R., 389th I.D., 28 Aug. 1942, BZG-S

p. 113 ‘very nervous’, Richthofen diary, Paulus, p. 188

p. 113 ‘the closer the…’, Strecker, Haller, p. 89

p. 113 ‘We will not abandon…’, 26 Aug. 1942, TsMVS

p. 114 ‘Many men have…’, Dobronin to Shcherbakov, 29 Oct. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/24, p. 308

p. 114 ‘Concentration of enemy…’, ÖStA-KA B/1540

p. 115 ‘led a battalion…’, Dobronin to Shcherbakov, 8 Oct. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/24, p. 78

p. 115 ‘This silver streak…’, Podewils, p. 119

p. 115 ‘Gentlemen, flying for fun…’, Einsiedel, p. 12

p. 116 ‘This shitty Russia’, Uffz. H. T., 71st I.D., 30 Aug. 1942, BZG-S

p. 117 ‘worried and angry’, Glichov, conversation, 6 Nov. 1995

p. 117 ‘What’s the matter…’, Volkogonov, p. 461

p. 118 ‘Delay at this moment’, Erickson, The Road to Stalingrad,p. 384

p. 118 The Germans also suffered…, BA-MA, RH27-16/43

p. 118 ‘Hello, my dear ones!’ V. M. Kovalov, 2 Sept. 1942, AMPSB 258/4904

p. 118 ‘the Volga was the last line…’, Glichov, conversation, 6 Nov. 1995

p. 119 ‘but Stalingrad will…’, Gefr. B. G., 3 Sept. 1942, BZG-S

p. 119 ‘According to…’, Sold. W. W., 305th I.D., 2 Sept. 1942, BZG-S

p. 119 ‘The ring round…’, BA-MA, RH20-6/216

p. 119 ‘Here, everyone…’, letter, 23 Aug. 1942, quoted in Paulus, p. 169

CHAPTER 9

p. 121 ‘the fateful city’, letter, 3 Dec. 1942, Groscurth, p. 530

p. 123 ‘satisfying progress…’, Haider, 7 Sept. 1942, p. 518

p. 123 ‘That is a lie!’ quoted in Domarus, vol. ii, p. 1908

p. 123 ‘long stare…’, Warlimont, p. 269

p. 124 ‘a completely new…’, Below, p. 315

p. 124 ‘The tanks are no good…’, BA-MA, RH27-16/43

p. 124 ‘The Russians attacked…’, Freytag-Loringhoven, conversation,23 Oct. 1995

p. 124 ‘As far as the eye…’, Gefr. O. K., 13 Sept. 1942

p. 125 ‘What if your beloved…’, Stalinskoe znamia, 8 Sept. 1942

p. 125 ‘Do not count days…’, Zayas, p. 169

p. 125 ‘sad smell of…’, Simonov, Raznye dni voiny, vol. ii, pp. 175–6

p. 127 ‘Comrade Chuikov…’, Chuikov, p. 84

p. 128 ‘Time is blood’, Chuikov, p. 89

p. 128 ‘to get across the Volga…’, Chuikov, p. 93

p. 128 ‘experienced traitor…’, 8 Oct. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/24, p. 77

p. 129 ‘every German must…’, Chuikov, p. 80

p. 129 ‘strong positions…’, BA-MA, RH20-6/216

p. 129 ‘then fourteen days…’, Haider, p. 521

p. 129 ‘A mass of Stukas…’, Gefr. H. S., 389th I.D., BZG-S

p. 131 ‘Yeremenko says…’, Zhukov, p. 143

p. 131 ‘Both divisions…’, BA-MA, RH20-6/216

p. 133 ‘Major Stalin’, S. D. Lugansky, ‘Malenkov’, in Bialer, p. 455

p. 134 ‘the kites perched…’, Grossman papers, RGALI 618/2/108

p. 135 ‘flowed from Rodimtsev…’, conversation, Kidyarov, 22 Nov. 1995

p. 135 ‘Since yesterday…’, anon., 29th I.D. (mot.), 15 Sept. 1942, BZG-S

p. 136 ‘he was afraid of…’, 8 Oct. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/24, p. 77

p. 136 ‘Instead of taking…’, 8 Oct. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/24, p. 77

p. 137 ‘did not agree…’, 8 Oct. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/24, p. 78

p. 137 ‘These clouds of earth…’, Grossman, Life and Fate,p. 35

p. 138 ‘Stalingrad has been taken…’, TsAMO 3/11 556/10, quoted in Volkogonov, pp. 474–5

p. 138 ‘Whenever an Me-109…’, 4 Oct. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/24, p. 48

p. 138 ‘As soon as Stuka…’, Max Plakolb, OStA-KAB/1540; Kalb interrogation, TsAMO 48/453/13, p. 70

p. 139 ‘Attack target area…’, Herbert Pabst, letters, quoted in Bähr and Bähr, pp. 186–8

p. 139 ‘The soldiers’…’, Dr Günther Diez, Schneider-Janessen, p. 130

p. 141 ‘Each Guards soldier…’, conversation, Kidyarov, 22 Nov. 1995

p. 142 ‘The air is filled…’, BA-MA, RH27-16/42

p. 142 ‘It’s not a human…’, Podewils, p. 115

p. 142 ‘Home is so far…’, Herbert Pabst, quoted in Bähr and Bähr, Ρ 184

p. 142 ‘Hello, my dear Palina!’, AMPSB 22789

p. 142 The Germans won’t…’, AMPSB 752-/5.481

p. 143 ‘left the line of defence…’, Dobronin to Stalingrad Front Military Council, 3 Oct. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/24, pp. 9, 30–32

CHAPTER 10

p. 145 ‘necessity of indoctrinating…’, Haider, p. 528

p. 145 ‘The general staff…’, 19 Aug. 1942, Groscurth, p. 548

p. 146 ‘ready to film…’, Dohna-Schlobitten, p. 246

p. 146 ‘the battle flag…’., BA-MA, RH20-6/216, p. 51

p. 146 ‘in much too rosy…’, quoted in Boelcke, p. 365

p. 146 ‘from morning… highly nervous’, 29 Aug. 1942, Groscurth, p. 550

p. 148 ‘fighting in the…’, Grossman papers, RGALI 618/2/108

p. 148 ‘like a layered cake’, Goncharov, conversation, 25 Nov. 1995

p. 148 ‘an aberration in the art of war’, Förster, ‘Evolution and development of German doctrine…’, p. 2

p. 149 ‘The enemy is…’, Strecker, Haller, p. 90

p. 149 ‘Not a house is left…’, Lt Anselm Radbruch, letter, 26 Sept. 1942, Bähr and Bähr, p. 174

p. 149 ‘The defenders have…’, Max Plakolb, ÖStA-KA B/1540

p. 149 ‘Make a mistake…’, Smirnov, conversation, 22 Nov. 1995

p. 150 ‘If only you could…’, Grossman papers, RGALI 1710/1/100

p. 150 25 million rounds, BA-MA, RH20-6/216, p. 58

p. 150 ‘The Russkies…’, Gefr. O. K., Pion. Bt 45, 16 Sept. 1942, BZG-S

p. 151 ‘We lie exhausted…’, Klaus, p. 20

p. 151 ‘The Russians’ unchallenged…’, Sixth Army war diary, 15 Nov. 1942, BA-MA, RH20-6/221

p. 152 ‘in Stalingrad…’, Tsygankov, conversation, 22 Nov. 1995

p. 152 ‘On the other side…’, Grossman papers, RGALI 681/2/108

p. 153 ‘Vanyusha…’, Tsygankov, conversation, 22 Nov. 1995

p. 153 ‘Further weapon training…’, 3 Oct. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/24, p. 10

p. 154 ‘the gaunt and melancholy’, Grossman papers, RGALI 618/2/108

p. 154 ‘Look after your…’, TsAMO 48/486/39, p. 21

p. 155 ‘covered in icicles…’, Tsygankov, conversation, 22 Nov. 1995

p. 155 ‘Shells exploding…’, Col. Vishnevsky, 17 Nov. 1942, AMPSB 602/10343

p. 157 ‘every imaginable sort…’, Lazar Ilich Lazarev, conversation, 13 Nov. 1995

p. 157 ‘military tribunal of NKVD Forces’, RTsKhIDNI 17/43/1773

p. 157 ‘physically and spiritually…’, Gavrielova, conversation, 22 Nov. 1995

p. 157 ‘brought over a hundred…’, and ‘threw grenades…’, TsMVS

p. 157 Kochnevskaya, 21 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 268

p. 158 ‘thousands of wounded…’, Sterman, conversation, 7 Nov. 1995

p. 158 ‘They often closed…’, Professor Krimskaya, quoted in Schneider-Janessen, p. 134

p. 158 Yekaterina Petlyuk, John Erickson, ‘Soviet women in war’, in Garrard and Garrard (eds.), p. 66

