The Life of Greece

MULLER-LYER, F.: The Family. N. Y., 1931.

MURRAY, A. S.: History of Greek Sculpture. 2v. London, 1890.

MURRAY, G.: Aristophanes. N. Y., 1933.

*MURRAY, G.: Euripides and His Age. N. Y., 1913.

MURRAY, G.: Five Stages of Greek Religion. Oxford, 1930.

*MURRAY, G.: History of Ancient Greek Literature. N. Y., 1927.

MURRAY, G.: Rise of the Greek Epic. Oxford, 1924.

NAPLES MUSEUM, Guide to the Archeological Collections. Naples, 1935.

NIETZSCHE, F.: Early Greek Philosophy. N. Y., 1911.

NILSSON, M.: History of Greek Religion. Oxford, 1925.

NORWOOD, R.: The Greek Drama. N. Y., 1920.

OLMSTEAD, A.: History of Assyria. N. Y., 1923.

OVID: Heroides and Amores. Loeb Library.

OVID: Metamorphoses. Loeb Library.

OWEN, J.: Evenings with the Sceptics. 2v. London, 1881.

*OXFORD BOOK OF GREEK VERSE IN TRANSLATION. Oxford, 1938.

OXFORD HISTORY OF MUSIC: Introductory Volume. Oxford, 1929.

OXFORDER BUCH DEUTSCHEN DICHTUNG. Oxford, 1936.

PATER, W.: Plato and Platonism. London, 1910.

PAUSANIAS: Description of Greece. 2v. London, 1886.

PFUHL, E.: Masterpieces of Greek Drawing and Painting. London, 1926f.

PHILOSTRATUS: Lives of the Sophists. Loeb Library.

*PIJOAN, J.: History of Art. 3v. N. Y., 1927.

PINDAR: Odes. Loeb Library.

PLATO: Dialogues. Tr. Jowett. 4v. N. Y., n.d.

PLATO: Epistles. Loeb Library.

PLINY: Natural History. 6v. London, 1855.

*PLUTARCH: Lives. 3v. Everyman Library.

PLUTARCH: Moralia. Vols. I-III. Loeb Library.

PÖHLMANN, R. VON: Geschichte der Sozialen Frage und des Sozialismus in der antikenWelt. 2v. München, 1925.

POLYBIUS: Histories. 6v. Loeb Library.

PRATT, W. S.: History of Music. N. Y., 1927.

QUINTILIAN: Institutio Oratoria. 4v. Loeb Library.

RAMSAY, SIR WM.: Asianic Elements in Greek Civilization. New Haven, 1928.

RANDALL-MACIVER, D.: Greek Cities in Italy and Sicily. Oxford, 1931.

REINACH, S.: Orpheus: A History of Religions. N. Y., 1930.

RENAN, E.: History of the People of Israel. 5v. N. Y., 1888.

RICHTER, G.: Handbook of the Classical Collection. Metropolitan Museum Of Art, N. Y., 1922.

RICKARD, T. A.: Man and Metals. 2v. N. Y., 1932.

RIDDER, A., and DEONNA, W.: Art in Greece. N. Y., 1927.

RIDGEWAY, SIR WM.: Early Age of Greece. Cambridge, Eng., 1901.

ROBINSON, D. M.: Sappho and Her Influence. Boston, 1924.

RODENWALDT, G.: Die Kunst der Antike. Berlin, 1927.

ROHDE, E.: Psyche. N. Y., 1925.

ROSTOVTZEFF, M.: History of the Ancient World. 2v. Oxford, 1930.

ROSTOVTZEFF, M.: Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire. Oxford, 1926.

RUSSELL, B.: Principles of Mathematics. 2v. London, 1903.

*SACHAR, A. L.: History of the Jews. N. Y., 1932.

SARTON, G.: Introduction to the History of Science. Baltimore, 1930.

SCHLEGEL, A. W.: Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature. London, 1846.

SCHLIEMANN, H.: Ilios. N. Y., 1881.

SCHLIEMANN, H.: Mycenae. N. Y., 1878.

SEDGWICK, W. T., and TYLER, H. W.: Short History of Science. N. Y., 1927.

SEMPLE, E. C.: Geography of the Mediterranean Region. N. Y., 1931.

SEXTI EMPIRICI OPERA GRAECE ET LATINE. 2V. Leipzig, 1840.

SEYMOUR, T. D.: Life in the Homeric Age. N. Y., 1907.

SHOTWELL, J. T.: Introduction to the History of History. N. Y., 1936.

SINGER, C.E.: Studies in the History and Method of Science. Vol. II. Oxford, 1921.

SMITH, G.E.: Human History. N. Y., 1929.

SMITH, WM.: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. Boston, 1859.

*SOPHOCLES: Tragedies. Tr. Plumptre. London, 1867.

SOPHOCLES: Plays. 2v. Loeb Library.

SPENCER, H.: First Principles. N. Y., 1910.

SPENGLER, O.: Decline of the West. 2v. N. Y., 1926

SPINOZA, B.: Ethics and De Emendatione Intellectus. Everyman Library.

STRABO: Geography. 8v. Loeb Library.

SUMNER, W. G.: Folkways. Boston, 1906.

SUMNER, W. G., and KELLER, A. G.: The Science of Society. 3v. New Haven, 1928.

SWINBURNE, A. C: Poems. Phila., n.d.

*SYMONDS, J. A.: Studies of the Greek Poets. London, 1920.

TAINE, H.: Lectures on Art. N. Y., 1875.

TARN, W. W.: Hellenistic Civilization. London, 1927.

TAYLOR, A. E.: Plato. N. Y., 1936.

THEOCRITUS, BION, AND MOSCHUS: Poems. London, 1853.

THEOPHRASTUS: Characters. Loeb Library.

THOMPSON, SIR E. M.: Introduction to Greek and Latin Paleography. Oxford, 1912.

*THUCYDIDES: History of the Peloponnesian War. Everyman Library.

TOUTAIN, J.: Economic Life of the Ancient World. N. Y., 1930.

TUCKER, T. G.: Life in Ancient Athens. Chautauqua, N. Y., 1917.

TYLOR, E.B.: Anthropology. N. Y., 1906.

UEBERWEG, F.: History of Philosophy. 2v. N. Y., 1871.

USHER, A. P.: History of Mechanical Inventions. N. Y., 1929.

VERRALL, A. W.: Euripides the Rationalist. Cambridge, Eng., 1913.

VINOGRADOFF, SIR P.: Outlines of Historical Jurisprudence. 2v. Oxford, 1922.

VIRGIL: Works. 2v. Loeb Library.

VITRUVIUS: On Architecture. 2v. Loeb Library.

VOLTAIRE, F. M. A. DE : Works. 22v. N. Y., 1927.

WARD, C. O.: The Ancient Lowly. 2v. Chicago, 1907.

WARREN, H. L.: Foundations of Classic Architecture. N. Y., 1919.

WAXMAN, M.: History of Jewish Literature. 3v. N. Y., 1930.

*WEIGALL, A.: Alexander the Great. N. Y., 1933.

WEIGALL, A.: Sappho of Lesbos. N. Y., 1932.

WESTERMARCK, E.: History of Human Marriage. 3v. London, 1921.

WESTERMARCK, E.: Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas. 2v. London, 1917f.

WHEWELL, WM.: History of the Inductive Sciences. 2v. N. Y., 1859.

WHIBLEY, L.: Companion to Greek Studies. Cambridge, Eng., 1916.

*WILLIAMS, H. S.: History of Science. 5v. N. Y., 1909.

WINCKELMANN, J.: History of Ancient Art. 4v. in 2. Boston, 1880.

WRIGHT, F. A.: History of Later Greek Literature. N. Y., 1932.

XENOPHON: Works. Loeb Library.

XENOPHON: Memorabilia. Phila., 1899.

XENOPHON: Minor Works. London, 1914.

ZEITLIN, S.: History of the Second Jewish Commonwealth. Phila.,1933.

ZELLER, E.: Socrates and the Socratic Schools. London, 1877.

ZELLER, E.: Stoics, Epicureans, and Sceptics. London, 1870.

ZIMMERN, A.: The Greek Commonwealth. Oxford, 1924.

Notes

The full title of a book is given only at the first reference to it. Later references may be filled out by consulting the Bibliography. In references to modern works a Roman number (in capitals) indicates the volume, the Arabic number the page. In references to classical texts the Roman number (in small letters) indicates the “book” or main division; the Arabic number indicates the section, the marginal division, or the verse. Where sections are long a subdivision is indicated by an Arabic number after a period.

CHAPTER I

1. Plato, Works, Jowett tr.; Phaedo, 109.

2. Semple, Ellen, Geography of the Medi-terranean Region, N. Y., 1931, 99, 507.

3. Evans, Sir Arthur, Palace of Minos, London, 192 If, I, 20.

4. Homer, Odyssey, tr. A. T. Murray, Loeb Classical Library, London, 1927, xix, 172-7.

5. Aristotle, Politics, 1271b.

6. Ludwig, Emil, Schliemann, Boston, 1931, 264-5; Glotz, G., Aegean Civilization, N. Y., 1925, 14; Cambridge Ancient History (hereafter referred to as CAH), N. Y., 1924f, I, 138

7. Evans, I, 13; Hall, H. R., Civilization of Greece in the Bronze Age, N. Y., 1927, 24; Glotz, 30-1, 67, 348; CAH, I, 589-90.

8. Evans, I, 26.

9. Ibid., I, 27; Glotz, 38, 40; CAH, I, 597-8.

10. Glotz, 60-4; Baikie, Jas., Sea-Kings of Crete, London, 1926, 212-3.

11. Hall, 27; Glotz, 68-73.

12. Köhler, Carl, History of Costume, N. Y., 1928, frontispiece; Evans, III, 49.

13. CAH, I, 596; Glotz, 65-6, 75-8, 311, and fig. 6.

14. Cf. Evans, III, 227.

19. Glotz, 147-8; CAH, II, 437.

20. Thucydides, History of the Pelopon-nesian War, Everyman Library, I, 1.4; cf. Herodotus, History, tr. Rawlinson, London, 1862, vii, 170, and Diodorus Siculus, Library of History, v, 78.

21. Strabo, Geography, Loeb Library, x, 4.8; Glotz, 149; Evans, I, 2, IV, p. xxii; CAH, II, 442; Homer, Odyssey, xi, 568–70.

22. Ibid., iii, 296.

23. Glotz, 139-42, 173-4; Baikie, 120, 129-31.

24. Evans, I, facing 305, III, 13f; CAH, I, 591, 605, II, 432; Glotz, 106-9, Baikie, 97.

25. Evans, I, facing 472; Glotz, 169-70, 293.

26. Evans, III, 213; Hall, 15; Glotz, 294-6, 312-3.

27. Evans, I, 15.

28. Ibid., 151; Glotz, 229, 237-41, 248-9, 255; Farnell, L. R., Greece and Babylon, Edinburgh, 1911, 228; Nilsson, M. P., History of Greek Religion, Oxford, 1925, 13, questions any worship of the bull in Crete.

29. Glotz, 146, 244-7; Evans, IV, 468-9.

30. Ibid.; Glotz, 252-4.

31. Ibid., 231-8, 265-70, 273-4; Farnell, 125; Reinach, S., Orpheus, N. Y., 1930, 83; Nilsson, 13, 16; CAH, II, 444-5.

32. Mason, W. A., History of the Art of Writing, N. Y., 1920, 315-23, 331; Evans, I, 15, 124f, IV, xx, 959; Glotz, 150, 196, 371-7, 381-7; Encyclopaedia Britannic a, 14th ed., I, 213; CAH, II, 437; Whibley, L., Companion to Greek Studies, Cambridge U. P., 1916, 26.

