The Days of the French Revolution

APPENDIX I The fate of characters whose end is not recorded in the text

ALIGRE. Emigrated to England, then moved to Brunswick where he died in 1798.

AMAR. Lived in obscurity during the Consulate and Empire and was still in Paris in 1815. Having accepted no employment under Napoleon and taken no oath, he escaped the law which forced other regicides into exile. He died in Paris in 1816.

ARTOIS. Became King Charles X on the death of his brother Louis XVIII in 1824. A characteristic Bourbon, he could neither learn nor forget. His reactionary rule ended with the July Revolution of 1830 when the former Duc de Chartres, now Duc d’Orléans, became King Louis Philippe.

AUGEARD. After the arrest of the royal family at Varennes he went to Brussels where he publicized the royalist manifesto against the Constitution of 1791. He soon returned to Paris and took part in various intrigues. Emigrated in 1792. Returning to France after 18 Brumaire, he died in Paris in 1805.

AUGEREAU. Became a marshal in 1804 and distinguished himself at Jena and Eylau where he was badly wounded and thereafter never recovered his former powers. He agreed to serve Louis XVIII at the first Restoration, then, during the Hundred Days, offered his services to Napoleon who refused them, calling him a traitor. He was deprived of his rank and pension at the second Restoration of Louis XVIII in 1815 and died the following year.

BARBAROUX. After the fall of the Girondins he escaped to Caen, then moved to Saint-Émilion where he wrote his Mémoires. His hiding place discovered in June 1794, he tried to shoot himself but missed his aim, shattered his jaw and mutilated his tongue. Thus painfully wounded he was taken to Bordeaux and there guillotined.

BARENTIN. Emigrated in 1790, first to Piedmont, then to Germany and finally to England. Returned to France after the First Restoration but on account of his age was not reappointed Keeper of the Seals. He died in Paris in May 1819.

BARÉRE. Removed from the Isle of Oléron to Saintes, he escaped to Bordeaux and remained there in hiding for some years. On his emergence, Bonaparte employed him as a secret agent. At the restoration of the Bourbon dynasty he was banished from France as a regicide–‘the tree of liberty could not grow if it were not watered with the blood of Kings’, he had declared during Louis XVI’s trial. He went to live in Belgium, returning to France after the revolution of July 1830. He was granted a pension by King Louis Philippe and died in 1841 at the age of eighty-five, the last survivor of the Committee of Public Safety.

BARRAS. His political life came to an end with the fall of the Directory. Having amassed a great fortune he lived in luxurious comfort until his death in 1829.

BARTHÉLEMY. Escaped from French Guiana to the United States, thence to England. Returned to France after 18 Brumaire and entered the Senate. Deserted Napoleon in 1814, went into hiding during the Hundred Days, and was created a marquis after the second Restoration. He died in 1819.

BERNADOTTE. Appointed a marshal of France under the Empire, he was elected successor to the Swedish throne in 1810. He became King Charles XIV of Sweden in 1818 and died at Stockholm in 1844.

BESENVAL. Arrested after the fall of the Bastille, he was brought to trial by the tribunal of the Châtelet and acquitted. He died in obscurity in Paris in 1794.

BILLAUD-VARENNE. Deported to French Guiana after the insurrection of 12 Germinal 1795, he survived the ‘dry guillotine’ in a hut made of palm leaves and refused a pardon offered him by Napoleon after 18 Brumaire. He left Guiana in 1816 for Haiti where he died of dysentery three years later.

BOISSY D’ANGLAS. Suspected of royalism by the Directory whom he vigorously attacked, he was proscribed on 18 Fructidor 1797 and went to live in England. Returning to France after 18 Brumaire, he was elected a member of the Tribunate, a senator in 1805 and a peer of France in 1814. He served Napoleon during the Hundred Days and was consequently for a time excluded from the chamber of peers. He died in 1828.

