The Atlantic and Its Enemies

A

Abakumov, Viktor

Abdullah, King of Jordan

Abercrombie, Sir Patrick

Abidjan

ABM (anti-ballistic missile) treaty (1972)

abortion

Abrams, Creighton

Acheson, Dean

actors, politics of

Adana

Adenauer, Konrad:

acceptance of division of Germany

and Berlin crisis of

diplomatic relations with USSR

and EEC

and Erhard

founding of Christian Democratic Union

and Franco-German relations

privatization policy

and Suez crisis

and universities

and welfare system

Adzhubey, Alexey

Afghanistan

AFL-CIO (American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations)

Aganbegyan, Abel

Ağca, Mehmet Alı

Agent Orange (herbicide)

Agitation and Propaganda, Department of (USSR)

Agnew, Spiro

Agrarian Party (Czechoslovak)

AIDS

Aitken, Jonathan

Aitmatov, Cingiz

Akhmatova, Anna

Alaska

Alaskan Pipeline

Albania

Albanians

Alevis

Algeria:

French rule

independence

nationalism

oil production

pieds noirs

Algerian war (1954-62)

Algiers

Aliev, Haydar

Allende, Salvador:

background and character

and Carter

election as president

international reputation

overthrow and death

reforms

speech to United Nations (1972)

‘Alliance for Progress’ (American plan for Latin America)

Alma Ata

Almeida, Juan

Alsthom-Atlantique (corporation)

Altamira, Carlos

Althusser, Louis

Altman, Nathan

Amalrik, Andrey

Amin, Hafizullah

Anatolia

GAP project

Anderson, Lindsay

Andics, Erzsébert

Andreotti, Giulio

Andropov, Yuri:

and Afghanistan

General Secretary

and Gorbachev

KGB head

nationalities policy

Angola

Ankara

Ankara College

Ankara University

Bilkent University

Çubuk reservoir

Middle East Technical University

Anna Comnena, Princess

Annan, Noel, Baron

Our Age

Antep

anti-alcohol campaign (USSR)

anti-Fascism

anti-semitism

anti-Zionism

Ap Bac, battle of (1963)

appeasement

Apple (corporation)

Aqaba, Gulf of

Aquinas, Thomas

Arab Legion

Arafat, Yasser

Aragon, Louis

Araucanian Indians

Arbatov, Georgy

Arbenz, Jacobo

Arendt, Hannah

Argentina

Falklands War (1982)

Arizona

Armenia

Armenians

ARVN (Army of the Republic of Vietnam)

Assad, Hafiz

Assyrian Christians

Astor, David

Aswan Dam

AT&T (corporation)

Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal

Athens

atomic bombs:

American

British

espionage

Soviet see also nuclear weapons

Atomic Energy Commission

Atomium (Brussels)

Attali, Jacques

Auschwitz concentration camp

Australia

Austria:

army

author’s studies in

Catholic Church

Communist Party

cultural institutions

Dollfuss dictatorship

espionage in

Jewish transit centre

Marshall Plan aid

neutrality

post-war occupation zones

pre-First World War parliament

private companies

relations with Hungary

Social Democrats

Staatsvertrag (state treaty; 1955)

and USSR

war criminals

Yugoslav territorial claims

Austrian school of economics

Austro-Hungarian empire

automobile industry:

Britain

France

Germany

Italy

Japan

Sweden

USA

AVO (Hungarian security police)

Aylwin, Patricio

Azerbaidjan

Azeri Turks

Aznavour, Charles

B

Baader, Andreas

Bacílek, Karol

Bacon, Robert, Britain’s Economic Problem

Bad Godesberg

Baden

Baden-Baden

Baekeland, Leo

Baghdad Pact

Bagram airbase

Bahr, Egon

Bahrain

Bakelite

Baker, James

Baker, Kenneth, Baron Baker of Dorking

Baku

Congress of the Peoples of the East (1920)

Balfour Declaration (1917)

Balogh, Sándor

Balogh, Thomas, Baron

Baltic states see also Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania

Baltimore

Baluchis

Balzac, Honoré de

Bandung conference (1955)

Bank of England

Bank for International Settlements

banking crisis (2008-9)

Barcelona

Barchard, David

Bari

Barings Bank

Barkey, Henri

Barnett, Correlli

Barraclough, Geoffrey, Origins of Modern Germany

Barthes, Roland

Bartley, Robert

Barzani, Mustafa

BASF (corporation)

Basle

Batista, Fulgencio

Bauer, Peter, Baron

Bavaria

Bay of Pigs invasion (1961)

Bayly, Sir Christopher

Bayonne

Bayreuth

BBC

Bearsden, Scotland

Beatles, the

Beckett, Samuel

Beduins

Beethoven, Ludwig van

Fidelio

Belgian Congo

Belgium:

coal and steel production

colonies

and EEC

and Kurdish nationalism

and Marshall Plan

nationalism

oil imports

Second World War

universities see also Benelux

Belgrano (battleship)

Bell, Marie

Ben Bella, Ahmed

Benelux

Beneš, Edvard

Bengal

Bennett, Catherine

Bennett, William

Beria, Lavrenti

overthrow and execution

Berkeley, University of

Berlin:

blockade of 1948-9

bomb damage

crisis of 1961

introduction of Deutsche Mark in Western zone

Soviet occupation zone

wartime

see also East Berlin; West Berlin

Berlin Wall:

building of

fall of

Berman, Jakub

Besançon, Alain

Bessarabia

Bessmertnykh, Aleksandr

Bevin, Ernest

Bichelonne, Jean

Bien Hoa airfield

Biermann, Wolf

Bierut, Bolesław

Biffen, John, Baron

Bilkent University

Bíngöl

biological warfare

biotechnology

Birmingham

Birmingham University

Bismarck, Otto von

Bissell, Richard

Bitlis

‘Bizonia’/‘Trizonia’ (Allied occupation zones in Germany)

Blackbourn, David

Blair, Tony

Blake, William

Blanning, Tim

Bloch, Ernst

Blunt, (Sir) Anthony

Blyukher, Vasily

BMW (automobile manufacturer)

‘boat people’:

Cambodian

Vietnamese

Bodleian Library, Oxford

Bogomolov, Oleg

Bohlen, Charles E.

Bohley, Bärbel

Böhm, Karl

Bokassa, Jean-Bédel

Bolivia

Bologna

Bolsheviks:

and bureaucracy

and China

Civil War

Congress of the Peoples of the East (1920)

lies of

Revolution

and science

Bond, James (fictional character)

Bonn

Borinage

Borland Software Corporation

Borodin, Mikhail

Boston

Bourgès-Maunoury, Maurice

BP (British Petroleum)

Bradlee, Ben

Braestrup, Peter

Brandt, Willy:

background and character

elected Chancellor

foreign minister

mayor of West Berlin

memoirs

Nobel Peace Prize

Ostpolitik

resignation

Braşov

Bratislava

author’s imprisonment in

Braudel, Fernand

Braun, Otto

Brazil

Breakfast at Tiffany’s (film)

Brecht, Bertolt

Brentano, Lujo

Brescia

Brest-Litovsk

Bretherton, Russell

Bretton Woods conference (1944)

Bretton Woods system

end of

Triffin Dilemma

Brezhnev, Leonid:

and Afghanistan

and arms limitiation talks

background and character

and de Gaulle

death

and East Germany

and Helsinki conference (1975)

and Johnson

and Middle East

nationalities policy

and Orthodox Church

‘our common European home’

and Poland

political reforms

and ‘Prague Spring’

and Soviet satellite states

and Stalin

succeeds Khrushchev

and Vietnam

Brioni island

Britain:

agriculture

atomic bombs

automobile industry

balance of payments

banking system

and Chinesewar

civil service

class system

coal industry

Communist Party

council housing

crime

cultural institutions

currency controls

and Cyprus

defence expenditure

Department of Trade and Industry

Depression (1930s)

devaluation of sterling

divorce rates

economic and political decline

education system (see also universities)

and EEC/EU

and Egypt

emigration

and establishment of NATO

and European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM)

Falklands War (1982)

family breakdown

film industry

financial deregulation

fishing industry

general elections: (1945); (1950); (1951); (1959); (1970); (1974); (1979); (1983)

gold reserves

and GreekWar

IMF bail-out (1976)

import surcharges

income per capita

Industrial Revolution

industrial wastelands

inflation

intelligentsia

and Iran

Lend-Lease aid

and Malaya

and Marshall Plan

middle classes

miners’ strike (1984-5)

monarchy

National Health Service

nationalization of industry

navy

North Sea oil

nuclear weapons

oil imports

Poll Tax

post-war debt

post-war shortages and rationing

privatizations

productivity levels

property prices

public transport

race riots

scientific and technological developments

Second World War

shipbuilding

steel industry

strikes

Suez crisis

taxation

television

textile industry

trade unions

underclass

unemployment

universities

Welfare State

Westland affair (‘Westgate’; 1986)

winter weather of 1946-7

withdrawal of forces from Gulf (1971)

zone of occupation in Germany

British Airways

British Commonwealth

British Empire:

American antipathy towards

decline of

decolonization

revitalization attempts

trade

British Leyland (automobile manufacturer)

British Petroleum (BP)

British Steel

British Telecom

Brittan, Sir Samuel

Bronfman, Edgar

Brown, Andrew

Brucan, Silviu

Bruce, David

Bruges

Brussels

Brussels Exhibition (1958)

Brussels Pact (1948)

Bryan, William Jennings

Brzezinski, Zbigniew

Bucak, Mehmet Celal

Bucharest

Buck, Pearl S.

Buckley, William

Budapest:

anti-Communist demonstrations

author’s travels in

dinginess of communist era

Jews in

Piarist School

Stalinization

war damage

Buddhism

Buenos Aires

Bukovsky, Vladimir

Bulgakov, Mikhail

Heart of a Dog

Bulganin, Nikolay

Bulgaria

Bullock, Alan, Baron

Bundesbank (German Federal Bank)

Bundy, McGeorge

Bundy, William

Burke, Edmund

Burlatsky, Fyodor

Burma

Burton, Phillip

Bush, George

business schools

Byelorussia

Byrnes, James F.

Byron, George, 5th Baron

C

cable television

Cachin, Françoise

Çağlayangil, Ihsan Sabri

Cairncross, Sir Alec

Cairncross, John

Calcutta

California:

armaments industry

Khrushchev in

population growth

Proposition(1978)

Reagan as Governor

Silicon Valley

Callaghan, James, Baron Callaghan of Cardiff

Calvinist Church

Cam Ranh Bay (US air base)

Cambodia:

‘boat people’

French rule

Khmer Rouge

‘killing fields’

and Vietnam War

Vietnamese invasion (1978)

Cambridge University

Cambridge spies

Cavendish Laboratory

school of economics

Camdessus, Michel

Camp David accords (1978)

Canada

Cannes Film Festival

cannibalism

Cao, Huynh Van

Caperton, William B.

Cappadocia

CARE (Cooperative for American Remittances to Europe)

Carpathian Mountains

Carr, E. H.