33. Glotz, 165, 388; Baikie, 238.

34. Homer, Iliad, xviii, 590.

35. Glotz, 174, 321.

36. Evans, I, 342-4; Evans in Baikie, 71; Reinach, 82; Pliny, Natural History, London, 1855, xxxvi, 19; Glotz, 108.

37. Hall, 102.

38. Evans, I, 142, III, 252-3; Burrows, R. M., in Baikie, 99, and Semple, 570.

39. Evans, III, 116-22.

40. In Baikie, 129.

40a. Evans, Sir Arthur, “The Minoan and Mycenaean Element in Hellenic Life,” Journal of Hellenic Studies, XXXII (1912), 277f; Hall, 27.

41. Evans, Palace of Minos, I, 17.

42. Ibid., 16-7; Smith, Human History, 378–90; Hall, 25; Glotz, 191-3, 209; Spengler, Oswald, Decline of the West, N. Y., 1926-8, II, 88.

43. Strabo, xiv, 2.27; Evans, “Minoan and Mycenaean Element,” 283.

44. Herodotus, vii, 170; CAH, II, 475; Smith, G. E., 398.

45. Baedeker, K., Greece, Leipzig, 1909, 417.

46. CAH, I, 442-3.

47. Himes, Norman, Medical History of Contraception, Baltimore, 1936, 187.

48. Grote, G., History of Greece, Everyman Library, I, 190; Frazer, Sir Jas., Dying God, N. Y., 1935, 71.

49. Diodorus, iv, 76.

50. Ibid., 79; Ovid, Metamorphoses, Loeb Library, viii, 181f.

51. Pausanias, Description of Greece, London, 1886, ix, 40.

52. Plutarch, Lives, “Theseus”; Homer, Odyssey, xi, 321-5.

53. E.g., Polybius, Histories, Loeb Library, vi, 45-

54. Strabo, x, 4.16-22.

CHAPTER II

1. Schliemann, H., Ilios, N. Y., 1881, 3.

2. Ibid., 9.

3. Ibid., 17.

4. Ludwig, p. ix.

5. Schliemann, 14-15.

6. Ludwig, 137.

7. Ibid,, 132-3, 153, 183, 234.

8. Schliemann, 26.

9. Ibid., 41; Ludwig, 139, 165.

10. Schliemann, H., Mycenae, N. Y., 1878, 101-2.

11. Homer, Iliad., ii, 559.

12. Ludwig, 284.

13. Ibid., 256-7.

14. Pausanias, ii, 25.

15. Warren, H. L., Foundations of Classic Architecture, N. Y., 1919, 124-5; Pausanias, ii, 25.

16. Ibid., ii, 15.

17. Iliad, ii, 59, vii, 180; Odyssey, iii, 305.

18. Pausanias, ii, 16.

19. Schliemann, Mycenae, 293f; CAH, II, 452-3; Glotz, 46; Enc. Brit., XVI, 38.

20. Hall, 1; Nilsson, 11; Glotz, 31-2; Whibley, 27.

20a. Murray, A. S., History of Greek Sculpture, London, 1890, 1, 61.

21. Herodotus, ii, 53, 57.

22. Pausanias, vii, 2-3; Hall, 11.

23. Ibid.; Glotz, 47; Evans, I, 23; CAH, I, 608.

24. Lippert, J., Evolution of Culture, N. Y., 1931, 171.

25. Glotz, 47-8.

26. These frescoes are all in the National Museum at Athens. They are reproduced in Rodenwaldt, G., Kunst der Antike, Berlin, 1927, 143f

27. Schliemann, Ilios, 281-3.

29. National Museum, Athens; Evans, III, 121; Rodenwaldt, 148-9.

30. Nat. Mus., Athens; Rodenwaldt, 152.

31. Evans, III, 183; Glotz, 338.

32. Gardiner, P., New Chapters in Greek History, N. Y., 1892, 178; Evans, “Minoan and Mycenaean Element,” 283; Mason, 327-8; Farnell, 97-8.

33. Schliemann, Ilios, 587.

34. Ludwig, 280. He was later financed by Kaiser Wilhelm II.

35. CAH, II, 489-90.

36. Schliemann, Ilios, 453-505; Enc. Brit., XXII, 502-3.

37. CAH, II, 488; Schliemann, Ilios, 123.

38. Bury, J. B., History of Greece, London, 1931, 46; CAH, II, 487.

39. Iliad, xx, 23of.

40. Herodotus, ii, 118; Strabo, xiii, 1.48.

41. Murray, G., Rise of the Greek Epic, Oxford, 1924, 49.

42. Ramsay, Sir W., Asianic Elements in Greek Civilization, Yale U. P., 1928, 109.

43. Bérard, M., in Semple, 699; Murray, Epic, 38.

44. Schliemann, Ilios, 240, 253; Bury, 48; Glotz, 197, 217.

CHAPTER III

1. CAH, II, 276-83; Glotz, 90.

2. Iliad, ii, 681.

3. Ridge way, Sir Wm., Early Age of Greece, Cambridge U. P., 1901, 88-90, 337, 630, 682-4, etc.

4. CAH, II, 473; Hall, 248, 289.

5. Bury, 6; Glotz, 386-7.

6. Nilsson, 61.

7. Odyssey, xi, 582f; Diodorus, iv, 77.

8. Thucydides, i, 1.3, ii, 6.15.

9. Diodorus, iv, 9.

10. One form of the legend tells how Heracles triumphed over fifty virgins in a single night.—Athenaeus, Deipnosophists, or Banquet of the Learned, London, 1854, xiii, 4; Pausanias, ix, 27.

11. Diodorus, iv, 35, 53.

12. Ibid., iv, 57-8.

13. Ibid., iv, 41-8.

14. CAH, II, 475, III, 662.

15. Iliad, ii, 683, iii, 75.

16. Ibid., xxiii, 198.

17. xxiv, 228.

18. xxiv, 186.

19. xviii, 541, xxi, 257; Keller, A. G., Homeric Society, N. Y., 1902, 78.

20. Iliad, v, 87-9.

21. Glotz, G., Ancient Greece at Work, N. Y., 1926, 36.

22. Odyssey, xx, 72.

23. Seymour, T. D., Life in the Homeric Age, N. Y., 1907, 234, 209-10.

24. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 38; Ridgeway in Botsford, G. W., Athenian Constitution, N. Y., 1895, 82.

25. Ibid., 35; Pöhlmann, R. von, Geschichte der sozialen Frage und des Sozialismus in der antiken Welt, München, 1925, I, 29; Browne, H., Handbook of Homeric Study, London, 1908, 209; Seymour, 235, 273; Bury, 54.

26. Iliad, xxiii, 826.

27. Ibid., xiii, 341.

28. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 45.

29. Ibid., 42; Calhoun, G. M., Business Life of Ancient Athens, Chicago, 1926, 13.

30. Odyssey, xv, 82f.

31. Ibid., vi, 115.

32. xiv, 202.

33. Aeschylus, Agamemnon, 28If.

34. Iliad, xix, 247.

35. Ibid., ii, 21 of.

36. Odyssey, xxi, 224-5.

37. Ibid., iv, 184.

38. Iliad, ix, 74.

39. Odyssey, vi, 207.

40. Ibid., iv, 20; ix, 267-8.

41. xv, 82f.

42. viii, 37of.

43. Gardiner, E. N., Athletics of the Ancient World, Oxford, 1930, 27; Mahaffy, J. P., Social Life in Greece, N. Y., 1925, 51.

44. Gardiner, E. N., 21-3; Iliad, xxiii, 166f.

45. Thucydides, i, 1.5.

46. Odyssey, viii, 158f.

47. Ibid., ix, 39f.

48. Iliad, x, 383.

49. Odyssey, xiii, 287-95.

50. Ibid., ii, 234, iv, 690, xiv, 138-141.

51. Ibid., i, 87, viii, 14; Iliad, ii, 169.

52. Odyssey, i, 57-9; Iliad, xx, 18.

53. Odyssey, xvii, 280.

54. Athenaeus, xiii, 2; Harrison, Jane, Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion, Cambridge U. P., 1922, 260-2.

55. Athenaeus, xiii, 4.

56. Iliad, xviii, 593.

57. Ibid., xviii, 490.

58. vi, 169.

59. Odyssey, i, 153, 325, viii, 43-64, xxi, 406-8.

60. Ibid., xxi, 46.

61. Iliad, vi, 313-7.

62. Ibid., i, 249.

63. iii, 222.

64. Murray, Epic, 129.

65. Sumner, W. G., and Keller, A. G., Science of Society, New Haven, 1928, I, 658.

66. CAH, II, 478; Murray, Epic, 174.

67. Whibley, 30.

68. Pliny, xxxvi, 64.

69. Grote, I, 77.

70. Plutarch, De Stoicorum Repugnantiis, 32, in Bakewell, C. M., Source Book in Ancient Philosophy, N. Y., 1909, 278.

71. Iliad, vi, 406.

72. Ibid., viii, 542.

73. CAH, III, 670.

74. Odyssey, iv, 521.

75. Butcher and Lang, Odyssey, N. Y., 1927, introd., xxiv.

77. Seymour, 73.

78. Odyssey, v, 151-8.

79. Ibid., vi, 239.

80. Nilsson, 4-5.

81. Odyssey, xix, 177.

82. Thucydides, i, 1.2.

83. Herodotus, i, 68.

84. Evans, IV, 477, 959.

85. Pausanias, iii, 2.

86. Ridder, A. de, and Deonna, W., Art in Greece, N. Y., 1927, 167.

CHAPTER IV

1. Plato, Phaedrus, 244; Frazer, Magic Art, N. Y., 1935, II, 358; Reinach, Orpheus, 98; CAH, II, 629.

2. Grote, IV, 196.

3. Mahaffy, J. P., What Have the Greeks Done for Civilization?, N. Y., 1909, 11.

4. Plato, Timaeus, 22-3.

5. Herodotus, ii, 143.

6. Ibid., ii, 53, 81, 123; Diodorus, i, 96; Harrison, Prolegomena, 574-5.

7. Herodotus, ii, 109; Strabo, xvii, 3; Diodorus, i, 69; Smith, G. E., 417-8; Ridder, 7, 341.

8. Ibid.; Smith, 418-22; Warren, Foundations, 193-4.

9. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 128; Day, C., History of Commerce, London, 1926, 14.

10. Olmstead, A. T., History of Assyria, N. Y., 1923. 537.

11. Herodotus, ii, 109.

12. Grote, IV, 124.

13. Heath, Sir Thos., History of Greek Mathematics, Oxford, 1921, 1, 44, II, 21; CAH, IV, 539.

14. Ridder, 340; Anderson, W. J., and Spiers, R. P., Architecture of Greece and Rome, London, 1902, 49; Gardner, E. A., Handbook of Greek Sculpture, London, 1920, 51-2.

15. Cook, A. B., Zeus, Cambridge U. P., 1914, 777.

16. Strabo, viii, 6; CAH, III, 540-2; Grote, III, 96.

17. Herodotus, iii, 131.

18. Gardner, E. A., Handbook, 365.

19. Pausanias, iv, 6-14.

20. Strabo, viii, 5.4.

21. Müller, K. O., in Rawlinson’s Herodotus, vii, 234n. The calculation is for 480B.C., Meyer, Ed., Geschichte des Alterthums, Stuttgart, 1884f, III, §§263-4, gives the population of Laconia ca. 470 as 12,000 Spartans (4000 adult males), 80,000 Perioeci, and 190,000 Helots.

22. CAH, V, 7.

23. Plutarch, Spartan Institutions, in Lyra Graeca, London, 1928, III, 287; Mahaffy, Social Life, 451; Cicero, in Cotterill, H. B., History of Art, N. Y., n.d., I, 61.

24. Grote, IV, 264.

25. Greek Anthology, ix, 488, in Lyra Graeca, I, 29.

26. Grote, III, 195; Murray, Sir G., History of Ancient Greek Literature, N. Y., 1927, 80.

27. In Ridder, 106.

28. Grote, III, 195.

29. Mahaffy, J. P., History of Classical Greek Literature, London, 1908, 1, 189; Lacroix, Paul, History of Prostitution, N. Y., 1931, 1, 149-50.