BONAPARTE, LUCIEN. Became Minister of the Interior during the Consulate but differences of opinion with his brother led to his dismissal. He was appointed Ambassador in Madrid in 1800 but disagreed with his brother there, too. The final break with Napoleon came when he married his mistress instead of the widow of the King of Etruria as was required of him. He went to live in Italy, and subsequently lived in England having been captured by a British ship on his way to the United States. He returned to Rome in 1814, but went back to France to support Napoleon, with whom he was by then reconciled, during the Hundred Days. Returning once more to Italy at the Second Restoration, he died in Rome in 1840.

BOURDON, LÉONARD. Arrested after 12 Germinal and imprisoned in the Château de Ham from which he was released by the Directory to establish a comité de propagande in Hamburg. Soon recalled, he was appointed a member of the administrative council of the military hospital at Toulon under the Consulate. He died shortly before the Restoration.

BOURDON DE L’OISE. Arrested after 18 Fructidor, he was deported to French Guiana where he died soon after his arrival.

BOURIENNE. Sent to Hamburg as French envoy in 1802, he was recalled in disgrace in 1810, having accumulated an enormous fortune. He went over to the Bourbons in 1814, and thereafter lived in obscurity, dying at Caen in 1834.

BRETEUIL. After the fall of the Bastille, he fled to Switzerland, one of the first of the émigrés. For some time he acted for Louis XVI in negotiations with the European courts and with the Comtes de Provence and Artois; but, following the execution of Marie Antoinette, he retired into private life in Germany. He returned to France in 1802 and died in Paris in 1806.

BRIENNE. Returned to France from Italy at the outbreak of the Revolution and took the oath of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. Tried to explain his conduct to the Pope who would not excuse it and accepted his resignation as a cardinal. Distrusted also by the revolutionary Government, he was arrested at Sens in November 1793 and died in prison soon afterwards either of poisoning or of a stroke.

BROGLIE. An early émigré, he commanded the ‘army of the princes’ for a short time in 1792. He died at Münster in 1804.

BUZOT. After the fall of the Girondins, he fled to Normandy thence, when the uprising there failed, to the Gironde. Hunted by police spies with trained dogs he was forced to leave his hiding place and on 18 June 1794 his body, partly devoured by animals, was found on the outskirts of a wood near Châtillon.

CALONNE. After being dismissed by Louis XVI and exiled to Lorraine, he went to live in England where he corresponded with Necker. Forbidden to return to France to offer himself for election to the Estates General in 1789, he joined the émigrés at Coblenz. He went back to France with Napoleon’s permission in 1802, but died a few weeks after his arrival.

CAMBON. During the Thermidorian reaction he was proscribed as a former Montagnard and felt compelled to leave France. He returned in 1795 and went to live in retirement near Montpelier. Condemned as a regicide in 1816 he had to go abroad again. He died in Brussels in 1820.

CARNOT. Fled abroad after the coup d’état of 18 Fructidor, returning after 18 Brumaire and becoming Minister of War in 1800. He resigned the following year and in 1810 published his celebrated work on fortifications, De la défense des places fortes. When France was threatened in 1814 he offered his services to Napoleon and was appointed Governor of Antwerp. Minister of the Interior during the Hundred Days, he had to go abroad again on the second Restoration. He died at Magdeburg in 1823.

CAZALÈS. Emigrated after the fall of the monarchy in 1792. He fought with the émigré army. Returning to France in 1802, he died two years later.

CHABOT. Compromised in financial speculations in 1794, he was executed with the Dantonists who protested against being associated with this former Franciscan friar, the ‘fripon’, who had claimed Christ as the ‘first of the sans-culottes’.

CHARTRES. Driven from France by the hostility of Louis XVIII, he went to live in England. He became Louis Philippe after the deposition of Charles X in 1830. Following the revolution of 1848 he fled to England and died at Claremont, Surrey, in 1850.

CHOISEUL. Arrested after the flight to Varennes and imprisoned at Verdun. Transferred to Orléans, he was released when the King accepted the Constitution and returned to Paris where he was appointed chevalier d’honneur to the Queen. After the Queen’s imprisonment in the Temple, he fled to England in the guise of a Spaniard. On his return he was accused of taking part in a conspiracy against Bonaparte and exiled. At the Restoration he was created a peer of France and later became aide-de-camp to Louis Philippe and Governor of the Louvre. Died in Paris in 1838.

