The Crimean Nexus: Putin's War and the Clash of Civilizations

Index

Abkhazia, 30, 165

Akhmatova, Anna, 108

Aksyonov, Vasily, The Island of Crimea, 150–151

Albright, Madeleine, 24–25, 28, 166

Alexander II (emperor of Russia), 104, 107

Alma Ata Protocols (1991), 154

Amanpour, Christiane, 54–55

Anderson, Benedict, 40, 76

Andreotti, Giulio, 23

“Arab Spring,” 170

archeology, marine, 3–4

Armenians in Crimea, 5, 66, 81, 82, 88, 90, 151

Ascherson, Neal, 3, 6

Assad, Bashar al-, 137

Azov, Sea of, 4, 37, 40, 68, 99, 110, 121, 129, 140

Azov Battalion, 130, 133

Baker, James A., 23

Bakhchisaray, 71–72

Barak, Ehud, 47

Bashmet, Yury, 122

Bastion missile system, 121

Belorussia (Belarus), 40, 43

Belovezh Accords (1991), 154

Billington, James H., 75

Black Death, 69–70

Black Sea, 6, 16, 37, 83

archeology of, 3–4

balance of power in, 136–140

Convention on the Law of the Sea, 136, 140

environmental degradation of, 145

gas reserves in, 140–141

Montreux Convention (1936), 138, 139

naval bases, 45–46, 64

in Ottoman era, 71

and Russian Crimea myth, 98–100. See also Sevastopol

Black Sea Fleet, 109–110, 136, 137, 139

Blue Stream gas pipeline, 162

Bohlen, Charles E., 90

Breedlove, Philip, 136

Brezhnev, Leonid I., 43, 91

Brodsky, Joseph, 74, 94, 96, 100, 111

“Homage to Yalta,” 101

Brooks, David, 154

Budapest Memorandum (1994), 154–155

Bulgakov, Mikhail, Flight, 102–103

Bulgaria, 137, 138

Bulgarians in Crimea, 5, 66, 81, 82, 88, 90, 151

Bush, George H. W., 21, 23, 166

Bush, George W., 30, 166

Byelorussians in Crimea, 5

Byzantine Greeks in Crimea, 67, 70

Cameron, David, 165

Camus, Albert, 130

Caspian Sea, 71

Catherine II, the Great (empress of Russia), 5, 77–79, 82, 106

Chabot, Steve, 165

Charles XII (king of Sweden), 19

Chekhov, Anton, 9, 111

“The Lady with the Dog,” 94–95, 105–106

Three Sisters, 93–94

Chervonnaya, Svetlana, 117

China, 28, 137, 156

Chirac, Jacques, 25

Churchill, Winston S., 5, 90

Clark, Wesley, 29

Clinton, Bill, 21, 32, 47, 113, 166

and Kosovo intervention, 28

and NATO expansion, 24–25, 27

Clinton, Hillary, 64, 169–170

Cohen, Stephen F., 60

Cohen, Steve, 165

Connolly, Gerry, 165

Constantinople, fall of, 75, 76

Convention on the Law of the Sea, 136, 140

Cossacks, 39, 41, 120

Craven, Elizabeth, 150

Crimea: cultural and ethnic diversity, 5, 6–9, 66, 80–82, 85–86, 88, 151

ethnic minorities deported from, 90

geography of, 1–4, 65–66

historical remains in, 4–5, 67, 68

history of colonization, 6, 66–69

Khanate of, 39, 40, 70, 71–74, 77–78, 114

modernization in, 85–86

Mongol conquest of, 38, 69–70

Nazi occupation of, 88–90

organized crime in, 11–12

Ottoman control of, 70–71

Romanov conquest and occupation of, 74, 77, 78–86

Russian civil war in, 87, 102–103

Russian naval bases in, 45–46, 64

Russian revolution in, 86–88

Slavic settlers in, 85, 90–91

Soviet republic, 88

Tatar minority in (see Tatars, Crimean); Ukrainian rule of, 43, 46, 64, 91–92, 112–114, 116–117, 144