30. Alcman, Frag. 36 in Lyra Graeca, I, 77.

31. Das Oxforder Buch Deutschen Dichtung, Oxford, 1936, 117.

32. Goethe, J. W. von, Poetical Works, tr. Cobb, N. Y., 1902, 61.

33. Glover, T. R., Democracy in the Ancient World, Cambridge U. P., 1927, 84.

34. Herodotus, i, 65.

35. Aristotle, Politics, 1271b.

36. Plutarch, “Lycurgus.”

37. Ibid.

38. Ibid.; Polybius, vi, 48.

39. Thucydides, i, 6.

40. E.g., Polybius, vi, 10.

41. Plutarch, “Lycurgus.”

42. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 88.

43. Coulanges, Fustel de, Ancient City, Boston, 1901, 460.

44. Plutarch, l.c.

45. Ibid., Grote, III, 148.

46. Thucydides, iv, 14.

47. Coulanges, 294; Glotz, G., Greek City, London, 1929, 300; Carroll, M., Greek Women, Phila., 1908, 136.

48. Mahaffy, J. P., Old Greek Education, N. Y., n.d., 10.

49. Hesiod, Callimachus, and Theognis, Works, tr. Banks and Frere, London, 1856, 441n.

50. Plutarch, I.c.; Grote, III, 157; MüllerLyer, F., Family, N. Y., 1931, 45.

51. Thucydides, i, 3.

52. Nilsson, 94.

53. Mahaffy, Greek Education, 46.

54. Plutarch, “Demetrius.”

55. Xenophon, Anabasis, Loeb Library, iv, 6.15.

56. Symonds, J. A., Greek Poets, London, 1920, 159.

57. Becker, W., Charicles, London, 1886, 246, 297.

58. Carroll, 138-40; Weigall, A., Sappho of Lesbos, N. Y., 1932, 103.

59. Plutarch, “Lycurgus”; Lippert, 301.

60. Athenaeus, xiii, 2.

61. Whibley, 613.

62. Grote, III, 155-6; Sumner, W. G., Folkways, Boston, 1906, 351.

63. Athenaeus, xiii, 2.

64. Plutarch, “Numa and Lycurgus Compared.”

65. Aristotle, Politics, 1270a; Grote, III, 1537; BrifFault, R., Mothers, N. Y., I, 399.

66. Plutarch, “Lycurgus”; Glotz, Ancient Greece, 89.

67. Athenaeus, xii, 74.

68. Plutarch, l.c.

69. Grote, III, 131, IX, 298; Rawlinson’s Herodotus, iii, 148n, calls the roll of Spartan venality.

70. Herodotus, iii, 148.

71. Grote, III, 132, 158.

72. Plutarch, “Pelopidas.”

73. E.g., Herodotus, i, 82.

74. Ibid., vii, 104.

75. Xenophon, “Constitution of the Lacedaemonians,” in Minor Works, London, 1914, i, 1.

76. Pausanias, v, 1.

77. Ibid., vii, 21.

78. Frazer, Sir J., Studies in Greek Scenery, Legend, and History, London, 1931, 224-5.

79. Pausanias, ii, 1; Glotz, Ancient Greece, 116.

80. Strabo, viii, 6.21.

81. Iliad, ii, 570.

82. Aristotle (?), Economics, Loeb Library, ii, 2.

83. Aristotle, Politics, 1315b.

84. Enc. Brit., XVI, 616. Others attribute the first Corinthian coinage to Cypselus; cf. CAH, III, 552.

85. Glotz, Greek City, 113, Ancient Greece, 86; Weigall, Sappho, 46.

86. Plutarch, Moralia, Loeb Library, 147D.

87. Herodotus, iii, 50-3; Diogenes Laertius, Lives and Opinions of the Eminent Philosophers, London, 1853, “Periander.”

88. Aristophanes, The Eleven Comedies, N. Y., 1908, Frogs, 133; Lacroix, I, 110.

89. Pindar, Odes, Loeb Library, Frag. 122.

90. Strabo, viii, 6.20.

91. Athenaeus, xiii, 32.

92. Ibid., 33.

93. St. Paul, I Cor. vi, 15-18.

94. Semple, 669.

95. Pausanias, vi, 17-19; Litchfield, F., History of Furniture, Boston, 1922, 13.

96. CAH, III, 554.

97. Glotz, Greek City, 113.

98. Grote, III, 264-5.

99. Theognis, 237, in Dickinson, G. L., Greek View of Life, N. Y., 1928, 186.

100. Theognis in Hesiod, Callimachus, and Theognis, Works, 444-5.

101. Ibid., 448, 11. 373f.

102. Ibid., 11. 349f

103. Symonds, 161.

104. Botsford, G. W., and Sihler,. E. G., Hellenic Civilization, N. Y., 1920, 198-9; Coulanges, 369.

105. Symonds, 162.

106. Theognis in Hesiod, etc., 442.

107. Ibid., 470-1, 447-8, 489-90.

108. 479-81.

109. 477, 491-2.

110. 454-5.

111. Ridgeway, 33.

112. Calhoun, 30 1; Semple, 669.

113. Pausanias, ii, 26.

114. Pindar, Pythian iii, 47-58.

115. Gardner, E. A., Ancient Athens, N. Y., 1902, 431.

CHAPTER V

1. Strabo, viii, 6.21; ix, 2.25.

2. Pausanias, ix, 31.

3. Mahaffy, Greek Literature, I, 117.

4. Enc. Brit., XI, 529.

5. Hesiod, Works and Days, 640.

6. Ibid., 655.

7. Gardiner, E. N., Athletics, 30.

8. Pausanias, ix, 31; cf. Mahaffy, Greek Literature, I, 125; CAH, IV, 474; Grote, I, 12.

9. Hesiod, Theogony, 1-6.

10. Ibid., 120f.

11. Nilsson, 185-6.

12. Theogony, 166f.

13. Ibid., 735f.

14. Works and Days, 285.

15. Ibid., 286f.

16. 504f.

17. 54f.

18. Theogony, 585f.

19. Works and Days, 695f.

20. Ibid., 109f.

21. Mahaffy, Social Life, 72.

22. Mahaffy, Greek Literature, 54.

23. Diodorus, xvi, 28; Frazer, Studies, 374-5.

24. Pope, A., Essay on Man.

25. Bury, 95; CAH, III, 619. Others (Murray, Epic, 43, and Enc. Brit., XII, 575) derive the Graii from Epirus.

26. Cicero, De Fato, 7.

27. Baedeker, xxvii; Zimmern, A., Greek Commonwealth, Oxford, 1924, 38.

28. Hippocrates, Works, Loeb Library, Introductory Essay I to Vol. II, by W. H. S. Jones; cf. Jones, W. H. S., Malaria and Greek History, Manchester U. P., 1909.

29. Isocrates, Works, Loeb Library, Panegyricus, 24.

30. Ridder, 122.

31. Grote, III, 270-4; Vinogradoff, Paul, Outlines of Historical Jurisprudence, Oxford, 1922, II, 85-6.

32. Frazer, Studies, 58-9.

33. Aristophanes, I, 196, editor’s note.

34. Baedeker, 104.

35. CAH, III, 579-80.

36. Aristotle, Constitution of Athens, London, 1891, sect. 57; Grote, III,’290; Coulanges, 331.

37. Meyer, Ed., in Zimmern, 396.

38. Aristotle, Constitution, 2, says that these “sixth-sharers” paid one-sixth of their product to the owner, and Plutarch (“Solon”) follows him; but recent scholarship inclines to believe that the sixth part was the amount kept, not paid. Cf. Bury, 174; Glotz, Greek City, 102.

39. Botsford, Athenian Constitution, 141.

40. Aristotle, Constitution, 2.

41. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 61, 80, Greek City, 102.

42. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 71.

43. CAH, IV, 33.

44. Ibid.

45. Grote, III, 293-4; Coulanges, 418.

46. Plutarch, “Solon.”

47. Botsford, Constitution, 143.

48. Pöhlmann, 158; Glotz, Ancient Greece, 71.

49. Glotz, Greek City, 119.

50. Plutarch, Amatorius, 751c, in Linforth, I. M., Solon the Athenian, Berkeley, Cal., 1919, 156-7.

51. Diog. L., “Solon,” ii.

52. Plutarch, “Solon.”

53. Diog. L., “Solon,” ix.

54. Aristotle, Constitution, 5; Grote, III, 313; Botsford, 158.

55. Aristotle, 6, 12.

56. CAH, IV, 38.

57. Aristotle, 6.

58. Plutarch, “Solon.”

59. Grote, III, 319.

60. Aristotle, 10.

61. Plutarch, l.c.

62. Grote, III, 316; Mahaffy, What Have the Greeks Done for Civilization?, 186.

63. CAH, IV, 134; Bury, 183.

64. Plutarch, I.c.

65. Aristotle, 12; Grote, III, 331-2.

66. Plutarch, I.c.

67. Ibid.; Aristotle, 9.

68. Coulanges, 420; CAH, IV, 43; Grote, II, 350.

69. Plutarch, l.c.

70. Diog. L., “Solon,” vii.

71. Athenaeus, xiii, 25; Lacroix, I, 68-70; Bebel, A., Woman under Socialism, N. Y., 1923, 35.

72. Plutarch, I.c.; Grote, III, 351; Tucker, T. G., Life in Ancient Athens, Chautauqua, N. Y., 1917, 159.

73. Plutarch.

74. Ibid.

75. Diog. L., “Solon,” xvi.

76. Grote, III, 344.

77. Diog. L., l.c.

78. Enc. Brit., XX, 955.

79. Herodotus, i, 29.

80. Plato, Amatores, 133, in Linforth, 130.

81. Herodotus, i, 30.

82. Plutarch, l.c.

83. Diog. L., “Solon,” iii.

84. Diodorus, ix, 20.

85. Herodotus, i, 60; Athenaeus, xiii, 89.

86. Aristotle, Constitution, 16.

87. Glotz, Greek City, 121.

88. Calhoun, 29.

89. Aristotle, Politics, 1310a.

90. Thucydides, vi, 19.

91. Athenaeus, xiii, 70; Lacroix, I, 153.

92. Aristotle, Politics, 1300b.

CHAPTER VI

1. Pater, W., Plato and Platonism, London, 1910, 246.

2. Thucydides, i, 1.

3. CAH, II, 558.

4. Strabo, x, 5.6; Plutarch, Moralia, Loeb Library, 249D.

5. Lyra Graeca, II, 639.

6. Aristophanes, Peace, 695.

7. Cicero, De Oratione, ii, 86, in Lyra Graeca, II, 306.

8. Lyra Graeca, II, 257.

9. Ibid., III, 297, 339; tr. J. A. Symonds, Greek Poets, 155, 167.

10. Cicero, De Natura Deorum, Loeb Library, i, 22.

11. Thucydides, iii, 103.

12. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 113.

13. Botsford and Sihler, 188.

14. Carroll, 99.

15. CAH, IV, 483.

16. Symonds, 169.

17. Herodotus, iii, 57.

18. Ovid, Metamorphoses, Loeb Library, x, 243.

19. Herodotus, i, 142.

20. Ibid., i, 146.

21. Ibid., i, 170; Diog. L., “Thales.”

22. Aristotle, Poetics, Loeb Library, 1259a.

23. Diog. L., “Thales,” iii-viii; Plutarch, “Solon.”

24. Heath, Greek Mathematics, I, 130; Ueberweg, F., History of Philosophy, N. Y., 1871, 1, 34-5.

25. Heath, I, 137; Herodotus, i, 74.

26. Aristotle, Metaphysics, tr. M’Mahon. London, 1857, i, 3.

27. Ibid.

28. Diog. L., “Thales,” iii.

29. Ibid., “Thales,” viii.

30. Ibid.

31. Ibid., “Thales,” xii.

32. Strabo, xiv, 4.7.

33. Spencer, First Principles of a New System of Philosophy, N. Y., 1910, 367.

34. Bakewell, 5.

35. Heath, II, 38; Grote, V, 94.

36. Bakewell, 6.

37. Aristotle, Metaphysics, i, 3; Bakewell, 7; CAH, IV, 554.

38. Athenaeus, xii, 26, xiii, 29, xiv, 20.

39. Ibid., xii, 26.

40. Diog. L., “Bias,” i-iv.

41. CAH, IV, 92-3.

42. Herodotus, ii, 134.

43. Plutarch, Moralia, 16C.

44. Leslie, Shane, Greek Anthology, N. Y., 1929, x, 123.

45. Pfuhl, Ernst, Masterpieces of Greek Drawing and Painting, London, 1926, Fig. 79.

46. Sarton, Geo., Introduction to the History of Science, Baltimore, 1930, 1, 75.

47. Pausanias, viii, 14; Glotz, Ancient Greece, 132; Jones, H. Stuart, Ancient Writings on Greek Sculpture, London, 1895, 24-5.

