The Crimean Nexus: Putin's War and the Clash of Civilizations

Notes

1

Ebenezer Henderson, Biblical Researches and Travels in Russia; Including a Tour in the Crimea and the Passage of the Caucasus (London: James Nisbet, 1826), 291.

2

Charles King, The Black Sea: A History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), 12.

3

Neal Ascherson, Black Sea (New York: Hill and Wang, 1996), 5.

4

V. Badesku, “Release of Hydrogen Sulfide by Asteroid Impacts in Black Sea and Risks for Inland Human Population,” NCBI, October 2007, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17696133 (retrieved March 5, 2015).

5

H. D. Seymour, Russia on the Black Sea and Sea of Azof (London: John Murray, 1855), 294; Henry James, The Turn of the Screw and Other Stories (Köln: Könemann, 1996), 122.

6

“Crimea Profile—Overview,” BBC, March 13, 2015, www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18287223 (retrieved August 11, 2015).

7

Harry de Windt, Russia as I Know It (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1917), 184.

8

Ascherson, Black Sea, 9–10.

9

Erich Manstein, Lost Victories (St. Paul, Minn.: Zenith, 2004), 247.

10

Genesis, 2:11, in Holy Bible: New Living Translation (Wheaton, Ill.: Tyndale, 1996), 13.

11

Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003), 193; Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: Free Press, 2006).

12

Robert Kagan, “Superpowers Don’t Get to Retire,” The New Republic, May 26, 2014; “How to Spot a Russian Bomber,” BBC, February 20, 2015, www.bbc.com/news/blogs-magazine-monitor-31537705 (retrieved February 20, 2015).

13

William Green Miller, “Foreword,” in Crimea: Dynamics, Challenges, and Prospects, ed. Maria Drohobycky (London: Rowman & Littlefield, 1995), xiii.

1

“Ukraine: UK and EU Badly Misread Russia,” BBC, February 20, 2015, www.bbc.com/news/uk-31545744 (retrieved February 20, 2015).

2

The Book of Lech Walesa (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1982), 144.

3

Robert Lansing, The Peace Negotiations: A Personal Narrative (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1921), 99–100; Tasker Bliss quoted in Margaret MacMillan, Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World (New York: Random House, 2001), 58.

4

Kagan, “Superpowers Don’t Get to Retire.”

5

Henry Kissinger, “To Settle the Ukraine Crisis, Start in the End,” Washington Post, March 5, 2014.

6

Andrew C. Kuchins and Igor A. Zevelev, “Russian Foreign Policy: Continuity in Change,” Washington Quarterly, Winter 2012, 151; Nicholas V. Riasanovsky and Mark D. Steinberg, A History of Russia (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 672.

7

Jack F. Matlock, Reagan and Gorbachev: How the Cold War Ended (New York: Random House, 2004), 318–319.

8

Elihu Root, “The Real Monroe Doctrine,” Proceedings of the American Society of International Law at Its Annual Meeting (1907–1917), vol. 8, 428.

9

MacMillan, Paris 1919, 9; Root, “The Real Monroe Doctrine,” 427.

10

Strobe Talbott, The Russia Hand: A Memoir of Presidential Diplomacy (New York: Random House, 2003), 80; Kissinger, “To Settle the Ukraine Crisis.”

11

Richard Sakwa, Frontline Ukraine: Crisis in the Borderlands (London: I. B. Tauris, 2015), ix–x.

12

Giulio Andreotti quoted in Pavel Palazchenko, My Years with Gorbachev and Shevardnadze: The Memoir of a Soviet Interpreter (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997), 158–159; James A. Baker III, “Work Hard, Study… And Keep Out of Politics!”: Adventures and Lessons from an Unexpected Public Life (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 2006), 291.

13

Bill Bradley, “A Diplomatic Mystery,” Foreign Policy, August 22, 2009; Talbott, The Russia Hand, 441; Jack F. Matlock, “NATO Expansion: Was There a Promise?” JackMatlock.com, April 3, 2014, http://jackmatlock.com/2014/04/nato-expansion-was-there-a-promise (retrieved August 13, 2015).

14

Kohl quoted in Talbott, The Russia Hand, 226–227.

15

Madeleine Albright, “Enlarging NATO: Why Bigger Is Better,” The Economist, February 14, 1997.

16

Talbott, The Russia Hand, 225.

17

Ibid., 97–98, 225.

18

George F. Kennan, “A Fateful Error,” New York Times, February 5, 1997.

19

Thomas L. Friedman, “Foreign Affairs; Now a Word from X,” New York Times, May 2, 1998.

20

Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations, 158, 161.

21

Timothy J. Colton, Yeltsin: A Life (New York: Basic, 2008), 264–269.

22

Friedman, “Foreign Affairs; Now a Word from X.”

23

Misha Glenny, The Balkans: Nationalism, War, and the Great Powers, 1804–2011 (New York: Penguin, 2012), 652–662.

24

Talbott, The Russia Hand, 301.

25

Geoffrey Wheatcroft, “Who Needs NATO?” New York Times, June 15, 2011.

26

Glenny, The Balkans, 670.

27

Timothy Garton Ash, “The Kosovo Precedent,” Los Angeles Times, February 21, 2008.

28

“Russia Resurgent,” The Economist, August 14, 2008.

29

Wheatcroft, “Who Needs NATO?”

30

Mark R. Beissinger, “Promoting Democracy: Is Exporting Revolution a Constructive Strategy?” Dissent, vol. 53, no. 1, Winter 2006, 18–19.

31

Beissinger, “Promoting Democracy,” 23.

32

“A Plea for Caution from Russia: What Putin Has to Say to Americans About Syria,” New York Times, September 11, 2013; Kagan, “Superpowers Don’t Get to Retire.”

33

“A Plea for Caution from Russia: What Putin Has to Say to Americans About Syria”; Kagan, “Superpowers Don’t Get to Retire.”

34

“Senator John McCain: Russians Deserve Better than Putin,” Pravda.ru, September 19, 2013, http://english.pravda.ru/opinion/19-09-2013/125705-McCain_for_pravda_ru-0 (retrieved February 20, 2015).

35

“A Spotlight on Mr. Putin’s Russia,” New York Times, February 6, 2014.

36

Talbott, The Russia Hand, 76.

1

Ronald Suny, The Soviet Experiment: Russia, the USSR, and the Successor States (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 4.

2

“The Tale of Bygone Years” quoted in Medieval Russia’s Epics, Chronicles, and Tales, ed. Serge A. Zenkovsky (New York: Meridian, 1974), 65–71.

3

Orest Subtelny, Ukraine: A History (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000), 38; “The Battle on the River Kalka” quoted in Medieval Russia’s Epics, ed. Zenkovsky, 193.

4

Subtelny, Ukraine, 70.

5

Ibid., 3, 23.

6

Samoil Velichko, Letopis’ sobytii v yugo-zapadnoi Rossii v XVII-m veke (Kiev: Vremennaya komissiya dlya razbora drevnikh aktov, 1848), 44–45; Subtelny, Ukraine, 105, 133.

7

Y. V. Mann, “Skvoz’ vidnyi miru smekh…”: Zhizn N. V. Gogolya, 1809–1835 gg. (Moscow: MIROS, 1994), 23–26; Subtelny, Ukraine, 231.

8

Paul Bushkovitch, A Concise History of Russia (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 122.

9

Subtelny, Ukraine, 231.

10

Ibid., 307.