Carrington, Peter, 6th Baron

cars see automobile industry

Carter, Jimmy:

background and character

Camp David accords (1978)

and Chile

and CIA

defence policy

economic policy

education policy

election as President

energy policy

failures of Administration

Governor of Georgia

and Iran

loses 1980 election to Reagan

and Margaret Thatcher

moralizing

refuses to meet Bukovsky

reputation

retirement

and Turkish coup (1980)

work regimen

Carter, Rosalynn

Casaroli, Cardinal Agostino

Casey, William

Castro, Fidel:

background and education

and Bay of Pigs invasion

and Crisis of 1962

imprisonment

and Khrushchev

revolution

US campaign to limit appeal

visits Chile

Castro, Raúl

Catherine the Great

Catholic Church:

in Austria

in Chile

and Christian Democracy

and Communism

Counter-Reformation

in Czechoslovakia

and economic development

in France

in Germany

in Hungary

in Ireland

and the Left

in Poland

and Reagan administration

Rerum Novarum (enyclical)

Thirty Years War

Vatican(ecumenical council)

in Vietnam see also Vatican

CDU see Christian Democrats (German)

Ceauşescu, Elena

Ceauşescu, Nicolae

cell phones

censorship:

in Czechoslovakia

in USSR

in West

Central African Empire

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Cézanne, Paul

Chaldean Christians

Chambord, château de

Chams (Vietnamese Moslems)

Chandler, Alfred

Channel Tunnel

Chaplin, Sir Charlie

Charles, Prince of Wales

Charles X, King of France

Chateaubriand, François-René de

Chaudhuri, Nirad

Chaunu, Pierre

Chechens

Chechnya

Cheka (Russian secret police) see also KGB

Chéreau, Patrice

Chernenko, Konstantin

Chevalier, Maurice

Chevron (oil company)

Cheysson, Claude

Chiang Kai-shek:

American view of

andwar

government in Taiwan

mausoleum

Chicago

Chicago school of economics

Chile:

under Allende

Carter’s handling of

Catholic Church

Christian Democrats

civil war (1891)

Communist Party

copper industry

coup of 1973

DINA (secret police)

education system (see also universities)

and Falklands War (1982)

geography

inflation

land reform

native Indian population

peasantry

Pinochet regime

political instability

population growth

poverty

privatizations

trade unions

unemployment

universities

wine industry

China, Republic of:

backwardness

civil war

Communist Party

emergence of communist movement

intelligentsia

Japanese invasion and occupation

Kuomintang (Nationalists)

land redistribution

Long March (1934-5)

membership of UN Security Council

peasantry

Protestant missionaries

Second World War

Soviet invasion

trade unions see also Taiwan

China, People’s Republic of:

and Afghan War

atomic and nuclear weapons

border conflicts with India

border conflicts with Russia/ USSR

‘cultural revolution’

economic growth

famines and starvation

friendship treaty with USSR (1950)

‘hundred flowers’ campaign

intelligentsia

international support for

Korean War

Mao’s inauguration of People’s Republic

Nixon’s visit (1972)

and ‘peaceful coexistence’ doctrine

Sino-Soviet split

and Taiwan

Tiananmen Square massacre (1989)

tyranny and destruction of regime

and Vietnam

Chirac, Jacques

Cholkovsky, Konstantin

Chonchol, Jacques

Chou En-lai

Christian Democrats (Chilean)

Christian Democrats (German; CDU)

Christian Democrats (Italian)

Christian Women’s Camp (Hungarian)

Chrudinák, Aladár

Chrysler (automobile manufacturer)

Church of England

Churchill, Sir Winston:

calls for European unity

and Chiang Kai-shek

Congress of Europe (1948)

declining influence

and Eden’s premiership

and Greece

hopes for reconciliation with USSR

on India

‘Iron Curtain’ speech

loses 1945 election

and Poland

reputation

Teheran conference (1943)

Yalta conference (1945)

and Yugoslavia

CIA (US Central Intelligence Agency):

and Afghanistan

and Bay of Pigs invasion

and Cambodia

and Chile

and collapse of USSR

Congressional restriction of

establishment of

and Greek Colonels’ coup (1967)

journalists’ attacks on

and overthrow of Mossadegh

and ‘Second Cold War’

and Suez crisis

and Vietnam

Ciba (chemical company)

Čierna nad Tisou

cigarettes

smoking bans

City of London

‘big bang’ (1986)

Clark Kerr, Archibald, 1st Baron Inverchapel

Clark, William

Clay, Lucius

Clayton, William.

Clifford, Clark

climate change

Club of Rome

CNN (television network)

Coal Board (British)

coal mining:

Belgium

Britain

ECSC (European Coal and Steel Community)

Germany

Luxemburg

Poland

Turkey

USA

Cobb, Richard

CoCom (Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls)

Code Napoléon

Cohen, Warren

Cohn-Bendit, Daniel

coin-clipping

Çolakoğlu, Nuri

Colby, William

collectivization, agricultural

Cuba

Czechoslovakia

East Germany

Poland

USSR

Vietnam

Cologne

Colombia

Colt, Samuel

Combes, Émile

Comecon

Comédie Française

Cominform

Comintern

schools

Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)

Common Market see European Economic Community

Communist Party of the Soviet Union:

Brezhnev’s reforms

Central Committee

characteristics of documentation and meetings

Gorbachev’s reforms

International Department of Central Committee

Khrushchev’s reforms

Kosygin’s reforms

nomenklatura

Party Congresses; 17th (1934); 20th (1956);t (1959); 23rd (1966); 24th (1971); 27th (1986); 28th (1990)

Politburo

power struggle following Stalin’s death

Praesidium

relationship with KGB

Stalin’s purges

suicides of members

Comnena, Anna

Compaq (corporation)

computers:

development of

as emblem of the eighties

and financial markets

manufacturers

and public sector

in USSR see also information technology

concentration camps:

East European Communists’

Nazi

Soviet

Concorde (aircraft)

condom sizes

Confederation of British Industry

Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (Helsinki, 1975)

Congdon, Tim

Congress of Europe (1948)

Congress of the Peoples of the East (1920)

Connally, John

Connolly, Bernard

Conquest, Robert

Conservative Party (British):

1945 election

association with Church and State

Margaret Thatcher replaces Heath as leader

Margaret Thatcher’s election victories

Margaret Thatcher’s fall from power

Constant, Benjamin

contraceptive Pill

Cooperative for American Remittances to Europe (CARE)

copper

Copts

Corbusier, Le

Corpus Christi College, Cambridge

Corsica

Corvalán, Luis

Council of Europe

council housing (British)

Counter-Reformation

Cracow

Craig, Gordon

Crichel Down scandal (1954)

Crimea

Crimean War (1853-6)

Cripps, Sir Stafford

Croatia

Croham, Douglas Allen, Baron

Cronkite, Walter

Crosland, Anthony

Cruzat-Lorrain (Chilean conglomerate)

Csap

CSCE see Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe

Cuba:

and Angola

Batista regime

Bay of Pigs invasion (1961)

Communist Party

Crisis of 1962

Guantanamo naval base

independence from Spain

land reform and collectivization

peasantry

revolution

sugar production

trade unions

Cuba Socialista (journal)

Currie, Lauchlin

Çürükkaya, Selim

Curzon, George, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston

Cyprus

Czechoslovakia:

Agrarian Party

agricultural collectivization

anti-clericalism

author’s imprisonment in

Catholic Church

censorship

Communist Party

communist takeover (‘Czech coup’)

and Cuban crisis of 1962

ethnic German population

fall of communism

under Husák

industry

intelligentsia

Khrushchev’s relaxation attempts

‘Little Entente’

and Marshall Plan

National Front

National Socialists/Radicals

under Novotný

peasantry

‘Prague Spring’

purge trials (1951)

Second World War ‘Protectorate’

Social Democrats

Soviet invasion

StB (security service)

territorial gains from Hungary

territorial losses to USSR

trade unions

treaty with West Germany

see also Slovakia

Częstochowa

D

Da Nang

Dahrendorf, Gustav

Dahrendorf, Ralf, Baron

Dakhichev, Viktor

Daley, Richard J.

Dalton, Hugh, Baron

Daly, Edward J.

dams

Daniels, Anthony

Danton (film)

d’Astier de la Vigerie, Henri

Davies, R. W.

Davy, Richard

Dayan, Moshe

de Castro, Sergio

de Catalogne, Gérard

De Gasperi, Alcide

de Gaulle, Charles:

and Algerian war

and Brezhnev

character

and demonstrations of 1968

and eastern Europe

economic policy

and EEC

establishment of Fifth Republic

and Franco-German relations

Free French

at Kennedy’s funeral

leadership style

memoirs

and Nixon’s China visit

reputation

resignation

resistance to American domination

state visit to London (1962)

and USSR

vetoes Britain’s membership of EEC

on Vietnam

withdrawal of France from NATO military command

Dean, James

Dearborn, Michigan

Debray, Régis

Debré, Michel

Debrecen

Dejoie, Louis

Delaunay, Robert and Sonia

Delors, Jacques

Delors Plan

Demirel, Süleyman

Democratic Party (United States)

Deng Xiaoping

Denktaş, Rauf

Denmark

Depardieu, Gérard

Depression (1930s)

Dersim

Dessalines, Jean-Jacques

détente

Deutsche Bank

development economics

Dewey, John

Diana, Princess of Wales

Dictatorship of the Proletariat

Diem, Ngo Dinh

Dien Bien Phu, battle of (1954)

Dimitrov, Georgy

DINA (Chilean secret police)

Disneyland

divorce

Diyarbakır

Djerassi, Carl

Dobi, István

‘Doctors’ plot’ (1952)

Dodge, Joseph

Doğramacı, Ali

Doğramacı, İhsan

Dollfuss, Engelbert

Donetsk (Yuzovka)

Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, Demons

Douglas-Home, Charles

Dowd, Mohammed

Downfall (Der Untergang; film)

‘downsizing’

Dr Zhivago (film)

Drake, Sir Francis

Drtina, Prokop

drug use

Dubček, Alexandr

Dukakis, Michael

Dulles, Allen

Dulles, John Foster

Dumont, René

Dunkirk, Treaty of (1947)

DuPont (corporation)

Durham

Dutschke, Rudi

Duvalier, François ‘Papa Doc’

Duvalier, Jean-Claude ‘Baby Doc’

E

East Berlin:

access agreements with West

government of

life in

Soviet-style architecture

uprising of 1953

war damage see also Berlin Wall

East Germany (German Democratic Republic):

collectivization policy

death of Ulbricht

emigration to West

establishment of East German state

fall of East German state

life in

Lutheran Church

Neues Forum

‘New Economic System’

and Ostpolitik

and ‘Prague Spring’

rearmament

shortages and rationing

Socialist Unity Party (SED)

Soviet-style architecture

Stasi (state security)

Systemzeit

television

treaties with West Germany (1971-2)

tyranny and repression in

uprising of 1953

East Prussia

Ebbw Vale steel works

EC see European Community

ECA see Economic Co-operation Administration

Ecevit, Bülent

École Nationale d’Administration (ENA)

École Normale Supérieure (ENS)

Economic Co-operation Administration (United States; ECA)

Economist (newspaper)

ECSC (European Coal and Steel Community)

Eczacıbaşı, Nejat F.

