Submarine: A Guided Tour Inside a Nuclear Warship

It is something of an oddity that in a world where the numbers and sizes of military forces are decreasing, submarines continue to be built. In fact, while it is not quite a growth industry, production of diesel-electric submarines is continuing in a number of countries and yards worldwide. In addition, those countries that have the capability to build nuclear submarines are fighting desperately to maintain the industrial base to do so. While the nations of the world have been downsizing their own submarine forces, they have also been trying to market the products of their building yards to developing countries that desire an entry into the world of submarine capabilities.

It also is rather ironic that while the number of submarines in the world has decreased radically, the overall quality and age of the remaining boats has improved-rather a strange situation for those who suggest that peace has broken out around the world. Thus, anyone choosing to hunt other submarines is facing the reality that the task is probably getting tougher. In addition, nations that are generally considered as outlaws (like Iran and Algeria) are obtaining a number of new production diesel-electric boats. This proliferation means that the United States and our allies may have to hunt enemy subs in places we have never gone before. The recent deployment of the USS Topeka (SSN-754) to the Persian Gulf, at the same time the first of the Iranian Kilo-class boats was being delivered, is probably not a coincidence. Even more interesting, though, would have been to see if another U.S. boat, perhaps even another 688I, was invisibly trailing the Kilo on its delivery trip.

The section that follows is a compendium of the more modern submarines, both nuclear and conventionally powered, that might face the U.S. sub force. Some of them, like those of the United Kingdom and France, are operated by nations that are considered allies. Others, like those of the Russian Navy and the clients of the Germans and the French, might still pose a threat to the forces allied with the United States. This should not be considered a list of every single boat in the world, however. For that, I defer to A. D. Baker's incomparable biannual work, Combat Fleets of the World (Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Md.).

For the benefit of the reader, the following explanations of the terms used is provided:

Class name: Name of the first boat of the class or building program

Producer (country/manufacturer): Country of origin and production site

Displacement (surfaced/submerged): Surfaced and submerged in long tons (2,240 lbs per)

Dimensions (ft/m): Length: Bow to stern; Beam: Side to side; Draft: To keel

Armament: Number of tubes/launchers and weapons

Machinery: Power plant(s), number of screws, propeller blades, and shaft horsepower (SHP)

Speed (knots): Maximum

Number in class: In service + building + planned

Users: All countries currently using

Comments: Some thoughts and features of the class

Russia /Commonwealth of Independent States

While the "evil empire" of the Soviet Union may be dead, the navy built by the USSR is alive and still useful. Despite having suffered the breakup of the nation it was designed to serve, and having scrapped over half of all its warships, the Russian Navy is still one of the most powerful fighting forces afloat. They still deploy something like 240 submarines of various types, as well as a large array of surface ships. And while the Russian Navy and its CIS brother services are suffering from a shortage of almost everything, the missile boats are still making their deployments, with the attack boats still supporting them in the bastions.

The big challenge for the Russian submarine force, like everyone else, is surviving the present to move on to the future. Their first problem is, of course, how to maintain their existing force of attack, guided missile, and ballistic missile submarines. This problem has been made extremely difficult by the financial troubles of the Russian Republic, though they have managed to hold things together until now. Another problem is the fleet of aged submarines (many of them nuclear powered) that they have. The recent news photograph of an abandoned Russian submarine poking its bow through the winter pack ice in Vladivostok is a chilling statement on the inability of the Russians to deal with this problem. Clearly, just how to dispose of over 150 obsolete nuclear submarines is a problem that will require the help of the United States and her allies.

As for the future, only events will tell us that. The one thing that does seem certain is that the Russians will continue development of submarines and their related technology. While many of the design bureaus for aircraft and tanks are in desperate trouble, there are continuing reports that they are still funneling their limited military R&D funds into designs for newer and quieter submarines. The most likely projects for such research will probably be a replacement for the Delta IV SSBNs, a new SSN derived from the highly successful Akula-class boats, and possibly a new diesel-electric design to replace the Kilo and support export sales. The replacement SSBN makes sense in light of the new START arms agreements, which have the Russians placing over half their deliverable nuclear warheads on submarine-launched missiles. And just as obviously, the Akula and Kilo replacements will be needed to protect those SSBNs and maintain the credibility of the CIS nuclear deterrent.

Overall, this is a major reduction from several years ago, when the R&D effort was probably two to three times this size. Rumor had the Russians working on replacements for the Oscar-class SSGNs, the Typhoon SSBNs, the SSNs of the Sierra class, and even a Rubis-sized SSN for export to the Indian Navy. All of this though is based on what we see happening today. And as any honest watcher of Russian military trends will tell you, the crystal ball is cloudy and the tea leaves unreliable where they are concerned. In the end, it will probably come down to whether Boris Yeltsin can hold things together long enough for an actual trend to develop. So here it is as of today.

Class name: Victor III (Project 671 RTM)

Producer (country/manufacturer): Russia/Russian Admiralty; Komsomolsk

Displacement (surfaced/submerged): 4,900/6,000

Dimensions (ft/m): Length: 341.1/104 Beam: 32.8/10 Draft: 23/7

Armament: Four 650mm and two 533mm torpedo tubes with 24 weapons

Machinery: Two PWRs with steam turbines driving one tandem 8-bladed screw; 30,000 SHP

Speed (knots): 30 (submerged)

Number in class: 26

Users: Russia

Comments: While it soon will be the oldest class of SSN in the Russian inventory, the Victor III is still a dangerous and capable opponent. Well armed and relatively quiet (roughly similar to the Sturgeon class), this boat was the first Soviet SSN capable of matching Western boats. The stern pod, first found on Victor IIIs, is now a feature of every modern Russian SSN; it contains a passive towed array sonar system.