48. Ridder, 174.

49. Pliny, xxxv, 46.

50. Ibid., xxxvi, 21.

51. Athenaeus, xii, 29.

52. Carroll, 102.

53. Frag. 78 in Herodes, Cercidas, and the Greek Choliambic Poets, Loeb Library, 55.

54. Diog. L. in Heracleitus, On the Universe, Loeb Library, 464.

55. Cf. Mahaffy, What Have the Greeks?, 219.

56. Bakewell, 33.

57. Nietzsche, F., Early Greek Philosophy, N. Y., 1911, 103-4.

58. Diog. L., “Heracleitus,” v.

59. Strabo, xiv, 1.28; Weigall, Sappho, 155; Webster’s Dictionary, s.v. colophon.

60. Weigall, 186; Symonds, 150.

61. Tr. in Harrison, Prolegomena, 173.

62. Lyra Graeca, III, 636, II, 126, 131.

63. Athenaeus, x, 33.

64. Lyra Graeca, II, 125, 139.

65. Ibid., 145, frag. 15.

66. Greek (Palatine) Anthology, vii, 24.

67. Diodorus, xx, 84.

68. Herodotus, viii, 105; Glotz, Ancient Greece, 85.

69. Athenaeus, vi, 88-90; Ward, C. O., Ancient Lowly, Chicago, 1907, I, 123f.

70. Eratosthenes in Grote, II, 159.

71. Lyra Graeca, I, 333; Athenaeus, xiv, 23.

72. Tr. by Symonds, 197.

73. Stobaeus, Anthology, xxix, 58, in Lyra Graeca, I, 141.

74. Greek Anthology, ix, 506.

75. Strabo, xiii, 2.3.

76. Ovid, Heroides, Loeb Library, xv, 31; scholiast on Lucian, Imag., 18, in Lyra Graeca, I, 160.

77. Weigall, Sappho, 76.

78. Ibid., 175.

79. Symonds, 196.

80. Weigall, 86.

81. Lyra Graeca, I, 437.

82. Athenaeus, xii, 69.

83. Weigall, 119.

84. Longinus, On the Sublime, Loeb Library, ix, 15.

85. Berliner Klassikertexte, p. 9722, in Lyra Graeca, I, 239.

86. Murray, Greek Literature, 92; Weigall, 173, 90; Robinson, D. M., Sappho and Her Influence, Boston, 1924, 58.

87. Mahaffy, Greek Literature, I, 202.

88. Weigall, 321.

89. Suidas, Lexicon, s.v., Phaon, in Lyra Graeca, I, 153; Strabo, x, 2.8.

90. Ovid, Heroides, xv.

91. Oxyrhynchus Papyrus 1231, in Weigall, 291.

92. Lyra Graeca, I, 435.

93. Athenaeus, xiii, 89.

94. Strabo, xii, 3.11.

95. Ramsay, Asianic Elements, 118.

96. Diodorus, iv, 49.

97. Polybius, iv, 38.

98. Semple, 72-3, 214.

99. Murray, Greek Literature, 86.

CHAPTER VII

1. Pausanias, iii, 23.

2. Ludwig, 266; Cook, Zeus, 776.

3. Schliemann, Ilios, 41.

4. Strabo, x, 2.9.

5. Journal of Hellenic Studies, LVI, 170–89, London, 1882f.

6. Grote, IV, 150-1.

7. Mahaffy, Greek Literature, I, 97-8; J. H. Studies, LV, 138.

8. Randall-Maclver, D., Greek Cities in Italy and Sicily, Oxford, 1931, 75; CAH, III, 676.

9. Diodorus, iii, 9.

10. Athenaeus, xii, 20.

11. Ibid., xii, 15, 17.

12. Ibid., 58.

13. Herodotus, vi, 127.

15. Grote, IV, 168.

16. Athenaeus, xii, 19.

17. Diog. L., “Pythagoras,” ix.

18. Enc. Brit., XVIII, 802.

19. Diog. L., “Pythagoras,” i-iii, xvii; Heath, Greek Math., 1, 4.

20. Cicero, De Finibus, Loeb Library, v, 29, 87; Diodorus, i, 98.

21. Cicero, Tusculan Disputations, Loeb Library, i, 16; De Re Publica, Loeb Library, ii, 15.

22. Carroll, 299, 307, 310.

23. Diog. L., “Pythagoras,” viii.

24. Ibid., “Pythagoras,” xix, vii, xviii; Grote, V, 103.

25. Diog. L., “Pythagoras,” xix.

26. Ibid., “Pyth.,” xviii.

27. Grote, V, 100-1.

28. Diog. L., “Pyth.,” xxii; Cook, Zeus, 1.

29. Diog. L., “Pyth.,” viii.

30. Heath, I, 10.

31. Proclus, in Heath, I, 141.

32. Diog. L., “Pyth.,” xi.

33. Whibley, 229.

34. Heath, I, 70, 85, 145.

35. Whewell, W., History of the Inductive Sciences, N. Y., 1859, I, 106; Oxford History of Music, Oxford U. P., 1929, Introductory Volume, 3.

36. Aristotle, Works, ed. Smith and Ross, Oxford, 1931, De Coelo, ii, 9; Metaphysics, i, 5; Oxford History of Music, 27; Heath, I, 165, II, 107.

37. Heath, II, 65, 119; Berry, A., Short History of Astronomy, N. Y., 1909, 24.

38. Diog. L., “Pyth.,” xxv.

39. Ibid., 9, Introd., xviii.

40. Livingstone, R. W., Legacy of Greece, Oxford, 1924, 59.

41. Diog. L., “Pyth.,” xix.

42. Ibid.

43. Rohde, Erwin, Psyche, N. Y., 1925, 375; Pater, Plato, 54.

44. Greek Anthology, vii, 120.

45. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, v, 8.

46. Diog. L., “Pyth.,” xxi.

47. Grote, IV, 154-8; CAH, IV, 115-6.

48. Frag. 24 in Whibley, 89.

49. Heath, II, 52; Mahaffy, Greek Lit., I, 138.

50. Frag. 7 in Bakewell, 9.

51. Frags. 14-5, 5-7, 1-3, in Bakewell, 8.

52. Diog. L., “Xenophanes,” iii.

53. Frags. 9–10.

54. Bakewell, 10-11.

55. Warren, Foundations, 241; but Koldewey (ibid.) places it about 450.

56. Randall-Maclver, 9-10.

57. Childe, V. G., Dawn of European Civilization, N. Y., 1925, 93-100.

58. Thucydides, vi, 18; Diodorus, v, 2.

59. Grote, IV, 149.

60. Freeman, E. A., Story of Sicily, N. Y., 1892, 65.

61. Ibid.

62. Polybius, xii, 25.

63. Ibid., ix, 27.

64. Ibid., v, 2.

65. Herodotus, vii, 156.

66. Lucian, Works, tr. H. W. and F. G. Fowler, Oxford, 1905, “Hermotimus,” 34.

67. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 116; Draper, J. W., History of the Intellectual Development of Europe, N. Y., 1876, 1, 52.

CHAPTER VIII

1. In CAH, II, 610.

2. Cf. Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus, 1470; Cook, Zeus, passim.

3. Iliad, iii, 277.

4. Frazer, Magic Art, I, 315.

5. Murray, G., Five Stages of Greek Religion, Oxford U. P., 1930, 50.

6. Nilsson, 91; Farnell, Greece and Babylon, 228.

7. Nilsson, 91-2; Heracleitus in Bakewell,. 29.

8. Murray, G., Aristophanes: A Study, N. Y., 1933, 6.

9. Harrison, Jane, Prolegomena, 293; Glotz, Aegean Civilization, 391-2; Briffault, Mothers, III, 145.

10. Murray, Five Stages, 35-6; Reinach, S., Orpheus, 86; Frazer, Sir J., Spirits of the Corn and of the Wild, N. Y., 1935, I, 4.

11. Whibley, 387.

12. Murray, Five Stages, 31.

13. Ibid., 29, 33; Harrison, Prolegomena, pp. viii and 28.

15. Harrison, 18.

16. Rodenwaldt, 315.

17. Sophocles, Philoctetes, 1327-9; Harrison, 297f.

18. Ibid., 325.

19. Rohde, 159.

20. Nilsson, 123.

21. Rohde, 297.

22. Ibid., 172.

23. Seymour, 98; Odyssey, i, 65f; Iliad, iv, 14f.

24. Ibid., viii, 17-27.

25. Semple, 529.

26. Iliad, xvi, 651f.

27. Hesiod, Theogony, 887f

28. Iliad, xv, 17.

29. Frazer, Magic Art, I, 14-15.

30. Iliad, viii, 330f.

31. Ibid., xx, 46, xxi, 406.

32. Smith, Wm., Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, Boston, 1859, 603.

33. CAH, II, 637; Glotz, Ancient Greece, 112; Blakeney, M. A., ed., Smaller Classical Dictionary, Everyman Library, 258.

34. CAH, l.e.

35. Diodorus, iv, 6.

36. Athenaeus, xii, 80.

37. Gardner, P., New Chapters, 157.

38. Frazer, Sir J., Adonis, Attis, Osiris, N. Y., 1935, 226; Gardner, New Chapters, 157.

39. Semple, 43-4.

40. In Symonds, 204.

41. Diodorus, iii, 62.

42. Herodotus, ii, 49-57.

43. Nilsson, 86; CAH, IV, 527.

44. Ibid., 535.

45. Rohde, 220; Gardner, New Chapters, 385.

46. Diodorus, iv, 25.

47. Harrison, Prolegomena, 465.

48. Reinach, 88; CAH, IV, 536-8; Harrison, 432; Murray, Greek Literature, 65; Carpenter, Edw., Pagan and Christian Creeds, N. Y., 1920, 64.

