The Days of the French Revolution

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‘active’ citizens, 147, 153

Adélaïde, Daughter of France, 119

Aiguillon, Armand, Duc d’, 42, 94

Alembert, Jean le Rond d’, 29, 205

Aligre, Étienne d’, 38, 305

Amar, J. A. B., 229, 242, 305

Ancients, Council of, 282, 297, 298, 299, 302

army, its state in 1792, 145; conscription, 216; purges demanded, 168, 215; mood of, 295

Artois, Charles, Comte d’, later King Charles X (1757–1836), 162; personality, 25, 305; and Third Estate, 60; at séance royale, 61, 62; flees abroad, 89; his colour, 90; counter-revolutionary, 117; advocates war, 143; later life, 305

Assembly of Notables, 38, 39, 44

Auch, Martin d’, 60

Augeard, 95, 305

Augereau, Pierre-François, 297, 305

Austria, Declaration of Pillnitz, 143; France at war with, 145, 202; battle of Jemappes, 193; battle of Fleurus, 257; defeated, and Treaty of Campo-Formio, 296

Ayen, Duchesse d’, 247

Azéma, Michel, 159

Babeuf, François-Noel, called Gracchus Babeuf (1760–97), 293–4

Bailly, Jean-Sylvain (1736–93), and Estates General debates, 53, 58; and National Assembly, 60; seeks admission to séance royale, 60; supports Mirabeau, 62; on enthusiasm in Paris, 87, 89; Mayor of Paris, 88; on popularity of Louis XVI, 91; on state of anarchy, 92; confronts mob at Tuileries, 118; and flight of royal family, 124; monarchien, 133; and Champ de Mars massacre, 135; ultimate fate, 135, 142; execution, 224–5

bals des victimes, 274

Barbaroux, Charles, 141–2, 200, 306

Barentin, Charles de, 40, 51, 52, 61, 306

Barère, Bertrand (1755–1841), 90, 271, 272, 274, 306

Barnave, Antoine (1761–93), demands recall of Necker, 88; apologist for murder, 93; and return of royal family to Paris, 128, 129; and Queen, 133; execution, 142, 225

Barras, Paul-François, Vicomte de (1755–1829), Terror at Toulon, 227; on fear of Robespierre, 254; and Robespierre, 258, 266; takes military command, 265; becomes reactionary, 271; and insurrection of Lepeletier sectionnaires, 284; and Bonaparte, 285; and journées of Vendémiaire, 286, 287; unrespected Director, 291; and ‘Conspiracy of Equals’, 294; and coup d’état of 18 Fructidor, 295; and Josephine de Beauharnais, 295; and Ducos, 299; and coup d’état of Brumaire, 302; resigns from Directory, 302; later life, 306

Barthélemy, François, 297, 306

Bas, Laurent, 213, 214

Bastille, conditions in, 71; prisoners, 72; governor of, 72–3; preparations against attack, 73; guns withdrawn, 74; storming of, 75–80; vainqueurs, 82–3; sightseers and souvenirs, 83; Brissot in, 137

Bayon, Captain, 125, 126–7

Belgium, 193, 257

Bernadotte, Jean-Baptiste, 299, 302, 306

Besenval, Baron de, 69, 70, 306

Billaud-Varenne, Jean-Nicolas (1756–1819), encourages septembriseurs, 176; on Committee of Public Safety, 217; attacks Dantonists, 235; deserts Hébertists, 235; and Danton, 236, 241; and Fabre d’Églantine, 243; and Robespierre, 254, 257, 260–61; expelled from Jacobin Club, 262; attacks Jacobins, 262; urges attack, 265; loses office, 271; brought to trial, 272; transportation, 274; later life and death, 306

Biron, Armand-Louis, Duc de, 145, 215

Blaikie, Thomas, 105

Boissy d’Anglas, François-Antoine, 276, 282, 306–7

Bon, Joseph le, 228

Bonaparte, Josephine, later Empress Josephine (1763–1814), 295, 301, 312

Bonaparte, Lucien (1775–1840), 300, 302, 304, 307

Bonaparte, Napoleon, later Emperor Napoleon I (1769–1821), Concordat with Papacy, 112; career and opinions, 285; appearance, 285; and journées of Vendémiaire, 286, 287; and Josephine, 295, 301; Commander-in-Chief in Italy, 295; Italian campaign, 296; loot, 296; his independence, 296–7; and Augerau, 297; and Egyptian campaign, 298; hero’s welcome in Paris, 300; character, 301; and coup d’état of Brumaire, 301, 302, 303–4; disastrous address to Five Hundred, 303; First Consul and Emperor, 304

Bordeaux, 34, 194, 228–9, 277

Bouillé, François-Claude, Marquis de, 121, 122, 127

Bourdon, Léonard, 265, 307

Bourienne, Fauvelet de, 303, 307

bread riots, 63, 91, 92, 96–7, 274; march of market women, 97–100, 101, 104–5; the ‘baker’, 105; 1789 harvest, 109; 1793 shortage, 216; rationed, 273; march of 12 Germinal, 274; ration reduced, 283, 292

Breteuil, Louis-Charles, Baron de, 64, 87, 88, 307

Brienne, Loménie de, Archbishop of Toulouse, 38, 39–40, 307

Brissot, Jacques Pierre (1754–93), 141; history, 136–7; advocates war, 138; pleads for King’s life, 184; and Robespierre, 210; condemned to death, 222; sent to l’Abbaye, 223

Brittany, Young on conditions in, 30; riots, 40, 194; members of Third Estate, 50; tactics by delegates from, 93; Bretons and Angevins, 112; émigré forces land in, 281

Broglie, Victor-François, Duc de, 89, 308

Brunswick Manifesto, 153

Buzot, François, 136, 224, 308

calendar, new, 231

Calonne, Charles-Alexandre de (1734–1802), 37–9, 308

Cambon, Pierre Joseph, 260, 308

Campan, Madame, 149, 155

Campo-Formio, Treaty of, 296, 298

Camus, Armand Gaston, 112

Carichon, Abbé, 247–8

Carlyle, Thomas (1795–1881), 223

Carnot, Lazare (1753–1823), on Committee of Public Safety, 215, 216; organizer of Revolution’s victory, 215–16; and Danton’s arrest, 238; and Robespierre, 254, 257, 260; and Saint-Just, 261; and Lescot-Fleuriot, 264; loses office, 271; spared, 279; Director, 291; and ‘Conspiracy of Equals’, 294; and royalist campaign, 295; flees abroad, 297; later life, 308