11

Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 2006), 4; Serhiy Bilenky, Romantic Nationalism in Eastern Europe: Russian, Polish, and Ukrainian Political Imaginations (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2012), 7; Bushkovitch, Concise History of Russia, 326; Serhii Plokhy, The Cossack Myth: History and Nationhood in the Age of Empires (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 5; Taras Shevchenko, “Katerina,” “Tarasova noch,” (“Taras’s Night”), “Ivan Pidkova” in Kobzar (Kyiv: Dnipro, 1985), 29, 44, 61–62; Mykhailo Hrushevsky, History of Ukraine-Rus’ (Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press, 1997–2014).

12

Letopis’ samovidtsa (Kiev: Kievskaya vremennaya kommissiya dlya razbora drevnikh aktov, 1878), 95; Lesya Ukrainka, “Negoda” (“Storm”) in Na krylakh pisen (Lviv, 1893), 58–59. For detailed discussion of “mental maps” of Ukraine, see Bilenky, Romantic Nationalism in Eastern Europe, 71–100.

13

Subtelny, Ukraine, 359; Mikhail Bulgakov, The White Guard (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008); J. A. E. Curtis, Manuscripts Don’t Burn: Mikhail Bulgakov, a Life in Letters and Diaries (Woodstock, N.Y.: Overlook, 1992), 6.

14

MacMillan, Paris 1919, 71; Subtelny, Ukraine, 371.

15

Robert Service, Lenin: A Biography (Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press, 2000), 455, 468–469; Suny, The Soviet Experiment, 308.

16

Subtelny, Ukraine, 499.

17

Bilenky, Romantic Nationalism in Eastern Europe, 303; Suny, The Soviet Experiment, 435; Subtelny, Ukraine, 500.

18

Jack F. Matlock, Autopsy of an Empire: The American Ambassador’s Account of the Collapse of the Soviet Union (New York: Random House, 1995), 700.

19

Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations, 137, 139, 165.

20

Colton, Yeltsin, 206.

21

Duygu Bazoglu Sezer, “Balance of Power in the Black Sea in the Post-Cold War Era: Russia, Turkey, and Ukraine,” in Crimea: Dynamics, Challenges, and Prospects, ed. Maria Drohobycky (London: Rowman & Littlefield, 1995), 167.

22

Sezer, “Balance of Power in the Black Sea,” 179; The Black Sea Pilot (London: Hydrographic Office, Admiralty, 1884), 101. An American pilot repeats the warning almost verbatim: The Black Sea Pilot (Washington: Hydrographic Office, U.S. Navy, 1920), 279.

23

Roman Solchanyk, “Crimea: Between Ukraine and Russia,” in Crimea, ed. Drohobycky, 7.

24

Angus Roxburgh, The Strongman: Vladimir Putin and the Struggle for Russia (New York: I.B. Tauris, 2013), 259.

25

Marshall I. Goldman, Petrostate: Putin, Power, and the New Russia (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 154.

26

Quoted in Talbott, The Russia Hand, 354.

27

Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power (New York: Free Press, 2009), 764, 769; Kuchins and Zevelev, “Russian Foreign Policy,” 155.

28

Stephen R. Weisman, “Just When It’s Needed, Russia’s Not There,” New York Times, April 9, 2006.

29

“How Much Europe Depends on Russian Energy,” New York Times, updated September 2, 2014, www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/03/21/world/europe/how-much-europe-depends-on-russian-energy.html (retrieved August 14, 2015).

30

Goldman, Petrostate, 156–160.

1

Roxburgh, The Strongman, 259; Vladimir Socor, “Maidan’s Ashes, Ukrainian Phoenix—A Net Assessment of the Regime Change in Ukraine Since the Start of 2014,” Eurasia Daily Monitor, vol. 11, issue 184, October 17, 2014.

2

Andrey Kurkov, “Ukraine’s Revolution: Making Sense of a Year of Chaos,” BBC, November 21, 2014, www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30131108 (retrieved November 26, 2014).

3

“Comrade Capitalism: How Russia Does Business in the Putin Era,” A Reuters Investigation series, www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/russia/#article-5-the-kiev-connection (retrieved November 26, 2014); Lally Weymouth, “Interview with Ukrainian Presidential Candidate Petro Poroshenko,” Washington Post, April 25, 2014; Shaun Walker, “Ukraine Oligarch Claims US Extradition Request Is Political Interference,” The Guardian, May 5, 2015, www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/05/ukraine-oligarch-brokered-deal-petro-poroshenko-president-dmytro-firtash (retrieved May 6, 2015).

4

Harriet Alexander and Christopher Miller, “John McCain in Kiev: ‘Ukraine will make Europe better’,” The Telegraph, December 15, 2013, www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/ukraine/10518859/John-McCain-in-Kiev-Ukraine-will-make-Europe-better.html (retrieved April 2, 2014).

5

Nina Mandell, “Vladimir Putin Calls Sen. John McCain ‘Crazy,’ Trashes Russian Election Protesters,” New York Daily News, December 15, 2011, www.nydailynews.com/news/world/vladimir-putin-calls-sen-john-mccain-crazy-trashes-russian-election-protesters-article-1.992010 (retrieved March 3, 2014).

6

Victoria Nuland, “Remarks at the U.S.-Ukraine Foundation Conference,” U.S. Department of State, December 13, 2013, www.state.gov/p/eur/rls/rm/2013/dec/218804.htm (retrieved November 18, 2014); Victoria Nuland, Interview with Christiane Amanpour, April 21, 2014, IIP, April 23, 2014, http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/texttrans/2014/04/20140423298186.html#ixzz3JT8maijy (retrieved November 18, 2014).

7

“Lavrov rasskazal o vrednom vliyanii Nuland na ukrainskii krizis,” Lenta.ru, October 9, 2014, http://lenta.ru/news/2014/10/09/nonuland (retrieved October 9, 2014).

8

“U.S. Assistant Secretary of State Victoria Nuland Visits Independence Square,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, December 11, 2013, www.rferl.org/media/video/25197233.html (retrieved November 22, 2014); Nuland, Interview with Christiane Amanpour.

9

“Ukraine Crisis: Transcript of Leaked Nuland-Pyatt Call,” BBC, February 7, 2014, www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26079957 (retrieved November 18, 2014).

10

Anthony Faiola, “Germans Not Amused by Victoria Nuland Gaffe,” Washington Post, February 7, 2014; Ambassador Geoffrey Pyatt’s Interview with CNN, February 18, 2014, Embassy of the United States, Kyiv, Ukraine, http://ukraine.usembassy.gov/speeches/cnn-02192014.html (retrieved November 18, 2014).

11

“Agreement on the Settlement of Crisis in Ukraine—full text,” The Guardian, February 21, 2014, www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/21/agreement-on-the-settlement-of-crisis-in-ukraine-full-text (retrieved September 17, 2014).

12

Andrew Higgins and Andrew E. Kramer, “Defeated Even Before He Was Ousted,” New York Times, January 4, 2015.

13

“Rossiyane nazvali Turtsiyu liubimeishim kurortom,” Lenta.ru, October 8, 2014, http://lenta.ru/news/2014/10/08/turkeystillrules (retrieved 8 October, 2014).

14

“Ukraine, Putin, and the West,” N+1, Spring 2014, https://nplusonemag.com/issue-19/the-intellectual-situation/ukraine-putin-and-the-west/ (retrieved April 23, 2014); Stephen F. Cohen, “Distorting Russia,” The Nation, March 3, 2014.

1

Elizabeth Craven, A Journey Through the Crimea to Constantinople (London: Robinson, 1789), 162; Brian G. Williams, The Crimean Tatars: The Diaspora Experience and the Forging of a Nation (Leiden: Brill, 2001), 88.