—Russian annexation of (2014), 18, 22

economic consequences of, 143–147, 151–152

European response to, 162–166

Kosovo precedent for, 119

militarization as consequence of, 136–137

preparations for, 117–119

Russians’ support for, 122–123

strategic consequences of, 136–140

and Tatars, 147–150

treaty of ascension, 123

U.N. resolution on, 127

U.S. response to, 127–128, 129, 157

Crimean Mountains, 2–3, 88, 101

Crimean War (1853–1856), 83–84, 138

siege of Sevastopol, 84, 107, 110–111

Czech Republic: NATO membership, 24, 27

and Ukraine crisis, 164

Donbass region, 8, 37

coal mining in, 128

Russian invasion of, 22, 129–132

separatist insurgency in, 128–129

Donetsk republic, 128, 129

Dzhemilev, Mustafa, 114, 115, 118, 148

Engel, Eliot, 165

Erdogan, Recep Tayyip, 149

Euromaidan movement, 52–53, 55, 64, 119

European Union (EU): expansion of, 24

and Russian annexation of Crimea, 162–166

sanctions against Crimea, 146–147

and Ukraine cooperation agreement, 50, 51–52

and Ukrainian regime change, 55, 56, 164

Fabius, Laurent, 57

Faymann, Werner, 163

Feodosia (Kaffa), 6, 68, 69–70, 71, 74, 77, 78, 99

Firtash, Dmitry, 53

France, 17, 23, 57, 150, 155

in Crimean War, 83–84, 110, 138

and Russian annexation of Crimea, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165–166