CLERMONT-TONNERRE. Having advocated Louis XVI’s right to an absolute veto, he was murdered by the mob during the insurrection of 16 August 1792.

CLÉRY. Remained in the Temple until March 1793 when he was released and went to live at Juvisy. He was rearrested in May and imprisoned in La Force. Saved by Thermidor, he went to Strasbourg where he wrote his memoirs which were published in London in 1798. He returned to Paris in 1802 where he tried to get a new edition of the memoirs published. The authorities refused to allow this unless an apology for the new régime was included. He declined the compromise and later angered Napoleon by turning down the offer of becoming First Chamberlain to the Empress Josephine. He left France and died at Vienna in 1809.

COFFINHALL. Escaped from the Hôtel de Ville on 9 Thermidor and hid in a boat on the Seine near the Île des Cygnes for three days. Anxious for news, he went to his mistress’s house in the Rue Montorgueil where he was arrested. His identity being established he was executed the same day.

COLLOT D’HERBOIS. A victim of the ‘dry guillotine’, he died at Cayenne in 1796, less than a year after his transportation there.

CONDORCET. His outspoken support of the Girondins and condemnation of the Montagnards led to his being declared hors la loi. Concealed for a time by Madame Vernet, the widow of a sculptor, he left her house for the country where he died in April 1794, evidently of exposure and exhaustion.

CORDAY. Perfectly composed during her trial, she moved her position so that a man who was sketching her portrait could get a better view of her. In the tumbril Sanson said to her conversationally, ‘It’s a long journey, isn’t it?’ ‘We’re bound to get there,’ she replied, ‘in the end.’ Sanson, profoundly impressed by her beauty and courage, considerately stood up when they came in sight of the guillotine so that she should not see it, but she asked him to sit down: a person in her position was ‘naturally curious’. After her execution Sanson’s assistant picked up the head to show to the crowd and slapped it across the cheek. Some said they saw her face blush; others maintained it was the effect of the red stormy sunset. ‘Elle nous perd,’ Vergniaud said, ‘mais elle nous apprend à mourir.’

CORNY. Dismayed by the course the Revolution was taking, he fell ill and died in November 1790.

DAVID. As enthusiastic a supporter of Napoleon as of the Jacobins, David’s portrait of Napoleon pointing the way to Italy is a characteristic apotheosis. At the Restoration he was exiled as a regicide and went to live in Brussels. He died in December 1825.

DROUET. Declining a reward of 30,000 francs for his part in the capture of the King at Varennes, he was elected to the Convention where he became notorious for the violence of his proposals which included one for the execution of all English residents in France. While on a mission to the army he was captured by the Austrians, later being released with a group of other prisoners in exchange for Madame Royale. Elected to the Council of Five Hundred, he was arrested for his part in Babeuf’s conspiracy. He escaped, fled to Switzerland and then to Teneriffe. Returning to France, he was forced into exile again by the second Restoration. He went back secretly, however, and settled down under an assumed name at Mâcon where he died in 1824.

DUCOS. Voted for Napoleon’s deposition in 1814, but gained no favour with the Bourbons. Exiled as a regicide in 1816, he died in a carriage accident at Ulm the same year.

DUMONT. Died of natural causes in January 1830.

DUMOURIEZ. Intrigued against Louis XVIII and endeavoured to establish an Oréanist monarchy. He went to live in England and was granted a pension by the Government to whom he gave military advice during the Napoleonic wars. He died at Turville Park, Henley-on-Thames in 1823 and was buried in Henley parish church.

DUPONT DE NEMOURS. Emigrated to the United States in 1799. He returned to France in 1802 but refused office under Napoleon. Appointed a Councillor of State on the first Restoration, he returned to America in 1815 when Napoleon escaped from Elba and died near Wilmington, Delaware in 1817.