2

The Journey of William of Rubruck to the Eastern Parts of the World, 1253–55 (London: The Hakluyt Society, 1900), 51.

3

The Black Sea Pilot (Washington: Hydrographic Office, U.S. Navy, 1920), 205; Edward R. Stettinius, Roosevelt and the Russians: The Yalta Conference (Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1949), 81.

4

The Journey of William of Rubruck, 51; Williams, The Crimean Tatars, 15–16; Edward N. Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire (Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press, 2009), 32.

5

Williams, The Crimean Tatars, 14–16; Maria Guthrie, A Tour, Performed in the Years 1795–96, Through the Taurida, or Crimea (London: Cadell and Davies, 1802), 52.

6

Pyotr Keppen, Krymskii sbornik. O drevnostyakh yuzhnago berega Kryma i gor Tavricheskikh (St. Petersburg: Imperatorskaya Akademiya Nauk, 1837), 45, 57; Maria A. Sosnogorova, Putevoditel’ po Krymu dlia puteshestvennikov (Odessa: L. Nichte), 1871, 125.

7

Marco Polo, The Travels (Köln: Könemann, 1996), 10; The Journey of William of Rubruck, 51.

8

Pero Tafur, Travels and Adventures (1435–1439) (London: G. Routledge, 1926), 132–134; The Journey of William of Rubruck, 50; Keppen, Krymskii sbornik, 176; Steven A. Epstein, Genoa and the Genoese, 958–1528 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 193, 267; A. Bezchinsky, Putevoditel’ po Krymu (Moscow: I. N. Kushnerev, 1908), 379.

9

Tafur, Travels and Adventures, 132–134.

10

Epstein, Genoa and the Genoese, 211–212.

11

Williams, The Crimean Tatars, 13.

12

Ibid., 12.

13

Evliyá Efendí [Evliya Celebi], Narratives of Travels in Europe, Asia, and Africa in the Seventeenth Century (London: Oriental Translation Fund, 1834), 92–93. Williams, The Crimean Tatars, 46; Yury Shutov, Arabatskaya strelka (Simferopol: Tavria, 1983).

14

Lord Kinross, Ottoman Centuries (New York: Harper, 1979), 262–263.

15

“Opisanie Kryma (Tartariae descriptio) Martyna Bronevskogo,” Zapiski Odesskogo Obshchestva Istorii i Drevnostei, vol. 6 (1867), 333–367; Keppen, Krymskii sbornik, 27–28; Williams, The Crimean Tatars, 56.

16

Henry A. S. Dearborn, A Memoir on the Commerce and Navigation of the Black Sea, and Trade and Maritime Geography of Turkey and Egypt (Boston: Wells and Lilly, 1819), vol. 2, 16; Williams, The Crimean Tatars, 53.

17

Nicholas V. Riasanovsky and Mark D. Steinberg, A History of Russia (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 96; John T. Alexander, Catherine the Great: Life and Legend (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 129; Kinross, Ottoman Centuries, 262; Simon Sebag Montefiore, Potemkin: Catherine the Great’s Imperial Partner (New York: Vintage, 2005), 24; Alan W. Fisher, The Crimean Tatars (Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1987), 14; Peter Hopkirk, The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia (New York: Kodansha, 1992), 15.

18

Fisher, The Crimean Tatars, 14; Williams, The Crimean Tatars, 48.

19

Guthrie, A Tour, 213–214.

20

Williams, The Crimean Tatars, 26.

21

Ibid., 29, 58.

22

Isabel de Madariaga, Ivan the Terrible: First Tsar of Russia (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005), 266; Williams, The Crimean Tatars, 49–50.

23

Williams, The Crimean Tatars, 51.

24

Descriptions of the Crimean Khanate can be found in a number of travelogues: Evliyá Efendí; Robert Dankoff and Sooyong Kim, eds., An Ottoman Traveller: Selections from the Book of Travels of Evliya Celebi (London: Eland, 2011); François Tott, Mémoires du baron de Tott sur les Turcs et les Tartares (Paris, 1786).

25

Joseph Brodsky, “Flight from Byzantium,” in Joseph Brodsky, Less Than One (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1986), 446.

26

James H. Billington, The Icon and the Axe: An Interpretive History of Russian Culture (New York: Vintage, 1970), 58; Madariaga, Ivan the Terrible, 10–11; 21.

27

Anna Komnene, The Alexiad (New York: Penguin, 1969), xix.

28

Madariaga, Ivan the Terrible, 17–19; Catherine Merridale, Red Fortress: History and Illusion in the Kremlin (New York: Metropolitan, 2013), 49–64; Komnene, The Alexiad, 39, 397.

29

Anderson, Imagined Communities, 15, 17.

30

Alexander, Catherine the Great, 247; Orlando Figes, The Crimean War: A History (New York: Picador, 2010), 13; Montefiore, Potemkin, 219–220, 242.

31

Montefiore, Potemkin, 246–247.

32

Ibid., 363–381; Henri Troyat, Catherine the Great (New York: Meridian, 1994), 272–288. Primary sources include Louis Philippe Ségur, Mémoires, ou souvenirs et anecdotes (Paris, 1827) and The Prince de Ligne: His Memoirs, Letters, and Miscellaneous Papers (New York: Brentano’s, 1899).

33

Pavel I. Sumarokov, Dosugi krymskogo sud’yi ili Vtoroe puteshestvie v Tavridu (St. Petersburg: Imperatorskaya Tipografiya, 1803), 130–131, 171–179; Williams, The Crimean Tatars, 83.

34

N. S. Vsevolozhskii, Puteshestvie, chrez yuzhnuyu Rossiyu, Krym i Odessu, v Konstantinopol, Maluyu Aziyu, Severnuyu Afriku, Maltu, Sitsiliyu, Italiyu, yuzhnuyu Frantsiyu i Parizh v 1836 i 1837 godakh (Moscow: Avgust Semyon, 1839), 59–79.

35

Mary Holderness, Journey from Riga to the Crimea: With Some Accounts of the Manners and Customs of the Colonists of New Russia (London: Sherwood, Gilbert and Piper, 1827), 216.

36

Ibid., 141, 217, 270.

37

Ibid., 145.

38

Ibid., 160–162.

39

Ibid., 163, 168, 175.

40

Ibid., 178–179.

41

Ibid., 182, 291–292.

42

Henderson, Biblical Researches, 289–291, 331; Mara Kozelsky, Christianizing Crimea: Shaping Sacred Space in the Russian Empire and Beyond (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2010), 38.

43

Williams, The Crimean Tatars, 115–128; Kozelsky, Christianizing Crimea, 70–75.

44

Figes, The Crimean War, xxiii; Hopkirk, The Great Game, 286–287; Edward D. Clarke, Travels in Various Countries of Europe, Asia, and Africa (London: T. Cadell and W. Davies, 1818), 144–145.

45

Hopkirk, The Great Game, 286.

46

Figes, The Crimean War, xix, 489; Kinross, Ottoman Centuries, 497; William Howard Russell, The Crimean War as Seen By Those Who Reported It (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2009); Sue M. Goldie, ed., Florence Nightingale: Letters from the Crimea, 1854–1856 (Manchester: Mandolin, 1997); Leo Tolstoy, The Sebastopol Sketches (New York: Penguin, 1986).

47

Williams, The Crimean Tatars, 146.

48

Ibid., 156, 173.

49

Anna Moskvich, Prakticheskii putevoditel’ po Krymu (Yalta: N. P. Petrov, 1889), 6; Princess Yelena Gorchakova, Vospominaniya o Kryme (Moscow: Tipografiya Obshchestva Rasprostraneniya Poleznykh Knig, 1884), vol. 2, 28; Yevgeny Markov, Ocherki Kryma. Kartiny krymskoi zhizni, istorii i prirody (Simferopol: Tavriya, 1995), 121.