p. 158 ‘I had never seen…’, Simonov, Raznye dni voiny,p. 187

p. 159 ‘In hospital…’, Grossman papers, RGALI 1710/1/100

p. 159 ‘socialist competition’, Dobronin to Shcherbakov, 28 Oct. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/24, pp. 297–8

p. 159 ‘If they don’t…’, 4 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 47

p. 160 ‘it seemed as though…’, Maj. V. Velichko, ‘The 62nd Army’, in USSR, Stalingrad,p. 148

p. 161 ‘white symmetrical…’, Nekrassov, p. 82

p. 162 ‘Russian women…’, Uffz. Hans Urban, BA-MA, RW4/V. 264, p. 89

p. 162 ‘One more battle…’, Chuikov, p. 167

p. 162 ‘You can’t imagine…’, Gefr. H. S., 389th I.D., BZG-S

p. 163 ‘the confusing…’, Viktor Kainzer, Jäg.-Rgt 54, Stalingradbund Österreich, May 1984

p. 164 ‘Where are you?’ Chuikov, p. 184

p. 164 ‘For the defenders…’, 17 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 216

p. 165 ‘no man will shift…’, quoted in Domarus, vol. ii, pp. 1914, 1916

CHAPTER 11

p. 166 ‘We Russians were…’, Smirnov, conversation, 22 Nov. 1995

p. 166 ‘In the blazing city…’, Chuikov, p. 223

p. 166 ‘Those who do not…’, Stalinskoe znamia, 4 Sept. 1942

p. 166 ‘the defeatist mood…’, 8 Oct. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/24, p. 74

p. 167 German tanks protect deserters, TsAMO 48/486/24, p. 20

p. 167 Deserters from 124th Special Brigade, 3 Oct. 1942, Dobronin to Stalingrad Front Military Council, TsAMO 48/486/24, p. 8

p. 167 ‘Since their last…’, BA-MA, RH27-16/43

p. 167 ‘he was arrested…’, BA-MA, RH27-16/43

p. 167 ‘Morale among…’, Uffz. J. Sch., 79th I.D., 22 Sept. 1942, BZG-S

p. 168 178th Reserve Rifle Regt, Dobronin to Shcherbakov, 21 Oct. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/24, p. 239

p. 168 ‘citizens of Stalingrad…’, 13 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 162; 8 Oct. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/24, p. 77

p. 168 ‘A shortage of…’, 8 Oct. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/24, p. 77

p. 168 ‘It was impossible…’, 26 Nov.1942, TsAMO48/486/25, pp.317–18

p. 169 ‘If I am sent to the…’, 16 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 209

p. 169 ‘the carelessness…’, 13 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 165

p. 169 ‘an extreme measure…’, 15 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 201

p. 169 ‘During the night…’, 13 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 165

p. 170 ‘It is hard for them…’, 11 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, pp. 138–9

p. 170 ‘received such…’, 14 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 183

p. 170 ‘To indoctrinate…’, 14 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 185

p. 170 ‘He announced that…’, 15 Oct. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/24, p. 176

p. 170 ‘It is very difficult…’, 13 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 163

p. 170 ‘In battle conditions…’, TsAMO 48/486/24, p. 79

p. 171 ‘criminal disorder…’, 23 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 292

p. 171 446 desertions, TsAMO 48/486/29, p. 49

p. 171 ‘a protective zone…’, 15 Oct. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/24, p. 187

p. 171 ‘tried to hide…’, 8 Oct. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/24, p. 82

p. 171 ‘Eleven soldiers…’, 25 Oct. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/24, p. 259

p. 172 ‘a sign of cowardice…’, 7 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 106

p. 172 ‘men found with…’, 18 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 240

p. 172 ‘discredited the leaders…’, 8 Oct. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/24, pp. 82–3

p. 172 ‘When soldiers mutter…’, Nikolay Filin, ‘Kak i pochemu ya byl agentom SMERSh’, Vechernyaya Moskva, 25 Nov. 1995

p. 173 ‘nine grams of lead’, TsAMO 48/486/24, p. 162

p. 173 ‘thanks to…’, Dobronin to Shcherbakov, 8 Oct. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/24, p. 76; 18 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 236

p. 173 ‘To be honest…’, quoted in Garrard and Garrard, p. 155

p. 173 ‘cemented the stones…’, Maj. V. Velichko, ‘The 62nd Army’, in USSR, Stalingrad,p. 145

p. 174 ‘Life is not easy…’, Grossman papers, RGALI 1710/1/100

p. 175 ‘only fifty yards out…’, Goncharov, conversation, 24 Nov. 1995

p. 175 ‘Today I saw…’, Uffz. H. D., 295th I.D., 6 Nov. 1942, BZG-S

p. 176 ‘We crossed a bridge…’, Simonov, 25 Sept. 1942, in USSR, Stalingrad,p. 60

p. 176 ‘these things cannot be helped…’, Simonov, 25 Sept. 1942, in USSR, Stalingrad,p. 64

p. 177 ‘The enemy…’, 5 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 63

p. 177 ‘suitable’, VOTsDNI, 113/14/306L, quoted in Epifanov, p. 136

p. 178 ‘the majority aged between…’, from the interrogation of Mikhail Bulanov, 3 Dec. 1943, quoted in Klee and Dressen (eds.), p. 95

p. 178 ‘in hopeless cases…’, Podewils, p. 131

p. 178 ‘a huge black crowd’, Nefyodova, conversation, 23 Nov. 1995

p. 179 ‘no one knows how’, Goncharov, conversation, 24 Nov. 1995

p. 179 ‘signalling to the enemy…’, Dobronin to Stalingrad Front Military Council, 3 Oct. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/24, pp. 9, 32

p. 179 270,000 Ukrainians, BA-MA Wi ID/33, in Sergei Kudryashov, ‘The hidden dimension’, in Erickson and Dilks, p. 242

p. 179 800 Ukrainian youths, VOTsDNI, 113/14/306, pp. 75–90, Epifanov, p. 153

p. 180 Stalingrad campaign interrogations of German and allied PoWs, TsAMO 62/335/7,48/453/13,206/294/12,206/294/47,206/294/48, 226/335/7

p. 180 ‘Older soldiers…’, captured 16 Sept. 1942, TsAMO 48/453/13, p. 36

p. 180 Kaplan interrogations, TsAMO 48/453/13, pp. 75, 46, 48

p. 181 ‘very energetic measures…’, 7 Aug. 1942, 14th Pz. Div., RTsKhIDNI 17/125/96

p. 181 ‘How can we possibly…’, RTsKhIDNI 17/125/97

p. 182 ‘God keep me alive…’, RTsKhIDNI 17/125/97

p. 182 ‘God, don’t let…’, RTsKhIDNI 17/125/97

p. 182 ‘You should…’, 30 July 1942, TsAMO 206/294/48, p. 466

p. 183 ‘We did not fire…’, TsAMO 206/294/47, p. 251

p. 183 991 Special Strafbattalion, RTsKhIDNI 17/125/97

p. 183 ‘Russian agents…’, TsAMO 48/453/21, p. 96

p. 184 ‘lords and vassals’, Klaus, p. 23

p. 184 ‘Above all…’, Stolberg report, BA-MA, RW4/V. 264, p. 161

p. 184 ‘one for officers…’, BA-MA, RW4/V. 264, p. 156

p. 184 ‘To avoid in future…’, 19 Sept. 1941, 3rd Rom. Army to 13th Rom.

I.D., RTsKhIDNI, 171/125/96

p. 184 ‘It is disturbing…’, 25 Oct. 1942, Groscurth, p. 552

p. 184 50,000 Russian auxiliaries, Kehrig, pp. 662-3; see also Rüdiger Overmans, ‘Das andere Gesicht des Krieges’, in Förster (ed.), Stalingrad,p. 441

p. 184 ‘Russians in the German…’, 4 Mar. 1943, TsAMO 226/335/7, p. 364

p. 185 ‘We believed the leaflets…’, RTsKhIDNI 17/125/97

p. 186 ‘Ivan’, conversation, Henry Metelmann, 12 Apr. 1996

p. 186 ‘On some parts…’, 8 Oct. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/24, p. 81