DUPORT. As one of the King’s apologists he was arrested on 10 August 1792, but managed to escape abroad. He returned to France after 9 Thermidor, but left again after 18 Fructidor and died in Switzerland in 1798.

EDGEWORTH. Escaped to England in 1795 with a farewell message from Madame Elisabeth to her brother, the Comte d’Artois. He then took some papers to her other brother, the Comte de Provence, whom he accompanied to Mittau where he died of fever in 1807.

ELISABETH. The King’s sister was accused of supplying émigés with money and of encouraging the resistance of the royalist forces on 10 August 1792. She was condemned to death by the Revolutionary Tribunal and executed on 10 May 1794.

EPRÉMESNIL. Imprisoned in the Abbaye as a staunch monarchist, he was released before the September Massacres. Arrested at Le Havre, he was taken to Paris, accused of being an agent of the English Government, arraigned before the Revolutionary Tribunal and guillotined on 21 April 1794.

ESTAING. On the strength of compromising letters which had passed between him and Marie Antoinette, on whose behalf he spoke at her trial, he was condemned to death and executed on 28 April 1794.

FAUCHET. Having warmly supported the earlier phases of the Revolution, preached a funeral oration for those citizens killed at the storming of the Bastille and blessed the tricolour flag for the National Guard, he opposed the execution of the King and the marriage of priests. Accused of encouraging the federalist movement at Cannes, he was brought before the Revolutionary Tribunal and executed with the Girondins on 30 October 1793.

FERRIÈRES. Died of natural causes at the Château de Marsay in July 1804.

FERSEN. Returning to Paris in February 1792, Fersen was convinced that a second attempt to get the royal family out of France was not practicable. He was promoted Riksmarskalk in the Swedish army in 1801. On the death of the popular Prince Christian Augustus of Augustenburg in 1810, Fersen was slanderously accused of having been implicated in a plot to poison him. As Riksmarskalk he received the body on the outskirts of Stockholm and conducted the funeral cortège into the city. The mob threw stones and hurled abuse at him, then battered him to death on the steps of the senate house.

FOUCHÉ. Having intrigued against Robespierre, he then intrigued against Napoleon and Louis XVIII. But, although widely distrusted, he took part in every government from 1792 to 1815. He was for several years Minister of Police. Proscribed as a regicide he had to go abroad in 1816. He died at Trieste as Duc d’Otrante, in 1820.

FOUQUIER-TINVILLE. After the uprising of Thermidor, his defence that he had merely obeyed the orders of the Committee of Public Safety was not accepted. He was executed on 7 May 1795.

FRÉRON. Elected to the Five Hundred, he was prevented from taking his seat. He was also disappointed in his hopes of marrying Bonaparte’s sister, Pauline. He died in 1802 at Santo Domingo where he had been sent as commissioner in 1799.

GRÉGOIRE. An early supporter of the Revolution, he later denounced Gobel’s apostasy and declared in the Convention that he would not abjure his faith nor resign as Bishop of Blois. He wore episcopal dress in Paris during the Terror and read Mass in his house, but resigned his bishopric in 1801 in protest against the concordat with Rome. He died in 1831.

GUADET. A warrant was issued for his arrest on the fall of the Girondins. He fled to Caen, then to his father’s house at Saint-Emilion, but he was discovered and guillotined at Bordeaux on 17 June 1794.

GUILLOTIN. Survived the punishment which his machine is often alleged to have inflicted on him and died in 1814.

HERMAN. Condemned to death on 7 May 1795 he displayed great contempt for his judges, throwing his hat at the man who occupied the seat from which he himself had pronounced sentence of death during the Terror.

HOCHE. Became Minister of War in 1797 but died at Wetzlar of consumption in September that same year at the age of twenty-nine.

ISNARD. One of the surviving Girondins who were recalled to the Convention after 9 Thermidor. He was elected to the Council of Five Hundred, but played little part in its deliberations and retired to Draguinan in 1797. Professing himself a convinced royalist he avoided proscription as a regicide and survived until 1825.