50

Markov, Ocherki Kryma, 122–125; Vsevolozhskii, Puteshestvie, chrez yuzhnuyu Rossiyu, 30–31; A. N. Nilidin, Siluety Kryma (St. Petersburg: Shreder, 1884), 28–29.

51

John C. Perry and Constantine Pleshakov, The Flight of the Romanovs: A Family Saga (New York: Basic, 1999), 46–47; P. I. Kovalevsky, Yalta (St. Petersburg: Arkhiv psikhiatrii, neirologii i sudebnoi psikhopatologii, 1898), 54, 133–140; Moskvich, Prakticheskii putevoditel’ po Krymu, 160; Karl Baedeker, Russia: A Handbook for Travelers (Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1914), 405; Nilidin, Siluety Kryma, 17–21.

52

Harry de Windt, Russia as I Know It (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1917), 184.

53

Williams, The Crimean Tatars, 339–342.

54

Maksimilian Voloshin, Istoriya moei dushi (Moscow: Agraf, 2000), 309–351; A. S. Puchenkov, “Nabokov V. D. ‘Krym v 1918/19 gg.,’” Noveishaya istoriya Rossii/Modern History of Russia, 2015, #1, 236; M. M. Vinaver, Nashe pravitelstvo: krymskiye vospominaniya 1918–1919 gg. (Paris: Imprimerie d’art Voltaire, 1928); MacMillan, Paris 1919, 72.

55

Y. A. Slashchov-Krymskii, Belyi Krym 1920 g. Memuary i dokumenty (Moscow: Nauka, 1990), 131, 211–212.

56

Williams, The Crimean Tatars, 350.

57

Ibid., 337, 355–356; Greta Lynn Uehling, Beyond Memory: The Crimean Tatars’ Deportation and Return (New York: Palgrave, 2004), 37.

58

Fisher, The Crimean Tatars, 152.

59

Gottlob Herbert Bidermann, In Deadly Combat: A German Soldier’s Memoir of the Eastern Front (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2000), 89–144; Karl Doenitz, Memoirs: Ten Years and Twenty Days (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1990), 385–388; Manstein, Lost Victories, 204–259.

60

Fisher, The Crimean Tatars, 155–156; Williams, The Crimean Tatars, 376–380; V. E. Potekhin and D. V. Potekhin, Kultura narodov Kryma (Sevastopol, 1997), 17.

61

Fisher, The Crimean Tatars, 157–158.

62

Anne Applebaum, Gulag: A History (New York: Doubleday, 2003), 428; Williams, The Crimean Tatars, 405; Potekhin and Potekhin, Kultura narodov Kryma, 4–13.

63

Stettinius, Roosevelt and the Russians, 81; Charles E. Bohlen, Witness to History, 1929–1969 (New York: Norton, 1973), 173; Mary Soames, ed., Winston and Clementine: The Personal Letters of the Churchills (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1999), 510.

64

Simon Sebag Montefiore, Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004), 546.

65

S. M. Chervonnaya, Tiurkskii mir yugo-vostochnoi Evropy. Krym—Severnyi Kavkaz (Berlin: Das Arabische Buch, 2000), 77; Williams, The Crimean Tatars, 405.

66

Williams, The Crimean Tatars, 32.

67

William Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era (New York: W. W. Norton, 2003), 186.

1

The Portable Karl Marx (New York: Penguin, 1983), 444, 449.

2

Nikolai Nekrasov, “The Capitals Are Rocked with Thunder…,” in Russian Poets, ed. Peter Washington (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009), 92.

3

V. P. Kupchenko, Trudy i dni Maksimiliana Voloshina: Letopis’ zhizni i tvorchestva, 1877–1916 (St. Petersburg: Aleteia, 2002), 25, 26; Brodsky, “Vtoroye Rozhdestvo…,” in Iosif Brodsky, Sochineniya Iosifa Brodskogo (St. Petersburg: Pushkinsky fond, 1992–2000), vol. 2, 264; Brodsky, “Zimnim vecherom v Yalte,” in Brodsky, Sochineniya, vol. 2, 141.

4

As on January 26, 2015: Timeanddate.com, January 26, 2015, www.timeanddate.com/weather (retrieved January 27, 2015).

5

Vladimir Nabokov, Lectures on Russian Literature (New York: Harvest, 1981), 248, 257; Vladimir Nabokov, The Stories of Vladimir Nabokov (New York: Vintage, 1996), 413–429.

6

P. S. Pallas, Travels Through the Southern Provinces of the Russian Empire, in the Years 1793 and 1794 (London: John Stockdale, 1812), vol. 2, 41.

7

Kupchenko, Trudy i dni Maksimiliana Voloshina, 26.

8

Voloshin, Istoriya moei dushi, 272–273; Brodsky, “S vidom na more” (“A Place with a Sea View”), in Brodsky, Sochineniya, vol. 2, 158–160.

9

Kupchenko, Trudy i dni Maksimiliana Voloshina, 26; D. I. Shcherbakov, Po goram Kryma, Kavkaza i Srednei Azii (Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatelstvo geograficheskoi literatury, 1954), 60.

10

Curtis, Manuscripts Don’t Burn, 199.

11

Kupchenko, Trudy i dni Maksimiliana Voloshina, 5; T. Zhukovskaya and E. Kallo, eds., “Serebryanyi vek” v Krymu: vzgliad iz XXI stoletiya. Materialy Shestykh Gertsykovskikh chtenii v g. Sudake, 8–12 iunya 2009 goda (Moscow: Dom-musei Tsvetaevoi, 2011).

12

Adam Mickiewicz, Sonnets from the Crimea (San Francisco: Paul Elder, 1917).

13

“K moriu” (“Homage to the Sea”): A. S. Pushkin, Polnoye sobraniye sochinenii v shestnadtsati tomakh (Moscow: AN SSSR, 1937–1959), vol. 2, 331–333.

14

“Taman’”: M. Yu. Lermontov, Geroi nashego vremeni (Moscow: Shkola-Press, 1999), 55, 63; Mikhail Lermontov, A Hero of Our Time (New York: Everyman’s Library, 1992), 70, 81.

15

Robert Graves, The Greek Myths (New York: Penguin, 2012), 435–441, 594–598, 675–683.

16

“A Nereid”: Pushkin, Polnoye sobraniye sochinenii, vol. 2, 156; Mandelshtam, “Zolotistogo myoda struia…” (“A string of golden honey…”): Osip Mandelshtam, Polnoye sobranie stikhotvorenii (St. Petersburg: Akademicheskii proekt, 1996), 139.

17

Brodsky, “Vtoroye Rozhdestvo…” (“A second Christmas”): Brodsky, Sochineniya, vol. 2, 264; Brodsky, “Zimnim vecherom v Yalte” (“On a winter night in Yalta”): Brodsky, Sochineniya, vol. 2, 141.

18

Pushkin, Polnoye sobraniye sochinenii, vol. 4, 153–176.

19

Edward W. Said, Orientalism (New York: Vintage, 1979), 7; Vladimir Nabokov, Speak, Memory (New York: Vintage, 1989), 244.

20

A. I. Kuprin, Izbrannye sochineniya (Moscow: OLMA-PRESS, 2003), 660–717; Aleksandr Grin, Alye parusa (Moscow: Ripol Klassik, 2011); Konstantin Paustovsky, Povest’ o zhizni (Moscow: Sinergia, 2007).