Carrier, Jean Baptiste, 228, 272

Cazalès, Jacques de, 49, 308

Chabot, François, 158, 308

Champ de Mars, troops encamped on, 70; massacre of, 134–5; 14 July celebrations of 1792, 151–2; mob demands King’s abdication, 154; Bailly’s humiliation at, 224–5; Festival of Supreme Being, 253

Charles X, King, see Artois, Comte de

Chartres, Duc de, later King Louis Philippe (1773–1850), 178, 194, 308

Chaumette, Pierre-Gaspard (1763–94), 230, 231, 244

Choiseul, Étienne-François, Duc de (1719–85), 122–3, 128, 308–9

Chouans, 281, 283, 285

Church, the, riches and power of, 30–31; abolition of tithes, 95; estates nationalized, 109–10, 137; Civil constitution of the Clergy, 111; divided over schism with Rome, 111–12; anti-clericalism in Paris, 117–18, 230; de-Christianization campaign, 230–33; reaction against de-Christianization, 233; Robespierre attacks atheism, 251; Louis XVIII’s promise to, 281

clergy, landowners, 30; and taxation, 40; and Estates General, 40, 45; and Third Estate, 53–5, 59; and National Assembly, 62; Civil Constitution of the Clergy, 111–12, 115; and Legislative Assembly, 136, 145; non-juring priests, 138; campaigns against refractory priests, 146, 151, 168; September Massacres, 170; in National Convention, 180; deportation of priests, 194; celibacy denounced, 230; attitude to new calendar, 231; and de-Christianization programme, 233; percentage of victims of guillotine, 248; transportation of priests, 297–8; oath of hatred, 298

Clermont-Tonerre, Duc de, 49, 109, 309

Cléry, Jean-Baptiste, 182–3, 186, 189, 309

Club du Manège, 300

Coffinhal, Pierre, 266, 309

Collot d’Herbois, Jean-Marie (1749–96), on Committee of Public Safety, 217; Terror at Lyons, 227; attacks Dantonists, 235; deserts Hébertists, 235; and Danton, 241; and Robespierre, 254, 260; expelled from Jacobin Club, 261; and Saint-Just, 261–2; and Lescot-Fleuriot, 264; loses office, 271; brought to trial, 272; transported, 274; death of, 309

comités de surveillance, 194

Commission of Twelve, 198, 199

Committee of Clemency, 235

Committee of General Security, and trial of Danton, 237, 242; and Robespierre, 257, 258, 259, 260; National Guard refused entry to, 263–4

Committee of Public Safety, authority of, 195; seizes Roland’s papers, 195; and Girondins, 199; attempts to subdue uprisings, 202; and Danton, 203, 214, 237; and Robespierre, 203, 211, 254, 257, 258, 259, 260, 266; meets demands of Enragés, 214; takes increasingly zealous measures, 215; decrees levée en masse, 215; and Terror, 225; recalls agents to Paris, 233; and Hébertists, 235–6; and Indulgents, 236; Saint-Just and Danton’s trial, 242; law of 22 Priarial, 245; and centralization of revolutionary justice, 246; spies, 255; proposed distribution of confiscated estates, 256; Robespierrists in, 267; reduced powers of, 271

Committee of Thirty, 42

Commune of Paris, formation of, 91; and National Guardsmen, 153; disbanded, 154; and September Massacres, 176, 178; Girondins attempt to overthrow, 198; and Robespierrists, 237, 263, 264; purge, 271; rioters demand re-establishment of, 276

Compagnie du Soleil, 272

Conciergerie, 173, 221, 223, 267

Condé, Prince de, 281

Condorcet, Marie-Jean de Caritat, Marquis de (1743–94), 42, 143, 309

Constituent Assembly, 133, 136

Constitution, promulgated, 136; grants King right of veto, 138; Queen’s opinion of, 143; sans-culottes demand resurrection of, 274, 276; new Constitution, 282, 283; oath of hatred of 1793 Constitution, 298; and Consuls of French Republic, 304

Corday, Charlotte (1768–93), 212–14, 309–10

Cordeliers Club, encourage violence, 133; and Champ de Mars massacre, 134; and Hébert, 140; Legendre, 147; Danton, 167, 168; Roux, 212; Chaumette, 230

Couthon, Georges (1755–94), on Terror, 246; and Robespierre, 254, 257; compromises, 259; arrested, 263; falls downstairs, 266; execution, 267, 268

Custine, Armand-Louis, Marquis de 193, 194, 202, 215

Danton, Georges Jacques (1759–94), Minister of Justice, 162, 168; background and appearance, 165; personality, 165, 179; lawyer, 165–6, 206; orator, 166–7, 196; revolutionary, 167–8; call to arms, 169; and September Massacres, 178; Rolands vilify, 181; attitude to King, 181; territorial expansion, 193; defies European courts, 193; defends Revolutionary Tribunal, 195; and Girondins, 195–6, 199; joins Montagnards, 196; discredited, 203; proposal for Convention, 214–15; extravagant demands, 217; enjoys private life, 233–4; condemns de-Christianization programme, 234–5; advocates toleration and moderation, 235; and Robespierre, 235, 236–7, 244, 251; believes himself invulnerable, 236; on Virtue, 237; arrested, 238–9; remorse, 238; trial, 239, 241–3; and his condemned friends, 243–4; execution, 244; ‘natural frontiers’, 296

Dantonists, 215, 234, 235, 243–4

David, Jacques-Louis (1774–1825), ‘Marat Assassinated’, 214, 272; portrait of Lepeletier, 216–17, 272; and Danton, 244; and Festival of Supreme Being, 252; and Robespierre, 261; imprisoned, 279–80; portrait of Napoleon, 310; later life, 310