CHAPTER 12

p. 187 ‘Will Stalingrad…’, letter to his brother, Groscurth, p. 528

p. 187 ‘the dark towering bulk…’, Grossman papers, RGALI, 628/2/108

p. 188 ‘The Russians made…’, Uffz. Philipp Westrich, Iooth jäger Division,

BA-MA, RW4/V. 264, p. 86

p. 189 ‘dogged, rugged…’, Grossman papers, RGALI 618/2/108

p. 190 ‘As soon as dusk falls…’, Grossman papers, RGALI 618/2/108

p. 191 overloaded boat, 15 Oct. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/24, p. 162

p. 191 ‘encircle minefields…’, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 66

p. 191 ‘drunk themselves out…’, TsAMO 48/486/39, p. 22

p. 191 ‘the infantry company…’, Dobronin to Shcherbakov, 15 Oct. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/24, p. 188, and 48/486/28, p. 216

p. 192 ‘which signifies…’, Sixth Army war diary, 10 Oct. 1942, BA-MA, RH20-6/221

p. 192 ‘The whole sky…’, Gefr. H. S., 389th I.D., 14 Oct. 1942, BZG-S

p. 193 ‘The fighting assumed…’, Maj. V. Velichko, ‘The 62nd Army’, in USSR, Stalingrad,p. 149

p. 193 ‘Those of us…’, Dobronin to Shcherbakov, 15 Oct. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/24, p.189

p. 193 ‘Our support…’, Uffz. H. G., 305th I.D., 24 Oct. 1942, BZG-S

p. 193 ‘It was a terrible…’, Grams, p. 54

p. 194 ‘The major part…’, Sixth Army war diary, BA-MA, RH20-6/221

p. 194 ‘more than thirty medium…’, TsAMO 48/486/35, pp. 212–13

p. 194 ‘Guns destroyed…’, TsAMO 48/486/35, p. 214

p. 194 ‘real mass heroism’, TsAMO 48/486/24, p. 200

p. 195 ‘Factory walls…’, Strecker, quoted in Haller, p. 90

p. 195 ‘Our General…’, Sold. H. R., 389th I.D., 14 Oct. 1942, BZG-S

p. 195 ‘The help of our fighter…’, TsAMO 48/486/35, p. 212

p. 195 ‘I cannot understand…’, Herbert Pabst, 18 Oct. 1942, Bähr and Bähr, p. 188

p. 196 ‘hundreds of wounded…’, Chuikov, p. 203

p. 197 ‘exceptional cowardice’, Koshcheev to Shcherbakov, 9 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 117

p. 198 ‘Communist-infected circles’, Boelcke, p. 384

p. 199 ‘Hello, Shura!’ RGALI 1284/2/3466

p. 199 ‘I’m getting along…’, Grossman papers, RGALI 618/2/108

p. 199 ‘we are constantly…’, 12 Oct. 1942, AMPSB 7555/13530

p. 199 ‘Mariya…’, 23 Oct. 1942, AMPSB 7555/13530

p. 200 ‘People might reproach me…’, AMPSB, quoted in Volgograd University history department project

p. 200 ‘I often ask myself…’, Leutnant Otten, AMPSB, quoted in Volgograd University history department project

p. 200 ‘I can’t stop worrying…’, to Josef Joffner from his wife in Nuremberg, AMPSB N45079A

p. 200 ‘Aunt Lyuba…’, 11 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 139

p. 200 ‘the wounded caught…’, 7 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 117

p. 201 ‘In 62nd Army alone…’, 11 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, pp. 138–9

p. 201 ‘In the occupied…’, 11 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 151

p. 202 ‘absolutely incorrect attitude’ and ‘unnecessary appendix’, 14 Nov. 1942, Koshcheev to Shcherbakov, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 179

p. 202 ‘Without my permission…’, Koshcheev to Shcherbakov, 21 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 262

p. 202 ‘because now that they…’, 14 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, pp. 179–80

p. 202 ‘a counter-revolutionary statement’, Dobronin to Shcherbakov, 18 Oct. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/24, p. 249

p. 202 ‘They’ve invented the Orders…’, Dobronin to Shcherbakov, 15 Oct. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/24, p. 162

p. 202 ‘criminal carelessness’, 15 Oct. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/24, p. 344

p. 202 medal in vodka, Lazarev, conversation, 13 Nov. 1995

p. 203 ‘a new wave of…’, 4 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, pp. 176–7

p. 203 ‘noble sniper’, 10 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 122

p. 204 ‘Rus, komm, komm!’ 6 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, pp. 76–7

p. 204 ‘Fascists should know…’, 4 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 58

p. 204 ‘learned the dark sides of life’, Grossman papers, RGALI 618/2/108

p. 205 Manenkov, 17 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 216

p. 205 ‘still the best…’, 12 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 144

p. 205 ‘In war…’, Grossman papers, RGALI, 1710/1/100

p. 206 ‘formerly workers…’, 4 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 52

p. 206 ‘so close to the…’, Hptm. Kempter, quoted in Hauck, pp. 74–5

p. 206 ‘the dogs fight…’, Gefr. H. S., 389th I.D., 5 Nov. 1942, BZG-S

p. 207 ‘We felt at home in the dark’, Chuikov, p. 211

p. 207 ‘Father…’, Gefreiter Gelman to his family, AMPSB, quoted in Volgograd University history department project

p. 207 ‘Don’t worry…’, Grossman papers, RGALI 1710/1/100

p. 207 ‘Here a saying…’, Sold. K. H. 113th I.D., 27 Oct. 1942, BZG-S

CHAPTER 13

p. 208 Munich Oktoberfest, BA-MA, N395/9

p. 208 ‘It’s not an…’, Sold. K. H., 113th I.D., 27 Oct. 1942, BZG-S

p. 208 ‘We really need…’, Uffz. H. D., 295th I.D., 6 Nov. 1942, BZG-S

p. 209 ‘a highly active defence’, 14 Oct. 1942, BA-MA, RH20-6/220

p. 209 How to Construct…, BA-MA, RH20-6/238, p. 197

p. 209 ‘The Führer has…’, 7 Nov. 1942, Groscurth, p. 529

p. 209 ‘rises and falls…’, Uffz. W. B. 371st I.D., 26 Oct. 1942, BZG-S

p. 209 ‘Here one must…’, Uffz. A. R., 60th I.D. (mot.), 19 Nov. 1942, BZG-S

p. 209 ‘most beautiful festival…’, Uffz. H. B., 371st I.D., 28 Oct. 1942, BZG-S

p. 209 ‘requirements for…’, 3 Nov. 1942, BA-MA, RH27-24/3

p. 210 ‘who have been in the…’, AOK 6, 29 Oct. 1942, BA-MA, RH20-6/220

p. 210 ‘It’s a typically German affair…’, Pabst, p. 121

p. 210 ‘For the time being…’, Uffz. A. R., 60th I.D. (mot.), 19 Nov. 1942, BZG-S

p. 210 ‘Jaundice especially…’, Klaus, p. 21

p. 211 ‘Fieberkurve’ and ‘the troops’ reduced…’, Dr Dormanns, 28 Jan. 1943, quoted in Schneider-Janessen, p. 132

p. 211 ‘fearless commander…’, Koshcheev to Shcherbakov, 4 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, pp. 61–2

p. 211 ‘The effect of massed…’, KTB AOK 6, BA-MA, RH20-6/221

p. 212 ‘In the last two days…’, 6 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25,

p. 69 p. 212 ‘to install…’, 7 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 101

p. 212 ‘heavy enemy night bombing…’, Sixth Army war diary, 1 Nov. 1942, BA-MA, RH20-6/221

p. 212 ‘Along the whole…’, 7 Nov. 1942, Groscurth, p. 529

p. 212 ‘exceeding…’, 6 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 70

p. 212 ‘out of 1,697 Komsomol…’, TsAMO 48/486/10, p. 275

p. 212 ‘got drunk’, report of 11 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 142

p. 213 ‘anti-chemical liquids’, 23 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, pp. 291–3

p. 213 ‘I wanted to reach…’, quoted in Domarus, vol. ii, pp. 1937–8

p. 214 ‘Hitler refused outright…’, Below, p. 322

p. 214 ‘The ice floes collide…’, Grossman papers, RGALI 618/2/108

p. 214 Volga steamers, Grossman papers, RGALI 618/12/21

p. 215 347th Rifle Regt, 7 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 101

p. 215 signal flares, 10 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 122

p. 215 ‘Rus! Don’t shoot!’, 7 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 115

p. 215 ‘it was noticed…’, 10 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 122

p. 216 ‘army conventionality’, Richthofen diary, 1 Nov. 1942, Paulus, p. 190

p. 217 ‘hurricane of fire’, and ‘Begin shelling…’, 15 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, pp. 197–8

p.217 ‘If they can’t…’, Richthofen diary, 16 Nov. 1942, in Paulus, p. 191

p. 218 ‘Hitler was obsessed…’, Behr, conversation, 25 Oct. 1995

p. 218 ‘42 percent of his battalions…’, Philippi and Heim, p. 177

p. 218 ‘all the trials…’, Seydlitz, p. 164

p. 218 ‘These were different…’, Glichov, conversation, 6 Nov. 1995

p. 219 ‘not in the air, but at the Germans’, 13 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 155