EDC (European Defence Community)

Eden, Anthony, 1st Earl of Avon

Eden, Clarissa, Countess of Avon

EDF (European Defence Force)

Edwardes, Sir Michael

EEC see European Economic Community

Egypt:

Aswan Dam

British and French rule

Camp David accords (1978)

Copts

coup of 1952

foreign aid

Greek minority

under Nasser

Six Day War (1967)

Soviet support

Suez crisis

union with Syria

Yom Kippur War (1973)

Ehrlich, Paul, The Population Bomb

Ehrlichman, John

Eichengreen, Barry

Einstein, Albert

Eisenhower, Dwight D.:

character

and China

and Cuba

election as President

and establishment of NATO

on European military-industrial complex

and German rearmament

and Guatemala

and Khrushchev

and Korean War

popularity

second term

and Suez crisis

Eisenhower, Mamie

Eisler, Gerhart

Eisler, Hanns

Elizabeth, Queen

Ellsberg, Daniel

Eltis, Walter

Britain’s Economic Problem

emigration:

British

Chinese

Irish

Jewish

Turkish ‘guest workers’ in Germany

Emminger, Otmar

Encounter (magazine)

Ensslin, Gudrun

Enver Pasha

Enzensberger, Hans-Magnus

EPU (European Payments Union)

Erasmus, Desiderius

Erbakan, Necmettin

Erfurt

Erhard, Ludwig

ERM see Exchange Rate Mechanism

ERP (European Recovery Program) see Marshall Plan

Erzurum

Escoffier, Auguste

Eskişehir

espionage see spies

Essen

Esso (oil company)

Estonia

Ethiopia

Étiemble

EU see European Union

eugenics

Euphrates river

Euratom (European Atomic Community)

euro (currency)

eurodollars

European Atomic Community (Euratom)

European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)

European Commission

European Community (EC) see also European Economic Community; European Union

European Council of Ministers

European Court of Human Rights

European Court of Justice

European Defence Community (EDC)

European Defence Force (EDF)

European Economic Community (EEC; Common Market)

British membership

Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)

Luxemburg Compromise

Single European Act

Turkey’s proposed membership see also European Community; European Union

European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM)

European Free Trade Association

European Monetary Co-operation Fund

European Monetary System

European Parliament

European Payments Union (EPU)

European Recovery Program see Marshall Plan

European Union (EU) see also European Community; European Economic Community

Evian accords (1962)

Evren, Kenan

Exchange Rate Mechanism (European; ERM)

Exxon (oil company)

F

Fahd, Prince

Fairbank, John K.

Faisal, King of Saudi Arabia

Falange

Falin, Valentin

Falklands War (1982)

Farkas, Vladimir

Farrakhan, Louis

fast food

Fatsa

fax machines

Federal Express (corporation)

Federal Republic of Germany see West Germany

Federal Reserve System (United States)

feminism

Ferguson, Niall

Fermi, Enrico

Ferro, Marc

Feyzioğlu, Turhan

Fidelio (opera)

Fierlinger, Zdeněk

Fignolé, Daniel

Financial Times

‘Finebel’ (proposed European free-trade area)

Finer, Samuel

Finland:

espionage in

EU membership

and Marshall Plan

more interesting and successful than Sweden

neutrality

Second World War

Soviet bases closed

territorial losses

winter war with USSR (1939-40)

‘Finlandization’

Fırat, Abdülmelik

First World War

peace treaty

reparations

Fischer, Ernst

Fischer, Fritz

Fischer, Joschka

Fischer, Ruth

‘Fisherman of Halicarnassus’

Fitzgerald, Frances

Fitzwilliam, Peter Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 8th Earl of

Flaubert, Gustave:

L’Éducation sentimentale

Madame Bovary

Fleming, Ian

Fleurus, battle of (1794)

Florida

Foot, Michael

football hooliganism

Ford, Gerald:

appointment as President

character

energy policy

and human rights

loses 1976 election

and Vietnam

Ford, Glyn

Ford, Henry

Ford (automobile manufacturer)

Ford Foundation

Forster, E. M.

Fortunelist

Foster, William

Foucault, Michel, Madness and Civilization

Fouchet, Christian

Fourier, Charles

Fowler, Henry

France:

agriculture

aircraft industry

and Algerian oil

Algerian war

aristocracy

austerity programmes

automobile industry

balance of payments

banking system

Bibliothèque Nationale

bicentenary of Revolution

birth rates

bourgeoisie

Catholic Church

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

civil service

Code Napoléon

colonies

Communist Party

cultural institutions

currency controls

Depression (1930s)

and division of Germany

economic recovery and success

education system (see also universities)

and EEC/EU

and Egypt

election of 1958

and establishment of NATO

and European Defence Community

Fifth Republic, establishment of

film industry

First World War

Fourth Republic, fall of

franc fort

Franco-German reconciliation

Free French

gold reserves

‘Grand Schools’

and Helsinki conference (1975)

immigration

imports

Indo-China war

industrial unrest

inflation

intelligentsia

and Kurdish nationalism

and Marshall Plan

Marxism

Monnet Plan

nationalization of industry

Nazi occupation

nuclear power

nuclear weapons

peasantry

pieds noirs

Popular Front

post-war claims to German resources

post-war shortages and rationing

productivity levels

protectionism

republicanism

resistance to American cultural domination

Revolution (1789-99)

revolution of 1830

revolution of 1848

and Romania

Second Empire

and spread of Marxism

Stavisky scandal (1934)

steel production

strikes

student demonstrations (1968)

and Suez crisis

and ‘Swedish model’

technological developments

television

theatre

Third Republic

trade unions

unemployment

universities

UNR (Union pour la Nouvelle République)

Vichy government

war damage

withdrawal from NATO military command

zone of occupation in Germany

Franco, Francisco

Frankfurt

Frankfurt School

Free Democrats (German; FDP)

Free French

freeways

French Foreign Legion

French language:

anglicization of

attempts to promote

in Belgium

French Revolution

bicentenary

Friedan, Betty, The Feminine Mystique

Friedman, Milton

‘Fritalux’ (proposed European free-trade area)

Frum, David

Fukuyama, Francis, The End of History

Fulbright, J. William

Fumaroli, Marc

G

G7 (group of industrial nations)

G10 (group of industrial nations)

Gaddafi, Muammar al

Gagarin, Yuri

Gage, Nicholas, Eleni

Gaillard, Félix

Galata

Galbraith, John Kenneth

Affluent Society

Galkovskiy, V. N.

Galtieri, Leopoldo

Galtung, Johan

Galvani, Luigi

Gandhi, Mahatma

Gansel, Norbert

GAP (South-Eastern Anatolia Project)

Garaudy, Roger

gas, natural

Gates, William ‘Bill’

GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)

Gaulle, Charles de see de Gaulle, Charles

Gavras, Costa

Gdańsk

Gencer, Leyla

Genentech (biotechnology corporation)

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

General Electric

General Motors

Geneva

Geneva conference (1954)

Geneva conference (1958)

Genghiz Khan

Genscher, Hans-Dietrich

George II, King of Greece

Georgia

Gerasimov, Gennady

German Customs Union (Zollverein)

German Democratic Republic see East Germany

German empire

German language, anglicization of

Germany, Weimar Republic

Germany, Nazi:

Allied bombing of

capitulation

concentration camps

eugenics

exports

inflation

invasion of Greece

invasion of USSR

local political supervisors

protectionism

reduction of unemployment

rise of Nazis

war criminals

Germany, post-war occupied:

Allied occupation zones (‘Bizonia’/‘Trizonia’)

‘Bank of German Lands’

black market

bomb damage

Christian Democrats

coal production

Communist Party

Communist takeover in east

currency reform

division

exports

inflation

and Marshall Plan

prisoners of war in USSR

reparations

shortages

Social Democrats

Soviet occupation zone

steel production

territorial losses

trade unions

winter weather of 1946-7 see also East Germany; West Germany

Germany, reunified

Germinal (film)

Gerő, Ernő

Gerschenkron, Alexander

Ghana

Ghibellines

Giap, Vo Nguyen

Gielgud, Sir John

Gierek, Edward

Gillette (corporation)

Gillingham, John

Ginsborg, Paul

Giscard d’Estaing, Valéry

Gladstone, William Ewart

Glasgow

High School

Royal Technical College

glasnost

Glotz, Peter

Glubb Pasha

Godesberg program (German SPD)

Godley, Wynne

Gogol, Nikolai, Dead Souls

Gold Coast

Gold Standard

Golden Bull (1356)

Golden Ring (Russia)

Goldsmith, Sir James

Goldwater, Barry

Gomułka, Władysław

Gone With the Wind (film)

Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge

Gorbachev, Mikhail:

and Afghan war

anti-alcohol campaign

background and character

and collapse of East Germany

and coup of August 1991

elected General Secretary

glasnost and perestroyka

international reputation

Malta summit (1989)

meeting with Margaret Thatcher (1984)

‘our common European home’

and Poland

Gordievsky, Oleg

Goths

Gottwald, Klement

Gow, Ian

Goytisolo, Juan

Gramsci, Antonio

Great Britain see Britain

Great Society (Johnson)

failure of

Greece:

backwardness

civil war

Colonels’ coup (1967)

Communists

and Cyprus

EEC membership

intelligentsia

and Kurdish nationalism

nation statehood

Nazi occupation

nineteenth-century history

Ottoman Empire

peasantry

Second World War

strategic importance

US aid

and war in Afghanistan

war with Turkey (1919-22)

Greek diaspora

Greek Orthodox Church

Greene, Graham

The Comedians

Greer, Germaine

The Female Eunuch

Grenada

Gromyko, Andrey

Gross, John

Gruchko, Viktor

Guantanamo (US naval base)

Guardian (newspaper)

Guatemala

Gudenus, Count

Guelfs

Guevara, Ernesto ‘Che’

cult of

Guillaume, Günter

Guillén, Nicolás

Gulf (oil company)

Gulf of Tonkin incident (1964)

Gulf War (1990-91)

Gummer, John

Gürsel, Cemal

gypsies

H

Hacı Bektaş

Haig, Alexander

Hailufeng soviet

Haiphong

Haiti

Halberstam, David

Halifax, E. F.. Wood, 1st Earl of

Hallé Orchestra

Hallstein, Walter

Halsey, A. H.

Hamburg

Reeperbahn

Hamilton, Alexander

Hamilton, Nigel

Hammer, Armand

Hannay, David, Baron Hannay of Chiswick

Hanoi

Harbin

Harkins, Paul.