JOSEPHINE. Napoleon arranged for the nullification of their marriage in 1810 when he hoped to make a politically more advantageous match with Marie-Louise, daughter of the Emperor Francis I of Austria, and by her to have the son with whom Josephine could not provide him. She retired to her private house at Malmaison outside Paris where she lived and entertained as extravagantly as ever, and where she died in May 1814.

JOURDAN. Became a marshal of France in 1804 and, after submitting to the Bourbons, a peer of France in 1819. He lived until 1833.

LAFAYETTE. Denounced as a traitor by the Assembly in 1792, he spent five years in Austrian and German prisons. He returned to France in 1802 and, after a period of rustic retirement on his Lagrange estate during the First Empire, he was elected deputy for the Sarthe which he represented until 1824. He was placed in command of the National Guard in the 1830 revolution and died in 1834.

LALLY-TOLLENDAL. Emigrated to England in 1789. He offered to defend the King but was refused permission to return to Paris. Louis XVIII created him a peer of France. He died in 1830.

LAMETH, ALEXANDRE. Accused of treason in August 1792, he escaped abroad and was imprisoned by the Austrians. He returned at the time of the Consulate and became deputy for Seine-et-Oise after the Restoration. He died in 1829.

LAMETH, THÉODORE. Died at the age of ninety-eight in 1854.

LAMOIGNON. Committed suicide on 15 May 1789.

LANJUINAIS. Escaped to Rennes on the fall of the Girondins and remained in hiding until recalled to the Convention after 9 Thermidor. He died in Paris in 1827.

LA ROCHEFOUCAULD-LIANCOURT. Emigrated to England in 1792 and went to the United States of America in 1794. He returned to France after 18 Brumaire and died in 1827.

LA TOUR DU PIN. She survived the Revolution, having moved to Bordeaux and then having escaped to the United States. She died at Pisa in 1853 at the age of eighty-three.

LAZOWSKI. A warrant was issued for his arrest in March 1793 but he escaped to Vaurigard where he died almost immediately of a fever following a drunken debauch. He was buried at the foot of the tree of liberty on the Place du Carrousel.

LEGENDRE. Elected a member of the Council of Ancients, he died in December 1797.

LETOURNEUR. Appointed Prefect of the Loire-Inférieure in 1800. Banished as a regicide in 1816, he died near Brussels the following year.

LINDET, ROBERT. Declined office under both the Consulate and the Empire. Left France in 1816 as a proscribed regicide, but returned shortly before his death in 1825.

LINDET, THOMAS. Elected to the Council of Ancients, he lived in obscurity under the Consulate and Empire. Banished as a regicide in 1816, he went to live in Italy, then Switzerland. Receiving permission to return to France, he died at Bernay in August 1825.

LINGUET. Moved into the country to escape the Terror, having written a defence of Louis XVI, but was discovered and brought back to Paris to be guillotined on 27 June 1794.

LOUSTALOT. Died of natural causes in October 1790.

LOUVET. Elected to the Council of Five Hundred, he retired in May 1797. In the royalist reaction of that summer the jeunesse dorée, who regarded him as a Jacobin, insulted him in the street and smashed his bookshop which he was compelled to move from the Palais Royal to the Faubourg Saint-Germain. He died in obscurity in August 1797 looking ‘like an old man at thirty-seven’.

MAILLARD. An agent of the Committee of General Security, he disappeared after 9 Thermidor. Still alive under an assumed name in the early years of the Empire, the date of his death is unknown.

MALLET DU PAN. Exiled to Berne for an attack on Bonaparte and the Directory, he went to London in 1798 and died at Richmond, Surrey, in 1800.

MALOUET. Emigrated to England in 1792. Appointed Minister of Marine by Louis XVIII. He died in 1814.

MANUEL. Refused to vote for the death of Louis XVI and retired to Montargis. He was arrested there and brought back to Paris to be guillotined in 1793.

MARAT, Albertine. The English historian, J. W. Croker, saw her in Paris, where she was still living in the late 1830s. Told that she was ‘as like her brother as one drop of water is like another’, he found her ‘very small, very ugly, very sharp and a great politician’. She died in 1841.