CHAPTER 14

p. 220 ‘And what…’, Zhukov, p. 140; Erickson, The Road to Stalingrad, p. 389

p. 221 ‘shift the strategic…’, Zhukov, p. 140

p. 221 ‘deep operations’, Erickson, ‘The development of Soviet military doctrine’, p. 5

p. 222 ‘a regime of the strictest secrecy’, Vasilevsky, p. 189

p. 223 ‘but Zhukov was Zhukov’, Glichov, conversation, 6 Nov. 1995

p. 223 Soviet tank production figures, Erickson, The Road to Stalingrad,Ρ 375

p. 224 ‘fighters in overalls’, quoted in John Erickson, ‘Soviet women at war’, in Garrard and Garrard, p. 50

p. 224 ‘What was Your Help to the Front?’, TsMVS

p. 224 ‘For the death of enemies…’ and ‘4,363…’, Ehrenburg papers, RGALI 1204/2/3453

p. 225 ‘within fifteen miles…’, RTsKhIDNI 17/43/1773

p. 227 ‘greatest feat was…’, Glantz, Soviet Military Deception in the Second World War,p. 113

p. 227 ‘My dear friend…’, Behr, conversation, 25 Oct. 1995

p. 230 ‘the Third Romanian…’, Sixth Army war diary, BA-MA, RH20-6/221

p. 230 ‘On the Don…’, Richthofen diary, 12 Nov. 1942, Paulus, p. 191

p. 230 ‘Weather…’, Richthofen diary, 14 Nov. 1942, Paulus, p. 191

p. 230 Khrushchev and Yeremenko at Svetly-Yar, 18 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, p.230

p. 231 ‘on a wild-goose chase’, Metelmann, conversation, 12 Apr. 1996

p. 231 ‘Hitler was misinformed…’, Below, p. 322

p. 232 On receiving…’, Sixth Army war diary, BA-MA, RH20-6/221

p. 232 81st Cavalry Division, 10 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 123, and 21 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 279

p. 232 ‘In the next few days…’, 10 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 129

p. 233 ‘We could tell…’, Zhukov, p. 169

p. 233 ‘defeatism and…’, Koshcheev to Shcherbakov, 28 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, pp. 355–6

p. 234 ‘knew something was…’, Glichov, 6 Nov. 1995

p. 234 I am well aware of the…’, RTsKhIDNI 17/125/96

p. 235 119 field hospitals, Schneider-Janessen, p. 135

p. 235 ‘as a physician would…’, Lt-Gen. A. Rodin, in USSR, Stalingrad,p. 109

p. 235 ‘Along the whole…’, BA-MA, RH20-6/221

p. 235 ‘2,053 miles from the German…’, Golovchanski, p. 133

CHAPTER 15

p. 239 ‘According to the statement…’, BA-MA, RH20-6/221

p. 239 ‘as thick as milk’, Lt-Gen. A. Rodin, in USSR, Stalingrad,p. 110

p. 240 ‘I have the impression…’, Behr, conversation, 25 Oct. 1995

p. 240 ‘because the ground…’, Dr Hans Heinz Schrömbgens, quoted in Schneider-Janessen, p. 135

p. 240 ‘I don’t know’, Glichov, conversation, 6 Nov. 1995

p. 240 ‘there will be a holiday…’, quoted in Chuikov, p. 235

p. 241 ‘The attack…’, Hptm. Krauss, BA-MA, RH19 VI/11, p. 251

p. 241 ‘Sappers, jump off!’, Smirnov, conversation, 22 Nov. 1995

p. 244 ‘Once again…’, Richthofen diary, 19 Nov. 1942, quoted in Paulus, p. 192

p. 244 ‘up to now…’, Sixth Army war diary, BA-MA, RH20-6/221

p. 244 ‘an enemy…’, 11.30, 19 Nov. 1942, BA-MA, RH20-6/221

p. 244 ‘boxes of files’, Krauss, report, BA-MA, RH19 VI/11, p. 251

p. 246 ‘It is not even possible…’, Richthofen diary, 19 Nov. 1942, quoted in Paulus, p. 192

p. 247 ‘Hopefully…’, General von Richthofen diary, 19 Nov. 1942, Paulus, p. 192

p. 247 ‘Change of situation…’, 22.00, 19 Nov. 1942, BA-MA, RH20-6/221

p. 247 ‘in whose ranks…’, BA-MA, RH27-16/42

p. 247 ‘move out’, Gefr. Joachim Grunow, Pz. Regt 2, report, 1 Aug. 1943, BA-MA, RH27-16/43

p. 248 ‘no particular…’, quoted in Beck, pp. 169–70

p. 248 ‘masses of…’, Gebele, quoted in Beck, p. 170

p. 249 13th Tank Brigade, 64th Army, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 303

p. 249 ‘The Romanians…’, Gebele, quoted in Beck, p. 170

p. 249 157th Rifle Division, 23 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 290

p. 249 64th Army wounded, 25 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 303

p.249 ‘that the long-awaited…’, 20 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/28, p. 275

p. 249 ‘happiest day of the whole war’, Lazarev, conversation, 7 Nov. 1995

p. 249 ‘panzer-fright’, quoted in Kehrig, p. 148

p. 250 ‘Antonescu kaputt!’ 23 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 287

p. 250 ‘cases of chaos…’, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 287

p. 251 ‘fleeing wildly…’, report of Hptm. Gürtler, BA-MA, RW4/V. 264, p. 85

p. 251 ‘much material…’, report, Lt Graf Stolberg, 17 Feb. 1943, BA-MA, RW4/V. 264, p. 157

p. 251 ‘The catastrophic…’, 22 Nov. 1942, 24th Pz. Div., RH27-24/5

p. 252 ‘the road is strewn…’, Grossman papers, RGALI 618/2/108

p. 252 ‘staff papers scattered…’, USSR, Stalingrad,p. 112

p. 253 ‘a not unfavourable…’, Kehrig, p. 160

p. 253 ‘Paulus and Schmidt had…’, Behr, conversation, 25 Oct. 1995

p. 254 ‘for him an…’, Richthofen diary, 23 Nov. 1942, Paulus, p. 225

p. 254 ‘Sixth Army stand…’, 15.25, 21 Nov. 1942, Kehrig, p. 163

p. 255 ‘The first news…’, report of Hptm. Wassermann, 16th Pz. Div., 2 Aug. 1943, RH27-16/43

p. 256 ‘We’re surrounded!’ Grams, p. 58

p. 256 ‘A sombre Totensonntag…’, letter, 3 Dec. 1942, Bàhr and Bähr, p. 189

p.256 ‘We became very much…’, Freytag-Loringhoven, conversation, 23 Oct. 1995

p. 256 ‘We will continue to fight…’, quoted in Axworthy, p. 96

p. 257 ‘… is the offensive…’, (original German), Ehrenburg papers, RGALI 1207/2/3477

p. 257 ‘as if it were 1870’, Stolberg, 17 Feb. 1943, BA-MA, RW4/V. 264, p. 157

p. 257 ‘When the retreat started…’, TsAMO 206/294/47, p. 147

p. 257 ‘Only two out of…’, Werth, The Year of Stalingrad,p. 369

p. 258 ‘extraordinarily rapid’, BA-MA, N395/11

p. 259 ‘The numerous Romanians’, Dohna-Schlobitten, p. 256

p. 259 ‘especially the frantic…’, Lt Walter Öhme, Pz. Regt 2, report, 28 July 1943, BA-MA, RH27-16/43

p. 260 ‘Here everything’s…’, Uffz. Römer, report, 23 May 1943, BA-MA, RH27-16/43

p. 261 ‘Right on towards the Don’ (original German), Ehrenburg papers, RGALI 1207/2/3477

p. 261 ‘A number of tanks…’, Gefr. Joachim Grunow, Panzer Regt 2, report, I Aug. 1943, BA-MA, RH27-16/43

p. 261 ‘last resort’, Dohna-Schlobitten, p. 253

p.262 ‘Everyone was running…’, Uffz. Römer, report, 23 May 1943, BA-MA, RH27-16/43

p. 262 ‘all items…’, Dohna-Schlobitten, p. 255

p. 262 ‘the very same bridge…’, II./Pz. Gren. Rgt 64, BA-MA, RH27-16/43

p. 262 ‘very proud’, report, Oberfeldwebel Wallrawe, BA-MA, RH27-16/43

p. 262 ‘I feel much better…’, Dmitry Venkutov, 26 Nov. 1942, AMPSB 11480

p. 263 ‘The battles are strong…’, AMPSB 602/10343

p. 263 ‘old women’s kerchiefs…’, Grossman papers, RGALI 1710/1/101

p. 263 450 collaborators, VOTsDNI 113/14/306, p. 94, quoted in Epifanov, p. 142

p. 264 ‘in a serious condition…’, 25 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 304

p. 264 ‘owing to…’, Dohna-Schlobitten, p. 258

CHAPTER 16

p. 266 ‘I’ve got them!’ Albert Speer, quoted in Sereny, p. 207

p. 266 ‘alarming news…’, 19 Nov. 1942, KTB-OKW, vol. ii, 1942, p. 988

p. 267 ‘alterations to…’, Bradley and Schulze-Kossens (eds.), p. 22

p. 267 ‘temporary encirclement’, BA-MA, RH20-6/241

p. 267 ‘It’s impossible…’, General von Richthofen diary, Paulus, p. 224

p. 267 ‘We have nothing…’, BA-MA, N601/v. 4, p. 3

p. 268 ‘Decision with reasons, please!’ BA-MA, N6oI/v. 3, pp. 12, 13. This conversation was reconstructed and agreed by both Schmidt and Pickert, working together on 7 Jan. 1963, after they had consulted all the available documents to refresh their memories.