Class name: Akula (Russian: Bars class) (Project 971)

Producer (country/manufacturer): Russia/Severodvinsk, Komsomolsk

Displacement (surfaced/submerged): 7,500/10,000

Dimensions (ft/m): Length: 370.6/113 Beam: 42.6/13 Draft: 32.8/10

Armament: Four 650mm and four 533mm torpedo tubes with 30+ weapons

Machinery: Two PWRs with steam turbines driving one 7-bladed screw; 45,000 SHP

Speed (knots): 35 (submerged)

Number in class: 7+?

Users: Russia

Comments: When western submariners have nightmares, they usually revolve around this class of SSN. Akula is the quietest SSN yet produced by Russia and represents a boat in the class of a Flight I Los Angeles. Probably utilizes a raft sound isolation system to keep noise down. Reportedly the last remaining Russian SSN class still in production. President Yeltsin has announced that the Komsomolsk shipyard, located in the far east, is going to be converted to civilian production by 1995 or '96. After that, only the Severodvinsk shipyard, located in the Kola Peninsula, will produce submarines for the Russian Navy.

Class name: Sierra I/II (Russian: Barrakuda class) (Project 945A and 945B)

Producer (country/manufacturer): Russia/Krasnaya Sormova

Displacement (surfaced/submerged): Sierra I-6,050/7,600; Sierra II-6,350/7,900

Dimensions (ft/m): Length: 351/107 or 367.4/112 Beam: 41/12.5 Draft: 24.3/7.4

Armament: Four 650mm and two 533mm torpedo tubes with an estimated 30 weapons

Machinery: Two PWRs with steam turbines driving one 7-bladed screw; 45,000 SHP

Speed (knots): 35 (submerged)

Number in class: 2/1 + 1

Users: Russia

Comments: The evolutionary descendant of the Alfa, the Sierra is a titanium-hulled follow-on to the previous classes of Soviet SSNs. Very quiet and well armed, it has been overshadowed by the highly successful steel-hulled Akula-class boats. Reportedly, once the last Sierra II is completed, Krasnaya Sormova will convert to civilian ship production.

Class name: Charlie II (Project 670M)

Producer (country/manufacturer): Russia/Krasnaya Sormova

Displacement (surfaced/submerged): 4,300/5,500

Dimensions (ft/m): Length: 337.8/103 Beam: 32.8/10 Draft: 26.2/8

Armament: Eight SS-N-9s in external tubes; six 533mm torpedo tubes with 12 weapons

Machinery: One PWR with steam turbines driving one 5-bladed screw; 15,000 SHP

Speed (knots): 24 (submerged)

Number in class: 6

Users: Russia

Comments: These boats may possibly be the oldest guided missile submarines that will be retained by Russia. Relatively noisy, but they can still pack a powerful punch with their battery of SS-N-9 Siren antiship missiles.

Class name: Oscar I/II (Russian: Granite/Antey classes) (Project 949 & 949A)

Producer (country/manufacturer): Russia/Severodvinsk

Displacement (surfaced/submerged): Oscar I-13,900/16,700; Oscar; II-15,000/18,000

Dimensions (ft/m): Length: 478.9/146 or 505.1/154 Beam: 59/18 Draft: 32.8/10

Armament: Twenty-four SS-N-19s in external tubes; six 650mm and 533mm torpedo tubes with 24 weapons

Machinery: Two PWRs with steam turbines driving two 7-bladed screws; 90,000 SHP

Speed (knots): 33 (submerged)

Number in class: 2/7+

Users: Russia

Comments: Oscar carries the nickname of "Mango" for her size and firepower. She also is as quiet as Sierra and carries the same sonar system, including a towed array from the tube on top of the rudder, as the Sierra-class boats. With 24 SS-N-19 Shipwreck heavy antiship missiles and a full array of torpedoes, this is the largest and most heavily armed attack submarine in the world. Probably capable of taking one or more torpedo hits and still surviving.

Class name: Fourth generation SSN (Akula follow-on) (Project:?)

Producer (country/manufacturer): Russia/Severodvinsk

Displacement (surfaced/submerged): [?] 10,000 (submerged)

Dimensions (ft/m): (unknown)

Armament: Six to eight 650mm and 533mm torpedo tubes with 30+ weapons

Machinery: PWRs with steam turbines driving one 7-bladed screw;? SHP

Speed (knots): [?] 30–35 (submerged)Number in class:?

Users: Russia

Comments: If the Russians choose to continue SSN production, they will probably base the fourth-generation design on their formidable Akula class. In terms of capability, this boat will probably be the equal of a 688I in terms of quieting, and will have improvements in sonar, computers, and weapons. Should a decision be made to produce it, the first boat will probably be commissioned somewhere in the 2003–2005 time frame.