MARIE THÉRÈSE (MADAME ROYALE). Remained in prison throughout the Terror. She was released in December 1795 in exchange for some French prisoners held by the Austrians including Drouet. She married the eldest son of the Comte d’Artois, the Duc d’Angoulême, who renounced his rights to the throne in 1830 when his father abdicated.

MAURY. Emigrated in 1792. He returned in 1804 and became Archbishop of Paris in 1810, holding the office until 1814 despite the Pope’s prohibition. He died in 1817.

MERCY. Appointed Austrian Ambassador to the Court of St James’s in 1794 but died a few days after his arrival in London.

MERDA. For his services on 9 Thermidor the Convention recommended him to the notice of his superiors. He was promoted captain, colonel in 1807 and later brigadier-general. He died at Moscow in 1812. His account of Robespierre’s death has been discredited. Others claimed that Robespierre shot himself.

MOMORO. Arrested, brought before the Revolutionary Tribunal on 22 March 1794 and condemned to death.

MONTESQUIOU. Accused of royalist sympathies, he escaped to Switzerland. He returned to Paris in 1795 and died there three years later.

MOREAU DE SAINT MÉRY. Arrested after 10 August 1792 but escaped to the United States and started a bookshop in Philadelphia. Returned to France in 1799 and became historiographer to the navy. A relative of the Empress Josephine, he was appointed administrator of the Duchies of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla in 1802 but was dismissed in 1806. He died in 1819.

MOUNIER. Disapproving of the course of the Revolution after his proposal of the Tennis-Court Oath, he emigrated to Switzerland in 1790, returning in 1801 when Bonaparte appointed him prefect of the department of Îlle-et-Vilâine. He died in 1806.

MURAT. Married Napoleon’s sister, Caroline, after 18 Brumaire. Promoted marshal in 1804, he later succeeded Napoleon’s brother, Joseph, as King of Naples in 1808. Defeated by the Austrians at Tolentino, he escaped to Corsica. Taken prisoner in an attempt to recover his kingdom, he was shot on 13 October 1815.

NARBONNE. Emigrated in 1792. Returned in 1801 and was later appointed aide-de-camp to Napoleon. In 1813 he became French ambassador in Vienna. He died in 1813.

NECKER. Returned to Switzerland in 1792 and settled down on his estate near Geneva where he devoted himself to writing until his death in 1804. His wife, who had sorely missed her salon in Paris, had died ten years before.

PÉTION. After the fall of the Gironde, escaped to Caen thence to Saint-Émilion. Tracked down by police spies, he left the wigmaker’s house where he had been sheltered and on 18 June his body, with that of Buzot, was found on the outskirts of a wood partly eaten by animals.

PICHEGRU. Implicated in a plot to restore Louis XVIII, he offered his resignation to the Directory who accepted it. Arrested on 18 Fructidor, he was deported to Cayenne. He escaped to London and returned to Paris in 1803 to organize a royalist insurrection against Napoleon. He was betrayed, arrested, and on 15 April the following year he was found strangled in prison.

POLIGNAC, Gabrielle de. Emigrated in 1789 and died abroad shortly after the death of the Queen.

PROVENCE. Remained in England until 1814 when he returned to France as Louis XVIII. Obliged to leave Paris again on Napoleon’s escape from Elba, he returned to France after Waterloo and reigned until his death in 1824.

REUBELL. Retired from public life after 18 Brumaire and died at his birthplace, Colmar, in 1807.

REVELLIÈRE-LÉPEAUX. Forced to resign on 30 Prairial, he went to live in retirement in the country. He returned to Paris in 1809 but took no part in public affairs, dying in 1824.

RIVAROL. Emigrated in 1792 and lived at first in London, then in Hamburg and Berlin where he died in 1801.

ROCHAMBEAU. Arrested during the Terror but managed to escape execution. Pensioned by Bonaparte, he died at Thoré in 1807.