p. 269 wine and champagne, conversation, Behr, and BA-MA, N395/12

p. 269 ‘They all shared…’, Schmidt, BA-MA, N601/v. 4, p. 7

p. 269 ‘Army surrounded’, quoted in Kehrig, pp. 559–60

p. 269 ‘The Sixth Army is…’, BA-MA, RH20-6/238

p. 270 ‘We’ve found…’, Zeitzler, Kehrig, p. 196

p. 270 ‘whatever the circumstances’, Kehrig, p. 562

p. 270 ‘highly paid NCOs’, 25 Nov. 1942, Paulus, p. 227

p. 271 ‘completely unthinkable’, Seydlitz, p. 193

p. 271 ‘Already the minor…’, 25 Nov. 1942, BA-MA, N372/12, p. 2

p. 271 ‘In thousands of…’, Toepke, p. 44

p. 272 ‘Now that you have…’, conversation, 25 Oct. 1995

p. 272 ‘According to a Führer decree…’, Sixth Army, 6 Dec. 1942, BA-MA, RH20-6/239, p. 135

p. 272 propaganda leaflets, 23 Nov. 1942, TsAMO 48/486/25, p. 277

p. 272 ‘The Führer ordered…’, Bradley and Schulze-Kossens, p. 26

p. 272 ‘the grateful army…’, letter, 15 Nov. 1942, Groscurth, p. 530

p. 274 ‘And be warned…’, Stahlberg, p. 212 p. 274 ‘When we entered…’, Stahlberg, p. 217

p. 275 ‘the troops in the area…’, BA-MA, RW4/V. 264

p. 275 ‘The whole Sixth Army…’, Henry Holze, in Kruse, p. 14

p. 275 ‘Yesterday and today…’, 26 Nov. 1942, BA-MA, RW4/V. 264

p. 275 ‘the most difficult question…’, Strecker, quoted in Haller, p. 96

p. 276 ‘Such an action…’, BA-MA, N601/v. 4, p. 13

p. 276 ‘I know that…’, Paulus, p. 83

p. 276 ‘Prussian field marshals…’, Rudolph-Christoph Freiherr von Gersdorff, Soldat im Untergang: Lebensbilder,p. 134

p. 276 ‘march out…’, Behr, conversation, 25 Oct. 1995

p. 276 ‘Hold on…’, Paulus, order, 27 Nov. 1942, BA-MA, RH20-6/238

p. 276 Schmidt denial, BA-MA N601/v. 10, p. 12

p. 277 ‘We’re never going…’, Klaus, p. 35

CHAPTER 17

p. 278 ‘A systematic withdrawal…’, Wallrawe, BA-MA, RH27-16/43

p. 278 ‘artillery and infantry…’, TsAMO 48/486/13, p. 472

p. 279 ‘The bolsheviks…’, Stolberg, report, BA-MA, RW4/V. 264, p. 159

p. 279 ‘It is said…’, TsAMO 206/294/47, Ρ·108

p. 279 ‘doubts about…’, Oblt. v.d. Sode, 16th Panzer Division, report, 12 Aug. 1943, BA-MA, RH27-16/43

p. 280 ‘Since the…’, Sold. K. P., 376th I.D., 14 Dec. 1942, BZG-S

p. 280 ‘Rations cut…’, BA-MA, RH20-6/237

p. 280 ‘It was defeatism…’, anonymous conversation

p. 281 ‘But surely it doesn’t matter…’, anonymous conversation

p. 281 forty-two air raids, Romer, report, 23 May 1943, BA-MA, RH27-16/43

p. 283 ‘The commanding officer…’, Kurt Reuber, letter, 18 Dec. 1942, Bähr and Bähr, p. 192

p. 284 ‘Miserably frozen…’ (original German), Ehrenburg papers, RGALI, 1207/2/3477

p. 284 ‘We squat…’, Reuber, letter, 3 Dec. 1942, quoted in Bähr and Bähr, p. 190

p. 284 ‘The plague of lice…’, report, OGefr. Heinrich, Pz. Regt 2, 28 July 1943, BA-MA, RH27-16/43

p. 284 ‘Underneath the lantern…’ (original German), TsAMO 206/294/48, Ρ. 452

p. 285 ‘Because of bad communications…’, TsAMO 48/486/13, p. 472

p. 285 ‘The failure of officers and commissars…’, TsAMO 48/486/13, p. 472

p. 286 ‘These Russians…’, Einsiedel, Tagebuch der Versuchung,p. 110

p. 286 ‘a tremendous education for victory…’, Zhukov, p. 151

p. 286 ‘The morale of…’, Grossman papers, RGALI 1710/1/101

p. 287 ‘We were like gypsies…’, Glichov, conversation, 6 Nov. 1995

p. 287 spotted ‘a white mug with a rose’, Glichov, conversation, 14 Nov. 1995

p. 288 ‘When I killed…’, Lazarev, conversation, 13 Nov. 1995

p. 288 ‘A soldier felt…’, Lazarev, conversation, 13 Nov. 1995

p. 289 ‘very difficult’, Lazarev, conversation, 13 Nov. 1995

p. 290 ‘Listen, Herr General…’, Strecker, quoted in Haller, p. 97

p. 290 ‘Things seem…’, Groscurth, 3 Dec. 1942, p. 530

CHAPTER 18

p. 291 ‘I can’t remain…’, 11 Dec. 1942, BA-MA, RW4/V. 264, p. 212

p. 292 captured pilot, Obergefreiter Paul German (sic), TsAMO 48/453/13, p. 261

p. 293 ‘The trapped German forces…’, Zhukov, 29 Nov. 1942, p. 178

p. 296 ‘cornerstone’, quoted Paulus, p. 235

p. 296 ‘He described…’, Raus bequest, ÖStA-KA B/186: III

p. 297 ‘Intention: Fourth…’, BA-MA, RH19 VI, p. 60

p. 297 ‘Order for…’, General Raus, ÖStA-KA B/186: III

p. 298 ‘Once a unit…’, Gilbert (ed.), p. 17

p. 298 ‘a gigantic…’, Raus, ÖStA-KA B/186: III

p. 300 ‘Around the runway…’, Rohden, p. 46

p. 301 ‘Right down to…’, General Raus, ÖStA-KA B/186: III

p. 302 ‘Yesterday and today…’, Kolya Batyuk, 18 Dec. 1942, AMPSB 488/7955(5)

p. 303 ‘a steadily increasing…’, Wolfgang Eckart, ‘Von der Agonie einer missbrauchten Armee’, in Wette and Ueberschär (eds.), p. 109

p. 304 ‘without having received…’, Professor Dr Hans Girgensohn, ‘Der Hungertod in Stalingrad: Die Geschichte seiner Entdeckung’, privately published, 1992

p. 304 ‘The suspected causes…’, Girgensohn, ibid.

p. 304 ‘a large-scale experiment…’, 6 Jan. 1943, BA-MA, RH20-6/796

p. 304 ‘luxurious’, Prof. Dr Hans Girgensohn, conversation, 22 Apr. 1996

p. 306 ‘stress illness’, Girgensohn, conversation, 22 Apr. 1996

p. 306 rats deprived of sleep, Dr Susan Greenfield in the Royal Institution Christmas Lecture, 28 Dec. 1994

p. 306 ‘There’s little new…’, Lt W. M., 22 Dec. 1942, BZG-S

p. 306 ‘Slowly, our brave…’, 30 Dec. 1942, BA-MA, RW4/V. 264

p. 307 ‘There stands a soldier…’, Sepp Wirrer, ‘Das Wolgalied’, Kamerad-schaft Stalingrad, Aug./Sept. 1983

p. 307 German Communists, Korfes, undated ms. in MGFA-P; and Dyatlenko ms.

p. 308 ‘crackling sound of the propaganda voice’, Hans Schmieder ms.