Francis (pope), 153

Friedman, Thomas L., 26

Fukuyama, Francis, 10–11

Galeotti, Mark, 120

Galicia, 40, 42, 43, 129

Garton Ash, Timothy, 29

gas. See natural gas

Gazprom, 49, 141, 163, 165

Genghis Khan, 70, 114

Genghizid dynasty, 70, 72

Genoese in Crimea, 68, 69, 70

Georgia, 132, 138

and NATO membership, 137, 158

naval bases in, 45

and Russian annexation of Crimea, 139–140

separatists in, 30, 165

Germans in Crimea, 5, 66, 80–81, 88, 90, 151

Germany, 157

international agreement on Ukraine, 55–56, 57

and NATO expansion, 23, 24

Nazi occupation of Crimea, 88–90

and Nord Stream pipeline, 48

and Russian annexation of Crimea, 162, 165

Giray, Khan Devlet, 73

Giray, Khan Shagin, 77–78

Giray dynasty, 72

Giuliani, Rudolph W., 157

Goezleve (Yevpatoria), 68, 72, 78, 79

Gogol, Nikolai, 39

Goldman, Marshall, 46

Gorbachev, Mikhail S., 23, 91, 122–123

Gorchakova, Yelena, 85

Graham, Lindsey, 127–128

Greeks in Crimea, 3, 4, 5, 66, 67, 74, 80, 82, 88, 90, 151

Grinevsky, Aleksandr, 101

gypsies of Crimea (Tsigans), 81

Habsburg Empire, 40

Hitler, Adolf, 5, 88–89, 155

Holderness, Mary, 79–80

Hollande, François, 161

Hrushevsky, Mykhailo, 40

Hungary: and NATO membership, 24, 27

and Ukraine crisis, 164

Huntington, Samuel P., 10, 26, 44–45, 167

“hybrid war” doctrine, 120, 129

Ilyasov, Remzi, 148

ISIS, 148–149, 161, 163, 169–170

Istomin, Vladimir, 110–111

Italians in Crimea, 66, 68, 69, 70

Ivan III (tsar of Russia), 75

Ivan IV, the Terrible (tsar of Russia), 37, 73–74

Jackson, Mike, 29

James, Henry, 4

Jaresco, Natalie, 134

Jews: autonomous republic plan, 90

in Crimea, 5, 66, 81, 82, 88, 89, 151

in Ukraine, 39, 41

Kaffa (Feodosia), 6, 68, 69–70, 71, 74, 77, 78, 99

Kagan, Robert, 11, 18, 32, 54, 159

Karaims, 151

Karaites, 66, 74, 81, 82

Keating, William, 165

Kennan, George F., on NATO expansion, 25–26

Kerch Strait, 2, 65, 110, 120, 121, 136, 144, 152

Kerry, John, 53

Khanate, Crimean, 39, 40, 70, 71–74, 77–78, 114

Khmelnytsky, Bohdan, 39, 41

Khrushchev, Nikita S., 20, 43, 46, 64, 91

Kiev, 37, 42

anti-government protests in, 50–51, 52, 54–55

Kievan Rus’, 37–38, 91, 99, 108–109

Kissinger, Henry A., 19, 22, 160, 168

Klichko, Vitaliy, 55, 57

Kohl, Helmut, 24

Koktebel, 95–98, 111

Kolomoysky, Ihor, 130, 134

Komnene, Anna, 75, 76

Kornilov, Vladimir, 110–111

Kosovo, secession of, 27–30, 119, 164

Kozyrev, Andrei, 35

Krasnyi Luch, 8–9

Kristof, Nicholas, 128

Krymchaks, 151

Kuban Cossacks, 120

Kupchenko, V. P., 97–98

Kuprin, Aleksandr, 101

Lansing, Robert, 17–18

Lenin, Vladimir I., 42, 43, 57, 87

Lermontov, Mikhail, “Taman,” 99

Lévy, Bernard-Henri, 165

Luhansk republic, 128, 129

Luttwak, Edward N., 67

Mandelshtam, Osip, 100, 102

Manstein, Erich von, Lost Victories, 7

Matlock, Jack F., 21, 23, 44, 160

Matsuev, Denis, 122

Mayakovsky, Vladimir, 102

McCaffrey, Barry, 25

McCain, John S., 32–33, 53–54, 127–128, 162, 164

McConnell, Scott, 166

McFaul, Michael, 34–35, 159

Menendez, Robert, 127–128

Menon, Rajan, 166

Merkel, Angela, 55–56, 162

Meshkov, Yury, 113

Mickiewicz, Adam, 98

Miller, William, 11

Milošević, Slobodan, 27–28

Mistral warships, 163, 165–166

Mladić, Ratko, 28

Moldova, 128

Mongol conquest, 38, 69–70

Monroe Doctrine, 21

Montenegro, 158

Montreux Convention (1936), 138, 139

Moravians in Crimea, 80–81

Mukachevo, 133–134

Nabokov, Vladimir, 87, 94–95, 100–101

Nakhimov, Pavel, 110–111

Napoleon I (emperor of France), 21, 57, 170

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization): eastward expansion of, 20, 22–27, 30, 137, 156–157, 158