ROEDERER. Went into hiding after 10 August 1792. He appeared again after Thermidor and was appointed to a chair in political economy. Created a senator by Napoleon, he became Joseph Bonaparte’s Minister of Finance at Naples and a peer of France during the Hundred Days. He was deprived of his offices on the Restoration, but his title of peer of France was restored in 1832. He died three years later.

ROLAND. Went into hiding at Rouen but, on learning of his wife’s execution, he walked out into the countryside, pinned a paper to his coat declaring that since her murder he could ‘no longer remain in a world stained with enemies’, and stabbed himself to death with a swordstick.

ROSSIGNOL. Achieved high rank in the war against the Vendéens. Involved in the Babeuf conspiracy, he was tried and acquitted but exiled in 1800 to the Seychelles where he died two years later.

ROUGET DE LISLE. Although he wrote a few songs other than the Marseillaise, for which he composed the words and perhaps the music – though this has been disputed – none was to achieve much success. A less than ardent republican he was cashiered and imprisoned for a time. He died at Choisy-le-Roi in 1836, and his ashes were transported to the Panthéon.

ROUX. Condemned to death by the Revolutionary Tribunal on 15 January 1794, he stabbed himself with a knife and was carried away to Bicêtre where he died.

SANSON, Charles. Remained the public executioner of Paris until 1795 when he handed over to his son, Henri, who died in 1840.

SANTERRE. Relieved of his command of the Paris National Guard in 1793, he was sent to command a force in the Vendée. Blamed for the failure of this expedition and accused of having written a prejudiced report upon it, he was sent to prison where he remained until Thermidor. He then resigned his command and returned to his business. The brewery, however, was not the prosperous concern it had been and he died in poverty in 1809.

SÈZE. Retired to a house he owned in the hamlet of Brevannes in the spring of 1793. Created a count by Louis XVIII, he lived on until 1828.

SIEYÈS. Lived in retirement during the Empire but prudently left France at the time of the Restoration. He returned after the 1830 revolution and died in Paris six years later.

TALLEYRAND. ‘Treason,’ said Talleyrand ‘is merely a matter of dates.’ Foreign Minister under the Directory and Napoleon, he also served Louis XVIII in that office. After representing France at the Congress of Vienna he became King Louis Philippe’s ambassador to the Court of St James’s. He died in Paris in 1838.

TALLIEN. He was elected to the Council of Five Hundred, but, distrusted by the moderates as a former terrorist and by the Left as a reactionary, he made little mark. He sailed to Egypt with Bonaparte in 1798 and edited the official journal, the Décade Egyptienne. He then became consul at Alicante. Having contracted yellow fever and lost the sight of an eye he returned to Paris where, having failed to obtain a pension, he died in poverty in 1820. He had married the fascinating Comtesse de Fontenay in 1794 but obtained a divorce from her in 1802. She married the Comte de Caraman, later Prince de Chimay, in 1805.

TARGET. Having disappeared from view during the Terror, he emerged to become a member of the Institute and of the Court of Cassation. He died in 1807.

THURIOT. After 18 Brumaire became juge au tribunal criminel of the département of the Seine. Replaced at the first Restoration, he took up his functions again during the Hundred Days. Banished as a regicide in 1816, he obtained permission to practice law in Liège where he died in 1829.

TOURZEL. When the royal family were imprisoned at the Conciergérie she asked to be taken there with them. This request and a subsequent one to share Madame Royale’s imprisonment were both refused. She was imprisoned for five months but survived the Terror and died at her château at Abondant in 1832 at the age of eighty-two.

TRONCHET. A deputy of the Council of the Ancients during the Directory and president of the Court of Cassation during the Consulate. He died in March 1806.

VADIER. Condemned to deportation under the Directory, he escaped and remained in hiding in Paris until May 1796. Tried with the Babeuf conspirators, he was acquitted but kept in prison for four years at Cherbourg. Released after 18 Brumaire, he went to live in Toulouse where he was kept under police surveillance. Exiled as a regicide in 1816, he died at Brussels in 1828.

VILATE. Executed 7 May 1795.