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, 95, 100, 148, 267

Deflue, Louis, 72–3, 76, 80, 81, 82

Derobespierre family, see Robespierre

Desbouillons, Pierre-François, 159

Desmoulins, Camille (1760–94), 141, 156; history, 65; calls mob to arms, 65–6; wants King brought to Paris, 96; in hiding, 135; and Girondins, 195, 236; his reference to Robespierre, 236; trial, 239; helps Fouquier-Tinville, 240; execution, 243

Desmoulins, Lucille, 156, 242, 243, 244–5

Desnot, an out-of-work cook, 81–2

Destez, Jacques, 126

Dillon, Théobald, 145

Directory, executive power of, 282; uniform, 282, 291; Directors, 291; statement of intent, 291; and Jacobins, 293, 294, 298; and ‘Conspiracy of Equals’, 294; and royalist campaign, 294–5; and Bonaparte, 295, 296–7; military plans, 296; and coup d’état of 18 Fructidor, 297–8; beneficial reforms by, 298; and Egyptian expedition, 298; levée en masse, 298; Councils attack, 299; and Lucien Bonaparte, 300

Doué, Foullon de, 92

Dreux Brézé, Henri-Éverard, Marquis de (1762–1829), 62

Drouet, Jean-Baptiste, 125, 310

Du Barry, Comtesse, 25, 225

Ducos, Roger, 299, 302, 304, 310

Dumas, René, 261, 267

Dumont, André, 275, 276, 310

Dumont, Étienne, 98

Dumouriez, Charles François (1739–1823), Minister for Foreign Affairs, 144; and Lafayette, 145; enters Belgium, 193; deserts to Austrians, 194; and Girondins, 195, 196; and Danton, 195, 196; later life, 310

Duplay, Eleonore, 210

Duplay, Maurice, 209, 267

Dupont de Nemours, Pierre-Samuel, 295, 310

Duport, Adrien, 42, 142, 179, 310

economy, the (see also taxation), farming, 29; poverty, 29–30, 292–3; wages and prices, 34–5; and Necker, 36–7; increasing prospect of bankruptcy, 40; cahiers de doléances, 45; financial chaos follows dismissal of Necker, 64; customs barriers destroyed, 65; unemployment following bad harvest, 91; inflation, 147, 212, 273; and Enragés, 211, 214; paper currency, 291–2

Edgeworth, Henry, 186, 187, 189, 310–11

Egalité, Philippe, see Orléans, Duc d’

Élie, Jacob, 79, 81

Elisabeth, Madame (d. 1794), to Paris with royal family, 104; advises counter-revolutionary measures, 117; flight to Varennes, 120; destroys papers, 128; return journey to Paris, 128–9; Hébert attacks, 140; advocates war, 143; and the King, 149; in prison, 183; executed, 311

émigrés, summoned to return, 138; orders for execution of, 194; amnesty offered to, 280; and royalists, 281, 283, 294; ordered to leave France, 297

England, emigration to, 109; war with France, 193, 298; and royalist restoration, 281, 294; Bonaparte against invasion of, 298; suffers defeats, 300; blockades French in Egypt, 300

Enragés, extremist faction, 186; moderates against, 193–4; insurrectionary activities, 194; and Revolutionary Tribunal, 194; Varlet, 198; and Girondins, 198, 201; and Insurrectionary Committee, 211; encourage taxation populaire, 212; and death of Marat, 214; released from prison, 271

Eprémesnil, Jean Jacques Duval d’, 39, 49, 311

Estaing, Comte d’, 90–91, 311

Estates General, and parlement, 39; and Third Estate, 40–41, 44, 57–9; elections to, 45; convention at Versailles, 46, 49–55; tennis-court oath, 59–60; Electors organize a militia, 64; Robespierre elected to, 208

Évrard, Simone, 213, 214

Fabre d’Églantine, Philippe (1750–94), 231, 236, 243

fédéralisme, 202, 212, 215

fédérés, at Fête de la Fédération, 113–15; King vetoes decree on, 146; sing Marseillaise, 153–4; at storming of Tuileries, 159

Féraud, Jean, 276, 279

Ferriéres-Marsay, Marquis de, 102–3, 113–14, 146, 311

Fersen, Hans Axel, Count von (1755–1810), history, 119–20; flight to Varennes, 120, 121–2; and Brunswick Manifesto, 153; his dog, 183–4; on Queen in Conciergerie, 221; later life and death, 311

Festival of Supreme Being, 251–3, 260

Fête de la Fédération, 112–15

Feuillants, formation of Club, 135, 210; opposed to war, 137, 142; Marat attacks, 140; King replaces Ministers with, 146; applaud Lafayette, 150; shout abuse at King, 155; deprived of franchise, 180

Five Hundred, Council of, legislative power of, 282; purged, 297; wait for revenge, 298; attack Directory, 299; and Lucien Bonaparte, 300, 302, 303; Jourdan’s motion defeated, 300; coup d’état of Brumaire, 302–4

Flesselles, Jacques de, 69, 77, 82

Fleuriot, Jean-Baptiste Lescot-, 264, 267

Fouché, Joseph, Duc d’Otrante (1758–1820), and Terror at Lyons, 227; de-Christianization programme, 230; and Robespierre, 258–9, 260; and Lescot-Fleuriot, 264; arrested, 281–2; Minister of Police, 299, 302; and coup d’état of Brumaire, 303; later life, 311

Fouquier-Tinville, Antoine-Quentin (1746–95), history and appearance, 240; and trial of Dan ton, 240–41, 242, 243; and execution of Lucille Desmoulins, 245; on increasing number of executions, 246; and Robespierre, 254; loses office, 271; executed, 272, 311

Fournier, Claude, 103

Fourteenth July, Fête de la Fédération, 112–15; 1792 celebrations, 151–3

Fréron, Louis-Marie (1754–1802), urges attack on prisoners, 169; executions in Toulon, 227; calls on Robespierre, 258; and Lescot-Fleuriot, 264; advice to Convention, 265; becomes reactionary, 271; and Bonaparte, 285; and journées of Vendémiaire, 286; later life and death, 312

générale, 279, 284

Girard, Elizabeth, 103

Girondins, prominent men amongst, 136–7; and émigrés, 138; and non-juring priests, 138; and Marat, 142, 196; condemn dismissal of Narbonne, 144; accuse Jacobins, 146; red cap emblem, 149–50; hope to avert bloodshed, 156; and Danton, 168, 195–6, 234; and National Convention, 180; alienate Parisians, 181; hope to spare King’s life, 181, 184, 185; with Montagnards against sans-culottes and Enragés, 193–4; tarnished reputation, 195; and corn prices, 198; overthrow of, 198–201; and Robespierre, 210; Charlotte Corday, 212; and fédéralisme, 212; and Hébert, 215; leaders tried and executed, 222–3; and Chaumette, 230; recalled to Convention, 272; commemmorated, 280; La Revellière, 291