Harriman, Averell

Harrington, Michael, The Other America

Harris, Robert, Archangel

Hartington, Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of (née Kennedy)

Harvard University

Business School

Tercentenary

Hastings, Sir Max

Havana

Havel, Václav

Havenstein, Rudolf

Hayek, Friedrich von

Healey, Denis, Baron

Heath, Sir Edward:

appearance and character

and Britain’s membership of EEC

and Britain’s relations with US

dismissed as Conservative leader

government of

incomes policy

loses 1974 election

and Margaret Thatcher’s government

and trade unions

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich

Hekmatyar, Gulbuddin

Helms, Richard

Helsinki conference (CSCE; 1975)

Hemingway, Ernest

Hentze, Paul

Herat

heroin

Hersh, Seymour

Herter, Christian

Heseltine, Michael, Baron

Hezb (Afghan resistance group)

Hills, Denis

Hindus

Hippocrates

Hiroshima

Hiss, Alger

History Today (magazine)

Hitler, Adolf:

appeasement of

beer-hall Putsch (1923)

Berlin Bunker

eugenics

favourite film

invasion of Czechoslovakia

invasion of USSR

reduction of unemployment

rise to power

suicide and cremation

Ho Chi Minh

Ho Chi Minh Trail

Hodder and Stoughton (publishers)

Hodža, Enver

Hoechst (corporation)

Hoesch (corporation)

Hoffman, Paul

Hoggart, Richard

Holland:

Calvinist Church

colonies

economic success

and EEC

exports

floating of currency

oil embargo against

post-imperial decline

trade unions see also Benelux

Hollywood

Holy Roman Empire

homosexuality

gay rights

Honecker, Erich

Hong Kong

hooliganism

Hoover, Herbert

Hopper, Kenneth

Hopper, William

Horn, Gyula

Hoskyns, Sir John

Hotter, Hans

Howe, Geoffrey, Baron Howe of Aberavon

Hue, Vietnam

Hugo, Victor, Les Misérables

human rights

Humphrey, Hubert

Hunan province

Hungarian diaspora

Hungary:

AVO (security police)

Catholic Church

Christian Women’s Camp

Communist Party

communist takeover

ending of communist state

inflation

intelligentsia

Jews in

under Kádár

Khrushchev’s relaxation attempts

labour camps

nationalism

opening of border with Austria (1989)

Peasant Party

peasantry

Protestant churches

relations with Austria

Second World War

Social Democrats

territorial losses

trade unions

United Workers’ Party

uprising of 1848

uprising of 1956

Writers’ Union

Huntington, Samuel

Husák, Gustáv

Hussein, King of Jordan

Huxley, Sir Julian

Hysko, Miroslav

I

Ibárruri, Dolores

IBM (corporation)

ICBMs (intercontinental ballistic missiles)

Ickes, Harold

IEA (British Institute of Economic Affairs)

Iliescu, Ion

Illinois

I’m All Right, Jack (film)

IMF (International Monetary Fund):

assumes true world role

Belgrade meeting (1979)

and Bretton Woods system

British bail-out (1976)

establishment of

ineffectiveness

loans to Romania

and military coups in Chile and Turkey

role in defending threatened currencies

and ‘Washington consensus’

İnan, Kâmran

Inchon

İncirlik air base

India:

border conflicts with China

British rule

famine

independence

intelligentsia

nationalism

partition

war in Kashmir

Indonesia:

Dutch rule

independence movement

oil production

Industrial Reorganization Corporation (British)

Industrial Revolution

inflation

Britain

Chile

France

Germany

Hungary

hyper-inflation

Italy

Japan

and monetarism

Phillips Curve

Poland

‘stagflation’

Turkey

and universities

USA

USSR

information technology:

development of

and financial markets

manufacturers

and public sector

theory of

unions’ obstruction of

in USSR

Ingham, Sir Bernard

Inönü, Ismet

Institute of Economic Affairs (British; IEA)

intelligentsia:

Britain

China

Czechoslovakia

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

India

Poland

Turkey

USA

USSR / Russia

Western intelligentsia and communism

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development see World Bank

International Monetary Fund see IMF

internment camps, Soviet

Ionesco, Eugène

İpekçi, Abdı

Iran:

and Afghanistan

allied with West

Azeri Turks

coup of 1953

hostage crisis (1979-81)

Islamic revolution (1978-9)

Kurdish population

under Mossadegh

oil production

relations with USSR

and Saudi Arabia

Savak (secret police)

Second World War occupation

under the Shah

and terrorism

Iran, Shah of (Mohammad Reza Pahlavi)

fall of

Iran-Contra affair (‘Irangate’)

Iraq:

Christians in

coup of 1958

Kurdish population

Nasser’s interference in

under Saddam Hussein

Soviet aid

Iraq-Syria pipeline

Iraq war (2003- )

Ireland

Catholic Church

emigration

Irish Question

nationalism

terrorism

Islam:

in Afghanistan

in Iran

in Iraq

of Kurds

in Pakistan

in Soviet Central Asia

in Turkey

and Turkish ‘guest workers’ in Germany see also Moslems

Israel:

American support for

Arab plans to eliminate

Camp David accords (1978)

establishment of

and Iran-Contra affair

relations with USSR

Six Day War (1967)

and Suez crisis

Yom Kippur War (1973)

Istanbul

Aya Sofya

Bosphorus Bridge

economic growth and redevelopment

Galata

Maslak

riots (1955)

stock exchange

Taksim Square massacre (1977)

Italy:

Allied reconquest

automobile industry

backwardness

black economy

Christian Democrats

Communists

corruption

education system

and EEC

election of 1948

film industry

and Germany

Guelfs and Ghibellines

imports

industrial unrest and strikes

inflation

Marshall Plan aid

peasantry

political instability

post-war economic recovery

protectionism

public finances

Red Brigades

student demonstrations

terrorism

trade unions

universities

war damage

Itzenplitz, Baron Heinrich von

İzmir

J

Jachymov mines, Bohemia

Jackson, Andrew

Jackson-Vanik Amendment (1973-4)

Jacobs, Jane, The Death and Life of Great American Cities

Jaguar (automobile manufacturer)

Jakab, Sándor

Jakeš, Miloš

Jalalabad

Jamaica

Jamiat (Afghan resistance group)

Japan:

automobile industry

banking crisis (2008-9)

Communists in

economic boom

economic recession

empire

invasion and occupation of China

land reforms

and North Korea

post-war Allied occupation

post-war economic recovery

prisoners of war

Second World War

shipbuilding

steel production

use of fax machines

and Vietnam

Westernization

Jaruzelski, Wojciech

Jay, Peter

Jefferson, Thomas

Jenkins, Roy, Baron Jenkins of Hillhead

Jenkins, Sir Simon

Jerusalem

King David Hotel bombing (1946)

Jesuits

Jesus College, Cambridge

Jews:

emigration to Palestine

German compensation to

in Greece

in Hungary

in Poland

in Romania

in Slovakia

in Turkey

in USA

n USSR

in West Germany see also anti-semitism

Jiangxi soviet

Jobs, Steve

John Brown Engineering

John Paul II, Pope

Johnson, Chalmers

Johnson, Claudia ‘Lady Bird’

Johnson, Harry

Johnson, Lyndon B.:

background and character

and Brezhnev

and China

economic policy

election as President

Great Society

on Kennedy

reputation

as Roosevelt’s manager

use of Supreme Court

Vice-President

and Vietnam

withdraws from re-election campaign

Joliot-Curie, Irène

Jones, Aubrey

Jones, Jack

Jones, Therese

Jordan

Joseph, Keith, Baron

Juglar, Clement

June Days uprising (1848)

‘junk bonds’

K

Kabul

Kádár, János

Kafka, Franz, Amerika

Kahn, Philippe

Kaldor, Nicholas, Baron

Kaluga

Kamchatka

Kandahar

Kang Sheng

Kania, Stanisław

Kapitsa, Piotr

Kaplan, Karel

Kapor, Mitch

Karabük steel plant

Karaganda

Karajan, Herbert von

Karasar, Hasan Ali

Karmal, Babrak

Karman, Tibor

Karpacky, Kornel

Kashmir

Katowice

Katyń massacre (1940)

Kayseri

Kazakhstan

Kedourie, Elie

Keep, John

Kemal, Mustafa see Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal

Kemp, Jack

Kempner, Nan

Kennan, George

Kennedy, Edward

Kennedy, Jacqueline

Kennedy, John F.:

‘Alliance for Progress’ (plan for Latin America)

appearance, background and character

assassination

and Bay of Pigs invasion

and Berlin crisis of 1961

and Cuban crisis of 1962

economic policy

election as President

funeral

Inaugural address

and Macmillan

New Frontier

reputation

and Roosevelt

Vienna conference (1961)

and Vietnam

White House style

Kennedy, John F., Jr

Kennedy, Joseph

Kennedy, Robert

Kent State University shootings (1970)

Kerr, Clark

Keyder, Çağlar

Keynes, John Maynard, 1st Baron:

Galbraith and

on government spending

homosexuality

hopes for German bombing

on paper money

and Roosevelt

Keynesianism

KGB:

and coup of August 1991

and Cuban crisis of 1962

and dissidents

and Gorbachev

network of informers

relationship with Party

and revolutions of 1989

and war in Afghanistan

and Western anti-missile demonstrations see also Cheka

KHAD (Afghan secret police)

Khanin, G. I.

Khariton, Yuli

Khe Sanh, battle of (1968)

Khmer Rouge

Khomeini, Ayatollah

Khrushchev, Nikita:

agricultural reform

background and character

and Berlin crisis of 1961

and China

and Cuban crisis of 1962

cultural liberalization policies

and de-Stalinization of Soviet satellite states

defeat of old guard

denunciation of Stalin

and Eisenhower

and Hungarian uprising of 1956

megalomania

and Molotov

Moscow Party head

and nationalism

and Orthodox Church

overthrow of Beria

overthrown (1964)

‘peaceful coexistence’ doctrine

and Poland

political reforms

relations with China

relations with West

release of political prisoners

reputation and popularity

rise to power

row with Nixon over culture

at Stalin’s seventieth birthday

transfer of Crimea to Ukraine

20th Party Congress speech (1956)

Ukraine Party head

Vienna conference (1961)

Kiesinger, Kurt Georg

Kiev

Rosa Luxemburg knitwear factory

Killing Fields, The (film)

KimSung

King’s College, Cambridge

Kırbaşi

Kirikkale

Kirkpatrick, Jeane

Kisielewski, Stefan

Kissinger, Henry:

background and character

and Chile

and Cyprus

and EEC

and Helskinki conference (1975)

and Middle East

military adviser to Kennedy

and OPEC

and ‘Pentagon Papers’

reputation

and SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks)

and Vietnam

Koç, Vehbi

Koestler, Arthur

Kohl, Helmut

Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co.

Kołakowski, Leszek

Kolko, Gabriel

Kolyma

Komer, Robert W.

Konya

Kopecký, Václav

Korčula

Korea

division see also North Korea; South Korea

Korean War

Korngold, Erich

Korolev, Sergey

Kosovo

Kosygin, Alexey

Kovács, László

Kovalev, Ivan

Kraus, Karl

Kravchuk, Leonid

Kreisky, Bruno

Kremlin

Mausoleum

Krenz, Egon

Kriegel, Annie

Krol, Cardinal John

Kruchina, Nikolay

Krupp (corporation)

Kuklinski, Ryszard

Kulakov, Fyodor

Kulikov, Viktor

Kun, Béla

Kunayev, Dinmukhamed

Kundera, Milan

Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalists)

Kurchatov, Igor

Kurds

Kuroń, Jacek

Kuwait

Kuybyshev (Samara)

L

labour camps (Communist)

Labour Party (British):

1945 government

1951 election defeat

1970 election defeat

1983 election defeat

Callaghan government

and miners’ strike

Wilson government

Lacouture, Jean

Lady Chatterley’s Lover obscenity trial

Lafontaine, Oskar

Laidler, David

Laing, R.., Sanity, Madness and the Family

Lam Son operation (1971)

Landau, Lev

Lang, Fritz

Lang, Jack

Lansky, Meyer and Jack

Laos

Lapps, sterilization of

Lasch, Christopher

Lasky, Melvin

Lasky, Victor

Lattimore, Owen

Latvia

Lawrence, D. H.