21

Shcherbakov, Po goram Kryma, 3–4; Brodsky, “Posvyashchaetsya Yalte” (“Homage to Yalta”): Brodsky, Sochineniya, vol. 2, 142–156.

22

“Khorosho!” (“All Right!”): V. V. Mayakovsky, Sobraniye sochinenii v vosmi tomakh (Moscow: Pravda, 1968), vol. 5, 438–439.

23

Mandelshtam, “Kholodnaya vesna…” (“A cold spring…”): Mandelshtam, 224; Mikhail Bulgakov, Flight and Bliss (New York: New Directions, 1985), 1–96. The movie Beg (1970): directed by Aleksandr Alov and Vladimir Naumov.

24

Slashchov, Belyi Krym, 179–180, 194–195; P. J. Capelotti, ed., Our Man in the Crimea: Commander Hugo Koehler and the Russian Civil War (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1991), 111–112.

25

Thomas Milner, The Crimea, Its Ancient and Modern History: The Khans, the Sultans, and the Czars (London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1855), 322; Henderson, Biblical Researches, 361; A. Bezchinsky, Putevoditel’ po Krymu (Moscow: I. N. Kushnerev, 1908), 214–215.

26

Xavier Hommaire de Hell, Travels in the Steppes of the Caspian Sea, the Crimea, the Caucasus, etc (London: Chapman and Hall, 1847), 202; Charles Henry Scott, The Baltic, the Black Sea, and the Crimea (London: Richard Bentley, 1854), 240.

27

Mark Twain, The Innocents Abroad (New York: Modern Library, 2003), 286–289; Perry and Pleshakov, The Flight of the Romanovs, 46–47, 176–177.

28

Katharine Blanche Guthrie, Through Russia: From St. Petersburg to Astrakhan and the Crimea (London: Hurst and Blackett, 1874), vol. 2, 160; Perry and Pleshakov, The Flight of the Romanovs, 216–218.

29

Guthrie, Through Russia, vol. 2, 159–160; Mrs. William Grey, Journal of a Visit to Egypt, Constantinople, the Crimea, Greece, &c in the Suite of the Prince and Princess of Wales (London: Smith, Elder, 1869), 186; Twain, The Innocents Abroad, 285.

30

Chekhov’s letter to Ivan Orlov, February 22, 1899: Lillian Hellman, ed., The Selected Letters of Anton Chekhov (New York: Barnes & Noble, 2007), 236.

31

“The Lady with the Dog”: Anton Chekhov, Stories (New York: Bantam, 2000), 361–376.

32

“Big Mouth” (“Dlinnyi yazyk”): A. P. Chekhov, Polnoye sobraniye sochinenii (Moscow: AN SSSR, 1979–1982), vol. 5, 313–316; Vladimir V. Svyatlovsky, Yuzhnyi bereg Kryma i Riviera (St. Petersburg: A. S. Suvorin, 1902), 119–121.

33

“Putin i Timoshenko uzhinali u Rotaru i smeyalis’ nad Yushchenko i galstukami Mikho,” Segodnya.ua, November 20, 2009, www.segodnya.ua/ukraine/putin-i-timoshenko-uzhinali-u-rotaru-i-cmejalic-nad-jushchenko-i-halctukamimikho.html (retrieved May 2, 2015).

34

Figes, The Crimean War, xvii.

35

L. N. Tolstoy, Dnevniki i zapisnye knizhki, 1854–1857: Polnoye sobraniye sochinenii (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaya literatura, 1937), vol. 47, 37, 48, 56–57; Tolstoy, The Sebastopol Sketches.

36

Twain, The Innocents Abroad, 279; Grey, Journal of a Visit to Egypt, 173.

37

Akhmatova, “U samogo morya…” (“On the sea coast…”): Anna Akhmatova, Stikhotvoreniya i poemy (Leningrad: Sovetskii pisatel, 1977), 339–340.

38

G. K. Zhukov, Vospominaniya i razmyshleniya (Moscow: Olma-Press, 2002), vol. 1, 263–264; A. M. Vasilevsky, Delo vsei zhizni (Moscow: Olma-Press, 2002), 371; Bidermann, In Deadly Combat, 142.

39

Vasilevsky, Delo vsei zhizni, 371; N. G. Kuznetsov, Kursom k pobede (Moscow: Olma-Press, 2003), 189.

40

Luttwak, The Grand Strategy, 121–122; Milner, The Crimea, 116.

41

Kozelsky, Christianizing Crimea, 78–117.

42

Constantine Pleshakov, The Tsar’s Last Armada: The Epic Journey to the Battle of Tsushima (New York: Basic, 2000).

1

“Chto takoe Krym: tsifry i fakty,” Allcrimea.net, March 8, 2014, http://news.allcrimea.net/news/2014/3/8/chto-takoe-krym-tsifry-i-fakty-6949 (retrieved November 11, 2014).

2

Matlock, Autopsy of an Empire, 701–702.

3

Anna Reid, Borderland: A Journey Through the History of Ukraine (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 2000), 171–173.

4

Chervonnaya, Tiurkskii mir yugo-vostochnoi Evropy, 77.

5

Roland Oliphant, “Ukraine’s Defence Chief Resigns as Troops Leave Crimea,” The Telegraph, March 25, 2014, www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/ukraine/10722676/Ukraines-defence-chief-resigns-as-troops-leave-Crimea.html (retrieved April 18, 2015).

6

Montefiore, Potemkin, 244; Williams, The Crimean Tatars, 9, 33–35.

7

Ibid., 49–50.

8

Ibid., 51.

9

Ibid., 53.

10

Uehling, Beyond Memory, 44.

11

Chervonnaya, Tiurkskii mir yugo-vostochnoi Evropy, 61–62.

12

Ibid., 58.

13

John C. K. Daly, “After Crimea: The Future of the Black Sea Fleet,” The Jamestown Foundation, May 22, 2014; Vladimir Putin’s interview in a documentary, “Crimea: A Way Home,” Gazeta.ru, March 15, 2015, www.gazeta.ru/politics/2015/03/15_a_6600065.shtml (retrieved April 17, 2015).

14

“About the Republic,” Official Tatarstan (Tatarstan.ru), http://tatarstan.ru/eng/about/population.htm (retrieved April 18, 2015).

15

Robert D. Crews, “Moscow and the Mosque: Co-opting Muslims in Putin’s Russia,” Foreign Affairs, March/April 2014.

16

Marc Weller, “Why Russia’s Crimea Move Fails Legal Test,” BBC, March 7, 2014, www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26481423 (retrieved February 16, 2015).

17

David Axe and Robert Beckhusen, “NATO Could Have Trouble Combating Putin’s Military Strategy,” Reuters, September 15, 2014, http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2014/09/15/how-nato-could-defend-against-a-russian-invasion (retrieved December 4, 2014).

18

The February 2013 article in Voyenno-promyshlennyi vestnik by the chief of the Russian General Staff, Valery Gerasimov: Mark Galeotti, “The ‘Gerasimov Doctrine’ and Russian Non-Linear War,” In Moscow’s Shadows: Analysis and Assessment of Russian Crime and Security, July 6, 2014, http://inmoscowsshadows.wordpress.com/2014/07/06/the-gerasimov-doctrine-and-russian-non-linear-war (retrieved December 4, 2014).