Class name: Typhoon (Russian: Akula class) (Project 941)

Producer (country/manufacturer): Russia/Severodvinsk

Displacement (surfaced/submerged): 18,500/25,000

Dimensions (ft/m): Length: 560.9/171 Beam: 78.7/24 Draft: 41/12.5

Armament: Twenty SS-N-20 SLBMs; six 650mm and 533mm torpedo tubes with an estimated 24 weapons

Machinery: Two PWRs with steam turbines driving two shrouded 7-bladed screws; 90,000 SHP

Speed (knots): 25 (submerged)Number in class: 6

Users: Russian-operated but under CIS control

Comments: The world's biggest submarine, pure and simple. The Typhoon seems to have been designed as a direct counter to the Ohio-class SSBNs. She carries 20 equally huge SS-N-20 (RSM-52) Sturgeon submarine-launched ballistic missiles. Essentially two Delta IV pressure hulls slapped together, with additional spaces for torpedo tubes and storage and ship control, this monster of the deep is equipped for long-term operations, particularly in the Arctic areas. Because of its double hull and massive bulk, to sink it with just a single heavy torpedo hit would be nearly impossible. The Russians call this beast Akula.

Class name: Delta IV (Russian: Del'fin class) (Project 667 BRDM)

Producer (country/manufacturer): Russia/Severodvinsk

Displacement (surfaced/submerged): 10,800/13,500

Dimensions (ft/m): Length: 537.9/164 Beam: 39.4/12 Draft: 28.5/8.7

Armament: Sixteen SS-N-23 SLBMs; six 650mm and 533mm torpedo tubes with 18 weapons

Machinery: Two PWRs with steam turbines driving two 7-bladed screws; 50,000 SHP

Speed (knots): 24 (submerged)Number in class: 7

Users: Russian-operated but under CIS control

Comments: A direct descendant of the highly successful Delta III SSBNs, the Delta IV was originally seen as a "just in case" program should the Typhoons not perform as desired. Unveiled in the light of the START II world, this formidable design has been seen for what it is, a very capable and quiet SSBN able to sustain long operations, even in the Arctic regions. Delta IVs carry 16 liquid-fueled SS-N-23 (RSM-54) Skiff submarine-launched ballistic missiles.

Class name: Delta III (Russian: Kal'mar class) (Project 667 BDR)

Producer (country/manufacturer): Russia/Severodvinsk

Displacement (surfaced/submerged): 10,600/13,250

Dimensions (ft/m): Length: 510/155.5 Beam: 39.4/12.0 Draft: 28.2/8.6

Armament: Sixteen SS-N-18 SLBMs; six 533mm torpedo tubes with 18 weapons

Machinery: Two PWRs with steam turbines driving two 5-bladed screws; 50,000 SHP

Speed (knots): 24 (submerged)

Number in class: 14

Users: Russian-operated but under CIS control

Comments: First appearing in the mid-1970s, the Delta IIIs were the first Soviet SSBNs to truly rival the American SSBNs in weapons. Specifically, her long-range SS-N-18 (RSM-50) Stingray missiles with multiple reentry vehicles gave her the ability to hit numerous targets in North America from pier side at either Petropavlovsk or Murmansk bases. Delta IIIs will probably be the oldest SSBNs retained by the Russian Navy under START II, and some will probably serve until the beginning of the twenty-first century.

Class name: Fourth-generation SSBN (Delta IV follow-on) (Project:?)

Producer (country/manufacturer): Russia/Severodvinsk

Displacement (surfaced/submerged): [?] 13,000-15,000 (submerged)

Dimensions (ft/m): (unknown)

Armament: est. sixteen SS-N-? SLBMs; six 650mm and 533mm torpedo tubes with about 20 weapons

Machinery: PWRs with steam turbines driving two 7-bladed screws;? SHP

Speed (knots): [?] 25–30 (submerged)

Number in class:?

Users: Russia

Comments: Should the Russians choose to build a fourth-generation SSBN, it will probably be based upon the highly successful Delta IV boat. Improvements will probably be limited to further quieting and some refinement to weapons (improved targeting and accuracy), as well as sensors.

Class name: Kilo (Russian: Varshavyanka class) (Project 877)

Producer (country/manufacturer): Russia/Komsomolsk, Krasnaya Sormova, United Admiralty

Displacement (surfaced/submerged): 2,325/3,076

Dimensions (ft/m): Length: 243.7/74.3 Beam: 32.8/10 Draft: 21.6/6.6

Armament: Six 533mm torpedo tubes with 18 weapons

Machinery: Diesel-electric drive with one 6-bladed screw; 5,900 SHP

Speed (knots): 17 (submerged)

Number in class: 20+

Users: Russia, Poland, Algeria, Romania, India, Iran

Comments: Currently the only diesel-electric submarine known to be in production in Russia. The Kilo is a medium-sized, inexpensive SSK with excellent quieting and weapons, although the lack of a towed array limits it in the area of sensors. Something of a best-seller, the Kilo has become an important source of hard currency for the struggling Russian sub builders, though newer, more advanced Western designs may intrude on sales.

Class name: Tango (Project 641B)

Producer (country/manufacturer): Russia/Krasnaya Sormova

Displacement (surfaced/submerged): 3,100/3,900

Dimensions (ft/m): Length: 300.1/91.5 Beam: 29.5/9 Draft: 23/7

Armament: Ten 533mm torpedo tubes with 24 weapons

Machinery: Diesel-electric drive with three 5-bladed screws; 6,000 SHP

Speed (knots): 20 (submerged)Number in class: 18

Users: Russia

Comments: One of the last big classes of diesel boat to be constructed by the Soviet Union, the Tangos were originally designed to be open ocean SSKs with the primary missions of attacking aircraft carriers and interdicting merchant ships. Extremely quiet and capable, they have excellent range and weapons. A number of the Tangos will continue to serve until the turn of the century.