and German reunification, 23, 24

in Kosovo intervention, 27–30

and Ukrainian membership, 56, 58, 64, 157–158

NATO Treaty, 28, 155, 156

natural gas: Black Sea reserves, 140–141

fracking, 141–142

pipelines, 6, 48–49, 141, 162, 163

Nekrasov, Nikolai, 94

Nicholas I (emperor of Russia), 82–83, 107

Nicholas II (emperor of Russia), 145

Night Wolves, 114, 120, 121, 147

Nord Stream gas pipeline, 48–49, 163

North Atlantic Treaty Organization. See NATO

Novorossiisk naval base, 45–46

Nuland, Victoria, 35, 53, 54–56, 57, 166

Nunn, Sam, 160–161

Obama, Barack, 34, 53, 129, 147, 157, 166

on American exceptionalism, 32

debate over foreign policy of, 158–161

foreign policy philosophy of, 168–169

Oettinger, Günther, 162

Orange Revolution, 31, 44, 57, 58

Orbán, Viktor, 164

Ottoman Empire, 16, 39, 40

Crimean government of, 70–71, 77

and Crimean Khanate, 72–73, 74

Crimean Tatars in, 82, 84–85

and Mongols, 70

Romanov invasion of, 82–83. See also Turkey

Pamuk, Orhan, 139

Paris Peace Conference (1919), 18, 42, 135

Paul, Ron, 158

Paustovsky, Konstantin, 101

Perekop Isthmus, 1, 65, 77, 89, 122

Peter I, the Great (emperor of Russia), 19, 76, 109–110

Poland: international agreement on Ukraine, 57

NATO membership of, 24, 27

in Ukraine, 38–39

U.S. policy in, 167

Polo, Marco, 68

Poroshenko, Petro O., 52–53, 134, 135, 158

Potemkin, Grigory, 77

Prokofiev, Sergei, 71

Pushkin, Alexander, 98, 99–100, 132

“The Fountain of Bakhchisaray,” 100

Pussy Riot, 33–34

Putin, Vladimir V.: in Crimean invasion, 63–64, 119–122

on Crimean myth, 136

on Crimean naval bases, 46

demonization in West, 16, 54, 153, 162, 168

and Donbass insurgency, 129, 130–131, 132

energy policy of, 47, 48–49, 141

on Islam, 118–119

and Kiev protests, 53–54

on McCain, 53–54

popularity of, 35, 47, 143, 168

protests against, 33–34, 59

Yalta visit of, 106

Pyatt, Geoffrey R., 53, 55–56, 57

Rasmussen, Anders Fogh, 142, 165

Remnick, David, 169

Roberts, Paul Craig, 158

Rogers, Mike, 165

Romania, 137, 138, 141

Romans, in Crimea, 67

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 90

Roth, Andrew, 131

Roxburgh, Angus, 46

Rumer, Eugene, 166

Russia: Black Sea Fleet, 109–110, 136, 137, 139

and Black Sea gas reserves, 140–142

Black Sea naval bases of, 45–46, 64

Donbass invasion, 22, 129–132

energy exports of, 47–48

gas pipelines of, 6, 48–49, 141, 162, 163

and NATO expansion, 27, 30, 58

near abroad concept, 20–22

and Ukraine, shared history with, 37–41. See also Crimea—Russian annexation of; Russia, tsarist; Soviet Union