19

Ron Synovitz, “Russian Forces in Crimea: Who Are They and Where Did They Come From?” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, March 4, 2014, www.rferl.org/content/russian-forces-in-crimea--who-are-they-and-where-did-they-come-from/25285238.html (retrieved April 18, 2015); Putin’s interview in the documentary “Crimea: A Way Home,” Gazeta.ru, March 15, 2015, www.gazeta.ru/politics/2015/03/15_a_6600065.shtml (retrieved April 17, 2015); Jeremy Hsu, “ ‘Ambiguous’ Warfare Buys Upgrade Time for Russia’s Military,” Scientific American, August 12, 2014; “Ukraine to Lose Offshore Gas Fields in Black Sea,” B92.net, Internet news site of Serbian radio outlet, www.b92.net/eng/news/world.php?yyyy=2014&mm=03&dd=20&nav_id=89717, March 20, 2014 (retrieved March 23, 2014).

20

Philip Shishkin, “One-Ship Ukraine Navy Defies Russia to the End,” Wall Street Journal, updated March 26, 2014, www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303949704579461513462696086 (retrieved May 10, 2016).

21

“Russia Parades Bastion-P in Crimea,” Asian Defense News, May 18, 2014, http://asian-defence-news.blogspot.com/2014/05/russia-parades-bastion-p-in-crimea.html (retrieved May 10, 2016).

22

“Ukraine’s Military Bases Targeted in Crimea,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, March 22, 2014, www.rferl.org/content/ukraine-crimea-bases-targetted/25306141.html (retrieved April 18, 2015).

23

Charles Recknagel, “Explainer: How Do Russia’s and Ukraine’s Armies Compare?” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, March 6, 2014, www.rferl.org/content/russia-ukraine-armies-compare/25287910.html (retrieved April 18, 2015).

24

“Mikhail Gorbachev Hails Crimea Annexation,” United Press International, March 18, 2014, www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2014/03/18/Mikhail-Gorbachev-hails-Crimea-annexation-to-Russia/6881395193402 (retrieved May 10, 2016); “Grand Duchess Maria: Russia Will Not Give Up Crimea Despite Sanctions,” Russia Beyond the Headlines, April 17, 2014, http://rbth.com/international/2014/04/17/grand_duchess_maria_russia_will_not_give_up_crimea_despite_sanc_35993.html?code=53cc7f85fa6d4bf192901d08a80d4a5a (retrieved July 1, 2014).

1

Nicholas Kristof, “Moldova, the Next Ukraine,” New York Times, April 23, 2014.

2

Nick Cumming-Bruce, “Death Toll in Ukraine Conflict Hits 9,160, U.N. Says,” New York Times, March 3, 2016.

3

Andrew S. Weiss, “Putin the Improviser,” Wall Street Journal, February 20, 2015.

4

Michael R. Gordon, “Russia Displays a New Military Prowess in Ukraine’s East,” New York Times, April 21, 2014.

5

“Strelkov priznal otvetstvennost’ za voyennye deistviya na Ukraine,” Lenta.ru, November 20, 2014, http://lenta.ru/news/2014/11/20/strelkov (retrieved November 20, 2014).

6

David Stern, “Ukraine Underplays Role of Far Right in Conflict,” BBC, December 13, 2014, www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30414955 (retrieved December 13, 2014).

7

Tim Whewell, “The Russians Fighting a ‘Holy War’ in Ukraine,” BBC, December 17, 2014, www.bbc.com/news/magazine-30518054 (retrieved December 18, 2014); Joshua Yaffa, “The Inconvenient Soldier,” New York Times Magazine, January 11, 2015, p. 49.

8

Andrew Roth, “Ukrainians in the Battered East Scramble in Darkness as Winter Nears,” New York Times, November 1, 2014.

9

“Eto ne plata za Krym, eto plata za samosokhraneniye,” Gazeta.ua, December 18, 2014, http://gazeta.ua/ru/articles/politics/_eto-ne-plata-za-krym-eto-plata-za-samosohranenie-putin-o-krizise-v-rf/599495 (retrieved December 19, 2014).

10

“Vladimir Putin Press Conference,” The Guardian, December 17, 2015.

11

“Ukraine Crisis,” BBC, November 22, 2014, www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30158978 (retrieved November 22, 2014).

12

“Voennaya doktrina Rossiiskoi Federatsii,” Rossiiskaya gazeta, December 30, 2014, www.rg.ru/2014/12/30/doktrina-dok.html (retrieved January 9, 2015).

13

Kapitanskaya dochka (The Captain’s Daughter): Pushkin, Polnoye sobraniye sochinenii, vol. 8, 277–384.

14

“Fragile States Index: The Indicators,” Fund for Peace, http://fsi.fundforpeace.org/indicators (retrieved May 11, 2016).

15

“Ukraine: UN Warns Number of Displaced Persons and Refugees on the Rise,” U.N. News Centre, June 18, 2015, www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=51193#.VdXfjyxViko (retrieved August 20, 2015).

16

Stern, “Ukraine Underplays Role of Far Right”; “Death Toll Rises to Three from Grenade Attack Near Ukrainian Parliament,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, September 1, 2015, www.rferl.org/content/ukraine-second-national-guardsman-dies/27220213.html (retrieved September 13, 2015).

17

David Stern, “Ukraine Clashes Raise Questions over Right Sector Militia,” BBC, July 15, 2015, www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-33523869 (retrieved August 20, 2015).

18

“Pro-Kiev Militias Are Fighting Putin, but Has Ukraine Created a Monster It Can’t Control?” Vox, updated February 20, 2015, www.vox.com/2015/2/20/8072643/ukraine-volunteer-battalion-danger (retrieved May 31, 2015); Alan Cullison, “Ukraine’s Secret Weapon: Feisty Oligarch Ihor Kolomoisky,” Wall Street Journal, June 27, 2014.

19

Glenn Kates, “Ten Takeaways from Ukraine’s Vote,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, October 27, 2014, www.rferl.org/content/ukraine-vote-takeaways-things-we-learned/26659694.html (retrieved October 29, 2014); Leonid Bershidsky, “Ukraine’s Truly Foreign Ministers,” Bloomberg, December 3, 2014, www.bloombergview.com/articles/2014-12-03/ukraines-truly-foreign-ministers (retrieved May 31, 2015); “Ukraine Names Ex-Georgian President Saakashvili as Odessa Governor,” The Guardian, May 31, 2015.

20

“Poslaniye presidenta Federalnomu Sobraniyu. 4 dekabrya 2014 g.,” Kremlin.ru, December 4, 2014, http://kremlin.ru/news/47173 (retrieved January 9, 2015).

21

“Nato Commander Warns Russia Could Control Whole Black Sea,” BBC, November 26, 2014, www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30214172 (retrieved November 26, 2014).

22

Doenitz, Memoirs, 389.

23

Orhan Pamuk, Istanbul: Memories and the City (New York: Vintage, 2006), 203.

24

“United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982,” United Nations, updated August 22, 2013, www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_overview_convention.htm (retrieved February 8, 2015); William J. Broad, “In Taking Crimea, Putin Gains a Sea of Fuel Reserves,” New York Times, May 17, 2014.

25

Darya Korsunskaya, “Putin Drops South Stream Gas Pipeline to EU, Courts Turkey,” Reuters, December 1, 2014, www.reuters.com/article/2014/12/01/us-russia-gas-gazprom-pipeline-idUSKCN0JF30A20141201 (retrieved December 1, 2014).

26

Elena Mazneva and James Kraus, “Gazprom to Buy Out Partners in Canceled South Stream Project,” Bloomberg, December 29, 2014, www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-12-29/gazprom-to-buy-out-eu-partners-in-canceled-south-stream-project (retrieved March 30, 2015); Elena Mazneva and Marco Bertacche, “Gazprom Said to Pay Saipem for Vessels at Dropped Black Sea Link,” Bloomberg, March 6, 2015, www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-03-06/gazprom-said-to-pay-saipem-for-vessels-at-dropped-black-sea-link (retrieved March 30, 2015).