Class name: Fourth-generation SS (Kilo follow-on) (Project:?)

Producer (country/manufacturer): Russia/Severodvinsk

Displacement (surfaced/submerged): [?] 2,500-3,000 (submerged)

Dimensions (ft/m): (unknown)

Armament: six 533mm torpedo tubes with about 20 weapons

Machinery: Diesel-electric drive with one 7-bladed screw; probable AIP system;? SHP

Speed (knots): [?] 25–30 (submerged)

Number in class:?

Users: Russia and?

Comments: If Russia chooses to keep building conventionally powered submarines, they will probably base the next design on a prototype boat known as Beluga that has been undergoing testing in the Black Sea. The new design SS may utilize a novel Air Independent Propulsion (AIP) system to extend slow-speed submerged endurance, which reduces the time the submarine would have to spend snorkeling. In addition, with a hull form based on the Alfa-class SSNs the fourth-generation SS may be capable of high SSN-like speeds for short periods.

People's Republic of China

While the Russians ran headlong into the business of building nuclear submarines, the People's Republic of China (PRC) took a slow, steady pace. Their first SSN, the Han class, is a simple boat with very little of the high technology that would be considered standard on an American or British boat. From the Hans have come the Xia class, the PRC's first SSBN. It appears that both the Han and the Xia have finished their production runs. With only six first-generation units, the Chinese appear to have mixed feelings about the success of the Han and Xia. Nevertheless, it is likely that within the foreseeable future, the Chinese will begin production of the Han and Xia follow-ons.

Class name: Han

Producer (country/manufacturer): PRC/Huludao

Displacement (surfaced/submerged): 4,500 (submerged)

Dimensions (ft/m): Length: 295.2/90 Beam: 32.8/10 Draft:?

Armament: Six 533mm torpedo tubes

Machinery: One PWR with turboelectric drive; one-bladed screw; 15,000 SHP

Speed (knots): 30 (submerged)

Number in class: 5

Users: PRC

Comments: This is the first class of SSN produced by the PRC, and it shows. Rather noisy and limited in its weapons load and sensors, it is still relatively fast and better than nothing. Roughly equal to a Skipjack or Victor I in performance.

Class name: Xia

Producer (country/manufacturer): PRC/Huludao

Displacement (surfaced/submerged): 7,000 (submerged)

Dimensions (ft/m): Length: 393.6/120 Beam: 32.8/10 Draft:?

Armament: Twelve CSS-N-3 SLBMs; six 533mm torpedo tubes

Machinery: One PWR with turboelectric drive; one-bladed screw; 15,000 SHP

Speed (knots): 20 (submerged)

Number in class: 1

Users: PRC

Comments: The first class of SSBNs built by the PRC, the Xias are roughly similar to the Soviet Yankee II-class boat in performance and weapons loadout. A derivative of the Han class (the hull and reactor are virtually identical), the Xias give the PRC leadership a minor and somewhat credible FBM capability in their part of the world.

France

The French are somewhat unusual because they chose to develop nuclear submarines to carry ballistic missiles (SSBNs) before they developed nuclear attack submarines (SSNs). This was due to the desire of General Charles de Gaulle in the 1960s to have a nuclear deterrent independent of NATO. Consequently, they developed a force of four SSBNs, the Le Redoubtable class, first, and only recently developed a force of SSNs. Currently they are finishing the construction of the Amethyst-class SSNs, as well as working on a new class of SSBNs, the four units of the Le Triomphant class. In addition, the French maintain a small force of diesel-electric submarines, though the number of these will surely decrease. As for the future, the French plans are not clear beyond the attempts of commercial yards to market conventional versions of the Amethyst-class boats.

Class name: Amethyst

Producer (country/manufacturer): France/DCAN, Cherbourg

Displacement (surfaced/submerged): 2,400/2,660

Dimensions (ft/m): Length: 241.4/73.6 Beam: 24.9/7.6 Draft: 21/6.4

Armament: Four 533mm torpedo tubes with 14 weapons

Machinery: One PWR with turboelectric drive; one 7-bladed screw; 9,500 SHP

Speed (knots): 28 (submerged)

Number in class: 1 + 2

Users: FranceComments: Basically an improved Rubis with a rounded bow, these boats are superior in both radiated noise and sensors. Currently there are no plans by the French Navy for a larger SSN force, and these will be the last ones built in the foreseeable future.

Class name: Rubis

Producer (country/manufacturer): France/DCAN, Cherbourg

Displacement (surfaced/submerged): 2,385/2,670

Dimensions (ft/m): Length: 236.5/72.1 Beam: 24.9/7.6 Draft: 21/6.4

Armament: Four 533mm torpedo tubes with 14 weapons

Machinery: One PWR with turboelectric drive; one 7-bladed screw; 9,500 SHP

Speed (knots): 25 (submerged)

Number in class: 4

Users: France

Comments: The first of the French SSNs, the Rubis class appeared only in the last decade or so. These compact little boats are the smallest SSNs ever built, and this is reflected in the small crew size (8 officers and 57 men) and the weapons loadout (14 weapons). The early units of the class were reported to be relatively noisy, requiring a major refit. All units are currently being brought up to the standard of the Amethyst-class boats.

Class name: Le Triomphant

Producer (country/manufacturer): France/DCAN, Cherbourg

Displacement (surfaced/submerged): 12,640/14,120

Dimensions (ft/m): Length: 452.6/138 Beam: 41/12.5 Draft:?