Russia, tsarist: Crimean resorts of, 79, 104–105

in Crimean War, 83–84, 107, 110–111

navy of, 109–110

occupation of Crimea, 78–86

and “Third Rome” concept, 74–76

Russians in Crimea, 85, 88, 89, 90

Saakashvili, Mikheil, 134

Sachs, Jeffrey, 166

Said, Edward, Orientalism, 100

Saint-Exupéry, Antoine de, 168

Saitvaliev, Ruslan, 148–149

Sakharov, Andrei D., 33, 114

Sartre, Jean-Paul, 130

Saunders, Paul, 160

Schroeder, Gerhard, 48, 162

Serbia, and Kosovo independence, 27–30

Sevastopol, 2, 8, 68, 78, 86, 89, 106–109

as naval base, 46, 58, 64, 137

religious significance of, 108–109

and Russian annexation, 121, 123

in Russian civil war, 102–103

sieges of, 84, 107, 108, 110–111

Shany, Yuval, 154

Shevchenko, Taras, 41

Shultz, George P., 160–161

Sikorski, Radoslaw, 57

Silk Road, 6, 68

Simes, Dimitri K., 160

Simferopol, 78, 89

Sinan, Mimar, 72

Sivash, 1, 2

Slashchov, Yakov, 103

Sochi Olympics, 34, 59–60

Sophia Palaeolog, Princess, 75–76

South Ossetia, 30, 165

South Stream gas pipeline project, 49, 141, 162

Soviet Union: collapse of, 10, 21, 43, 45

Crimean republic, 88

Donbass region in, 128

naval bases of, 45, 46

republics of, 42–43. See also Russia

Spain, 157

Spivakov, Vladimir, 122

Stalin, Joseph, 9, 42, 43, 71, 76, 90, 91, 108, 111

Stavridis, James G., 129

Steinmeier, Frank-Walter, 57

Stern, David, 133

Stettinius, Edward R., 90

Stoltenberg, Jens, 165

Stone, Oliver, 159

Subtelny, Orest, 40, 43

Syria, 137, 148–149, 169–170

Talbott, Strobe, 24, 28, 35

Tatars, Crimean, 5, 66

deportation of, 90, 91

and Nazi occupation, 88–90

origins of, 114–115

in Russian revolution and civil war, 86–87

in Soviet republic, 88

“Third Rome” concept, 74–76

Tito, Iosip Broz, 135

Tolstoy, Leo: Anna Karenina, 130

Sebastopol Sketches, 84, 107, 145

Trianon Treaty (1920), 164

Truman Doctrine, 76, 138–139

Tsigans (gypsies), 81

Tsiskaridze, Nikolai, 122

Tsvetaeva, Marina, 96

Turkey: Black Sea dominance of, 137–138

Crimean Tatars supported by, 116, 149

in Crimean War, 83–84, 138

and gas pipeline project, 141

NATO membership, 156, 157. See also Ottoman Empire

Turner, Michael, 165

Twain, Mark, 104, 105, 107

Tyahnybok, Oleh, 55, 57, 133

Tymoshenko, Yulia, 106, 134

Ukraine: anti-government protests in, 50–51, 52–53, 54–55, 57, 58

Crimea as part of, 43, 46, 64, 91–92, 112–114, 144

and Crimean Tatars, 116–117

and Donbass region separatism, 128–129

and European Union cooperation, 50, 51–52

as failed state, 133–135

and Kosovo independence, 29

and NATO membership, 56, 58, 64, 137, 157–158

navy of, 121, 139

Orange Revolution in, 31, 44, 57, 58

Polonization of, 38–39

regional differences in, 19, 37, 45

and Russia, historical roots, 37–38

Russian gas transit through, 48–49

and Russian invasion of Crimea, 63–64, 119–122, 154–155

Russian invasion of Donbass region, 22, 129–132

Russification of, 39–40

Sovietization of, 42–43

U.S. intervention in, 20, 30–31, 53–57, 58–59, 64, 170

U.S. policy debate over, 158–161

Ukrainians in Crimea, 85, 88, 89, 90

Ukrainka, Lesya (Larysa Kosach-Kvitka), 41

United Nations (U.N.), 43, 55

Convention on the Law of the Sea, 136, 140

and Crimean annexation, 127, 155–156

and Kosovo secession, 28, 29

United States: Black Sea missiles of, 139

and Crimean annexation, 127–128, 129, 157

and Kosovo intervention, 28, 30

and NATO expansion, 22–27, 30

Obama’s foreign policy principle, 168–169

sanctions against Crimea, 147

Ukraine, political intervention in, 30–31, 32–35, 53–57, 58–59, 64, 159–160, 170

Versailles Treaty (1919), 166

Vladimir, Prince, 108–109, 136

Volga Tatars, 118

Voloshin, Maksimillian, 94, 97–98

Weber, Max, 133

Weisman, Stephen, 47

Weiss, Andrew S., 129

Westernization, 16–17, 56–57, 167

Wheatcroft, Geoffrey, 28

Whewell, Tim, 130

Williams, Brian G., 66, 67, 88

Wilson, Andrew, 159

Wilson, Woodrow, 17, 42

World War I, 138

Paris Peace Conference, 18, 42, 135

Versailles Treaty, 166

World War II, 5, 7, 8, 88–89, 90, 108, 138, 155

Wrangel, Pyotr, 102, 103

Wyszyński, Stefan, 17

Yalta, 2, 7, 9, 86

Chekhov and, 105–106

Nabokov on, 94–95

as Russian Riviera, 103–105

Yalta Conference, 90

Yanukovych, Viktor, 30–31, 50, 51, 52, 57, 58, 117, 135, 160

Yatsenyuk, Arseniy, 55, 57, 134, 135

Yeltsin, Boris N., 25, 46, 47, 113

Yevpatoria (Goezleve), 68, 72, 78, 79

Yugoslavia, 27–30, 135

Yushchenko, Viktor, 30, 31, 44, 135

Zeman, Miloš, 164