49. Harrison, p. xi.

50. Ibid., 588; Nilsson, 221; Rohde, 344.

51. Plato, Republic, ii, 364-5.

52. Harrison, 572.

53. Whibley, 402.

54. Nilsson, 247.

55. Symonds, 495.

56. Dickinson, G. L., Greek View of Life, N. Y., 1928, 1.

57. Grote, II, 101-2.

58. Coulanges, 223.

59. Xenophon, Anabasis, v, 3.4.

60. Iliad, xxi, 27; xxiii, 22, 175.

61. Pausanias, iv, 9, vii, 19; CAH, II, 621.

62. Pausanias, iii, 16; Plutarch, “Lycurgus”; Nilsson, 94.

63. CAH, II, 618; Grote, I, III.

64. Frazer, Sir J., Scapegoat, N. Y., 1935, 253; Harrison, 107.

65. Aristophanes, Frogs, 734, and scholiast; Rohde, 296; Harrison, 103; Nilsson, 87; Frazer, Scapegoat, 253.

66. Harrison, 108.

67. Murray, G., Epic, 12-13, 317; Harrison, 103.

68. Plutarch, “Pelopidas.”

69. Hesiod, Theogony, 557f.

70. Odyssey, iii, 338-41; CAH, II, 626.

71. Farnell, 237.

72. Harrison, 501.

73. Diodorus, iii, 66.

74. Grote, 1, 145-6.

75. Harrison, 167.

76. Nilsson, 82-3; Rohde, 163.

77. Coulanges, 213; Rohde, 295-6.

78. Nilsson, 83.

79. Ibid., 85.

80. Theophrastus, Characters, Loeb Library, xvi.

81. Plutarch, “Solon.”

82. Sophocles, Trachinian Women, 584; Lacroix, I, 117; Becker, 381.

83. Plato, Laws, 933; Harrison, 139.

84. Herodotus, ix, 95.

85. Coulanges, 291.

86. Carroll, 270; Rohde, 292.

87. Coulanges, 289.

88. Grote, III, 38-9; Benson, E. F., Life of Alcibiades, N. Y., 1929, 83.

89. Herodotus, v, 63, vi, 66; Grote, V, 431.

90. Ibid., III, 127.

91. CAH, III, 627-8.

92. Ibid., 604.

93. In Coulanges, 288.

94. Harrison, 121; Frazer, Spirits of the Corn, II, 17.

95. Harrison, 32.

96. Frazer, Spirits of the Corn, I, 30.

97. Rohde, 239.

CHAPTER IX

1. Herodotus, viii, 144.

2. Mahaffy, Greek Literature, IV, 24.

3. Enc. Brit., I, 681.

4. Mason, W. A.: History of the Art of Writing, 344.

5. Mahaffy, Old Greek Education, 49; Thompson, Sir E. M., Introduction to Greek and Latin Palaeography, Oxford, 1912, 58.

6. Pliny, xiii, 11.

7. Shotwell, J. T., Introduction to the History of History, N. Y., 1936, 30; Becker, 162n.

8. Thompson, 39, 43; Mahaffy, I.e., 51.

9. Becker, 274.

10. Shotwell, 32.

11. Mahaffy, Greek Literature, I, 25-8.

12. Grote, II, 245; Murray, Epic, 238.

13. Diog. L., “Solon,” ix.

14. Grote, II, 245; Murray, Epic, 147.

15. Ibid., 258.

16. Iliad, xxii, 106-13, tr. G. Murray.

17. Ramsay, Asianic Elements, 289.

18. Iliad, i, 477, etc.

19. Ibid., ii, 469-73.

20. Ibid., xx, 490, tr. Bryant.

21. Mahaffy, Greek Literature, I, 35, 81. Aristarchus of Samothrace wrote ca. 180 B.C.

22. Browne, 92.

23. Glotz, Aegean Civilization, 393; Ward, I, 41; Grote, II, 306-7.

24. Briffault, Mothers, I, 411.

25. Odyssey, iv, 120-36.

26. Herodotus, ii, 53.

27. Curtius, Ernst, Griechische Geschichte, Berlin, 1887f, I, 126, in Robertson, J. M., Short History of Free Thought, London, 1914, I, 127; Mahaffy, Social Life, 352; Murray, Epic, 267.

27a. Symonds, 187.

28. Odyssey, viii, 146.

29. Rodenwaldt, 233.

30. Gardiner, Athletics, 230.

31. Mahaffy, Greek Education, 18.

32. Gardiner, Athletics, 234.

33. Tucker, 222.

34. In Zimmern, 316.

35. Pausanias, v, 21.

36. Ibid., i, 44.

37. Gardner, New Chapters, 291.

38. Ibid., 294.

39. Ibid.

40. Gardiner, Athletics, mi.

41. Pausanias, vi, 4.

42. Ibid., viii, 40.

43. Ibid., vi, 14.

44. Herodotus, iii, 106.

45. Pausanias, vi, 13.

46. Herodotus, viii, 26.

47. Grote, III, 352-3.

48. Athenaeus, x, 1; Gardiner, Athletics, 54–5.

49. Ferguson, W. M., Greek Imperialism, Boston, 1913, 58-9; Haigh, A. E., Attic Theatre, Oxford, 1907, 3.

50. Winckelmann, J., History of Ancient Art, Boston, 1880, II, 288.

51. Athenaeus, xiii, 90.

52. Ibid.

53. Symonds, 73.

53a. Richter G., Handbook of the Classical Collection, Metropolitan Museum of Art, N. Y., 1922, 76.

54. Rodenwaldt, 234.

55. Ridder, 171.

56. Pfuhl, 38.

57. Ridder, 181; Murray, A. S., Greek Sculpture, I, 11.

58. Rodenwaldt, 247.

59. Cf. Pijoan, J., History of Art, N. Y., 1927, 1, figs. 351-2.

60. Ibid., p. 229.

61. Pliny, xxxv, 151.

62. Cotterill, H. B., History of Art, N. Y., 1922, 99-100.

63. Anderson and Spiers, 42; CAH, IV, 603-8.

64. Livingstone, Legacy of Greece, 412; Warren, 277-80; Smith, G. E., 422; CAH, IV, 99.

65. Polybius, iv, 20-1; Athenaeus, xiv, 22.

66. Lacroix, 1, 122.

67. Pratt, W. S., History of Music, N. Y., 1927, 53.

68. Pausanias, x, 7.

69. Mahaffy, Social Life, 456.

70. Diodorus, iii, 67.

71. Lyra Graeca, III, 582.

72. Strabo, x, 3.17.

73. Oxford History of Music, 8.

74. Ibid.; Pratt, 55; Mahaffy, What Have the Greeks?, 143; id., Social Life, 463-5.

75. Aristotle, Politics, 1342b.

76. Athenaeus, xiv, 18.

77. Ibid., 10; Lyra Graeca, II, 498; Symonds, 180; Glotz, Ancient Greece, 279.

78. Oxford History of Music, 1, 30.

79. Haigh, 311.

80. Lucian, “Of Pantomime.”

81. Ibid.

82. In Kirstein, L., Dance, N. Y., 1935, 26.

83. Athenaeus, i, 37.

84. Kirstein, 28-30.

85. Ibid., 30.

86. Athenaeus, xiv, 12, 32.

87. Lyra Graeca, III, 630.

88. Lucian, l.c.

89. Mahaffy, Social Life, 464-5.

90. Athenaeus, xiv, 17.

91. Aristotle, Poetics, iv; Murray, Aristophanes, 3.

92. Enc. Brit., VII, 582.

93. Aristotle, Politics, 1336b.

94. Murray, I.e.; id., Greek Literature, 212; Haigh, 292; Sumner, W. G., Folkways, 447.

95. Aristophanes, Eleven Comedies, I, 327 and editor’s note; Kirstein, 38.

96. Enc. Brit., VII, 584.

97. Aristotle, Poetics, v, 3.

98. CAH, V, 117.

99. Aristotle, Poetics, iv, 17.

100. Ridgeway in Harrison, 76; Sumner and Keller, III, 2109.

101. Enc. Brit., VII, 582.

102. Ibid., 583.

103. Athenaeus, i, 39.

104. Diog. L., 28, “Solon,” xi.

CHAPTER X

1. Herodotus, vi, 98.

2. Grote, V, 16.

3. Ibid., 22.

4. Herod., vi, 102.

5. Rawlinson, app. to Herod., vi; Grote, V, 58; Pausanias, x, 20.

6. Plutarch, “Aristides.”

8. Herod., vi, 132-6.

9. Plutarch, I.c.

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid.

12. Thucydides, i, 5.138.

13. Plutarch, “Themistocles.”

14. Plutarch, “Aristides.”

15. Herod., vii, 133-7.

16. Ibid., 184-6, 196.

17. Ibid., 146.

18. Ibid., 33-6.

19. Ibid., 56.

20. Athenaeus, iv, 27; Herod., vii, 118-9.

21. Ibid., viii, 4-6.

22. vii, 231-2.

23. viii, 24.

24. Greek Anthology, vii, 249; Strabo, ix, 4, 12-16.

25. Plutarch, “Themistocles.”

26. Mahaffy, Social Life, 223. Mahaffy considers the story a legend, but no lover of dogs will doubt it.

27. Herod., ix, 4-5.

28. Ibid., viii, 89.

29. Grote, V, 316f, and Freeman, 77, believe that the two actions were concerted; CAH, IV, 378, doubts it.

30. Grote, V, 319-20.

31. Herod., ix, 70.

32. Rawlinson, note to Herod., l.c.

CHAPTER XI

1. Shelley, P. B., “On the Manners of the Ancients,” quoted by Livingstone, Legacy, 251.

2. Herod., viii, 111-12.

3. Oxford Book of Greek Verse in Translation, Oxford, 1938, 534; Plutarch, “Themistocles.”

4. Plutarch, “Aristides.”

5. Thucydides, i, 5.

6. Grote, VI, 6-7.

7. Aristotle, Constitution, 25.

8. Ibid., 41.

9. Plutarch, “Pericles”; Grote, VII, 16; CAH, V, 72.

10. Plutarch, I.c.

11. Ibid.

12. Ibid.

13. Glotz, Greek City, 241.

14. Plato, Gorgias, 515; Aristotle, Constitution, 27; Plutarch, I.c.

15. CAH, V, 100; Glotz, 210.

16. Glotz, 131.

17. Plutarch, l.c.

18. Ibid.

19. Plato, Phaedrus, 270.

20. Plutarch, l.c.

21. Carroll, 197.

22. Aristophanes, Acharnians, 514f; Athenaeus, xiii, 25-6.

23. Lacroix, I, 154; Carroll, 200.

24. Plato, Menexenus, 236; Carroll, 311; Benson, 58.

25. Lacroix, I, 156.

26. Plutarch, I.c.

27. Plato, l.c.; Benson, 57-8.

28. Plutarch, l.c.

29. Benson, 58.

30. Plutarch.

31. Plato, Theaetetus, 79, Republic, ii, 8, Laws, ix, 3; Thucydides, iii, 52; Mahaffy, Social Life, 178-9; Grote, VI, 305-6.

32. Botsford, 222.

33. Glotz, Greek City, 156; Carroll, 442.

34. Tucker, 251-2.

35. Isocrates, Antidosis, 320.

36. Coulanges, 248.

37. Tylor, E. B., Anthropology, N. Y., 1906, 217.

38. Vinogradoff, II, 61-2.

39. Aristotle, Constitution, 57.

40. Glotz, Greek City, 236.

41. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 153.

42. Botsford, 53-4.

43. Glotz, Greek City, 297.

44. Cf. Aristotle’s will in Diog. L., 185, “Aristotle,” ix.

45. Xenophon, Memorabilia, tr. Watson, Phila., 1899, x, 2.9.

46. Murray, Greek Literature, 328.

47. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 281.

48. Tucker, 263.

49. Isocrates, Antidosis, 79.

50. Enc. Brit., X, 829.

51. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 316.

52. Glotz, Greek City, 263.

53. Herod., v, 77; Aristotle, Ethics, v, 7.

54. Glotz, Greek City, 220.

55. Zimmern, 290; Ferguson, 69.

56. CAH, V, 29; Grote, II, 55-7.

57. Thucydides, ii, 6.

58. Lyra Graeca, II, 337.

CHAPTER XII

1. Xenophon, Economicus, iv-vi, in Minor Works.

2. Ibid., xviii, 2.

3. Semple, 407, 414, 421.

4. Pausanias, ii, 38.

5. Zimmern, 52-4.

6. Aristophanes, II, 245; Athenaeus, vii, 43, 50f.

7. Ibid., xiv, 51.

8. Xenophon, Memorabilia, ii, 1.

9. Hippocrates, “Regimen in Acute Diseases,” xxviiif.

10. Aeschylus, Persian Women, 238.

11. Aristotle, Constitution, 47; Baedeker, 123.

12. CAH, V, 16.

13. Rickard, T. A., Man and Metals, N. Y., 1932, 1, 376; Calhoun, 142-3.

14. Ibid., 154-6.

15. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 225.