p. 308 ‘the ones with the…’, 6 Dec. 1942, TsAMO 206/294/47, p. 102

p. 308 ‘Soldiers eagerly…’, 16 Sept. 1942, TsAMO 48/453/13, p. 36

p. 308 ‘“If German soldiers…”’, TsAMO 48/486/13, p. 488

p. 308 ‘Can one serve two masters?’ Strecker, quoted in Haller, p. 97

p. 309 ‘the chances of a…’, Freytag-Loringhoven, conversation, 23 Oct. 1995

p. 309 ‘We survivors…’, BA-MA, RW4/V. 264

p. 309 ‘a break-out…’, Beck, ÖStA-AdR 522

p. 309 ‘Every step was exhausting,’ Behr conversation, 25 Oct. 1995

CHAPTER 19

p. 311 ‘just like at home’, Kurt Reuber, letter, 25 Dec. 1942, quoted in Bähr and Bähr, p. 195

p. 312 ‘in the German way…’, 24 Dec. 1942, BA-MA, N395/12

p. 313 ‘Odu fröhliche’, Kurt Reuber, letter, 25 Dec. 1942, Bähr and Bähr, Ρ· 195

p. 313 ‘with husky voices’, Walter Kuber, ‘Von Weihnachten 1942 bis zumeiner Gefangennahme am 31.1.1943’, in Beck, p. 193

p. 313 ‘It is a…’, Strecker, quoted in Haller, p. 102

p. 313 ‘the divisional commander…’, Heinrich Simonmeier, Uffz., report, 29 July 1943, BA-MA, RH27-16/43

p. 313 ‘No supply flights…’, BA-MA, RH20-6/236

p. 313 ‘If we do not receive…’, BA-MA, RH20-6/240

p. 314 ‘In our hearts…’, Oberstabarzt Dr Carl Otto Marckstadt, quoted in Schneider-Janessen, p. 146

p. 314 ‘Christmas naturally…’, letter, 28 Dec. 1942, quoted in Paulus, p. 89

p. 314 ‘Darling!…’, Dmitry Venkutov to his wife, 24 Dec. 1942, AMPSB 11480

p. 314 ‘Hello Mariya’, 24 Dec. 1942, AMPSB 739/13529

p. 315 ‘After reflecting…’, Toepke, p. 83

p. 315 ‘Thus a dozen…’, Hptm. d.R. Czygan, 8 Jan. 1943, BA-MA, RW4/v. 264, p. 205

p. 315 ‘Bloody losses…’, BA-MA, RH20-6/237

p. 316 ‘all the necessary…’, Adam, Der schwere Entschluss,p. 264

p. 316 ‘that Hitler…’, Dohna-Schlobitten, conversation, 16 Oct. 1995

p. 316 ‘372 tanks…’, BA-MA, RH19 VI/7, p. 59, and RH19 VI/8, p. 38

p. 316 ‘The enemy used…’, Uffz. Hans Urban, BA-MA, RW4/V. 264, pp. 88–91

p. 317 ‘Our will for victory…’, 31 Dec. 1942, BA-MA, RH20-6/240, p. 119

p. 317 ‘a powerful…’, Daniels to wife, 1 Jan. 1943, BA-MA, N395/12

p. 318 ‘Celebrating the New Year…’, letter, 9 Jan. 1943, Shindel’, p. 45

p. 318 ‘Dear Parents, I’m all right…’, AMPSB N45079A

p. 318 ‘In the name of…’, BA-MA, RH20-6/236

p.318 ‘Mein Führer! 1 Jan. 1943, BA-MA, RH20-6/236

p. 318 ‘We’re not…’; ‘We are maintaining…’; ‘The Führer knows…’, BA-MA, RW4/V. 264

p. 319 ‘New hope arises…’, Strecker, Haller, p. 102

p. 319 ‘following radio…’, BA-MA, RH20-6/240, pp. 77, 86

p. 319 ‘with Luftwaffe…’, Wallrawe, RH27-16/43

p. 320 ‘I don’t like the…’, V. Barsov, letter of 9 Jan. 1943, Shindel’, p. 45

p. 320 ‘The Russians began…’, Max Plakolb, ÖStA-KA B/1540

p. 320 ‘Army starving and frozen…’, BA-MA, RH20-6/244D

p. 320 ‘From the command post…’, Opolchentsy ν boyakh za Rodinu…,p. 15

p. 321 ‘Whom shall we…’, Zhukov, Kakim my ego pomnim,p. 245

p. 322 ‘You’ll be sitting…’, Marshal N. N. Voronov, ‘Operation “Ring” ‘, Voenno-istoricheskii zhurnal, 5 & 6, 1962

p. 322 ‘Why don’t the Russians…’, Martin Fiebig, 1 Jan. 1943, quoted in Kempowski (ed.), Das Echolot…, vol. i, p. 24

p. 322 ‘German anti-fascists…’, Dyatlenko ms.

p. 324 ‘Everyone knew about…’, TsAMO 226/335/7, p. 233

p. 324 ‘for all the trousers…’, Dyatlenko ms.

CHAPTER 20

p. 333 ‘The misty cloud…’, Dibold, p. 9

p. 334 ‘widely strewn…’, Wieder, p. 45

p. 334 ‘Young and inexperienced…’, Morzik, p. 188

p. 334 ‘Which ass…’, Toepke, p. 69

p. 335 ‘My trust in…’, 12 Dec. 1942, Paulus, p. 259, 19 Dec. 1942, p. 260

p. 335 ‘in honour of the heroes…’, quoted in Sereny, p. 364

p. 335 ‘I hope that you’ll break…’, AMPSB, N677

p. 336 ‘very soon…’, BA-MA, N395/13

p. 336 ‘who like everybody else…’, Speer, quoted in Sereny, pp. 364–5

p. 337 ‘the Russians have…’, Uffz. Hans Urban, 389th I.D., BA-MA, RW4/V. 264, p. 89

p. 337 ‘eaten two of his…’, BA-MA, RW4/V. 264, p. 93

p. 338 ‘I received a quarter litre…’, AMPSB, uncatalogued

p. 338 ‘We can only count…’, 26 Dec. 1942, AMPSB N677

p. 339 ‘The only thing left…’, 27 Dec. 1942, AMPSB N45079A

p. 339 ‘a light wound…’, Kuber, in Beck, p. 195

p. 339 ‘I request permission…’, Strecker, quoted in Haller, p. 104

p. 339 ‘steering-wheel heroes’, Beck, p. 158

p. 340 ‘One day…’, Plakolb, ÖStA-KA B/1540

p. 340 ‘Every half-hour…’, Gefr. Joachim Grunow, Panzer Regt 2, report, 1 Aug. 1943, BA-MA, RH27-16/43

p. 340 ‘Only the…’, Freytag-Loringhoven, conversation, 23 Oct. 1995

p. 341 ‘deafening sound’, Hans Schmieder ms.

p. 341 ‘could not gain…’, Siegfried Mühler, 44th I.D., ÖStA-KA B/1582

p. 342 ‘I was a soldier…’, Gottfried von Bismarck, ms.

p. 342 ‘I was deeply…’, Dohna-Schlobitten, p. 263

p. 342 ‘to advise…’, Freytag-Loringhoven, conversation, 23 Oct. 1995

p. 343 ‘Give Hitler exactly…’, Behr, conversation, 25 Oct. 1995

p. 345 ‘in a coded manner’, letter from Winrich Behr to the author, 26 Feb. 1996

p. 347 ‘Discussions about the…’, Manstein, 25 Jan. 1943, BA-MA, RH19 VI/12

p. 348 ‘Taking leave…’, Max Plakolb, ÖStA-KA B/1540

p. 348 ‘Scarcely an earthly hope…’, Reuber, 7 Jan. 1943, Bähr and Bähr, p. 205

p. 348 ‘to scribble…’, BA-MA, RW4/V. 264, p. 95

p. 348 ‘The mood here…’, 13 Jan. 1943, BA-MA, RW4/V. 264, p. 121

p. 348 ‘Perhaps this will…’, 13 Jan. 1943, BA-MA, RW4/V. 264, p. 119

p. 348 ‘You are always…’, 13 Jan. 1943, BA-MA, RW4/V. 264, p. 100

p. 349 ‘Fate has…’, Gefreiter, BA-MA, RW4/V. 264, p. 96

p. 349 ‘fateful battle…’, 13 Jan. 1943, BA-MA, RW4/V. 264, p. 118

p. 349 ‘This is a heroic struggle…’, 13 Jan. 1943, BA-MA, RW4/V. 264, p. 99

p. 349 ‘we heard in…’, Voronov, p. 18

p. 350 376th Infantry Division, Dyatlenko ms., and Voronov, p. 44

p. 350 ‘Enemy No. 1 is…’ and ‘My dear parents…’, BA-MA, RW4/v. 264

p. 350 Cannibalism, Oberstleutnant a.D. Pfeifer, conversation, 20 Oct. 1995, and anonymous

p. 350 ‘In a gully…’, Weinert, p. 122

p. 351 ‘left him completely…’, Girgensohn, conversation, 22 Apr. 1996

CHAPTER 21

p. 352 ‘the usual melody…’, Lt W. M., 15 Dec. 1942, BZG-S

p. 352 ‘Just a little…’, 10 Jan. 1943, BA-MA, RW4/V. 264, p. 212

p. 352 ‘one spoke about death…’, BA-MA, RW4/V. 264

p. 352 Ordinary soldiers, Freytag-Loringhoven, conversation, 23 Oct. 1995

p. 352 ‘that the relief force…’, BA-MA, RW4/V. 264, p. 63

p. 353 ‘Help is close’, interrogation, 16 Jan. 1943, TsAMO 226/335/7, P.202

p. 353 ‘Especially brave were…’, BA-MA, RW4/V. 264

p. 353 ‘who conducted themselves…’, BA-MA, RW4/V. 264, p. 61

p. 353 ‘an incessant rolling…’, Voronov, p. 27

p. 353 ‘There are only two…’, Eugene Dolmatowsky, 27 Jan. 1943, ‘The Ring closes in’, in USSR, Stalingrad,p. 142