Armament: Sixteen M45 SLBMs; four 533mm torpedo tubes with? weapons

Machinery: One PWR with steam turbines driving one pumpjet propulsor; 41,500 SHP

Speed (knots): 25+ (submerged)

Number in class: 1 + 3

Users: France

Comments: New generation of French SSBN. Considerable attention paid to quieting measures including main propulsion machinery raft and a pumpjet propulsor. More streamlined hull form over L'Inflexible and earlier SSBNs. Will be equipped with the latest in submarine sonar systems including a large flank array, and new combat system.

Class name: L'Inflexible

Producer (country/manufacturer): France/DCAN, Cherbourg

Displacement (surfaced/submerged): 8,080/8,920

Dimensions (ft/m): Length: 422.1/128.7 Beam: 34.8/10.6 Draft: 32.8/10

Armament: Sixteen M4 SLBMs; four 533mm torpedo tubes with 12 weapons

Machinery: One PWR with steam turbines driving one 7-bladed screw; 16,000 SHP

Speed (knots): 20 (submerged)

Number in class: 1

Users: France

Comments: Essentially a Le Redoubtable class with some improvements in quieting, hull steel, and sensors.

Class name: Le Redoubtable

Producer (country/manufacturer): France/DCAN, Cherbourg

Displacement (surfaced/submerged): 8,000/9,000

Dimensions (ft/m): Length: 419.8/128 Beam: 34.8/10.6 Draft: 32.8/10

Armament: Sixteen M4 SLBMs; four 533mm torpedo tubes with 12 weapons

Machinery: One PWR with steam turbines driving one 7-bladed screw; 16,000 SHP

Speed (knots): 20 (submerged)

Number in class: 4

Users: France

Comments: The first class of SSBNs constructed by the French Navy and, in fact, the first nuclear ship built indigenously in Europe. Le Redoubtable was decommissioned in December 1991; all others in the class undergoing modernization to L'Inflexible standard.

Class name: Agosta

Producer (country/manufacturer): France/DCAN, Cherbourg

Displacement (surfaced/submerged): 1,490/1,740

Dimensions (ft/m): Length: 221.7/67.6 Beam: 22.3/6.8 Draft: 17.7/5.4

Armament: Four 550mm torpedo tubes with 20 weapons

Machinery: Diesel-electric drive with one 7-bladed screw; 4,600 SHP

Speed (knots): 20 (submerged)

Number in class: 4

Users: France, Pakistan, Spain

Comments: The last general purpose diesel-electric subs built by the French. An excellent design, they are being upgraded to the standards of the Amethyst class.

Class name: Dauphne

Producer (country/manufacturer): France/DCAN, Cherbourg

Displacement: (surfaced/submerged): 869/1,043

Dimensions (ft/m): Length: 188.9/57.6 Beam: 22.2/6.8 Draft: 17.4/5.3

Armament: Twelve 550mm torpedo tubes with 12 weapons

Machinery: Diesel-electric drive with two 3-bladed screws; 2,000 SHP

Speed (knots): 16 (submerged)

Number in class: 19

Users: France, Pakistan, Portugal, Spain, South Africa

Comments: Older SSK (diesel-electric submarine) design, though quite successful. Extensively upgraded, the class continues in service today.

United Kingdom

Of all the nations that operate submarines, none holds closer institutional and engineering ties to the United States than the United Kingdom. Currently the U.K. sub force is undergoing its own downsizing after several decades of steady growth. Part of this is due to financial constraints, though the entire "V" class of SSNs is being retired rather prematurely because of hydrogen embrittlement of valves and other plumbing fixtures in their propulsion plants. As this book is being written, the British are headed for a force of twelve SSNs (Swiftsure and Trafalgar classes), four SSBNs (the Vanguard class), and four SSKs (diesel-electric submarines) (the Upholder class). Even this force may be whittled down, with the Upholders reportedly being considered for sale to export clients. As to future sub construction, the British would like to build a second batch of Trafalgars powered by the British-built PWR-2 power plant, though only the British Parliament and the Minister of Defence are able to determine whether this will happen.

Class name: Trafalgar

Producer (country/manufacturer): United Kingdom/VSEL, Barrow-in-Furness

Displacement (surfaced/submerged): 4,700/5,208

Dimensions (ft/m): Length: 280.1/85.4 Beam: 32.2/9.8 Draft: 27.2/8.3

Armament: Five 533mm torpedo tubes with 25 weapons

Machinery: One PWR with steam turbines driving one pumpjet propulsor; 15,000 SHP

Speed (knots): 30 (submerged)Number in class: 7

Users: United Kingdom

Comments: Quite simply, the best SSN ever built by the British. This class is quick, quiet, and carries a substantial punch. If the Trafalgars have a weakness, it is the lack of an integrated combat system like the U.S. AN/BSY-1. A future upgrade known as Type 2076 may cure this. They handle well and are quite good boats for the money.

Class name: Swiftsure

Producer (country/manufacturer): United Kingdom/VSEL, Barrow-in-Furness

Displacement (surfaced/submerged): 4,200/4,500

Dimensions (ft/m): Length: 271.9/82.9 Beam: 32.2/9.8 Draft: 27.2/8.3

Armament: Five 533mm torpedo tubes with 25 weapons

Machinery: One PWR with steam turbines driving one pumpjet propulsor; 15,000 SHP

Speed (knots): 30 (submerged)

Number in class: 5

Users: United Kingdom

Comments: The oldest SSNs in the Royal Navy, the Swiftsures are fine boats that have been upgraded in refits to almost the same standard as the Trafalgars.