16. Semple, 678-9.

17. Ibid., 668.

18. Glotz, 205.

19. Vitruvius, On Architecture, Loeb Library, ii, 6.3.

20. Aeschylus, Agamemnon, 278f; Herod., ix, 3; Thucydides, viii, 26.

21. Aristophanes, Frogs, in Eleven Comedies, II, 194.

22. Plato, Gorgias, 511.

23. Glotz, 294.

24. Ibid., 233.

25. In Zimmern, 307.

26. Lucian, “Nigrinus,” 1.

27. CAH, V, 22.

28. Zimmern, 218; CAH, V, 8.

29. Zimmern, 283.

30. Isocrates, Panegyricus, 42.

31. Thucydides, ii, 6.

32. Xenophon, Economicus, iv, 2.

33. Glotz, 218.

34. Gomme, A. W., Population of Athens in the $th and 4th Centuries B.C., Oxford, 1933, 21.

35. Athenaeus, vi, 103; Becker, 361.

36. Semple, 667; Glotz, 192-3.

37. Ibid., 208.

38. Aeschines, Epistle 12, in Becker, 361; CAH, V, 8.

39. In Botsford and Sihler, 225.

40. Glotz, 196.

41. Dickinson, 119; Ward, I, 93.

42. CAH, VI, 529-30.

43. Aristotle, Ethics, viii, 13.

44. Murray, Epic, 16; CAH, VI, 529.

45. CAH, V, 25.

46. Aristophanes, Ecclesiazusae, 307.

47. Ward, 1, 98.

48. CAH, V, 12, 25.

49. Glotz, 237.

50. Ibid., 286.

51. Toutain, J., Economic Life of the Ancient World, N. Y., 1930; Introduction by Henri Berr, p. xxiii.

52. CAH, V, 32.

53. Semple, 425.

54. Glotz, 163.

55. Tucker, 251.

56. Coulanges, 451.

57. Ward, 1, 424.

58. Glotz, 148.

59. Ward, I, 88, II, 48, 76, 263, 342.

60. Hall, M. P., Encyclopedic Outline of Masonic, Hermetic, Qabbalistic, and Rosicrucian Symbolical Philosophy, San Francisco, 1928, 64.

61. Aristophanes, II, 371f.

62. Ibid., 44of.

63. Thucydides, viii, 24.

64. Ibid., iii, 10, slightly transposed.

65. Aristotle (?), Economics, iii, 15.

66. Glotz, 296.

67. Ibid., 298.

68. Ibid., 298; Lysias, Against the Grain Dealers, xxii, in Botsford and Sihler, 426; Semple, 365, 663; Zimmern, 362.

69. Glotz, 169.

CHAPTER XIII

1. Plato, Republic, 459f.

2. Aristotle, Politics, 1335.

3. Haggard, H. W., Devils, Drugs, and Doctors, N. Y., 1929, 19.

4. Himes, 82, 96. Coitus interruptus was apparently a popular method of family limitation throughout antiquity.

5. Athenaeus, xiv, 3.

6. Plutarch, “Themistocles,” Moralia, 185D.

7. Greek Anthology, vii, 387.

8. McClees, H., Daily Life of the Greeks and Romans, N. Y., 1928, 41; Metropolitan Museum of Art.

9. Ibid., 41; Becker, 223; Mahaffy, Greek Education, 16, 19; Weigall, Sappho, 200.

10. Plato, Laws, vii, 84.

11. Plato, Protagoras, 326.

12. Mahaffy, op. cit., 39.

13. Becker, 224.

14. Winckelmann, II, 296.

15. Plato, Protagoras, 325.

16. Aristotle, Constitution, 42.

17. Gardner, Ancient Athens, 483; Mahaffy, op. cit., 76.

18. Lycurgus, Against Leocrates, 75-89, in Botsford and Sihler, 478. On its authenticity cf. Mahaffy, op. cit., 71.

19. Diog. L., “Aristippus,” iv, “Aristotle,” xi.

20. Tucker, 173; Weigall, 184.

21. Plutarch, Moralia, 249B.

22. CAH, II, 22-3.

23. Becker, 456.

24. Carroll, 172.

25. Tucker, 125-7.

26. Ibid.

27. Plutarch, Moralia, 228B; Athenaeus, xv, 34.

28. Weigall, 189, 206-7; Carroll, 173.

29. Eubulus, Flower Girls, in Tucker, 173-4, and Lacroix, I, 101-2.

30. Weigall, 187.

31. Athenaeus, xv, 45.

32. Glotz, 278.

33. Wright, F. A., History of Later Greek Literature, N. Y., 1932, 19.

34. Zimmern, 215.

35. Tucker, 120.

36. Coulanges, 294.

37. Greek Anthology, x, 125.

38. Voltaire, Works, N. Y., 1927, IV, 71.

39. Thucydides, ii, 6; Mahaffy, Social Life, 295; Hobhouse, L. Y., Morals in Evolution, N. Y., 1916, 347; Glotz, Greek City, 131.

40. Vinogradoff, II, 54-5.

40a. Aristotle, in Sedgwick and Tyler, Short History of Science, N. Y., 1927, 102.

41. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 290; Becker, 280; Tucker, 150.

42. Ibid., 123.

43. Grote, V, 53.

44. Thucydides, ii, 10.82.

45. Pausanias, vii, 9-10; Plutarch, “Artaxerxes II.”

46. Xenophon, Cyropaedia, Loeb Library, i, 6.27.

47. Thucydides, i, 3.76.

48. Ibid., v, 17.

49. Ibid., iii, 9.34.

50. Ibid., v, 32.116; vi, 20.95; Polybius, iii, 86; Coulanges, 275.

51. Thucydides, ii, 7.67.

52. Plutarch, “Alcibiades.”

53. Plato, Laws, viii, 831.

54. Herod., v, 78.

58. Aristophanes, Eccl., 720; Becker, 241.

59. Ibid., 243.

61. Demosthenes, Against Neaera; Becker, 244.

62. Lacroix, I, 124, 129.

63. Ibid., 112.

64. Ibid., 85.

65. Briffault, II, 340.

66. Mahaffy, Greek Life and Thought, London, 1887, 72.

67. Lacroix, 1, 88.

68. CAH, V, 175.

69. Lacroix, 1, 166.

70. Ibid., 162.

71. Becker, 248.

72. Athenaeus, xiii, 59.

73. Ibid.

74. Ibid., 58.

75. Ibid., 52.

76. Lacroix, 1, 180.

77. Ibid., 179.

78. Athenaeus, xiii, 54.

79. Lacroix, 1, 182-3.

80. Ibid., 145-6.

81. Ellis, H., Studies in the Psychology of Sex, Phila., 1911, VI, 134.

82. Murray, Aristophanes, 45.

83. Plutarch, “Lycurgus”; Strabo, x, 4.21.

84. Plutarch, “Pelopidas.”

85. Diog. L., “Xenophon,” vi.

86. Cf. Plato, Lysis, 204.

87. Plato, Symposium, 180f, 192.

88. Lacroix, I, 118, 126.

89. Bebel, 37; Hime, 52.

90. Whibley, 612.

91. Carroll, 307.

92. Sophocles, Trachinian Women, 443.

92a. Tr. by J. S. Phillimore in Oxford Book of Greek Verse in Translation, 367.

93. Becker, 473.

94. Athenaeus, xiii, 16.

95. Sumner, Folkways, 362; Becker, 473.

96. Tucker, 83.

97. Carroll, 164.

98. Euripides, Medea, 233.

99. Coulanges, 63, 293; Becker, 475; Briffault, II, 336.

100. Zimmern, 334, 343.

101. Euripides, Aeolus, 22.

102. Demosthenes, Against Neaera; Smith, Wm., Dictionary, 349, s.v., Concubium.

103. Glotz, Greek City, 296; Zimmern, 340. Zeller, Ed., Socrates and the Socratic Schools, London, 1877, 62, questions the story and the law.

104. Westermarck, E., History of Human Marriage, London, 1921, III, 319; Becker, 497; Lyra Graeca, II, 135.

105. Lacroix, I, 114; Enc. Brit., X, 828; Becker, 496.

106. Tucker, 84; Westermarck, op. cit., 319; Lacroix, I, 143.

107. Westermarck, I.e.; Coulanges, 119.

108. Thuc., ii, 6.

109. Lacroix, I, 143.

110. Becker, 464; Tucker, 83-4.

111. Sumner, Folkways, 497; Briffault, I, 405.

112. Tucker, 156.

113. Aristophanes, Lysistrata, 42f.

114. In Tucker, 84.

115. Greek Anthology, vii, 340.

116. Botsford and Sihler, 51.

117. Tucker, 90-6.

118. Semple, 490-1.

119. Athenaeus, i, 10.

120. Greek Anthology, xi, 413.

121. Athenaeus, v, 2.

122. Xenophon, Banquet, ii, 8.

123. Mahaffy, Social Life, 120-1.

124. Coulanges, 422.

125. Plato, Republic, iv, 425.

126. Tucker, 270.

127. Semple, l.c.

128. Rohde, 167.

129. Harrison, Prolegomena, 600; Westermarck, E., Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, London, 1917-24, 1, 715.

CHAPTER XIV

1. Xenophon, Economicus, viii, 19f.

2. Thuc., ii, 6.40.

3. Xenophon, Banquet, iv, 11.

4. In Ridder, 48.

5. Usher, A. P., History of Mechanical Inventions, N. Y., 1929, 106-7.

6. Cf. the gems in the Fourth Room of the Classical Collection, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

7. Pfuhl, 5.

8. Ridder, 287.

9. Pliny, xxxv, 34.

10. Mahaffy, Social Life, 449-50; Ridder, 19.

11. Plutarch, “Cimon.”

12. Pausanias, x, 25.

13. Pliny, xxxv, 35; Winckelmann, II, 296.

14. Pliny, xxxv, 36.

15. Ibid.

16. Plutarch, “Pericles.”

17. Pliny, l.c.

18. Athenaeus, xii, 62.

19. Murray, A. S., 1, 13.

20. Pliny, I.e.

21. Cicero, De Invent., ii, 1, in Murray, A. S., I, 12. Pliny, I.e., places the story in Acragas.

22. National Museum, Naples; Guide to the Archeological Collections, Naples, 1935, 11.

23. National Museum, Athens.

24. Xenophon, Memorabilia, iii, 10.7.

25. Ridder, 177.

26. Gardner, Greek Sculpture, 20-1.

27. Pliny, xxxiv, 19.

28. Ibid.

29. Pijoan, I, 254.

30. Cf. Lucian, “A Portrait Study,” in Works, III, 15-16.

31. Jones, H. S., Ancient Writers on Greek Sculpture, 78.

32. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 231.

33. Cf. Jones, op. cit., 76; Gardner, Greek Sculpture, 284; Frazer, Studies in Greek Scenery, 411; CAH, V, 479.

34. Pijoan, I, 269.

35. Pausanias, v, 11; Strabo, viii, 3.30.

36. Iliad, i, 528.

37. Pausanias, v, 11.

38. Polybius, xxx, 10.

39. Frazer, op. cit., 293.

40. Quintilian, Institutes, Loeb Library, xii, 10.7.

41. Plutarch, “Pericles.”

42. Scholiast on Aristophanes, Peace, 605, in Jones, op. cit., 76.

43. Lucian, l.c.

44. Vitruvius, iv, 1.8.

45. Cotterill, I, 75.

46. Pausanias, v, 10.

47. Zimmern, 411. Grote (VI, 70) makes a smaller estimate ($18,000,000) for the architectural works in Athens proper.

48. Warren, 156.

49. Ibid., 331.

50. Vitruvius, iii, 5.

51. Ruskin, Aratra Pentelici, 174; in Gardner, Ancient Athens, 338; Gardner, Greek Sculpture, 324.

52. Warren, 327, 339-41; Mahaffy, What Have the Greeks?, 130.

53. Ludwig, 139f.

54. Warren, 310-11; Gardner, Ancient Athens, 258.

CHAPTER XV

1. Heath, Greek Mathematics, I, 46; Whibley, 228-9.

2. Heath, 1, 150.

3. Sarton, 92.

4. Sedgwick and Tyler, 33.

5. Heath, I, 176, 178.

6. CAH, V, 383.

7. Heath, I, 93.

8. Diog. L., 384, “Parmenides,” ii; Sarton, 85.

9. Aristotle, De Coelo, ii, 13; Heath, Sir Thos., Aristarchus of Samos, Oxford, 1913, 94.

10. Diog. L., 389, “Leucippus,” iii.

11. Ibid., 390; Heath, Aristarchus, 125.

11a. Sarton, 92.