Gobel, Jean Baptiste, Archbishop of Paris (1727–94), 232, 244

Goethe, 179

Goodwin, A., 40

Great Fear, 93

Gredeler, Marie, 174

Grégoire, Henri, Abbé, 49, 111, 312

Guadet, Marguerite Élie (1758–94), 136, 196, 312

Guiana, transportation to, 146, 274, 297, 298

Guillotin, Joseph Ignace (1738–1814), 59, 187–8, 312

Hampson, Norman, 34–5

Hanriot, François (1759–94), appearance and personality, 198; commands National Guard, 198, 199; and overthrow of Girondins, 200–201; and Robespierre, 254; and protest against arrest of Robespierrists, 263–4; surrounds Convention, 264; flung from window, 266; execution, 267, 268

Hazlitt, William (1778–1830), 226

Hébert, Jacques René (1757–94), 141; personality and history, 140; urges attack on prisoners, 169; Girondins order arrest of, 198; free, 198; and Hébertists, 215; and trial of Girondin leaders, 222; and de-Christianization campaign, 231; and Danton, 234; attacks Dantonists, 235; execution of, 235; execution of his widow, 244

Hébertists, harass Committee of Public Safety, 215; encourage invasion of Convention, 216–17; Danton attacks, 235; and Robespierre, 235; arrest and execution of, 236; and Gobel, 244; released from prison, 271

Hérault de Séchelles, Marie, 200–201, 243, 244

Herman, Nicolas-François, 241, 242, 272, 312

Hoche, Lazare (1768–97), 281, 296, 312

Hood, Samuel, Viscount, 203

Hôtel de Ville, Paris, Electors organize militia, 64; Permanent Committee deals with subversion, 69, 77; Hulin harangues mob, 78; atmosphere of congratulation, 88; Louis XVI welcomed in, 90–91; violence outside, 92; market women, 97; Lafayette and National Guard, 100; and Champ de Mars massacre, 135; delegates of sections, 154; Swiss guards massacred 161; Robespierre in, 264, 265

Hulin, Pierre, 78–9, 80, 81

Humbert, Jean-Baptiste, 70–71, 80–81

incroyables, 273–4

Indulgents, 235, 236, 238

Insurrectionary Committee, 198, 199, 200, 211

Insurrectionary Commune, 154, 161, 162, 168

Invalides, 69–70

Isnard, Maximin (1758–1825), 139, 198, 312

Italy, 286, 295, 296, 299

Jacobins, influence on radical opinion, 110; decline of, 135; anxious to avoid war, 142; and Girondins, 146, 198, 199; and dethronement of King, 154; Department of Paris opposed to, 156; elected to National Convention, 180; become known as Montagnards (q.v.), 181; and September Massacres, 181; and control of corn prices, 198; problems after coup d’état against Girondins, 201–2; and Robespierre, 209, 210, 261; attack Roux, 212; and Hébert, 215; propose Terreur, 217; Vadier, 236; actors denounced by, 255; Fouché, 259; closure of Jacobin Club, 272; and Directory, 293, 298; and Babeuf’s conspiracy, 294; newspapers reappear, 299; public feeling against, 300; Bonaparte, 301; false rumour of plot by, 302

jeunesse dorée, 271–2, 275, 279

Johnson, Samuel (1709–84), 24

Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor (1741–90), 22, 118, 143

Jourdan, Jean-Baptiste, later Count Jourdan, 257, 300, 301, 312

Jourdan, Nicholas, 101

journées, storming of Bastille, 75–80; march of women to Versailles, 97–105; Champ de Mars massacre, 134–5; storming of Tuileries, 155–61; overthrow of Girondins, 198–201; attempted coup by Hébertists, 216; of 9 Thermidor, 263–8; of 12 Germinal, 274; of 1 Prairial, 278–9; of Vendémiaire, 284–8

Junot, Laure, 280, 285

Lafayette, Marie Joseph du Motier, Marquis de (1757–1834), appearance and personality, 43; elected to Estates General, 45; reads King’s speech, 88; commander of National Guard, 88, 100; and Noailles, 94; at Versailles, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104; back to Paris with royal family, 104; at Fête de la Fédération, 113–14; confronts mob at Tuileries, 118; and flight to Varennes, 124, 126; and the King, 130, 151; and Champs de Mars massacre, 135; hopes to restore order, 145; condemns invasion of Tuileries, 150; and the Queen, 151; attitude of Left to, 151; Danton attacks, 168; defects to Austria, 168; later life, 312–13

Lally-Tollendal, Thomas-Arthur, Marquis de, 94, 109, 112, 313

Lamartine, Alphonse de, 223

Lamballe, Marie Thérèse de Savoie-Carignan, Princesse de (1749–92), 22, 23, 175–6, 183

Lameth, Alexandre, Comte de (1760–1829), 142, 313

Lameth, Théodore (1756–1854), 142, 181, 313

Lamoignon, Chrétien de (1735–89), 39, 40, 313

Langres, Bishop of, 99

Lanjuinais, Jean Denis, Comte de, 199–200, 313

La Revellière-Lépeaux, Louis-Marie de (1753–1824), 291, 294–5, 316

La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, François-Alexandre, Duc de, 42, 49, 87, 313

La Tour du Pin, Comtesse de, on Louis XVI, 20, 51; on Necker’s speech, 52; on Marie Antoinette, 52; on Mirabeau, 57; and anglomania, 58, later life, 313

Launay, Bernard René, Marquis de, 78; personality, 72–3, 74; preparations for attack, 74; meets delegation of Electors, 74; and Thuriot, 74–5; second bout of musketry fire, 78; decides to surrender, 79; opens gates, 80; death, 81; decapitation, 82