Class name: Trafalgar Batch II (?)

Producer (country/manufacturer): United Kingdom/VSEL, Barrow-in-Furness

Displacement (surfaced/submerged): [?] 5,200 (submerged)

Dimensions (ft/m): (unknown)

Armament: Five 533mm torpedo tubes with 30 weapons

Machinery: One PWR with steam turbines driving one pumpjet propulsor; 15,000 SHP

Speed (knots): [?] 30 (submerged)

Number in class:?

Users: United Kingdom

Comments: The big "If" in the future of the Royal Navy. These boats, if they are ever built, will be powered by the British PWR-2 reactor, and may be equipped with cruise missiles.

Class name: Upholder

Producer (country/manufacturer): United Kingdom/VSEL, Barrow-in-Furness; Cammell Laird, Birkenhead

Displacement (surfaced/submerged): 2,185/2,400

Dimensions (ft/m): Length: 230.6/70.3 Beam: 24.9/7.6 Draft: 18/5.5

Armament: Six 533mm torpedo tubes with 18 weapons

Machinery: Diesel-electric drive with one 7-bladed screw; 5,400 SHP

Speed (knots): 20 (submerged)

Number in class: 4

Users: United Kingdom

Comments: A really nice class of SSKs, these boats are probably the finest diesel-electric submarines in the world. Fully the equal of the Trafalgars in sensors and armament, they may be sold off to export customers.

Class name: Vanguard

Producer (country/manufacturer): United Kingdom/ VSEL, Barrow-in-Furness

Displacement (surfaced/submerged): 15,850 (submerged)

Dimensions (ft/m): Length: 489.7/149.3 Beam: 42/12.8 Draft: 33.1/10.1

Armament: Sixteen Trident II (D-5) SLBMs; four 533mm torpedo tubes with [?] 18 weapons

Machinery: One PWR with steam turbines driving one pumpjet propulsor; 27,500 SHP

Speed (knots): 25 (submerged)

Number in class: 1 + 3

Users: United Kingdom

Comments: These are probably going to be the last class of SSBNs ever built for the Royal Navy. Representing everything ever learned by the Royal Navy in submarine design, these elegantly designed boats have something of a "big shoulders" look because of the way the bow planes are mounted.

Class name: Resolution

Producer (country/manufacturer): United Kingdom/VSEL, Barrow-in-Furness

Displacement (surfaced/submerged): 7,600/8,500

Dimensions (ft/m): Length: 424.8/129.5 Beam: 33.1/10.1 Draft: 30/9.2

Armament: Sixteen Polaris (A-3) SLBMs; six 533mm torpedo tubes with [?] 18 weapons

Machinery: One PWR with steam turbines driving one 7-bladed screw; 27,500 SHP

Speed (knots): 25 (submerged)

Number in class: 3

Users: United Kingdom

Comments: The old warhorses of the British submarine force, the units (three remain in commission as of this writing) of the "R" class have been keeping the peace for over a quarter century now. Being retired as the new "V" class boats come on line, they are roughly equivalent to the U.S. Lafayette-class SSBNs.

Sweden

Of all the nations that operate submarines, none is probably less understood and more underestimated than Sweden. The Swedes have always had an independent streak when it comes to defense issues, and this is certainly true of their submarine force. At the moment, they produce some of the most advanced conventionally powered submarines in the world. Their boats have a decidedly inshore design philosophy, consistent with the Swedish requirements of operating in the Baltic. In addition, the Swedes are leaders in non-nuclear Air Independent Propulsion (AIP) systems. Currently they are finishing development of the Gotland (A-19 class) boats, equipped with a Sterling AIP system to keep the batteries charged for longer submerged endurance. Like all other nations, the Swedes are aggressively marketing their boats for export. They have had a particular success with the sale of six boats (the Collins class) to Australia.

Class name: Gotland (A-19 class)

Producer (country/manufacturer): Sweden/Kockums, Malmo

Displacement (surfaced/submerged): 1,300 (submerged)

Dimensions (ft/m): Length: 172.2/52.5 Beam: 19.9/6.1 Draft: 18.4/5.6

Armament: Six 533mm and three 400mm torpedo tubes with 18 weapons

Machinery: Diesel-electric drive with one 5-bladed screw; [?] 4,500 SHP; Sterling engine AIP system to be installed

Speed (knots): 20 (submerged)

Number in class: 0 + 3

Users: Sweden

Comments: Essentially an updated A-17 class, with improved sensors and combat systems and the incorporation of two Sterling engine-driven generators for improved slow-speed submerged endurance.

Class name: Vastergotland (A-17 class)

Producer (country/manufacturer): Sweden/Kockums, Malmo, and Karlskrona Varvet

Displacement (surfaced/submerged): 1,070/1,140

Dimensions (ft/m): Length: 159.1/48.5 Beam: 19.9/6.1 Draft: 18.4/5.6

Armament: Six 533mm and three 400mm torpedo tubes with 18 weapons

Machinery: Diesel-electric drive with one 5-bladed screw; [?] 4,000 SHP

Speed (knots): 20 (submerged)

Number in class: 4

Users: Sweden

Comments: Essentially improved Nackens, these boats are quite capable for Baltic operations.