27

“Chevron reshila vyiti iz slantsevogo proekta na Ukraine,” Lenta.ru, December 15, 2014, http://lenta.ru/news/2014/12/15/chevron/ (retrieved December 15, 2014).

28

Fiona Harvey, “Russia ‘Secretly Working with Environmentalists to Oppose Fracking’,” The Guardian, June 19, 2014.

1

David M. Herszenhorn, “Kiev Blamed for Blackout in Capital of Crimea,” New York Times, March 24, 2014; “Rossiiskiye zhurnalisty vyiasnili za schet chego zhivet ekonomika Kryma,” Novosti Kryma, March 4, 2014, http://news.allcrimea.net/news/2014/3/4/rossiiskie-zhurnalisty-vyyasnili-za-schet-chego-zhivet-ekonomika-kryma-6529 (retrieved April 2, 2014).

2

“Pereprava v Kerchi ne budet rabotat’ neskolko dnei iz-za shtorma,” Novosti Kryma, November 19, 2014, http://news.allcrimea.net/news/2014/11/19/pereprava-v-kerchi-ne-budet-rabotat-neskolko-dnei-izza-shtorma-25747 (retrieved November 19, 2014).

3

“Kurorty Kryma otrabotali v teni,” Novosti Kryma, October 4, 2014, http://news.allcrimea.net/news/2014/10/4/kurorty-kryma-otrabotali-v-teni-22959 (retrieved October 5, 2014); “Chto takoye Krym: tsifry i fakty,” Novosti Kryma, March 8, 2014, http://news.allcrimea.net/news/2014/3/8/chto-takoe-krym-tsifry-i-fakty-6949/ (retrieved October 5, 2014).

4

“Kurorty Kryma otrabotali v teni”; “Krymskie kanikuly: turisticheskii sezon-2015,” Forbes.ru, August 14, 2015, www.forbes.ru/sobytiya-photogallery/obshchestvo/296297-krymskie-kanikuly-turisticheskii-sezon-2015 (retrieved August 21, 2015).

5

Moskvich, Prakticheskii putevoditel’ po Krymu, 6; Tolstoy, Dnevniki i zapisnye knizhki, 48.

6

Neil MacFarquhar, “Crimean Vineyards of Last Czar Withstand Time and Tumult,” New York Times, May 28, 2014; “Vina krymskoi ‘Massandry’ v Rossii nazvali vinnym napitkom,” Ekonomicheskaya Pravda, May 28, 2014, www.epravda.com.ua/rus/news/2014/05/28/458777 (retrieved July 5, 2014); “V Krymu prekratil rabotu vinnyi zavod ‘Solnechnaya Dolina’,” Novosti Kryma, February 15, 2015, http://news.allcrimea.net/news/2015/2/15/v-krymu-prekratil-rabotu-vinnyi-zavod-solnechnaya-dolina-31344 (retrieved February 15, 2015).

7

Neil MacFarquhar, “Aid Elusive, Crimea Farms Face Hurdles,” New York Times, July 8, 2014.

8

Neil MacFarquhar, “Seizing Assets in Crimea, from Shipyard to Film Studio,” New York Times, January 10, 2015.

9

“Priplyli: Yalta prelstila ne vsekh nemetskikh turistov,” Town of Yalta site, September 23, 2014, www.0654.com.ua/article/625700 (retrieved September 29, 2014).

10

Laurence Norman and Frances Robinson, “EU Toughens Sanctions on Crimea-Based Companies,” Wall Street Journal, December 18, 2014; “Obama to Block Exports of Goods, Technology, Services to Crimea,” Reuters, December 19, 2014, www.reuters.com/article/2014/12/19/us-ukraine-crisis-obama-idUSKBN0JX2DG20141219 (retrieved December 20, 2014).

11

“Izbirkomy Kryma i Sevastopolya utverdili ofitsialnye rezultaty vyborov,” Russkaya sluzhba novostei, September 16, 2014, www.rusnovosti.ru/news/341297 (retrieved September 16, 2014); “Yavka na vyborakh v Mosgordumu sostavila okolo 20%,” Argumenty i fakty, September 15, 2014, www.aif.ru/politics/russia/1337910 (retrieved September 16, 2014); “Mosgorizbirkom utverdil rezultaty vyborov v Moskovskuyu gorodskuyu dumu VI sozyva,” ITAR-TASS, September 16, 2014, http://itar-tass.com/politika/1445988 (retrieved September 16, 2014).

12

“Dzhemilev zayavlyaet, chto Medzhlis mozhet uiti v podpolye v Krymu,” Finance.ua, May 9, 2014, http://news.finance.ua/ru/news/-/325148/dzhemilev-zayavlyaet-chto-medzhlis-mozhet-ujti-v-podpole-v-krymu (retrieved August 21, 2015).

13

“Concerns Raised over Crimean Tatars Fighting with IS,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, November 19, 2014, www.rferl.org/content/concerns-raised-over-crimean-tatars-fighting-with-is/26699848.html (retrieved November 19, 2014); “Na storone islamskogo gosudarstva voyuyut okolo 500 krymchan,” Novosti Kryma, November 18, 2014, http://news.allcrimea.net/news/2014/11/18/na-storone-islamskogo-gosudarstva-vojujut-okolo-500-krymchan-25692 (retrieved November 18, 2014).

14

Williams, The Crimean Tatars, 2.

15

David J. Kramer, President, Freedom House, Hearing of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Freedom House, May 6, 2014, https://freedomhouse.org/article/ukraine-countering-russian-intervention-and-supporting-democratic-state#.Vdc3_CxViko (retrieved August 21, 2015).

16

Craven, A Journey Through the Crimea, 162; Vasily Aksyonov, Ostrov Krym (Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1981), 270–272.

17

Potekhin and Potekhin, Kultura narodov Kryma, 6–30, 42.

1

David Brooks, “Snap Out of It,” New York Times, September 23, 2014; Ann Schneible, “War Ruins God’s Creative Work, Pope Says,” Catholic News Agency, September 13, 2014, www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/war-ruins-gods-creative-work-pope-says-76113 (retrieved September 14, 2014).

2

Yuval Shany, “Does International Law Grant the People of Crimea and Donetsk a Right to Secede? Revisiting Self-Determination in Light of the 2014 Events in Ukraine,” The Brown Journal of World Affairs, Fall/Winter 2014, vol. 21, issue 1, 233.

3

Steven Pifer, “Ukraine Crisis’ Impact on Nuclear Weapons,” CNN, March 4, 2014, www.cnn.com/2014/03/04/opinion/pifer-ukraine-budapest-memorandum (retrieved March 8, 2015).

4

The North Atlantic Treaty (April 4, 1949, Washington, D.C.), NATO, www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_17120.htm (retrieved February 13, 2015).

5

Adrian Croft, “Giuliani Says NATO Should Admit Israel, Japan,” Reuters, September 19, 2007, www.reuters.com/article/2007/09/19/us-iran-giuliani-idUSL1992785020070919 (retrieved February 13, 2015).

6

“Wales Summit Declaration: Issued by the Heads of State and Government Participating in the Meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Wales,” NATO, September 5, 2014, www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_112964.htm?mode=pressrelease (retrieved December 19, 2014).

7

Ibid.; “US and NATO Troops Begin Ukraine Military Exercise,” BBC, September 15, 2014, www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-29204505 (retrieved September 15, 2014); Russian Foreign Ministry press secretary Aleksandr Lukashevich’s statement, Novobsor.ru, September 11, 2014, http://novoboz.ru/2014/09/11/152500 (retrieved August 21, 2015).