Le Bon, Joseph (1765–95), 228, 272

Lefebvre, Georges, 33–4

Legendre, Louis (1752–97), background and personality, 147; and invasion of Tuileries, 149; and Danton’s arrest, 239; and journée of 12 Germinal, 274; and bread riots, 277; and journée of 1 Prairial, 278; death of, 313

Legislative Assembly, attitude to monarchy, 136; Girondins, 136; attitude to war, 137; and émigrés, 138; concerned about counter-revolution, 145–6; and citizens’ demonstration, 148; declares state of emergency, 151; and dethronement of King, 154; King seeks protection of, 156, 158; sans-culottes force way into, 159

Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, Louis-Michel, 216–17, 232

Letourneur, Étienne-François, 291, 297, 313

Lindet, Robert (1749–1825), 238, 271, 280, 299, 313

Lindet, Thomas, 110, 313

Linguet, Simon, 71, 313

Louis the Dauphin, father of Louis XVI (d. 1765), 21

Louis XIV, King (1638–1715), 28, 31

Louis XV, King (1710–74), 19, 20, 25, 28

Louis XVI, King (1754–93), succeeds to throne, 19; personality, 19, 23–4, 29, 49, 129, 205; appearance, 19–20, 51, 155; wedding, 20, 21; attitude to women, 21; sex, 21–2, 23; birth of his children, 23; domestic routine, 24–5; and his wife, 25, 27, 35; affairs of state, 27, 39; Turgot annoys, 35; and Necker, 36, 40, 44, 88–9; and Calonne, 39; and Estates General, 46, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 59, 60, 61–2; death of his eldest son, 54, 61; lettres de cachet, 61; and revolt of Third Estate, 62–3; orders military reinforcements, 63, 64; and fall of Bastille, 87; and National Assembly, 87; dissatisfaction over his promises, 88; tricolour in his hat, 90; popularity, 90–91; withholds consent to National Assembly decrees, 95; banquet for arrival of Flanders Regiment, 95, 96; and market-women’s bread riot, 98, 99, 100; advised to flee from Versailles, 98, 100; Lafayette reassures, 101; and the Dauphin, 102, 129; appears on balcony, 103, 104; journey to Tuileries, 104–5; ‘the baker’, 105; change in title, 109; and Mirabeau, 110, 111; at Fête de la Fédération, 114; and Civil Constitution, 115, 117, 118; hopes to recover lost authority, 116–17; decides to escape, 118–19; and Fersen, 120; flight to Varennes, 121–7; destroys papers, 128; the return to Paris, 128–30; and Lafayette, 130; vetoes Assembly’s decrees, 138; journalists attack, 140; and Revolutionary Wars, 144–5; replaces Ministers with Feuillants, 146; in despondency, 149; and invasion of Tuileries, 149; and state of emergency, 151; and 14 July celebrations, 151–3; his abdication demanded, 154; and storming of Tuileries, 155, 156; seeks refuge in National Assembly, 158; to be imprisoned, 161–2; Convention sends for, 182; daily routine in prison, 182–3; condemned to death, 185; and his family, 185–6; execution, 186–9; and young Robespierre, 205

Louis-Charles, Duke of Normandy, Dauphin from 1789, later King Louis XVII (1785–95), birth of, 23; and Louis XVI, 102, 182, 186; and Marie Antoinette, 103–4, 118; on Tuileries, 105; at Fête de la Fédération, 114; flight to Varennes, 120, 121, 122; return journey to Paris, 129; kicks up leaves, 157; soldier carries, 158; imprisoned, 182, 183; taken from his mother, 221; death of, 280

Louis Joseph Xavier, Dauphin (1781–9), 23, 54

Louis Philippe, see Chartres, Duc de

Louvet de Couvrai, Jean Baptiste (1760–97), 197, 228, 314

Lyons, depression, 34; outbreaks of fighting, 194; civil war, 202–3, 215; execution by cannon fire, 227; prisoners massacred, 272; royalist stronghold, 273

Maillard, Marie Julien Stanislas, 81, 97, 100, 172, 314

Malesherbes, Chrétien Lamoignon de (1721–94), 184

Mallet du Pan, Jacques, 41, 292, 314

Manège, Assembly established at, 104, 109; mob marches on, 148; royal family in, 158, 161; Convention transferred from, 197

Manuel, Louis-Pierre (1751–93), 150, 151, 157, 314

Marat, Albertine, 213, 314

Marat, Jean-Paul (1743–93), targets for his literary attacks, 140; appearance and personality, 140–41, 142; history, 141–2; urges violence, 146; urges attack on prisoners, 169; and septembriseurs, 176, 178; Girondins arraign, 196; Dr Moore on, 196–7; acquitted, 197; extreme popularity, 197–8; rings tocsin, 199; and overthrow of Girondins, 201; Charlotte Corday murders, 212–13; David’s ‘Marat Assassinated’, 214, 216; and Custine, 215; busts of, 231, 232

Maria-Theresa, Empress of Austria (1717–80), 20

Marie Antoinette, Queen (1755–93), appearance, 20, 21, 51, 103, 221; personality, 20, 25, 26–7, 150; wedding, 20–21; and her husband, 21–2, 25, 98, 100, 118, 128, 149, 184, 185, 186; scurrilous rumours about, 22; birth of her children, 23; domestic routine, 24, 25; attitude to Court protocol, 25–6; Turgot annoys, 35; and Calonne, 38–9; and Necker, 44; at convention of Estates General, 50, 51, 52; and Third Estate, 59; applauded, 87; urges withdrawal of Court to Metz, 89; and market-women’s bread riot, 99, 100; escapes to King’s apartments, 101–2; shows herself to mob, 103, 104; leaves Versailles, 104–5; and Mirabeau, 111; at Fête de la Fédération, 114; becomes less unpopular, 117; mob at Tuileries, 118; aid from foreign powers, 119; and Fersen, 120; flight to Varennes, 120, 121, 122; and Assembly’s decree, 127; return journey to Paris, 128, 129; journalists attack, 140; and Revolutionary wars, 145; and invasion of Tuileries, 149; and Lafayette, 151; and 14 July celebrations, 152; Roederer advises, 157; fears for Dauphin’s safety, 158; life in prison, 182, 183; trial authorized, 215; Dauphin taken from, 221; trial and execution, 221–2