Class name: Nacken (A-14 class)

Producer (country/manufacturer): Sweden/Kockums, Malmo, and Karlskrona Varvet

Displacement (surfaced/submerged): 1,030/1,125

Dimensions (ft/m): Length: 162.4/49.5 Beam: 18.7/5.7 Draft: 13.4/4.1

Armament: Six 533mm and two 400mm torpedo tubes with 12 weapons

Machinery: Diesel-electric drive with one 5-bladed screw; [?] 4,000 SHP

Speed (knots): 20 (submerged)

Number in class: 3

Users: Sweden

Comments: The oldest SSKs in the Swedish Navy. Nacken was the trial submarine for the Sterling engine AIP system, which will be incorporated in the Gotland class.

Netherlands

The Dutch enjoy an outstanding submarine tradition, with particular pride in the numerous enemy sinkings to their credit during World War II. In fact, during the early days of 1942 in the Pacific, the tiny Dutch force actually sank more ships than the entire U.S. sub force. Today the Dutch have an excellent fleet of SSKs and are aggressively trying to market them overseas.

Class name: Walrus

Producer (country/manufacturer): Netherlands/Rotterdamse Droogdok Maatschaooij

Displacement (surfaced/submerged): 2,450/2,800

Dimensions (ft/m): Length: 222.2/67.7 Beam: 27.6/8.4 Draft: 23/7

Armament: Four 533mm torpedo tubes with 20 weapons

Machinery: Diesel-electric drive with one 5-bladed screw; 5,430 SHP

Speed (knots): 21 (submerged)

Number in class: 1 + 3

Users: Netherlands

Comments: A really nice little class of SSK, the Walrus-class boats have a good balance of weapons, sensors, and endurance. The lead boat of the class suffered a fire during building and was delayed in delivery.

Germany

Of all the nations on earth, none has a stronger submarine combat tradition than Germany. Twice in this century the German U-boat fleets have driven England to the brink of starvation and defeat. Today, though, the U-boats of the modern German Navy are a much more modest force, though they probably reflect the missions they would be required to execute better than their counterparts from the two world wars. The new generation of U-boats are tailored to the coastal waters of the Baltic, with endurance and weapons loads to match. The German boats have proven to be a great success, particularly in export sales. In fact the Type 209 has actually outsold the Russian Kilo class in exports, making it the Volkswagen of conventional submarines. Their newest boats, the Type 212s, are capable of being equipped with a liquid oxygen/hydrogen fuel cell AIP system.

Class name: Type 212

Producer (country/manufacturer): Germany/ Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft, Thysseen Nordseewerke

Displacement (surfaced/submerged): 1,200/1,800

Dimensions (ft/m): Length: 167.8/51 Beam: 22.6/6.9 Draft: 21/6.4

Armament: Six 533mm torpedo tubes with [?] 18 weapons

Machinery: Diesel-electric drive with one 7-bladed screw;? SHP; fuel cell AIP system to be installed

Speed (knots): [?] 20 (submerged)

Number in class: 0 + 12

Users: Germany

Comments: The newest of the German U-boats. These boats will be equipped with a fuel cell AIP system, though defense cuts could severely affect construction.

Class name: Type 206/206A

Producer (country/manufacturer): Germany/Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft, Rheinstahl Nordsee-werke

Displacement (surfaced/submerged): 450/520

Dimensions (ft/m): Length: 159.4/48.6 Beam: 15.4/4.7 Draft: 14.1/4.3

Armament: Eight 533mm torpedo tubes with 16 weapons

Machinery: Diesel-electric drive with one 7-bladed screw; 2,300 SHP

Speed (knots): 17 (submerged)

Number in class: 18

Users: Germany

Comments: Type 206As are modified with the Atlas Electronic CSU 83 integrated sonar suite and the accompanying SLW 83 integrated combat system. Propulsion plant, navigation, and accommodations have also been upgraded.

Class name: Type 205

Producer (country/manufacturer): Germany/Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft

Displacement (surfaced/submerged): 419/455

Dimensions (ft/m): Length: 142.7/43.5 Beam: 15.1/4.6 Draft: 12.5/3.8Armament: Eight 533mm torpedo tubes with 8 weapons

Machinery: Diesel-electric drive with one 7-bladed screw; 2,300 SHP

Speed (knots): 17 (submerged)

Number in class: 5

Users: Germany, Denmark

Comments: An earlier version of the Type 206, these units will probably be sold or retired in the current round of German defense cuts.

Class name: Type 209 (1100, 1200, 1300, 1400 variants)

Producer (country/manufacturer): Germany, Turkey, Brazil, South Korea/various shipyards

Displacement (surfaced/submerged): 1,207-1,586 (submerged)

Dimensions (ft/m): Length: 177.4/54.1-200.7/61.2 Beam: 20.5/6.3 Draft: 18/5.5

Armament: Eight 533mm torpedo tubes with 14 weapons

Machinery: Diesel-electric drive with one 7-bladed screw; 5,000 SHP

Speed (knots): 22 (submerged)

Number in class: 34 + 15

Users: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Greece, Indonesia, South Korea, Peru, Turkey, Venezuela

Comments: The Type 209 variants differ predominantly in length and displacement, although the sensor, combat, and other electronics fits will also vary depending on when the particular unit was built. Even though the design is over twenty years old, the Type 209 is still being built for customers today, and is the most successful submarine design outside of Russia and the United States.