p. 353 ‘very unpeaceful Sunday’, letter/diary to wife, 10 Jan. 1943, BA-MA, N395/12

p. 354 ‘The enemy munition…’, Zank, p. 60

p. 354 ‘Nobody came out’, Siegfried Mühler, ÖStA-KA B/1582

p. 354 ‘For an hour…’, Stolberg, report, 17 Feb. 1943, BA-MA, RW4/v. 264, p. 160

p. 354 ‘Some of them…’, Stalingradbund Österreich, August 1989

p. 355 ‘From this day on…’, Wallrawe report, BA-MA, RH27-16/43

p. 355 ‘If the enemy…’, TsAMO 206/294/18, p. 432

p. 355 ‘Those pigs of Romanians…’, BA-MA, RW4/V. 264, p. 61

p. 356 ‘Karpovka looks…’, Weinert, p. 34

p. 357 ‘instead of digging…’, Strecker, quoted in Haller, p. 104

p. 357 ‘resisted bitterly…’, Grams, p. 61

p. 357 ‘Munitions coming…’, 13 Jan. 1943, BA-MA, RW4/V. 264

p. 357 ‘open fire only…’, Wallrawe, BA-MA, RH27-16/43

p. 357 ‘soldiers with…’, Klaus, p. 66

p. 358 ‘left to their fate’, Wallrawe, BA-MA, RH27-16/43

p. 358 ‘Here was the greatest…’, Alois Dorner, ‘Meine Rettung aus dem Kessel von Stalingrad’, Kameradschaft Stalingrad, Aug./Sept. 1989

p. 359 ‘376 Infantry Division…’, 14 Jan. 1943, BA-MA, RW4/V. 264

p. 359 ‘Hitler’s excuse…’, Freytag-Loringhoven, conversation, 23 Oct. 1995

p. 360 ‘missing presumed dead’, Speer, quoted in Sereny, p. 366

p. 360 ‘one look at the actual…’, Morzik, p. 191

p. 360 ‘It was senseless to run away’, TsAMO 206/294/47, p. 109

p. 361 ‘unbearable conditions…’, interrogation, 2 Feb. 1943, TsAMO 226/335/7, p. 233

p. 361 ‘Heavy one-way traffic…’, BA-MA, RL30/4

p. 361 ‘It is severely cold’, Grossman papers, RGALI 1710/1/100

p. 362 ‘Several commanders…’, Dr Günther Diez, Schneider-Janessen, Ρ·145

p. 362 ‘Faced with so much…’, Schmieder MS.

p. 363 ‘Cases of post-operative…’, Dr Günther Diez, Schneider-Janessen, Ρ·144

p. 363 ‘the so-called hospital’, Freytag-Loringhoven, conversation, 23 Oct. 1995

p. 363 ‘It was a form of hell’, Stolberg, report, 17 Feb. 1943, BA-MA, RW4/v. 264, p. 160

p. 363 ‘Death king of Gumrak’, Seydlitz, p. 254

p. 364 ‘I am proud…’, Hans Schmieder, ‘Ein Überlebender aus dem Kessel von Stalingrad berichtet’, Deutsches Soldatenjahrbuch, 1987

p. 364 ‘an attack by twenty-eight…’, BA-MA, RW4/V. 264

p. 364 ‘I am thinking about…’, letter from unknown German soldier, AMPSB, quoted in Volgograd University history department project

p. 364 ‘Why were no…’, BA-MA, RL30/5

p. 364 ‘completely apathetic’, BA-MA, RL30/6

p. 365 ‘the Army is no longer…’, BA-MA, RH20-6/796

p. 365 ‘fed his dog with…’, Dr Günther Diez, Schneider-Janessen, p. 143

p. 365 ‘On the codeword “Lion”…’, BA-MA, RW4/V. 264

p. 365 ‘consider ways…’, Freytag-Loringhoven, conversation, 23 Oct. 1995

p. 366 ‘trusted and energetic…’, BA-MA, RH19 VI/11, p. 50

p. 366 ‘flown out of the…’, BA-MA, RW4/V. 264, p. 86

p. 366 ‘The Führer decreed…’, Bradley and Schulze-Kossens, p. 42

p. 367 ‘seemed absolutely bent…’, Freytag-Loringhoven, conversation, 23 Oct. 1995

p. 368 ‘Is it possible…’, BA-MA, RL30/6

p. 369 ‘Those in the Fortress…’, 12.48, 18 Jan. 1943, BA-MA, RL30/6

p. 369 ‘The Stalingrad Kessel…’, quoted in Boelcke, p. 369

p. 369 ‘only an immediate strike’, Waldersee, quoted in Groscurth, p. 95

p. 369 ‘who soon will have no…’, Groscurth, p. 553

p. 370 ‘There is not a single…’, BA-MA, RL30/6, p. 73

p. 370 ‘Gumrak airfield…’, BA-MA, RL30/6, p. 80

p. 370 ‘Whatever help…’, Maj. Maes, 22 Jan. 1943, BA-MA, RL30/6, p. 83

p. 370 ‘as if on a hare shoot’, and (p. 371) ‘Leave me!’, anonymous conversation

p. 371 ‘abandoned cripples’, Weinert, p. 33

p. 371 ‘water from snow…’, Böhme, p. 237

p. 371 ‘As far as the eye…’, Hans Schmieder MS.

p. 372 ‘Herr Major, sie kommen!’ Gebele, in Beck, p. 183

p. 372 ‘It was bitterly cold…’, Kuber, in Beck, p. 194

p. 372 ‘Surrender out of…’, 22 Jan. 1943, BA-MA, RH19 VI/12, p. 324

CHAPTER 22

p. 374 ‘With heavy hearts…’, Kuber, in Beck, p. 196

p. 374 red parachutes, Winrich Behr, conversation, 25 Oct. 1995

p. 374 ‘German soldiers here’, BA-MA, RH19 VI/12, p. 451

p. 375 ‘Exhausted wounded men…’, BA-MA, RW4/v. 264

p. 375 ‘Moans, calls for help…’, Dr Hubert Haidinger, in Bund ehemaliger Stalingradkämpfer, Weihnachts Rundbrief, 1992, p. 9

p. 375 ‘Abandon hope…’, Dr Hermann Achleitner, ‘Als Arzt in Stalingrad’, in Beck, p. 199

p. 376 ‘Two Stalingrad women…’, Gebele, in Beck, p. 186

p. 377 ‘Where are your regiments?’ Theodor Plievier broadcast, BA-MA, RW4/v. 264, p. 227

p. 377 ‘The eyes of the hardened…’, Chuikov, p. 279

p. 378 ‘more interesting’, Dyatlenko MS.

p. 378 ‘Kessel-baby’, Dyatlenko MS.; see also ‘Das “Kesselkind” des Generals’ in Freiheit, 7 Apr. 1965, and BA-MA, N395/12

p. 379 ‘the eyes and hand…’, Dyatlenko MS.

p. 379 ‘To the Führer!…’, BA-MA, RL30/5

p. 380 ‘Paulus is in a…’, 20 Jan. 1943, Groscurth, p. 533

p. 380 ‘our own funeral speech’, Wieder, Stalingrad und die Verantwortung des Soldaten,p. 100

p. 380 ‘macabre’, Gottfried von Bismarck MS.

p. 380 ‘Turn it up!’ Dr Hubert Haidinger, op. cit., p. 7

p. 380 ‘suicide of the Jews’, anonymous conversation

p. 380 ‘The heroic…’, quoted in Domarus, vol. ii, p. 1979

p. 381 ‘I have no intention…’, quoted in Beck, p. 207

p. 381 ‘It looks like an invitation…’, Dyatlenko MS.

p. 381 ‘What’s going on here?’ Dibold, pp. 24–5

p. 382 ‘apocalyptic order’, Seydlitz, p. 250

p. 382 ‘We fight to the last bullet…’, anonymous conversation

p. 382 ‘The swastika…’, 30 Jan. 1943 at 19.50 hrs, BA-MA, RL30/5

p. 382 ‘listening to the…’, BA-MA, RL30/5

p. 382 ‘During that night…’, Schmieder MS.

p. 383 ‘Russians at the…’, Sonderstab Milch, BA-MA, RL30/6, p. 83

p. 383 ‘In Stalingrad the situation…’, BA-MA, RW4/v. 264

p. 383 ‘like the ears…’, Grossman, Life and Fate, p. 801

p. 384 ‘Kameraden, Krieg kaputt!’ Fritz Ecker, ‘Ein weiter Weg’, Stalin-gradbund Österreich, Jan. 1991

p. 384 ‘Whoever’s capable…’, Dr Hubert Haidinger, op. cit., p. 8

p. 384 ‘Fascist dogs’, Klavdia Sveridovna Ribaltshenko (sic), interrogation by Gruppe Geheime Feldpolizei 626, 21 July 1943, BZG-S

p. 385 ‘Soviet soldiers…’, Beck, p. 189

p. 385 ‘What shall we do with…’, anonymous conversation

p. 387 ‘That’s how Berlin…’, Beck, p. 197

p. 387 ‘rather good command of Russian’, C. M. Bogomolov MS.