Lady Chatterley’s Lover trial

Lawrence, Prust (stockbrokers)

Lawson, Nigel, Baron Lawson of Blaby:

Chancellor of the Exchequer

junior minister

Secretary of State for Energy

Lazare, Christopher

Leach, Sir Henry

Lebanon

Lebedev, Alexandr

Ledeen, Michael

Léger, Fernand

Leipzig

Lend-Lease aid

Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich:

and bureaucracy

commissariat for culture

corpse

economic reform

and Germany

Khrushchev and

on left-wing ‘infantilism’

Maoism and

and Revolution

Leningrad (St Petersburg)

Hermitage

Russian Museum

Soviet-era slums

Zoo

Leo, Pope

Leontiev, Konstantin

Lewis, Michael

Liberal Democrats (German)

Liberal Party (British)

Liberty ships

Libya:

British bases

coup of 1969

under Gaddafi

oil production

Lieven, Alexander

Ligachev, Yegor

Lin Biao

Lindsay, John

Lithuania

Lithuanians

‘Little Entente’

Litzmann, Karl

Liverpool:

dockers

industrial decline

Irish immigration

local government

sale of council houses

Victorian prosperity

Liverpool University

Lloyd George, David, 1st Earl Lloyd George of Dwyfor

Lomé Convention

Lominadze, Beso

London:

bomb damage

local government

Millennium Dome

property prices

smogs

theatre

wartime

winter weather of 1946-7

see also City of London

London Business School

London conference (1948)

London School of Economics (LSE)

London Underground

Long March (1934-5)

Lorraine

Los Angeles

Louis, King of France

Louis Napoleon, Emperor of the French

Louis Philippe, King of France

Louvain, University of

Louvre Agreement (1987)

LSD (drug)

LSE (London School of Economics)

Lublin

Lukas, J. A.

Lunacharsky, Anatoly

Luns, Joseph

Luther, Martin

Lutheran Church:

East Germany

Hungary

Slovakia

Sweden

Luttwak, Edward

Turbo-Capitalism

Luxemburg

coal and steel production

see also Benelux

Lvov (Lwów)

Lyubimov, Yuri

M

MacArthur, Douglas

McCarthy, Joseph

McDonald’s (fast food)

Macedonia

Macedonians

McGovern, George

MacGregor, Sir Ian

McKenzie, D. N.

Maclean, Donald

Maclean, Sir Fitzroy

Macmillan, Harold, 1st Earl of Stockton

McNamara, Robert

MacShane, Denis

Madoff, Bernard

Magloire, Paul

Magnet, Myron

Mailer, Norman

Makarios, Archbishop

malaria

Malatya

Malaya

Malaysia

Malenkov, Georgy

Malraux, André

Malta

Malta summit (1989)

Manaos

Manchester

Grammar School

Manchester Guardian see Guardian

Manchukuo

Manchuria

Chinesewar

Japanese invasion (1931)

Soviet claims to territory

Mann, Klaus

Mann, Thomas

Mannerheim, Carl Gustaf Emil

Mannesmann (corporation)

Mansfield, Mike

Mansfield Amendment (1973)

Manuilsky, Dmitry

Mao Tse-tung:

and atomic bomb

background and character

andwar

death

early career

‘hundred flowers’ campaign

and Hungarian uprising of 1956

inauguration of People’s Republic

Jiangxi soviet

and Korean War

and Long March

and Marshall

military genius

and Nixon’s visit to China

and Stalin

tyranny

and Vietnam

and village politics

Western intellectuals’ views of

Maoism

‘Little Red Book’

Maraş

Marchais, Georges

Marcuse, Herbert

Margolina, Sonja

Marjolin, Robert

Marshall, George.:

background and character

and Chinesewar

development of Marshall Plan

and Greekwar

and Mao

Moscow conference (1947)

Paris Peace conference (1947)

and Stalin

Yalta conference (1945)

Marshall Plan (European Recovery Program)

costs of

Economic Co-operation Administration (ECA)

Organization for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC)

and Soviet bloc

Martí, José

Marx, Karl

The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon

Marxism:

in Chile

in China

defeat of

in France

and Frankfurt School

Marxist economists

mayhem caused by

in Turkey

Masaryk, Jan

Maspéro, François

mass-production methods

Massoud, Ahmad Shah

Massu, Jacques Émile

Masur, Kurt

Matsu islands

Matthews, Herbert

Matusow, Allen

Mauthausen concentration camp

Maxwell, James Clerk

Maxwell, Robert

Meese, Edwin

Meinhof, Ulrike

Meir, Golda

Mekong Delta

Melhuish, Sir Ramsay

Menderes, Adnan

Mendès France, Pierre

Mengele, Josef

mental illness

Mersin

Messina conference (1955)

Metternich, Klemens Wenzel, Prince von

Mexico:

Castro in

development of contraceptive Pill

oil industry

Mexico City

Meyer, Herbert E.

Miami

Michael I, King of Romania

Microsoft (corporation)

Midnight Cowboy (film)

Midnight Express (film)

Mikoyan, Anastas

Milan, Catholic University

Milken, Michael

Millar, Ronald

Miller, William

Milward, Alan

Minc, Julia

Mindszenty, József, Cardinal

miners’ strike (Britain; 1984-5)

Minford, Patrick

Minh, Duong Van

MIR (Latin American Movement for the Revolutionary Left)

MIRVs (multiple independently targeted re-entry vehicles)

Mises, Ludwig von

Missing (film)

Missoffe, François

Mitchell, John

Mitterrand, Danielle

Mitterrand, François

Mobil (oil company)

mobile phones

Modrow, Hans

Mollet, Guy

Molotov, Vyacheslav:

and Austria

and Germany

and Hungary

and Khrushchev

and Korean War

Molotov Plan

Moscow conference (1947)

and nuclear weapons

obstructiveness

‘our common European home’

on Stalin’s death

Mondale, Walter ‘Fritz’

Monde, Le (newspaper)

monetarism

monetary union, European

money, as emblem of the eighties

Mongolia

Monnet, Jean

Monnet Plan

Mons

Montand, Yves

Montanelli, Indro

Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, baron de

Montgomery, Bernard, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein

Moon landings

Moore, Barrington

Morgan, Kenneth, Baron

Moro, Aldo

Morocco

Moscow:

alcohol prohibition

Hotel Lux

Khrushchev as Party head

Olympic Games (1980)

Oriental Workers University

post-war rebuilding

see also Kremlin

Moscow conference (1947)

Moslems:

Greece

India

Pakistan

Palestine

Vietnam see also Islam

Mossadegh, Mohammad

overthrown

motor cars see automobile industry

Mounier, Emmanuel

Mount, Ferdinand

Mountbatten, Louis, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma

Moynihan, Daniel Patrick

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus

Muggeridge, Malcolm

mujaheddin

Müller-Armack, Alfred

multinational corporations

Munich

Münzenberg, Willi

Murdoch, Rupert

Murray, Charles

Murray, Lionel ‘Len’, Baron Murray of Epping Forest

Musil, Robert

Muskie, Edmund

Mussolini, Benito

Mussorgsky, Modest

My Lai massacre (1968)

Myrdal, Gunnar

N

Nagasaki

Nagorny Karabakh

Nagy, Imre

Najibullah, Mohammed

Namur

Nancy Festival (France)

Nanking

massacre (1937)

Nanterre, University of

Naples:

earthquake (1980)

student population

Napoleon I

Code Napoléon

Napoleonsee Louis Napoleon

Nasser, Gamel Abdal:

and Algerian independence

and Aswan Dam

coup of 1952

death

disasters of regime

Egyptian-Syrian union

pan-Arab nationalist ambitions

Six Day War (1967)

and Suez crisis

National Archives (British)

National Coal Board (British)

National Enterprise Board (British)

National Freight (British lorry company)

National Health Service (British)

National Review (magazine)

National Rifle Association (American)

National Security Council (American; NSC)

National Union of Journalists (British)

National Union of Mineworkers (British)

National Union of Public Employees (British; NUPE)

nationalism

Belgium

China

Hungary

India

Ireland

Kurdish

Middle East

Romania

Scotland

Slovakia

South East Asia

Spain

USSR

Yugoslavia

nationalization of industry:

Britain

Chile

France

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization):

establishment of

and European missile bases

fiftieth anniversary

French withdrawal from military command

headquarters moved to Brussels

intelligence network

and Korean War

military-financial complex

Turkish membership

West German membership

natural gas

Nature (magazine)

Nazism see Germany, Nazi; neo-Nazism

Needham, Joseph

Neil, Andrew

Nekrich, Alexandr

Nemchinov, Vasily

Németh, Miklós

Nenni, Pietro

neo-Nazism

Nerchinsk, Treaty of (1689)

Neruda, Pablo

Neues Deutschland (newspaper)

Neues Forum (East German independent political movement)

Nevşehir

New Deal (Roosevelt)

New Delhi

New Frontier (Kennedy)

New Republic (magazine)

New York:

affluence

anti-Vietnam War protests

bankruptcy and collapse of public services

Castro in

crime

financial centre

government

Kennedy airport

poverty

New York Review of Books

New York Times

New Zealand

Newsweek (magazine)

Newton Dunn, Bill

Nhu, Madame Ngo Dinh

Nicaragua

Contras

Nicholas of Cusa

Nicolson, Sir Harold

Nielsen, Birgit

Nietzsche, Friedrich

Nigeria, oil production

Nightingale, Florence

Nissan (automobile manufacturer)

Nixon, Richard:

appearance and character

and Cambodia

and Ceauşescu

and Chile

China visit (1972)

and Congress

economic policy

election as President: (1968); (1972)

impeachment proceedings and resignation

and Israel

loses 1960 election

reputation

row with Khrushchev over culture

and SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks)

‘silent majority’ speech

Vice-President

and Vietnam

Watergate scandal

Nkrumah, Kwame

NKVD (Soviet People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs)

Noble, Denis

Nol, Lon

Norilsk

North Korea:

establishment of

and Japan

Kim II Sung regime

missiles

see also Korean War

North Sea

oil

North Vietnam:

agricultural collectivization

Army

bombing of

Chinese military support

establishment of

executions see also Vietnam War

Norway

Novorossiysk

Novotný, Antonín

nuclear physics

nuclear power

nuclear weapons:

American development of

British development of

French development of

Geneva conference on nuclear tests (1958)

‘nuclear deterrent’ doctrine

Pakistan’s development of

‘peaceful coexistence’ doctrine

SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks)

Soviet development of

threatened use in Korean War

see also ICBMs

NUPE (British National Union of Public Employees)