8

“Raketnyi esminets USS Cole i shtabnoi korabl 6-go flota SshA USS Mount Whitney vkhodyat v Chernoye more,” Black Sea News, October 10, 2014, www.blackseanews.net/read/88801 (retrieved 11 October 2014).

9

Thomas Barrabi, “Ukraine’s NATO Entrance Amid Russian Aggression ‘At Least 6–7 Years’ Away, Poroshenko Says,” International Business Times, June 30, 2015, www.ibtimes.com/ukraines-nato-entrance-amid-russian-aggression-least-6-7-years-away-poroshenko-says-1989763, June 30, 2015 (retrieved August 22, 2015).

10

“Nato Invitation to Montenegro Prompts Russia Warning,” BBC, December 2, 2015, www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34981973 (retrieved December 2, 2015).

11

Paul Craig Roberts, “Sleepwalking Again,” Paul Craig Roberts Institute for Political Economy, February 22, 2014, www.paulcraigroberts.org/2014/02/22/sleepwalking (retrieved July 4, 2014); Damien Sharkov, “Oliver Stone Meets Toppled Ukrainian President Yanukovych, Accuses CIA of Sparking Coup,” Newsweek, December 31, 2014, www.newsweek.com/oliver-stone-meets-toppled-ukrainian-president-accuses-cia-sparking-coup-295814 (retrieved January 6, 2015).

12

Andrew Wilson, Ukraine Crisis: What It Means for the West (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014), ix; Michael A. McFaul, “Confronting Putin’s Russia,” New York Times, March 24, 2014.

13

Kagan, “Superpowers Don’t Get to Retire.”

14

Kissinger, “To Settle the Ukraine Crisis…”; Jack F. Matlock, “Who Is the Bully?” Washington Post, March 14, 2014.

15

Dimitri Simes and Paul Saunders, “Obama’s Crimea Blunder,” Washington Times, March 31, 2014.

16

George P. Shultz and Sam Nunn, “The U.S. Strategy for Keeping Ukraine Safe from Russian Aggression,” Washington Post, March 27, 2014.

17

“Rossiiski proizvoditel otkrestilsya ot avarii rakety Antares,” Lenta.ru, October 29, 2014, lenta.ru/news/2014/10/29/raketa (retrieved October 29, 2014).

18

Ryan Browne, “U.S. Stationing Tanks and Artillery in Classified Norwegian Caves,” CNN, February 19, 2016, www.cnn.com/2016/02/18/politics/u-s-tanks-artillery-norwegian-caves (retrieved February 20, 2016).

19

Hugh Schofield, “Hollande in Moscow: A New Era in Russian-French Relations?” BBC, November 26, 2015, www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34931378 (retrieved February 20, 2016).

20

“Saipem Awarded Contract for South Stream Offshore Pipeline,” The Maritime Executive, March 17, 2014, www.maritime-executive.com/article/Saipem-Awarded-Contract-for-South-Stream-Offshore-Pipeline-2014-03-17 (retrieved May 5, 2014).

21

“South Stream Pipeline Project Frozen over Crimea Crisis,” EurActiv.com, March 11, 2014, www.euractiv.com/energy/south-stream-project-takes-crime-news-534038 (retrieved March 11, 2014); “EU Policy to Blame for Ukraine Crisis—Ex-Chancellor Schroeder,” Russia Today, May 12, 2014, http://rt.com/news/158432-schroeder-russia-sanctions-eu (retrieved October 2, 2014); “Obama, Merkel Aim to Display Unity Against Russia,” Fox News, May 2, 2014, www.foxnews.com/politics/2014/05/02/obama-merkel-to-display-unity-against-russia (retrieved May 2, 2014).

22

Nick Cunningham, “As Russia’s Isolation Grows, Oil Companies Caught in Middle,” July 21, 2014, EconoMonitor, www.economonitor.com/blog/2014/07/as-russias-isolation-grows-oil-companies-caught-in-middle/?utm_source=rss (retrieved September 2, 2014); “Austria Says EU Must Not Seek Collapse of Russian Economy,” Reuters, December 20, 2014, www.reuters.com/article/2014/12/20/us-ukraine-crisis-russia-austria-idUSKBN0JY0IY20141220 (retrieved December 20, 2014).

23

Judy Dempsey, “Europe’s Energy Companies Go Back to Business with Russia,” Carnegie Europe, September 7, 2015, http://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/?fa=61207 (retrieved September 13, 2015).

24

Thomas Erdbrink, “Despite Anger Over Downed Jetliner, Europe Shies Away from Sanctions on Russia,” New York Times, July 23, 2014; Maia de la Baume, “A French Port Welcomes an Intervention by Russia’s Military,” New York Times, July 22, 2014.

25

“McCain Sparks US-Hungary Diplomatic Row over Orban,” BBC, December 3, 2014, www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30318898 (retrieved December 8, 2014); Tom Porter, “Hungarian PM Viktor Orban Hits Back at John McCain’s ‘Fascist’ Accusation,” International Business Times, December 6, 2014, www.ibtimes.co.uk/hungarian-pm-viktor-orban-hits-back-john-mccains-fascist-accusation-1478364 (retrieved December 8, 2014).

26

Bernard-Henri Lévy, “Putin’s Crime, Europe’s Cowardice,” New York Times, July 23, 2014.

27

Robert Myles, “U.S. Call for NATO to Buy French-Built Warships Destined for Russia,” Digital Journal, June 2, 2014, www.digitaljournal.com/news/world/us-call-for-nato-to-buy-french-built-warships-destined-for-russia/article/385327 (retrieved November 7, 2014); Matt Millham, “Lawmakers Again Urge NATO to Buy French Warships Slated for Russia,” Stars and Stripes, November 7, 2014, www.stripes.com/news/lawmakers-again-urge-nato-to-buy-french-warships-slated-for-russia-1.312864 (retrieved November 7, 2014).

28

Susannah Cullinane and Noisette Martel, “France to Sell Egypt Two Warships Previously Contracted to Russia,” CNN, September 24, 2015, www.cnn.com/2015/09/23/europe/france-egypt-warship-sale (retrieved September 24, 2015); “Egypt Agrees to Buy Warships Built for Russia from France,” BBC, September 23, 2015, www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34335224 (retrieved September 24, 2015).

29

Rajan Menon and Eugene Rumer, Conflict in Ukraine: The Unwinding of the Post-Cold War Order (Boston: MIT Press, 2015), xix.

30

Scott McConnell, “NATO’s Wrong Turn,” The American Conservative, March 28, 2014, www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/natos-wrong-turn (retrieved November 22, 2014).

31

Jeffrey Sachs, “Viewpoint: Why the Shadow of WW1 and 1989 Hangs over World Events,” December 16, 2014, BBC Magazine, www.bbc.com/news/magazine-30483873 (retrieved December 17, 2014).

32

Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations, 20–21.

33

Kissinger, “To Settle the Ukraine Crisis…”

34

Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, The Little Prince, translated by Richard Howard (New York: Harcourt, 2000), 30–31.

35

David Rothkopf, “Obama’s ‘Don’t Do Stupid Shit’ Foreign Policy,” Foreign Policy, June 4, 2014; Jeffrey Goldberg, “Hilary Clinton: ‘Failure’ to Help Syrian Rebels Led to the Rise of ISIS,” The Atlantic, August 10, 2014; Jeffrey Goldberg, “The Obama Doctrine,” The Atlantic, April 2016; John McCain, “Salute to a Communist,” New York Times, March 24, 2016.

36

David Remnick, “World-Weary,” New Yorker, September 15, 2014.