12. Heath, 78.

13. Anaxagoras, frags. 12 and 16, in Bake well, 51; Ueberweg, I, 63-5; CAH, IV, 570.

14. Heath, 81.

15. Ibid., 82.

16. Ueberweg, 1, 66.

17. Diog. L., 59-60, “Anaxagoras,” iv.

18. Heath, 128.

19. Ibid., 70.

20. Anaxagoras, frag. 4, in Bakewell, 49.

21. Diog. L., l.c.

22. Frags. 5 and 17, in Bakewell, 50; Diog. L., l.c.

23. Frag. 9, in Bakewell, 51; Aristotle, Metaphysics, i, 3, De Coelo, iii, 3, De Generatione et Corruptione, i, 1; Lucretius, De Rerum Natura, Loeb Library, i, 830f.

24. Diog. L., l.c.

25. Aristotle, De Partibus Animalium, i, 10, iv, 10.

26. Aristotle, Metaphysics, i, 4.

27. Nilsson, 274.

28. Diog. L., 61, “Anaxagoras,” viii; Robertson, J. M., I, 153.

29. Plutarch, “Pericles.”

30. Murray, Greek Literature, 159.

31. CAH, IV, 569-70.

32. Heath, Greek Math., I, 172.

33. Diog. L., 61, “Anaxagoras,” ix.

34. Geminus in Heath, Aristarchus, 275.

35. Herod., ii, 4, and Rawlinson’s note; Whibley, 71.

36. Grote, II, 29-30.

37. Herod., ii, 4.

38. Sarton, 83.

39. Semple, 35-7.

40. Ibid.

41. Cf. Sect. III of Chap. XVI, below; and cf. Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound, 442-506.

42. Gardner, New Chapters, 269.

43. Sarton, 83.

44. Herod., iii, 125-38.

45. Sarton, 77.

46. Ibid.; Livingstone, Legacy, 209.

47. Sarton, 102.

48. Garrison, F. H., History of Medicine, Phila., 1929, 95.

49. Hippocrates, Works, I, Introd., by W. H. S. Jones.

50. Ibid., IV, “Aphorisms,” i.

51. “The Sacred Disease”; “Airs, Waters, Places,” xxii.

52. Hippocrates, Works, II, Introd., viii; I, Introd., xxiv; Garrison, 94.

53. Ibid., IV, “The Nature of Man,” iv, 10.

54. Ibid., “Regimen III,” lxviii.

55. Livingstone, 234.

56. Garrison, 94; Hippocrates I, Introd., lvi.

57. IV, Introd., viii.

58. Harding, T. S., in Medical Journal and Record, Aug., 1, 1928.

59. Hippocrates, IV, Introd., vii. Hippocrates settles a very ancient problem when he writes: “It is best for flatulence to pass without noise and breaking, though it is better for it to pass even with noise than to be intercepted and accumulated internally.”—Works, IV, “Prognostic,” 11.

60. In Livingstone, 235.

61. Hippocrates, IV, “Regimen III,” lxviii.

62. Sarton, 96.

63. Livingstone, 208.

64. Hippocrates, II, “The Sacred Disease,” xvii.

65. Xenophon, “Constitution of the Lacedaemonians,” xiii, 6; Mahaffy, Social Life, 293; Becker, 380; Garrison, 91; Hippocrates, Works, I, 299.

66. Garrison, 97; Livingstone, 225.

67. Ibid., 240.

68. I am indebted, for an explanation of the material at Epidaurus, to Dr. A. A. Smith, of Hastings, Neb.

69. Livingstone, 225.

70. Plato, Laws, iv, 720.

71. Carroll, 324-5; Mahaffy, Social Life, 297.

72. Xenophon, Memorabilia, iv, 2; Garrison, 91; Becker, 376.

73. Ibid., 291; Garrison, 90; Plato, Statesman, 259.

74. Hippocrates, II, “Law,” i, and Introd. to Essay VI.

75. I, 291-5.

76. Ibid., 299.

77. Becker, 379.

78. Hippocrates, II, “Decorum,” vii; “Precepts,” vi.

79. “Decorum,” v.

CHAPTER XVI

1. Athenaeus, xiii, 92.

2. Plato, Protagoras, 334, 339.

3. Symonds, 116; Owen, John, Evenings with the Sceptics, London, 1881, 1, 177.

4. Bakewell, 11.

5. Ibid., 22; the conclusion is rephrased.

6. Plato, Parmenides, 127.

7. Russell, B., Principles of Mathematics, London, 1903, I, 347.

8. Plutarch, “Pericles.”

9. Plato, l.c.

10. Diog. L. “Zeno,” iv.

11. Ibid.

12. Tredennick, H., introd. to Aristotle, Metaphysics, Loeb Library, xvii; CAH, IV, 575-6.

13. Heath, Aristarchus, 105.

14. Tredennick, l.c.

15. Leucippus, frag. 2 in Bakewell, 7.

16. Diog. L., “Leucippus,” i-iii.

17. Lange, F. E., History of Materialism, N. Y., 1925, 15.

18. Diog. L., “Democritus,” ii—iii.

19. Ibid.

20. Lange, 17.

21. Ueberweg, 1, 71.

22. Enc. Brit., XVII, 39.

23. Grote, G., Plato and the Other Companions of Socrates, London, 1875, 1, 68; Bakewell, 62.

24. Robertson, J. M., I, 158; Lange, 17.

25. Diog. L., “Democritus,” xiii.

26. Heath, Greek Math., I, 176.

27. Cicero, De Oratore, i, 11; Ueberweg, I, 68; Grote, Plato, 1, 68, 96.

28. Bacon, F., Philosophical Works, ed. Robertson, London, 1905, 96, 471-2, 650.

29. Democritus, frag. O (Diels) in Bake-well, 60.

30. Frags. 117 and 9 in Bakewell, 59, slightly rephrased.

31. Ueberweg, I, 70.

32. Lange, 27.

33. Ueberweg, I, 69-70; Grote, Plato, I, 77.

34. Ibid., 76.

35. Diog. L., “Democritus,” xii.

36. Heath, Aristarchus, 26, 127.

37. Ueberweg, l.c.

38. Grote, Plato, I, 78.

39. Lucretius, iii, 370.

42. In Plutarch, Moralia, 81.

43. Owen, I, 149.

44. Lange, 31; Diog. L., “Democritus,” xii; Ueberweg, l.c.

45. Frag. 154a in Bakewell, 62.

46. Frag. 57.

47. In Owen, I, 149.

48. Ueberweg, I, 68.

49. Athenaeus, ii, 26.

50. Ibid.; Lucretius, iii, 1039.

51. Diog. L., “Democritus,” xi.

52. Athenaeus, l.c.

53. Diog. L., “Democritus,” viii.

54. Id., “Empedocles,” ii.

55. In Symonds, 127.

56. Murray, Greek Literature, 76.

57. Symonds, 127.

58. Diog. L., “Empedocles,” iii.

59. Ibid., “Empedocles,” xi.

60. Ibid.; Symonds, 131.

61. Diog. L., “Empedocles,” ix.

63. CAH, IV, 563.

64. Aristotle, De Anima, ii, 6; De Sensu, vi.

65. Symonds, 143.

68. Empedocles, frag. 82 in Bakewell, 45.

69. In Aristotle, De Coelo, iii, 2.

70. Ueberweg, I, 62.

71. Symonds, 143.

72. Frags. 17 and 35 in Bakewell, 44-5.

73. Cf. Frazer, Spirits of the Corn, II, 303.

74. Frags. 133-4 in Bake well, 46.

75. Symonds, 137.

76. Livingstone, 46.

77. Symonds, 135.

78. Diog. L., “Empedocles,” x.

79. Ibid., “Empedocles,” xi.

80. Ibid.; Symonds, 131.

81. Plato, Protagoras, 316.

82. Grote, History, VI, 46.

83. CAH, V, 24, 377-8.

84. Plato, Protagoras, 309-10.

85. Ueberweg, I, 74.

86. Plato, Protag., 311.

87. Ibid., 328.

88. Diog. L., “Protagoras,” iv.

89. Plato, Phaedrus, 267.

90. Ueberweg, I, 75; Sarton, 88.

91. Euripides, frag. 189, quoted by Rohde, 438.

92. Plato, Theaetetus, 160; Bakewell, 67; Lange, 42.

93. Diog. L., I.e.; Bakewell, 67.

94. Diog. L., I.e.; Ueberweg, 1, 74.

95. Bakewell, 67.

96. Isocrates, Antidosis, 155.

97. Philostratus, Lives of the Sophists, Loeb Library, §494.

98. Grote, VIII, 343.

99. Ueberweg, 1, 77.

100. Philostratus, 483.

101. Plato, Republic, i, 336f; Oxyrhynchus Papyri xi, 1364, in Vinogradoff, II, 29; Murray, Greek Literature, 161.

102. Plato, Sophist, 265.

103. Murray, Aristophanes, 142.

104. Ibid.

105. Murray, Greek Literature, 160.

106. Zeller, 36.

107. Plato, Gorgias, 502.

108. Plato, Cratylus, 584.

109. Xenophon, Memorabilia, i, 6.13.

110. Plutarch, Dec. Orat., iv, in Becker, 235.

111. Aristotle, Soph. Elenchis, i, 1.165.

112. Grote, VIII, 326.

113. Diog. L., “Plato,” xxv.

114. Aristotle, Ethics, 1109, 1116, 1144, 1164.

115. Livingstone, 79.

116. CAH, VI, 303.

117. Plutarch, De Malig. Herod., ix, 856, in Dupréel, E., La Légende Socratique, Bruxelles, 1922, 415.

118. Mahaffy, Social Life, 205-6.

119. Pausanias, i, 22.

120. Diog. L., “Socrates,” iv.

121. CAH, V, 386.

122. Plato, Apology, 23; Republic, 337; Xenophon, Memor., i, 2.1.

124. Plato, Symposium, 220-1.

125. Republic, 549.

128. Aristotle in Diog. L., “Socrates,” x.

129. Cf. McClure, M., in Dewey, J., and Others: Studies in the History of Ideas, Columbia U. P., 1935, II, 31.

130. Plato, Symposium, 214.

131. Xenophon, Banquet, ii, 19.

132. Plato, Phaedrus, 229.

133. Diog. L., “Socrates,” ix.

134. Xenophon, Banquet, ii, 24.

135. Diog. L., l.c.

136. Plato, Charmides, 154-5.

137. Id., Protagoras, 309.

138. Id., Lysis, 206; Xenophon, Memor., iii, 11.

139. Ibid.

140. Ibid., iv, 8.

141. Plato, Phaedo, end.

142. CAH, V, 387-8.

143. Diog. L., “Socrates,” iii; Robertson, J. M., I, 160.

144. Plato, Apology, 41.

145. Xenophon, Banquet, i, 5.

146. Diog. L., “Socrates,” xviii.

147. Xenophon, Memor., i, 2.16.

148. In Pater, 179.

149. Plato, Protag., 338, 361.

150. Xenophon, iv, 4.9.

151. Plato, Theaetetus, 150.

152. Grote, VII, 92; Mahaffy, Greek Education, 84.

153. Cf., e.g., Charmides, 159, 161; Protag., 331, 350; Lysis, passim.

154. Diog. L., “Crito,” i.

155. Xenophon, ii, 6.28.

156. Ibid., i, 6.

157. Ibid.

158. Diog. L., “Socrates,” xiv.

159. Xenophon, iv, 1.1.

160. Diog. L., “Crito,” i.

161. Plato, Symposium, 215, 218.

162. Sextus Empiricus, Opera, Leipzig, 1840, Adversus Mathematicos, ix, 54; Botsford and Sihler, 369; Nilsson, 269; Symonds, 390.