Nuremberg trials

Nuti, Mario

O

Oberdorfer, Don

Observer (newspaper)

Öcalan, Abdullah

Occidental Petroleum

OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development)

OEEC (Organization for European Economic Co-operation)

oil crisis of 1973

oil prices

oil production:

Indonesia

Mexico

Middle East

Nigeria

North Sea

OPEC

Sahara

USA

USSR

Venezuela

Oistrakh, David

Olçay, Osman

Olympic Games, Moscow (1980)

Onassis, Aristotle

O’Neill, Thomas ‘Tip’

OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)

opera

opium

‘Optimal Functioning’ (Soviet planning system)

Orbán, Viktor

Organization of American States

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

Organization for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC)

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries see OPEC

Orlov, Andrey

Orlov, Yuri

Orthodox Church

Orwell, George

Coming Up for Air

Nineteen Eighty-Four

Osborne, John

Ostpolitik

O’Sullivan, John

Oswald, Lee Harvey

Ottoman Empire

collapse of

Outer Mongolia

Owen, Sir Geoffrey

Oxford University

Bodleian Library

Özal, Turgut:

background, family and character

death

economic reforms

foreign policy

and Kurdish nationalism

opposition to

premiership and presidency

P

Packard, Vance, Status Seekers

Pakistan:

and Afghanistan

American support for

and China

establishment of

nuclear weapons development

war in Kashmir

Palermo

Palestine:

British Mandate

partition

Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)

Palestinians

Palme, Olof

Panama

Panmunjom

papacy

Papandreou, Andreas

Paris:

1930s

1960s

Bibliothèque Nationale

bourgeoisie

Centre Beaubourg

Eiffel Tower

financial institutions

Louvre museum

metro

Musée’Orsay

Palais de Chaillot

post-war rationing

property prices

revolution of 1848

suburban tower blocks

Paris Commune

Paris Peace accords (1973)

Paris Peace conference (1947)

Paris summit (1960)

Parsifal (opera)

Partisan Review

Pasternak, Boris

Pathans

Patten, Chris, Baron Patten of Barnes

Patti, Adelina

Pavlov, Georgy

Pavlovsky, General Ivan

PDK (Kurdistan Democratic Party)

Pearl Harbor

Peasant Party (Hungarian)

peasantry

Chile

China

Cuba

Czechoslovakia

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Italy

Poland

Romania

Russia / USSR

Turkey

Vietnam

Peck, Gregory

Pei, I. M.

Peking

PEN club

Peng Pai

Penguin (publishers)

penicillin

Penn Central railway

‘Pentagon Papers’

People’s Liberation Army see Red Army (Chinese)

perestroyka

Perkins, Thomas

Perle, Richard

Persepolis

Peter the Great

Petőfi, Sandor

petrochemicals industries

Pflimlin, Pierre

Philadelphia

Philby, Kim

Philipe, Gérard

Philippines

Phillips, Alban William

Phillips Curve

Phillips, Melanie

Phnom Penh

Phoenix, Arizona

Piaf, Édith

Picasso, Pablo

Pieck, Walter

pieds noirs

Pill, contraceptive

Pinay, Antoine

Piñera, José

Pinochet, Augusto

‘Pinochet solution’

Pinter, Harold

Pipes, Richard

Piscator, Erwin

Pitsunda

PKK (Kurdistan Workers’ Party)

Platts-Mills, John

Playboy (magazine)

Plaza Agreement (1985)

Pleiku

Pleven, René

PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization)

Plojhar, Mgr Josef

Plumb, Sir John

plutonium

Plyushch, Leonid

Podolia

Poindexter, John

Poitiers

Pol Pot

Poland:

agricultural collectivization

anti-semitism

anti-Soviet demonstrations

aristocracy

Catholic Church

coal industry

collapse of communism

Communist Party

communist takeover

Convention of Targowice (1792)

emigrants to Germany

ethnic German population

and France

under Gierek

under Gomułka

inflation

intelligentsia

Jews in

and Khrushchev’s relaxation attempts

and Marshall Plan

martial law (1981-2)

‘modernization’

oil money invested in

peasantry

relations with USSR

relations with West Germany

Second World War

Solidarność (‘Solidarity’)

Stalinization

steel industry

territorial losses

trade unions

UB (secret police)

Ukrainians in

universities

Warsaw Uprising (1944)

WRON (national security council)

Polaris (missile)

Poll Tax (Britain)

Pollitt, Brian

Pomerania

Pompidou, Georges

Ponomarev, Boris

Ponzi schemes

Poos, Jacques

population growth

collapse of

Porsche, Ferdinand

Port Said

Port Talbot

Port-au-Prince

Portugal

Potsdam

Potsdam conference (1945)

POUM (Spanish anarchist organization)

Powell, Charles, Baron

Poznan

Pozsgay, Imre

Prague:

architecture

Communists’ organized discontent

Czernin Palace

Kinsky Palace

museum of security police

revolution of 1989

Smichov

Stalinization

undamaged by war

working class

‘Prague Spring’

Prats, Carlos

Pravda (newspaper)

Prebisch, Raúl

Presley, Elvis

Preuves (magazine)

Primakov, Yevgeney

Prisender, Edgar

privatization of industry and services:

Britain

Chile

West Germany

prostitution

Protestant churches:

and economic development

in Germany

in Hungary

missionaries in China

Thirty Years War

see also Calvinist Church; Lutheran Church

Prussia

PUK (Patriotic Union of Kurdistan)

Punjab

‘pursuit of happiness’

Pusan

Pushkin, Alexander

‘Pushtunistan’

Putin, Vladimir

Q

Quang Tri (US combat base)

Queen Elizabeth, RMS

Quemoy islands

Quennell, Peter

R

Raab, Julius

radar

Radio Urumchi

Rákosi, Mátyás

Rakowski, Mieczysław

Rambouillet summit (1975)

Ramsay, Douglas

Rangel, Charles

Rangoon

Rapallo, Treaty of (1922)

Rasputin, Valentin

rationing:

Britain

East Germany

France

Ravenscraig steel works

Reader’s Digest (magazine)

Reagan, Nancy

Reagan, Ronald:

background and character

and Ceauşescu

and collapse of communism

core beliefs

defence policy

economic policy

election as President (1980); (1984)

enemies of

on failure of Johnson’s Great Society

and Goldwater campaign

Governor of California

Iran-Contra affair

marriages

oratory skills

and Poland

popularity

relationship with Margaret Thatcher

retirement

Savings and Loans crisis

‘The Speech’ (1980)

Strategic Defense Initiative (‘Star Wars’)

and universities

visits Britain

work regimen and leadership style

Récsk

Red Army (Chinese; ‘People’s Liberation Army’)

Red Army (Soviet):

atrocities committed by

conquering of eastern and central Europe

Second World War casualties

Red Army Faction

Red Brigades

Redford, Robert

Reece, Sir Gordon

Rees-Mogg, William, Baron

‘Reg Q’ (American interest rate regulation)

Regan, Donald

Reich, Robert

Reider, Jonathan

Reinhardt, Max

Remington Rand (corporation)

Rémond, René

Renault (automobile manufacturer)

reparations, First World War

reparations, Second World War:

German

Japanese

Soviet demands

Republican Party (United States)

Rerum Novarum (papal enyclical)

Reuter, Ernst

Reuther, Walter

revolutions of 1848

Rez, Adam

Rhee, Syngman

Rhineland

Rhodesia

Richter, Horst-Eberhard

Richter, Svyatoslav

Ridley, Nicholas, Baron Ridley of Liddesdale

Riesman, David, The Lonely Crowd

Rimbaud, Arthur

Robbins, Lionel, Baron

Robespierre, Maximilien

Robinson, Joan

Rocard, Michel

Rochet, Waldeck

Rockefeller, Nelson

Rodriguez, Carlos

Roe. Wade (1973)

Rohatyn, Felix

Rolls-Royce

Roman Empire

Romania:

communist takeover

economy

establishment of Romanian state

ethnic German population

fall of Ceauşescu

and France

Hungarian minority

Jews

Kurdish nationalists’ summer schools

labour camps

‘Little Entente’

nationalism

Orthodox Church

peasantry

Soviet annexation of Bessarabia

territorial gains from Hungary

universities

Rome:

airport bombing (1985)

student population

Rome, Treaty of (1957)

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano:

banking reform

and Chinesewar

and Johnson

and Kennedy

and Keynes

and lying

New Deal

reputation

and Supreme Court

Yalta conference (1945)

Röpke, Wilhelm

Rostov

Rostow, Walt

Rotterdam

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques

Rover (automobile manufacturer)

Royal Dutch-Shell (oil company)

Royal Society

rubber

Rublev, Andrey

Rueff, Jacques

Ruhr

international authority

Ruhrgas

Ruijin

Rusk, Dean

Russell, Bertrand, 3rd Earl

Russell, Conrad, 5th Earl

Russia, Tsarist

Russia, post-Soviet

RussianWar (1917-23)

Russian Revolution (1917)

fortieth anniversary

Western views of

‘rust belt’

Rylands, George ‘Dadie’

Ryzhkov, Nikolay

S

Saarland

Sabanci dynasty

Sadat, Anwar

Saddam Hussein

Saigon:

American embassy

anti-American demonstrations

bombing of

fall of (1975)

French rule

refugee population

wartime squalor

St Anthony’s College, Oxford

St Louis, Missouri

St Petersburg (Leningrad)

Hermitage

Russian Museum

Soviet era slums

Zoo

Saint-Pulgent, Maryvonne de

Sakarya, battle of (1921)

Sakharov, Andrey

Saladin

Salisbury, Harrison

Salomon Brothers (bank)

Salonica

SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks)

Saltén, Felix

Saltley Coke Depot

Salzburg Festival

Samara (Kuybyshev)

Samarkand

Samuelson, Paul

San Francisco

San Francisco Treaty (1951)

Sandys, Julian

Santiago, Chile

Catholic University

University of Chile

Santiago de Cuba

Sapieha, Cardinal Prince

Sartre, Jean-Paul

Saudi Arabia:

and Afghan war

and Iran

oil production

and Yom Kippur War (1973)

Savak (Iranian secret police)

Savings and Loans crisis (USA)

Saxony

Scargill, Arthur

Schacht, Hjalmar

Scheel, Walter

Schenectady, New York

Schiller, Karl

Schily, Otto

Schlesinger, James

Schleyer, Hanns-Martin

Schmidt, Helmut:

background and character

and Britain

and Carter

economic policy

and European Community

and Gierek

and Honecker

on the Left

Minister of Finances

Ostpolitik

Rambouillet summit (1975)

and Reagan administration

succeeds Brandt as Chancellor

Schoenberg, Arnold

Schreiberhau

Schuman, Robert

Schumpeter, Joseph

Scotland:

comparisons with Saxony

Conservative Party in

first recorded Scottish utterance

nationalism

Protestantism

referendum on independence (1979)

SDP (British Social Democratic Party)

‘Second Cold War’

Second World War:

bombing of Germany

British victories

German capitulation

Japanese surrender

Soviet victories

Victory Day (1945)

SED (East German Party of Socialist Unity)