Marie Thérèse, see Royale, Madame

Marseillaise, 153–4

Marseilles, 91, 153, 194, 202, 272

Martin, Jeanne, 97, 103

Maurepas, Jean Frédéric, Comte de (1701–81), 27, 28, 29, 37

Maury, Jean Siffrein, Abbé, 49, 53, 314

Menou, Jacques-François, 284

Mercier, Sébastien, 185, 233

Mercy-Argentau, Florimonde Claude, Comte de (1727–94), 22, 25, 314

Merda, Charles-André, 263–4, 265, 314

merveilleuses, 274

Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, Comte de (1749–91), and Estates General debate, 55, 57–8; family background, 55; history, personality and appearance, 55–7; rallies National Assembly, 62; on first stage of Revolution, 63; warns of preparations for war, 63–4; on greeting the King, 87; presses for recall of Necker, 88; and renunciation of feudal privileges, 94; and market-women’s bread riot, 98, 99; concerned to contain Revolution, 110; and King, 110, 111; concerned about probable army mutiny, 116; on disintegration of monarchy, 133; and Danton, 167; on Robespierre, 208

Mirabeau, Jean Antoine (d. 1737), 55

Mirabeau, Victor, Marquis de, 55

Monaco, Princesse de, 246

monarchy, cahier de doléances, 45; Mirabeau on, 133; doomed, 133; abolition of, 180; oath of hatred of, 298

Monnier, Marie-Thérèse de, 56

Montagnards, and Girondins, 181, 193, 201; attitude to King, 181–2, 184; against sans-culottes and Enragés, 193–4; Danton joins, 196; and Marat, 197, 214; and Lanjuinais, 199; and rightward flow of Revolution, 271; become reactionary, 271; and Convention, 274; and sans-culottes bread riots, 276, 277; closely watched after riots, 279; deputies executed, 280; Government campaign against, 281; influence destroyed, 288; Reubell, 291

Montmorin, Comte de (1745–92), 176

Moore, John (1729–1802), 196–7

Morice, Philippe, 177

Morris, Gouverneur, 50, 51, 52, 66, 93

Mounier, Jean Joseph (1758–1806), and National Assembly, 59–60, 109, 112; and market-women’s bread riot, 98, 99; advises King to flee, 100; later life, 315

Murat, Joachim, 286, 304, 315

Napoleon I, see Bonaparte, Napoleon

Narbonne, Archbishop of, 38, 315

Narbonne-Lara, Comte de, 143–4

National Assembly, name coined, 59; tennis-court oath, 59–60; and Louis XVI, 62–3, 87; and new constitution, 63; protests against troop movements, 64; granted fresh powers, 91; its authority in provincial towns, 92; problem of restoring order, 93; and feudal system, 94–5; adopts Declaration of Rights, 95; debates transferred to Paris, 104; reform, 109–10; radical nature of, 110; and Mirabeau, 110; policies towards Church, 111–12, 138; attitude to Revolution, 117; confirms Lafayette’s order, 126; Marat attacks, 140; effect of dismissal of Narbonne on, 144; Robespierre speaks in, 208; and march of 12 Germinal, 274

National Convention, to be summoned, 161–2; composition of, 180; abolition of monarchy, 180; Year I of Republic 180–81; discord in, 181; unsympathetic to King, 184; revolutionary decrees, 193; declares war on European powers, 193; emergency decrees, 194–5; Marat shunned in, 197; Marat carried in triumph to, 197–8; and overthrow of Girondins, 198, 199; and Danton, 214, 238, 239; Carnot, 215; demonstrators invade, 216; meets Hébertists’ demands, 217; and Committee of Public Safety, 225; replacement of Gregorian calendar, 231; and Committee of Clemency, 235; and Robespierre, 251, 257, 259–61, 262–3; Festival of Supreme Being, 252; moderates condemn Terror, 257, 259; Lindet’s liberal proposals to, 271; Girondins recalled to, 272; and bread rioters, 275–7, 279; journée of 1 Prairial, 278; new Constitution, 282; and Two-Thirds Law, 283; and danger from royalists, 283–4; and journées of Vendémiaire, 284–8

National Guard, formation of, 64; at Versailles, 100, 102; and royal family, 104, 130; Fête de la Fédération, 112, 114; at attempted demolition of Vincennes, 133–4; and massacre of Champ de Mars, 135; firearms privilege, 147; sans-culottes, 153; and Brunswick Manifesto, 153; and storming of Tuileries, 155, 156; Guardsman addresses King, 158; Danton, 167; and King’s execution, 186, 187; Hanriot commands, 198; and overthrow of Girondins, 199, 201; Robespierre controls, 254; and arrest of Robespierrists, 263; accompany bread rioters, 275; reconstitution of, 280

Necker, Jacques (1732–1804), 38, 84; Director-General of Finance, 35–7, 40; appearance and personality, 36; and problem of Third Estate, 44; popularity, 51; and Estates General, 52, 54; dismissed, 64; public feeling about, 65; and Louis XVI, 87, 88, 98, 100; public demand for recall of, 89; medal bearing head of, 91; later life, 315

Necker, Suzanne, 35–6, 315

Noailles, Comtesse de, later Duchesse de, 26, 246–7

Noailles, Louis, Vicomte de, 42, 94

nobility, privileges of, 31–2; noblesse d’épée and noblesse de robe, 32–3; economics, 33; and Estates General, 40, 45; and Church hierarchy, 43; and Third Estate, 54; and National Assembly, 62; renounce feudal privileges, 93–4; and Legislative Assembly, 136; receive compensation, 137; émigrés landlords, 138; go into hiding, 162; purge of army officers demanded, 215; brought to trial, 246; percentage of victims of guillotine, 248

Orléans, Louis Philippe, ‘Egalité’, Duc d’ (1747–93), 62; and Calonne, 38; elected to Estates General, 45; personality, 50; popularity, 51; joins National Assembly, 62; public feeling about, 65; his agents provocateurs, 97–8; talks to mob at Versailles, 102; member of National Convention, 180; execution, 223