p. 388 ‘A German Field Marshal…’, Lev Bezyminsky, conversation, 10 Nov. 1995

p. 388 ‘there is no doubt that…’, Winrich Behr, letter to the author, 26 Feb. 1996

p. 390 ‘round and round in circles’, Bezyminsky, conversation, 10 Nov. 1995

p. 391 ‘I must inform you…’, Dyatlenko MS.

p. 391 ‘They have surrendered…’, 1 Feb. 1943, quoted in Gilbert (ed.), pp. 17–22; and Warlimont, pp. 319–23

p. 392 ‘Troops are fighting…’, and ‘I expect…’, BA-MA, RL30/5

p. 392 ‘XI Army Corps…’, war diary Sonderstab Milch, BA-MA, RL30/6, p. 151

p. 392 ‘When the time comes…’, Strecker, Haller, p. 105

p. 393 ‘XI Army Corps…’, BA-MA, RL30/5

p. 393 ‘Long live Germany!’ Haller, p. 107

p. 393 ‘What the normal…’, Werth, The Year of Stalingrad,p. 463

p. 394 1.1 million casualties, of which 485,751, quoted by Erickson, in Erickson and Dilks, p. 264

p. 394 ‘I thought of the…’, Grossman papers, RGALI, 1710/1/101

CHAPTER 23

p. 396 ‘No more…’, BA-MA, RL30/6

p. 396 ‘the Corporal uneducated…’, Dyatlenko MS.

p. 396 ‘We have our own rules’, Bezyminsky, conversation, 10 Nov. 1995

p. 397 ‘They looked healthy…’, Werth, The Year of Stalingrad,p. 446

p. 397 ‘It was rather like…’, Werth, The Year of Stalingrad,p. 444

p. 397 ‘When I opened…’, Bogomolov MS.

p. 398 ‘our troops…’, Boelcke, p. 408

p. 399 ‘which will move…’, Boelcke, p. 430

p. 399 ‘From Führer headquarters…’, Domarus, vol. ii, p. 1985

p. 400 ‘The farewell letters…’, 18 Feb. 1943, Heinz Boberach (ed.), Meldungen aus dem Reich 1938–1945, vol. xii, p. 4822, quoted in Wette and Ueberschär, p. 63

p. 400 ‘in future…’, Boelcke, p. 411

p. 400 ‘Stop dancing!’ Leopold Graf von Bismarck, conversation, 4 May 1996

p. 402 ‘If we are paid back…’, Bielenberg, p. 135

p. 403 ‘We will end the war…’, quoted Rohden, p. 127

p. 404 ‘You cannot stop…’, ‘I wonder how it feels…’, Wettlin, pp. 86, 88

p. 404 ‘After Stalingrad…’, Smirnov, conversation, 22 Nov. 1995

p. 404 ‘needed to believe’, Ehrenburg, pp. 10–11

p. 405 ‘They’re starting these gold…’, Ulko, conversation, 21 Nov. 1995

CHAPTER 24

p. 406 ‘railway tracks, where…’, Grossman papers, RGALI, 1710/1/101

p. 406 ‘Almost all members…’, Beck, p. 191

p. 406 ‘dozens each day’, Lt Medvedev to Maj. Demchenko, 9 March 1943, quoted in Epifanov, p. 241

p. 407 ‘liberated from fascist…’, RTsKhIDNI 17/8/226

p. 407 ‘Most of the children…’, Wettlin, p. 119

p. 407 ‘Soviet authorities…’, RTsKhIDNI 17/8/226

p. 407 ‘special safe paths’, Goncharov, conversation, 23 Nov. 1995

p. 407 ‘Mama, we are all right’, quoted in Agapov, p. 11

p. 410 ‘limping and shuffling…’, Weinert, p. 37

p. 411 ‘The Russians had very simple methods…’, anonymous conversation

p. 411 ‘We set out with 1,200 men’, Josef Farber, conversation, 16 Apr. 1996

p. 412 ‘like herrings…’, Böhme, p. 237

p. 412 ‘extremely critical’, TsAMO 62/355/1, p. 226, quoted in Epifanov, p. 235

p. 412 ‘nothing to eat…’, Dr Hubert Haidinger, Bund ehemaliger Stalingradkämpfer, Weihnachts Rundbrief, 1992, p. 9

p. 413 ‘Then came another shock…’, Schmieder MS.

p. 413 ‘The dead each…’, Willi Lotz, ‘Die Gefangenlager der Stalingrader: Erinnerungen an Beketowka’, in Kameradschaft Stalingrad, Aug.–Sept. 1981

p. 413 ‘mountain of bodies’, Dr Hubert Haidinger, in Bund ehemaliger Stalingradkämpfer, Weihnachts Rundbrief, 1992, p. 10

p. 413 ‘We had no tears left’, Schmieder MS.

p. 413 ‘death register’, Böhme, p. 237

p. 413 55,228 prisoners, TsKhIDK, 1e/1/9, p. 34, report by Capt. Kruglov, quoted in Epifanov, p. 47

p. 413 ‘Hunger…’, Dibold, address to Bund ehemaliger Stalingradkämpfer, 18 Sept. 1976, Limburg

p. 413 ‘camel-meat’, anonymous conversation

p. 413 ‘only at gunpoint…’, A. Chuyanov, Na Stremnina Veka, Moscow, 1976, p. 264, quoted in Epifanov, p. 33

p. 414 ‘And who are you…’, anonymous conversation

p.415 ‘It is the duty of a general…’, anonymous conversation

p. 416 ‘Only be compared to sheep-shearing’, Schmieder MS.

CHAPTER 25

p. 418 ‘We pressed to…’, Berezhkov, History in the Making,p. 242

p. 418 ‘I propose a salute…’, Berezhkov, op. cit., pp. 289–91

p. 420 ‘Doctor, the miracle…’, Dibold, p. 170

p. 421 ‘thrusting a long thin shard…’, anonymous conversation

p. 422 ‘man was just…’, anonymous conversation

p. 423 ‘According to Seydlitz’s idea…’, 17 Sept. 1943, TsKhIDK, 451p/2/6

p. 425 ‘the contemptible…’, quoted Seydlitz, p. 341

p. 425 ‘the absence of significant success’, Melnikov, TsKhIDK, 451p/3/7

p. 425 ‘recognize officially’, APRF 3/58/498

p. 425 ‘compiled in a devious way’, APRF 3/58/497

p.426 ‘members of…’, 25 May 1944, Manuilsky to Shcherbakov, RTsKhIDNI 495/77/37, pp. 32–4

p. 427 ‘on Comrade Shcherbakov’s…’, GARF r–9401/2/66

p. 427 ‘who could explain the principles…’, 20 Feb. 1945, Krivemko to Beria, GARF r–9401/2/92/322–4

p. 427 ‘It should be mentioned…’, 20 Feb. 1945, Krivemko to Beria, GARF r–9401/2/92/322–4

p. 428 ‘spiritual depression…’, Strecker, quoted in Haller, p. 214

p. 428 losses, G. F. Krivosheyev (ed.), Grifsekretnosti sniat’: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil SSSR v voinakh, boevykh deistviiakh i voennykh konfliktakh, Moscow, Voenizdat, 1993, quoted in Erickson, ‘Red Army battlefield performance’, pp. 235–6

p. 428 ‘irrespective of their physical…’, quoted in Epifanov, p. 163

p. 429 ‘revanchist reactionary general’, RTsKhIDNI 495/77/37

p. 430 ‘was valid not only…’, Dibold, p. 186

p. 430 ‘sufficient reason…’, Gottfried von Bismarck MS.

p. 431 ‘a very unhappy man’, Behr, conversation, 25 Nov. 1995

p. 431 ‘pensioner of the Soviet-occupied zone’, BA-MA, N601/v. 9, p. 8

APPENDIX B

p. 439 195,000, Rüdiger Overmans, ‘Das andere Gesicht des Krieges: Leben und Sterben der 6. Armee’, in Förster (ed.), p. 442

p. 439 268,900, Peter Hild, ‘Partnergruppe zur Aufklärung von Vermisstenschicksalen deutscher und russischer Soldaten des 2. Weltkrieges’, in Epifanov, p. 29

p. 439 ‘Sixth Army ration strength in the Kessel’, BA-MA, RH20-6/239, p. 226

p. 439 ‘only inside the Kessel’, BA-MA, RH20-6/237, p. 129

p. 440 111,465, TsKhIDK, is/4/3, p. 16, quoted in Epifanov, p. 25

p. 440 Sixth Army losses: 15,000 to 6 December, then 36,859 between 6 December and 7 January, BA-MA, N601/v. 5