Sédillot, René, Le Coût de la Révolution française

Seeckt, Hans von

Seldon, Arthur

Sellers, Peter

Selyunin, Vasily

Semipalatinsk

Semyonov, Vladimir

Şener, Mahmut

Seoul

serfdom

Servan-Schreiber, Jean-Jacques

Seton-Watson, Hugh

Sèvres Protocol (1956)

Shah of Iran (Mohammad Reza Pahlavi)

fall of

Shakespeare, William

Shakhnazarov, Georgy

Shanghai

Shannon, Claude Elwood

Shanxi province

Shawcross, Hartley, Baron

Shcherbitsky, Vladimir

Sheehan, Neil

Sheffield

Sheffield, HMS

Shelest, Petro

Shell (oil company)

Sherman, Sir Alfred

Shevardnadze, Edward

Shigemitsu, Mamoru

Shigeru, Yoshida

shipbuilding

Shultz, George

Siberia

gas pipeline

Sibiu

Sichuan province

Sicily

Siemens-Schuckert (corporation)

Sihanouk, King

Sihanoukville

Siirt

Šik, Ota

Sikhs

Silesia

Simenon, Georges

Simes, Dmitri

Singapore

single parents

Sino-Soviet split

Sinop

Sissons, Michael

Six Day War (1967)

Skidelsky, Robert, Baron

Sladkevičius, Vincentas

Slansky, Rudolf

Slater Walker Securities (bank)

slavery

Slovakia:

author’s imprisonment in

Catholic Church

Communist Party

Democratic Party

Hungarians in

Jews in

Lutheran Church

nationalism

and ‘Prague Spring’

relations with Czech lands

Second World War

Secret Service

Slovenia

Slump, Great (1930s)

Smiley, Xan

Smith, Adam

Smith, David

Smith, Frederick

Smithsonian agreement (on exchange rates; 1971)

smoking bans

Smoot-Hawley tariff

snoek (fish)

Snow, C. P., Baron

Snow, Edgar

Sobchak, Anatoly

Social Democratic Party (British; SDP)

Social Democrats (Austrian)

Social Democrats (Czechoslovak)

Social Democrats (German; SPD):

post-war occupied Germany

Weimar Republic

West Germany

Social Democrats (Hungarian)

Socialist Unity Party (East German; SED)

‘soft professions’

solar power

Solidarność (‘Solidarity’; Polish trade union)

Solomentsev, Mikhail

Solvay, Ernest

Solzhenitsyn, Alexander

Somalia

Somoza, Anastasio

Sontag, Susan

Sopron

Sorbonne

Soros, George

SOS Racisme

South Africa

South Georgia

South Korea:

economic success

establishment of

shipbuilding

steel industry

wig exports

see also Korean War

South Vietnam:

American investment

Army (ARVN)

communist takeover

corruption

Diem regime

establishment of

fall of Saigon (1975)

land reform failure

refugee population see also Vietnam War

Soutou, Georges-Henri

Souvarine, Boris

Soviet Union see USSR

Sozialmarktwirtschaft (West German)

space programmes:

American

Soviet

Spain:

Civil War

Communist Party

empire

EU membership

health care

nationalism

Pinochet trial

POUM (Communist organization)

Spanish Armada

SPD see Social Democrats (German)

Speer, Albert

Spence, Jonathan

Spetsnaz (Soviet ‘special forces’ troops)

Spiegel, Der (magazine)

spies:

Czechoslovak

Soviet agents in Britain and USA

U₂ spy planes

in Vienna

sport:

in communist states

football hooliganism

Sputnik

Šrámek, Jan

‘stagflation’

Stakhanovism

Stalin, Joseph:

background

and Berlin blockade (1948-9)

and Brezhnev

and China

claims to scholarship

collectivization policy

comparisons with Genghiz Khan

cult of personality

and Czechoslovakia

death

education policy

and Germany

and Greece

and Hungary

Khruhschev’s denunciation of

and Korean War

in London

‘March Note’ (1952)

and Marshall

and Marshall Plan

Middle East ambitions

Moscow conference (1947)

and nationalism

and NATO

and Poland

Potsdam conference (1945)

purges

removal of corpse from Kremlin

russification programmes

secretary of Central Committee

seventieth birthday

show trials

and SpanishWar

Teheran conference (1943)

and Turkey

tyrannical leadership

use of alcohol

and Vietnam

Yalta conference (1945)

and Yugoslavia

Stalingrad

Standard Oil

Stanford University

business school

Stasi (East German state security)

Staszewski, Stefan

Stavisky scandal (1934)

Stavropol

StB (Czechoslovak security service)

steel industry:

Belgium

Britain

ECSC (European Coal and Steel Community)

France

Germany

Japan

Korea

Luxemburg

Poland

Turkey

USA

USSR

Steinbeck, John

Steiner, Max

Steiner, Zara

Stendhal

sterilization, enforced

Stern, Manfred

Stiglitz, Joseph

stock market crashes:

1929

1987

2008

Stockholm

Stockman, David

Stone, I. F.

Stone, Oliver

Stoph, Willi

Strasbourg

Strategic Defense Initiative (American; ‘Star Wars’)

Strauss, Franz Josef

Strong, Anna Louise

student demonstrations

student exchanges

student loans

Suez Canal

Yom Kippur War (1973)

Suez crisis (1956)

Sukarno, President of Indonesia

Sun Microsystems (corporation)

Sunderland

‘supply-side’ economics

Suslov, Mikhail

Sussex University

Suzdal

Svoboda, Ludvík

Swanson, Robert A.

Sweden:

automobile industry

and Finland

health care

and Kurdish nationalism

Lutheran Church

price and wage control

sterilization of Lapps

‘Swedish model’

taxation

trade with Germany

trade unions

Swindon

Switzerland

Sydney

Syria:

Egyptian-Syrian union

Kurdish population

Öcalan in

Soviet aid

Yom Kippur War (1973)

Szamuely, Tibor

Szasz, Thomas, The Myth of Mental Illness

Szklarska Poręba

T

Tadzhikistan

Tadzhiks

Taiwan:

Chiang Kai-shek’s mausoleum

economic power

Kuomintang (Nationalist) government

land reforms

US relations with

Talbott, Strobe

Talebani, Celal

Talleyrand, Charles Maurice de

Tamerlane

Tanzania

Taraki, Nur Mohammed

Targowice, Convention of (1792)

Tarnovsky, A. A.

Tashkent

Tătărescu, Gheorghe

Tatars

Tatarstan

Taut, Bruno

Tawney, R. H.

Taylor, A. J.

English History 1914-1945

Taylor, Frederick Winslow

Taylorism

Taylor, Maxwell

Tchaikovsky, Peter Ilich

Teamsters (labour union)

Tebbit, Norman, Baron

Tefal (corporation)

Teheran conference (1943)

Teitelboim, Volodia

Tele-Communications Inc.

telephones

television:

in Britain

cable television

in Eastern Bloc

in France

in Germany

manufacture of sets

news reporting

and politics

Teller, Edward

Timişoara

Tennessee Valley Authority

terrorism:

Irish

in Italy

Kurdish

Palestinian

Rome and Vienna airport attacks (1985)

in West Germany

Tet offensive (1968)

Texaco (oil company)

Texas

TGWU (British Transport and General Workers Union)

Thatcher, Sir Denis

Thatcher, Margaret, Baroness:

animus against

background and character

on Berlin Wall

at Bicentenary celebrations in Paris

budget of 1981

andservice

combating of inflation

core beliefs

education policies

and EEC/EU

elected Conservative leader (1975)

Falklands War (1982)

and fall of communism

fall from power

foreign policy

general election victories; (1979); (1983)

and German reunification

and Gorbachev

international reputation

and miners

and nuclear power

oratory skills

and Pinochet

Poll Tax

privatization policy

relationship with Reagan

social policies

tax cuts

and trade unions

and universities

Westland affair (1986)

Thébaud, Franck

Thébaud, Fritz

Theodoracopulos, Taki

Thieu, Nguyen Van

Third Man, The (film)

‘third way’

Thirty Years War

Tho, Le Duc

Thompson, Robert

Thrace

Thyssen (corporation)

Tiananmen Square massacre (1989)

Tibet

Tientsin

Tigris river

Tikhonov, Nikolay

Tildy, Zoltán

Times, The

move to docklands

strike

Timişoara

Tiso, Mgr Jozef

Tito, Josip Broz

Tobin, James

Tocqueville, Alexis de

Todd, Emmanuel

Toffler, Alvin

Tőkés, László

Tokyo

Tolbukhin, Fyodor

Tomić, Radomiro

Tonkin, Gulf of

Tontons Macoutes

Toussaint’Ouverture, François-Dominique

Toyota (automobile manufacturer)

Trabzon

trade unions:

Britain

Chile

China

and communist takeover of eastern Europe

cross-Atlantic co-operation

Cuba

Czechoslovakia

France

Holland

Hungary

Italy

Poland

post-war Germany

and ‘Swedish model’

Turkey

USA

West Germany

Transjordan

Transylvania

Trapeznikov, S.

Traviata, La (opera)

Treblinka extermination camp

Trento University

Trevor-Roper, Hugh, Baron Dacre of Glanton

Trieste

Triffin, Robert

Trinity College, Cambridge

Triolet, Elsa

Trotsky, Leon

Trotskyists

Truffaut, François

Truman, Harry S.:

‘All-Out speech’

and Chinesewar

and Churchill’s ‘Iron Curtain’ speech

and Greekwar

and Korean War

and Marshall Plan

piano-playing

‘Truman Doctrine’

Tuchman, Barbara

Tunceli

tungsten

Tunisia

Tupolev, A. N.