Palais Royale, 66, 78, 92, 154

Paris, Brienne burned in effigy in, 40; troops in, 63, 64; inflammatory situation in, 64–5, 69–70; National Assembly established in Manège, 109; Fête de la Fédération, 112–15; light-hearted atmosphere, 116; anti-clericalism, 117–18; discovery of flight of royal family from, 123–4; royal family returns to, 130; violent demonstrations, 145; divisions between political parties, 146; inflation, 147; sections, 147, 154, 168, 212, 217, 272, 284; citizens’ demonstration, 148; Assembly losing control of, 154; changed atmosphere, 162; measures against counter-revolutionaries, 168–9; prison massacres, 170–79; mood of electorate, 180; revolutionary atmosphere, 180; Isnard warns of annihilation of, 198; control of, 201; terrorism, 202; taxation populaire, 212; crowds watch guillotining, 229; de-Christianization policy, 230–32; growing confusion of political scene, 234; centralization of revolutionary justice, 246; fear in, 255; daily life, 256; riots, 283; journées of Vendémiaire, 284–8; pleasures, luxury, fashion, 292; coup d’état of 18 Fructidor, 297; Napoleon’s hero’s welcome, 300

parlements, and Louis XVI, 27, 28, 39, 40; influence and jurisdiction, 27; and Crown, 28; and Turgot, 35; and land tax, 37–8, 39; and Calonne, 39; and Estates General, 40; declared in abeyance, 109; Queen’s trial, 221

Paroy, Marquis de, 99, 103–4

‘passive’ citizens, 147, 153, 154

Pétion de Villeneuve, Jérôme (1756–94), and return journey of royal family to Paris, 128–9; Mayor of Paris, 135, 151; and invasion of Tuileries, 150; and dethronement of King, 154; kept prisoner, 154; and septembriseurs, 176–7; death, 315

philosophes, 28, 31, 42, 205

Pichegru, Charles, 281, 297, 315

Pierre, Jacques, 42

Pillnitz, Declaration of, 143

Polignac, Gabrielle de Polastron, Duchesse de (1749–93), 22, 315

Pompadour, Jeanne Annette Poisson, Marquise de (1721–64), 19, 27, 71

Pont de Sommeville, 122–3

Pope Pius VI, III, 115, 117

Provence, 40, 50, 272

Provence, Stanislas Xavier, Comte de, ‘Monsieur’, later King Louis XVIII (1755–1824), 162; personality, 25; and Necker, 36, 37, 44; and Calonne, 38; Lieutenant-General of the Kingdom, 89; leaves with royal family for Paris, 104; mob demands to see, 119; advocates war, 143; proclaims himself King, 281; later life, 315

Prussia, 143, 145, 179, 202

Reubell, Jean-François, 291, 294–5, 297, 316

Revolutionary Tribunal, creation of, 194, 195; and Marat, 196, 197; condemns Orléans, 223; huissiers, 229; Danton regrets, 239; Fouquier-Tinville, 240, 271; dispenses with defence lawyers and witnesses, 245–6; Robespierre controls, 254; powers reduced, 271

Rivarol, Antoine de, 133, 316

Robespierre, Augustin, 263, 266, 267, 268, 285

Robespierre, Charlotte, 206, 207–8, 210

Robespierre, François, 203–4

Robespierre, Maximilien Marie (1758–94), appearance, 203, 209, 251, 259, 267; personality, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 210; background, 203; early history, 203, 204–6; writer, 206–7; simplicity of his life, 207–8, 209; orator, 208–9, 211; lodges with Duplays, 209–10; and Jacobin Club, 210, 261; avoids scenes of trouble, 210; on execution of King, 211; and death of Marat, 214; and Danton, 214, 234, 235, 236–7, 241, 244, 248; and Custine, 215; on Committee of Public Safety, 216; attitude to dissidents, 225; condemns de-Christianization policy, 233; and Hébertists, 235; Desmoulins infuriates, 236; at the theatre, 237; defends arrest of Danton, 239; Lucille Desmoulins’s mother appeals to, 245; does not witness guillotinings, 248; his life in danger, 248; attacks atheism, 251; and Festival of Supreme Being, 251–4; feared and disliked, 254; difficulties with colleagues, 256–9; plans laid for his overthrow, 259; last speech in Convention, 259–60; deputies attack, 260–61; Jacobin Club supports, 261; last appearance in Convention, 262–3; arrested, 263; confident of his future, 264; Merda claims to shoot, 265; an appeal to arms, 266; his wound, 266–7; execution, 267–8

Rochambeau, Jean-Baptiste de Vimeur, Comte de (1725–1807), 119, 145, 316

Roederer, Pierre Louis, Comte de (1754–1835), 156–8, 316

Roland, Jean-Marie (1734–93), personality, 139; joins Jacobins, 140; Minister of Interior, 144; and Louis XVI, 146; and sans-culottes, 147; and September Massacres, 177; and Danton, 181; his papers seized, 195; and his wife, 223–4; suicide, 316

Roland, Manon Jeanne (1754–93), appearance and personality, 139–40; and Girondins, 140; her salon, 144; on Dumouriez, 144; and her husband, 146; and Danton, 167, 178, 181, 237; attitude to Revolution, 178; on ‘freedom’ in Paris, 185; literary influences on, 212; trial and execution, 223–4; on Terror, 229; ‘sick of blood’, 229

Romeuf, Jean Louis, 126–7

Romilly, Sir Samuel (1757–1818), 57

Roux, Jacques, and King’s execution, 186, 187; plans series of journées, 194; castigates Government, 211–12; discredited, 212; death of, 316

Royale, Madame (Marie Thérèse, eldest daughter of Louis XVI), birth of, 23; appears with Queen on balcony, 103; flight to Varennes, 120, 121, 122; imprisoned, 182, 183; on her father’s last hours, 185–6; on parting between Queen and Dauphin, 221; later life, 314

royalists, insurrection in provinces, 153; hope for restoration, 280; Louis XVIII, 281; uprisings, 281, 283, 284; after journée of Vendémiaire, 288; Directory attitude to, 291, 294; feeling against restoration, 294; and Augerau, 297