Class name: IKL Type 1500

Producer (country/manufacturer): Germany; India/Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft; Mazagon

Displacement (surfaced/submerged): 1,655/1,810

Dimensions (ft/m): Length: 211.2/64.4 Beam: 21.3/6.5 Draft: 20.3/6.2

Armament: Eight 533mm torpedo tubes with 14 weapons

Machinery: Diesel-electric drive with one 7-bladed screw; 6,100 SHP

Speed (knots): 23 (submerged)

Number in class: 3 + 1

Users: India

Comments: The Type 1500 is normally listed as a Type 209 variant; however, the 1500 has a larger pressure hull and internal compartmentation, which makes it a different design. The internal arrangement of equipment is for all intents and purposes the same as on a Type 209. The Type 1500 is the only Western-designed submarine with an emergency escape sphere in case the boat sinks.

Japan

Japan started building its submarine force early; its navy was the first to use subs in combat, during the Russo-Japanese war in the early 1900s. Though Japan produced some of the most advanced boats of World War II, they never really used them to best advantage. Today they operate a large force of SSKs based on the American Barbel class of diesel submarine.

Class name: Harushio

Producer (country/manufacturer): Japan/Mitsubishi

Displacement (surfaced/submerged): 2,400/2,750

Dimensions (ft/m): Length: 262.4/80 Beam: 32.8/10 Draft: 25.2/7.7

Armament: Six 533mm torpedo tubes with 20 weapons

Machinery: Diesel-electric drive with one 7-bladed screw; 7,220 SHP

Speed (knots): 20 (submerged)

Number in class: 2 + 8

Users: Japan

Comments: Basically enlarged Yushios, these boats are highly automated, with an excellent weapons load and sensor suite.

Class name: Yushio

Producer (country/manufacturer): Japan/Mitsubishi and Kawasaki

Displacement (surfaced/submerged): 2,200/2,450

Dimensions (ft/m): Length: 249.9/76.2 Beam: 32.5/9.9 Draft: 24.3/7.4

Armament: Six 533mm torpedo tubes with 20 weapons

Machinery: Diesel-electric drive with one 7-bladed screw; 7,220 SHP

Speed (knots): 20 (submerged)

Number in class: 10

Users: Japan

Comments: Very quiet boats armed with both torpedoes and American UGM-84 sub-Harpoon antiship missiles. Capable of very deep operations, the Yushios are updates of the earlier Uzushio class.

Italy

While the uninformed might not think of Italy as a power in the submarine world, this would be a severe underestimation. Italy has a long and proud history of submarine design, construction, and operations. In World War II, Italian subs did a lot of damage to Allied shipping, particularly in the tight waters of the Mediterranean. Following the war, Italy began to build up a substantial force of diesel-electric boats with units constructed in their own yards. Today it is an extremely capable force, which continues to be upgraded with the finest weapons and sensors produced in Italy.

Class name: Primo Longobardo

Producer (country/manufacturer): Italy/Italcantieri

Displacement (surfaced/submerged): 1,653/1,862

Dimensions (ft/m): Length: 217.6/66.4 Beam: 22.4/6.8 Draft: 19.7/6

Armament: Six 533mm torpedo tubes with 12 weapons

Machinery: Diesel-electric drive with one 7-bladed screw; 4.270 SHP

Speed (knots): 19 (submerged)

Number in class: 0 + 2

Users: Italy

Comments: The Primo Longobardo class is the second modification to the Nazario Sauro class. The biggest differences are in the improved hull form and combat system.

Class name: Salvatore Pelosi

Producer (country/manufacturer): Italy/Fincantiere

Displacement (surfaced/submerged): 1,476/1,662

Dimensions (ft/m): Length: 211.1/64.36 Beam: 22.4/6.8 Draft: 18.6/5.7

Armament: Six 533mm torpedo tubes with 12 weapons

Machinery: Diesel-electric drive with one 7-bladed screw; 4,270 SHP

Speed (knots): 19 (submerged)

Number in class: 2

Users: Italy

Comments: Slight hull modifications over the Nazario Sauro class. The Salvatore Pelosi class also has an improved combat system to allow the launch of sub-Harpoon missiles.

Class name: Nazario Sauro

Producer (country/manufacturer): Italy/C.R.D.A and Italcantiere

Displacement (surfaced/submerged): 1,450/1,637

Dimensions (ft/m): Length: 209.4/63.9 Beam: 22.4/6.8 Draft: 18.7/5.7

Armament: Six 533mm torpedo tubes with 12 weapons

Machinery: Diesel-electric drive with one 7-bladed screw; 4,270 SHP

Speed (knots): 19 (submerged)

Number in class: 4

Users: Italy

Comments: Basically improved versions of the Enrico Toti boats that preceded them. Nice little boats designed for operations in the narrows of the seas surrounding Italy.

Class name: S 90

Producer (country/manufacturer): Italy/Fincantiere

Displacement (surfaced/submerged): 2,500/2,780

Dimensions (ft/m): Length: 228.6/69.7 Beam: 26.7/8.2 Draft: 20.7/6.3

Armament: Six 533mm torpedo tubes with 24 weapons

Machinery: Diesel-electric drive with one 7-bladed screw;? SHP

Speed (knots): 19 (submerged)

Number in class: 0 + 2

Users: Italy

Comments: Follow-on to the Primo Longobardo class. Design differences include greater endurance and depth capability. Design not finalized, and changes could occur.