Turin University

Turing, Alan

Türkeş, Alparslan

Turkey:

Alevi population

ANAP (‘Motherland’ Party)

banking system

Christian minorities

coal industry

consumer goods production

corruption

and Cyprus

Democratic Party

education system (see also universities)

and EEC/EU

elections: (1950); (1974); (1977); (1983); (1986); (1989); (1991)

emigration

establishment and success of Atatürk’s republic

GAP project

Greek population

‘guest workers’ in Germany

and human rights

hydro-electricity

inflation

infrastructure

Inönü’s government

intelligentsia

Islam

Jews in

Justice Party

and Korean War

Kurdish population

language

and Marshall Plan

Marxism

military coup (1960)

military coup (1971)

military coup (‘generals’ coup’; 1980)

Nationalist Party

NATO membership

Özal’s economic reforms

Özal’s premiership and presidency

peasantry

political instability of multi-party period

population growth

refugees in

relations with USSR

Republican Party

Second World War

secularism

Soviet territorial claims

steel industry

taxation

trade unions

universities

US aid

US bases

war with Greece (1919-22)

Turner Broadcasting

Tutzing

U

U2 spy planes

UB (Polish secret police)

Uganda

Uglich

Ukraine:

birth rate

Communist takeover

demolition of churches

Khrushchev as Party head

nationalism

Russian population

transfer of Crimea to

Uniates

Ukrainians:

in Poland

in Soviet Politburo

Ulbricht, Walter

unemployment:

Britain

Chile

‘downsizing’

France

Nazi Germany

Phillips Curve

reunified Germany

USA

Uniates (Orthodox Church)

‘Uniscan’ (proposed European free-trade area)

Unitarians

United Nations:

and Afghanistan

and Chilean coup (1973)

and Cuban crisis of 1962

and Cyprus

development of bureaucracy

establishment of

as forum for ‘world opinion’

investigation of German reunification

and Korean War

‘non-aligned’ states

and Palestine

‘peacekeeping’ role

Security Council

and Suez crisis

and Yom Kippur War

United Nations Economic Council for Latin America

United Nations Human Rights Commission

United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA)

United Workers’ Party (Hungarian)

universities:

Belgium

Britain

Chile

France

Germany

Italy

Poland

Romania

student demonstrations

student exchanges

student loans

Turkey

USA

USSR

UNRRA (United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration)

Untergang, Der (Downfall; film)

uranium

Uriage, administrators’ school

Urrutia, Manuel

USA:

and Afghanistan

‘Alliance for Progress’ (plan for Latin America)

armaments industry

atomic bombs

automobile industry

balance of payments

banking system

Bay of Pigs invasion (1961)

business management methods

and Chile

and Chinesewar

Civil Rights Act (1964)

coal production

coin-clipping

Communists

conservatism

Constitution

consumer goods production

crime

Cuban crisis of 1962

and Cyprus

Declaration of Independence

defence expenditure

Democratic Party

Depression (1930s)

and division of Germany

education system (see also universities)

and Egypt

and establishment of NATO

and European Defence Community

European resistance to cultural domination

and Falklands War (1982)

family breakdown

farm subsidies

fast food

Federal Reserve

feminism

film industry

financial deregulation

and German economic miracle

gold reserves

grain exports to USSR

Great Society

and Greekwar

and Haiti

health care

ICBMs (intercontinental ballistic missiles)

immigration

income per capita

inflation

intelligentsia

interest rates

and Iran

Iran-Contra affair

and Israel

Jews in

Korean War

Lend-Lease aid to Britain

McCarthyism

mass culture

missionaries in China

motorways

National Security Council (NSC)

New Deal

New Frontier

nuclear weapons development

oil industry

and Pakistan

personal debt

and Poland

post-war occupation of Japan

poverty

Presidential elections: (1952); (1960); (1964); (1968); (1972); (1976); (1980); (1984); (1988)

productivity

public transport

‘pursuit of happiness’

racial problem

refugee groups

Republican Party

‘rust belt’

SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks)

and Saudi Arabia

Savings and Loans crisis

Second World War

space programme

steel production

Strategic Defense Initiative (‘Star Wars’)

strikes

‘supply-side’ economics

Supreme Court

taxation

technological developments

trade unions

and Turkey

underclass

unemployment

universities

urban development and decay

visa system

Watergate scandal

welfare system

westward migration

see also CIA; Marshall Plan; Vietnam War

USSR:

Afghanistan war (1979-89)

Agitation and Propaganda department

alcoholism

American grain imports

and Angola

anti-alcohol campaign

atomic bombs

and Austria

Berlin blockade (1948-9)

birth rate

border conflicts with China

business management methods

censorship

and Chile

and Chinesewar

collapse of communism

collectivization policy

commissariat for culture

coup of August 1991

Cuban crisis of 1962

cultural institutions

deportations

disintegration

dissidents

‘Doctors’ plot’ (1952)

and East Germany

economic stagnation

and Egypt

and Ethiopia

Five Year Plans

friendship treaty with China (1950)

German invasion (1941)

glasnost

and human rights

and Hungarian uprising of 1956

ICBMs (intercontinental ballistic missiles)

inflation

information technology

institutchiki

intelligentsia

internment camps

invasion of Czechoslovakia

and Iran

Jews in

and Korean War

life expectancy rates

and Marshall Plan

Molotov Plan

nationalism

navy

New Economic Policy

non-Russian populations

nuclear power

nuclear weapons development

oil and gas production

‘Optimal Functioning’ planning system

‘our common European home’

‘peaceful coexistence’ doctrine

peasantry

perestroyka

and Poland

power struggle following Stalin’s death

and ‘Prague Spring’

refugees in Turkey

relations with West Germany

religious persecution

reparations demands

and Romania

SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks)

scientific and technological developments

Second World War

shortages and starvation

Siberian gas pipeline

Sino-Soviet split

slave labour

space programme

Spetsnaz (‘special forces’ troops)

stage managment of revolutions of 1989

Stalin’s purges

steel industry

strikes

television

and Turkey

underground theatre

universities

and Vietnam

Western studies of Soviet economy

winter war with Finland (1939-40)

see also Communist Party of Soviet Union; KGB; Red Army; RussianWar; Russian Revolution

Ussuri river

Ustinov, Dmitry

Uzbekistan

Uzbeks

Uzunada island

V

Vaizey, John, Baron

Valparaíso

Van, Turkey

Vance, Cyrus

Vandenberg Resolution (1948)

Vann, John

Vatican

Papal Guard

Vatican(ecumenical council)

Venezuela, oil production

Venice

Venice conference (1956)

venture capital

Verheugen, Günter

Verlaine, Paul

Vernadsky, George

Vernadsky, Vladimir

Vial (Chilean conglomerate)

Vichy France

Vienna:

airport bombing (1985)

Atomic Energy Commission

author’s studies in

espionage in

Karl-Marx Hof bombardment (1934)

Kraus on

OPEC headquarters

post-war rebuilding

State Opera

Taylor on

Vienna conference (1961)

Vienna OPEC conference (1973)

Vienna school of economics

Vietnam:

agricultual collectivization

‘boat people’

Buddhists

Catholics

Chinese minority population

Communist Party

famine

French rule

France-Indochina war

independence movement

industrialization

invasion of Cambodia (1978)

Japanese invasion (1941)

partition

peasantry

war with China see also North Vietnam; South Vietnam

Vietnam War (1959-75):

American conscription

American public opposition

Ap Bac, battle of (1963)

bombing campaigns

ceasefire

CIA involvement

civilian casualty totals

corruption

European response to

fall of Saigon (1975)

guerrilla warfare

Gulf of Tonkin incident (1964)

Ho Chi Minh Trail

Khe Sanh, battle of (1968)

Lam Son operation (1971)

media coverage

military casualty totals

My Lai massacre (1968)

numbers of American troops deployed

origins of

Paris peace talks

‘peace initiatives’

Phoenix ‘pacification’ programme

Tet offensive (1968)

use of Agent Orange

use of helicopters

‘Vietnamization’

Vilna

Vinde, Pierre

Vladikavkaz

Volcker, Paul

Volga Famine (1921-2)

Volga river

Volhynia

Volkswagen (automobile manufacturer)

Volobuyev, P. N.

Volvo (automobile manufacturer)

voodoo

Vorkuta

Voroshilov, Kliment

Vuskovic, Pedro

W

Waeyenbergh, Mgr Honoré van

wages councils (British)

Wagner, Richard

Parsifal

Wagner, Wieland

Wajda, Andrzej

Walden, George

Walder, Andrea

Waldheim, Kurt

Walentynowicz, Anna

Wałęsa, Lęch

Wall Street (film)

Wall Street Journal

Walpole, Robert, 1st Earl of Orford

Walters, Sir Alan

Wandlitz

Warburton, Peter

Warnock, Mary, Baroness

Warsaw:

post-war reoccupation

Uprising (1944)

‘Washington consensus’

Washington Post

Watergate scandal

Watkins, Alan

Waugh, Evelyn

Wehner, Herbert

Weimar Republic

Weinberger, Caspar

Weinstock, Arnold, Baron

Weizsäcker, Richard von

Wells, H. G.

Werfel, Franz

Werfel, Roman

Werner, Pierre

West Berlin:

access agreements with East

birth rate

Brandt as mayor

isolation of

student population

subsidies

symbolism of

war damage

Weizsäcker as mayor see also Berlin Wall

West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany):

agriculture

automobile industry

balance of payments

birth rates

Bundesbank (Federal Bank)

Catholic Church

Christian Democrats (CDU)

coal production

Communist Party

conservatism

constitution

contraceptivedevelopment

cultural institutions

economic miracle

education system (see also universities)

elections: (1965); (1969); (1972)

establishment of West German state

and European Atomic Community

and European Economic Community

exports

fiftieth anniversary

floating of currency

Franco-German reconciliation

Free Democrats (FDP)

Grand Coalition (SPD-CDU)

Green Party

‘guest workers’

and Helsinki conference (1975)

immigration from East Germany

income per capita

inflation

intelligentsia

introduction of Deutsche Mark

and Kurdish nationalism

‘Little’ coalition (SPD-FDP)

missile bases

NATO membership

neo-Nazism

and nuclear weapons

Ostpolitik

peasantry

political institutions

privatizations

productivity levels

protectionism

rearmament

Red Army Faction

refugee leagues

regional policy

relations with Poland

relations with USSR

reunification

shipbuilding

Social Democrats (SPD)

Soviet gas supplies

Sozialmarktwirtschaft

steel production

taxation

television

terrorism

trade unions

traffic policy

treaties with East Germany (1971-2)

Turkish immigrants

universities

welfare system

Western European Union

Westland affair (‘Westgate’; 1986)

Westmoreland, William

Weyand, Frederick.

Whampoa Military Academy, China

White, Harry Dexter

White, Stephen

Whitelaw, William, 1st Viscount

Wilde, Oscar

Wilson, Harold, Baron Wilson of Rievaulx

Wilson, Jan

wind power

Windsor, Philip

winter weather of 1946-7

Wörner, Manfred

Wohlstetter, Albert

Wojtyła, Karol see John Paul, Pope

Wolf, Markus

Wolfe, Tom:

Bonfire of the Vanities

‘Radical Chic’

Wolle, Stefan

women, working

Wordsworth, William

World Bank (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development)

World Trade Organization

Wozniak, Stephen

WRON (Polish national security council)

Wyatt, Woodrow, Baron Wyatt of Weeford

X

Xenophon, Anabasis

Xerox (corporation)

Y

Yakovlev, Aleksandr

Yale, Linus

Yale University

Yalta

Yalta conference (1945)

Yangtze river

Yekaterinburg

Yeltsin, Boris

Yemen

Yenan

Yergin, Daniel

‘yobs’

Yol (film)

Yom Kippur War (1973)

Young, Hugo

Yugoslavia:

Albanians in

and Algerian war

civil wars and disintegration

communist takeover

Ecevit tours

ethnic groups

and GreekWar

and Hungarian uprising of 1956

instability

‘Little Entente’

nationalism

neutrality

partisans

Party expelled from Cominform

relations with USSR

strategic importance

wartime resistance movements

Yunan province

‘yuppies’

Yuzovka (Donetsk)

Z

Z (film)

Zagreb

Zaisser, Wilhelm

Zana, Leyla

Zay, Jean

Zeeland

Zeit, Die (newspaper)

Zeldovitch, Y. B.

Zenkl, Peter

Zhdanov, Andrey

Zhukov, Georgy

Zia-ul-Huq, Muhammad

Zimbabwe

Zink, Harold

Zinoviev, Grigory

Zola, Émile

Zollverein (German Customs Union)

Zonguldak

Zorin, Valerian

Zürcher, Erik

Zurich