Sacleux, Marie-Catherine-Victoire, 97

Saint-Étienne, Rabaut, 184

Saint-Honorine, Piquod de, 77

Saint-Just, Louis de (1767–94), 254, 264; demands King’s execution, 182, 184; violent views expressed by, 225, 268; and Danton, 236, 238, 239, 241; fabricates evidence, 242; and Robespierre, 257; compromises, 259; and Collot d’Herbois, 261–2; speaks in National Convention, 262; arrested, 263; prisoner, 266; and Rights of Man, 267; execution, 267, 268

Saint-Méard, Journiac de, 171–3

Sainte-Ménéhould, 123, 125, 128

sans-culottes, and Bailly and Pétion, 135; independent action, 147; and Legislative Assembly, 151, 159; and National Guard, 153; and Danton, 179; demand King’s execution, 184; insurrectionary activities, 194; and Revolutionary Tribunal, 194; and Jacobins, 198; and Girondins, 198, 201; militia raised, 198; granted daily allowance, 211; and Committee of Public Safety, 225; attitude to Robespierre, 254; in prominence again, 271; excluded from meetings of sections, 272; and gap between rich and poor, 273; bread riots, 274–7; journée of 1 Priarial, 278; further weakened, 280; Convention uses against royalists, 283; influence destroyed, 288

Sanson, Charles (b. 1739), 187, 188–9, 309, 316

Sanson, Henri (d. 1840), 187, 222, 316

Santerre, Antoine Joseph (1752–1809), Vainqueur de la Bastille, 82; at demolition of Vincennes, 133, 134; in hiding, 135; and invasion of Tuileries, 147, 148; commands National Guard, 154; warned of forthcoming attacks on prisons, 169–70; and septembriseurs, 177; and King’s execution, 186; later life, 316–17

Sauce, Jean Baptiste, 125–6, 128

Sauce, Madame, 127

Sauvigny, Bertier de, 92

September Massacres, 170–79; revulsion against, 181

Sieyès, Emmanuel Joseph, Abbé (1748–1836), 94; history, 43–4; and Third Estate, 54, 55, 59; supports Mirabeau, 62; monarchien, 133; and Directory, 291; warns against return to ‘disastrous times’, 299–300; plans coup d’état, 301; and Bonaparte, 302; Consul of French Republic, 304; later life, 317

Sillery, a Girondin leader, 223

Staël, Madame de, 144, 152

Sullivan, Eleonora, 120

Sweden, 298

Swiss Guards, at storming of Tuileries, 155, 159, 160, 161; in September Massacres, 173–4

Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice de, later Prince of Benevento (1754–1838), 42, 114, 259, 303, 317

Tallien, Jean Lambert (1767–1820), Terror at Bordeaux, 228; Robespierre attacks, 260; attacks Saint-Just and Robespierre, 262; and Lescot-Fleuriot, 264; becomes reactionary, 271; calls for vengeance, 277–8; later life, 317

Target, Gui-Jean-Baptiste (1733–1807), 53–4, 184, 317

taxation, of peasants and nobles, 30; exemption of nobles from, 31–2; inequitable system of, 36; proposed land tax, 37–8, 39; riots over, 39–40

Temple, 162, 182, 280

Terror, days of the, 221–9; Danton on, 235; victims, 248; Robespierre justifies, 248; outspoken condemnation of, 257, 259; rejection of, 271; officials physically attacked, 272; Sieyès recalls with horror, 300

Thermidorians, 282–3, 285, 288

Thiébault, Baron, 153, 177

Thrale, Hester Lynch, 24

Thuriot de la Rozère, Jacques Alexis, 74–5, 262, 271, 317

Toulon, civil war, 202; British occupy, 203; executions in, 227; retaken, 257; uprising at, 279; Bonaparte at, 285; Egyptian expedition sails from, 298

Tourzel, Duchesse de, governess to royal children, on Queen in Versailles riot, 103; leaves Versailles, 104; flight to Varennes, 121, 122, 126; return journey to Paris, 128, 129; and September Massacres, 173; later life, 317

Tuileries, royal family in, 105, 117, 118, 153; closely guarded, 119; flight of royal family from, 121–2; flight discovered, 123–4; return to, 130; Liberty tree to be planted, 147; mob invades, 148–50; storming of, 155–61; Convention meet in, 197; sans-culottes march towards, 275; insurgents leave, 277; journées of Vendémiaire, 286–8

Turgot, Anne-Robert, Baron de Laune (1727–81), 27, 29, 35, 36

Turgy, 182

Two-Thirds Law, 283

Vadier, Marc-Guillaume, and Danton, 236; and Robespierre, 257, 260, 262; brought to trial, 272; later life, 318

Valazé, a Girondin leader, 222

Valmy, battle of, 179, 180

Varennes, 125–8

Varlet, Jean, 194, 198, 211, 271

Vendée, uprising in, 169; civil war, 194, 202, 215; order restored, 257; anti-Republican control, 273

Vergniaud, Pierre Victurnien (1753–93), 141, 263, 282; President of Legislative Assembly, 136, 159; threatens Court, 144; reassures King, 158; and September Massacres, 181; objects to creation of Revolutionary Tribunal, 195; condemned to death, 222; execution, 223; on Charlotte Corday, 310

Versailles, Petit Trianon, 19; Louis XVI’s library, 24; cuts in Household expenditure, 36; Estates General at, 46, 49–55; troops converge on, 63; banquet for arrival of Flanders Regiment, 95–6; demands for march on, 96; market-women’s march on, 97–100; National Guardsmen converge on, 100; mob violence, 101–3; royal family appear on balcony, 103–4; royal family leaves, 104–5

Victoire, Daughter of France, 119

Vilate, a juryman on Revolutionary Tribunal, 251–2, 254, 318

Vincennes, Château de, 133–4

Voltaire, 71, 205

war, civil, 194, 195, 202–3, 215, 281

Wars, Revolutionary, with Austria and Prussia, 145; Longwy falls, 169; war declared on major European powers, 193; French defeats, 194; Committee of Public Safety prosecutes, 215

White Terror, 272

Young, Arthur, 29–30, 34, 41, 58