163. Zeller, 205, 208.

164. Athenaeus, xii, 534.

165. Plato, Meno, 94.

166. Xenophon, Memor., i, 1.2; i, 3.4; ii, 6.8; iv, 7.10; Plato, Symposium, 220; Phaedo, 118; Apology, 21.

167. Zeller, 82.

168. Plato, Apology, 29.

169. Id., Cratylus, 425.

170. Xenophon, Memor., i, 1.11f.

171. Ibid., iv, 3.16.

173. iv, 7.

174. i, 1.16.

175. iv, 2.24.

176. iii, 8.3; iv, 5.9.

178. iii, 9.5.

179. i, 2.9.

180. iii, 5.15-17.

181. iv, 6.12.

182. CAH, VI, 309.

183. Xenophon, Apology, end.

CHAPTER XVII

1. Pausanias, ix, 22.

2. Lyra Graeca, III, 9; II, 264.

3. Pausanias, ix, 23.

4. Pindar, Olympic Ode xiv, 5.

5. Olympic Odes i-ii.

6. Frag. 76 in Pindar, Odes, p. 557.

7. CAH, IV, 511.

8. Symonds, 214.

9. Lyra Graeca, III, 7.

10. Pausanias, ix, 23.

11. Olympic i, 64.

12. Frag. 131.

13. Olympic ii, 56f, tr. C. J. Billson, in Oxford Book of Greek Verse in Translation, 294.

14. Pindar, Pythian Ode i, 81.

15. Pythian iv, 272

16. Pythian viii, 92, tr. G. Murray.

17. Paean iv, 32.

18. Symonds, 216.

19. S.v. Pratinas, Lyra Graeca, III, 49.

20. Aristophanes, II, 82, editor’s note.

21. Haigh, 37.

22. Ibid., 64.

23. Mahaffy, Social Life, 469; Symonds, 380.

24. Haigh, 266.

25. Lyra Graeca, III, 283.

26. Aristotle, Rhetoric, Loeb Library, iii, 1.

27. Ward, II, 311.

28. Lucian, “Of Pantomime,” 27.

29. Haigh, 325-7.

30. Ibid., 327, 335.

31. Flickinger, R. C., Greek Theater and Its Drama, University of Chicago Press, 1918, 132.

32. Haigh, 343.

33. Ibid., 345; Norwood, Greek Drama, 83.

34. Haigh, 344.

35. Ibid., 12, 24.

36. Ferguson, 50.

37. Haigh, 34.

38. Plato, Laws, 659, 700.

39. Herod., vi, 21.

40. CAH, IV, 172.

41. Haigh, 15.

42. Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound, 18f, tr. Elizabeth Barrett Browning, in Greek Dramas, N. Y., 1912, pp. 5-6.

43. Ibid., II. 459f.

44. Tr. in Murray, Greek Literature, 219.

45. Schlegel, A. W., Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature, London, 1846, 93. On the “paradox of Prometheus Bound,”—an antitheistic play by the most pious of Greek dramatists, cf. Journal of Hellenic Studies, LIII, 4of, and LIV, 14f.

46. Mahaffy, Social Life, 150; Symonds, 260; Murray, Greek Literature, 221.

47. Aeschylus, Agamemnon, 11. 218f, tr. G. Murray, Oresteia, p. 44.

48. Tr. by Milman in Mahaffy, Social Life, 152.

49. Agamemnon, 1445f Oresteia, p. 100.

50. Choephoroe, 1024f Oresteia, 183.

51. Athenaeus, i, 39.

52. Schlegel, 95.

53. Agamemnon, 11. 55f.

54. Ibid., 160.

55. Eumenides, end.

56. Murray, Greek Literature, 215.

57. Botsford and Sihler, 34.

58. Athenaeus, i, 37; Schlegel, 97; Taine, H., Lectures on Art, N. Y., 1901, II, 483; Plumptre, E. H., Introd. to Tragedies of Sophocles, London, 1867, p. xxxvii.

59. Sophocles, Works, tr. F. Storr, Loeb Library, I, Introd., viii.

60. Symonds, 278.

61. Athenaeus, xiii, 81.

62. Mahaffy, Greek Literature, II, 57.

63. Murray, Greek Literature, 234.

64. Symonds, 290.

65. Sophocles, Oedipus the King, 980f.

66. Oedipus at Colonus, 668f, tr. Walter Headlam, Oxford Book of Greek Verse in Translation, 378.

67. Oedipus at Colonus, 607f, tr. Murray, Greek Literature, 249.

68. Oed. Col., 1648f tr. Murray.

69. Antigone, 332f tr. Storr.

70. Ibid., 786f.

71. Ibid., 1220f.

72. Murray, Greek Literature, 238.

73. Trachinian Women, 1265f.

74. Philoctetes, 451-2.

75. Electra, 473f

76. Oedipus the King, 863f.

77. Oed. Col., 121 if, slightly transposed, tr. A. E. Housman, in Oxford Book of Greek Verse in Translation, 378. Cf. to like effect Oedipus the King, 1187-95 and 1529-30.

78. Athenaeus, xiii, 61.

79. Symonds, 278.

80. Mahaffy, Greek Literature, II, 97.

81. Murray, Gk. Lit., 251.

82. Strabo, xiv, 1.36.

83. Diog. L., “Socrates,” ii.

84. Euripides, Hippolytus, 191-7, in Murray, Gk. Lit., 12.

85. Murray, op. cit., 34.

86. Euripides, Medea, 41 of, tr. G. Murray, Oxford, 1912, p. 15.

87. Herod., ii, 120.

88. Iphigenia in Aulis, 636-54, tr. A. S. Way, Loeb Library.

89. lph. in Aulis, tr. Webb in Mahaffy, Social Life, 202-4.

90. lph. in Aulis, 1369-84, tr. A. S. Way.

91. Hecuba, 488f, tr. Way.

92. Murray, Gk. Lit., 137.

93. Trojan Women, tr. G. Murray, Oxford, 1914.

94. Euripides, Electra, tr. Murray, Oxford, 1907, p. 77.

95. Euripides, Iphigenia in Tauris, tr. Murray, Oxford, 1930.

96. Aristotle, Poetics, xiii, 4.

97. Verrall, A. W., Euripides the Rationalist, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1913, 178 and passim.

98. Elizabeth Barrett Browning referred to “Euripides the human, with his droppings of warm tears.”

99. lph. in Aulis, 957.

100. Helen, 744f tr. Way.

101. Ion, 374-8; lph. in T., 570-5; Electra, 400; Bacchae, 255-7; Hippolytus, 1059; Robertson, I, 162.

102. Euripides, Electra, tr. Murray, p. 37; Heracles, 1341; lph. in T., 386.

103. Bellerophontes, 293, tr. Symonds, 368; cf. Helen, 1137.

104. lph. in T., tr. Murray, p. 32.

105. Helen, 1688.

106. Verrall, 79.

107. Trojan Women, 884.

108. Hecuba, 282.

109. Trojan Women, prologue.

109a. Cresphontes, frag.

110. Hippolytus and the lost Stheneboea and Chrysippus.

111. Andromeda, 135, tr. Symonds, 363.

112. Norwood, 311.

113. Euripides, Medea, tr. Murray, p. 67.

114. Frag. 157 in Rohde, 438.

115. Electra, tr. Murray, p. 78.

116. Rohde, 437.

117. An uncertain frag. tr. Symonds, 367.

118. A frag, in Symonds, 366.

119. Aristophanes, Frogs, 552; Athenaeus, i, 41.

120. Symonds, 426.

121. Mahaffy, Gk. Lit., II, 98.

122. Pater, 122.

123. Plutarch, “Nicias.”

124. Greek Anthology, ix, 450.

125. Quoted by Murray, Euripides and His Age, N. Y., 1913, 10.

126. Murray, Gk. Lit., 277.

127. Aristophanes, I, 117.

128. Haigh, 260.

129. Murray, Aristophanes, 102.

130. Zeller, 203.

131. Aristophanes, I, 91.

132. Ibid., 314, 319.

133. E.g., Thesmophoriazusae II, 286; Knights, I, 11; Ecclesiazusae, II, 378.

134. Knights, I, 31.

135. Peace, I, 194. In The Birds he calls Heracles a bastard (I, 173); and in The Frogs he makes Dionysus a coward, an onanist, a lecher, and a clown.

136. Philostratus, 483.

137. Lucian, “Herodotus and Aetion,” 1; Bury, J. B., Ancient Greek Historians, N. Y., 1909, 65; Mahaffy, Gk. Lit., II, 18; Murray, Gk. Lit., 134.

138. Herod., i, 1.

139. Gibbon, Ed., Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Everyman Library, I, 77, ch. iii.

140. Strabo, xvii, 1.52.

141. Herod., iii, 101.

142. Ibid., i, 68.

143. iii, 38; ii, 3.

144. E.g., vii, 189, 191.

145. vii, 152.

146. Lucian, l.c.

147. Thuc., i, 1.21-23.

148. Mahaffy, Social Life, 208.

149. Thuc., ii, 45.

150. Ibid., viii, 24; ii, 17.

151. Murray, Gk. Lit., 1.

CHAPTER XVIII

1. Diog. L., “Empedocles” vii.

2. Athenaeus, xii, 34.

3. Aristophanes, Acharnians, I, 111.

4. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 314.

5. Grote, V, 390.

6. Thuc., iii, 37.

7. Ibid., i, 3.75.

8. Plutarch, “Pericles.”

9. Thuc., ii, 6.8.

10. Ibid., i, 2.58-65; i, 5.139-46.

11. Jones, W. H. S., Malaria and Greek History, 132.

12. Plutarch, “Tiberius Gracchus.”

13. Aristotle, Constitution, 28.

14. Thuc., iii, 9.49-50.

15. Ibid., v, 15.22-3.

16. v, 17.84f.

17. Plutarch, “Alcibiades.”

18. Ibid.

19. Xenophon, Memor., i, 246.

20. Athenaeus, i, 5.

21. Benson, Alcibiades, 125.

22. Plutarch, l.c.

23. Thuc., vi, 18.18.

24. Ibid., 20.89.

25. viii, 24.18.

26. viii, 26.97; Aristotle, Constitution, 33.

27. Xenophon, Hellenica, Loeb Library, i, 4.13.

28. Aristotle, Constitution, 34.

29. Plutarch, “Lysander.”

30. Isocrates, Areopagiticus, 66.

31. Aristotle, op. cit., 40.

32. Murray, Gk. Lit., 176.

33. Xenophon, Memor., i, 2.32.

34. Grote, IX, 63.

35. Ueberweg, I, 81.

36. In Reinach, 96.

37. Plato, Apology, 38.

38. Ibid., 27.

39. 18.

40. 29.

41. 30.

42. Diog. L., “Socrates,” xxi.

45. Plato, Crito.

46. Xenophon, Memor., iv, 8.1.

47. Plato, Phaedo, 59-60.

48. Ibid., 89.

49. Xenophon, Apology, 28.

50. Diodorus, xiv, 37.

51. In Zeller, 201.

52. Plutarch, De Invid., 6, in Zeller, 201.

53. Diog. L., “Socrates,” xxiii.

54. Grote, IX, 88.

55. Tertullian, Apology, 14, and Augustine, City of God, viii, 3, in Zeller, 201.

CHAPTER XIX

1. Aristotle, Physics, Loeb Library, 1269-70; Plutarch, “Lysander,” “Lycurgus.”

2. Glotz, Greek City, 300.

3. Aristotle, Physics, 1270.

4. Xenophon, Anabasis, iv, 7-22.

5. Plutarch, Moralia, 190F.

6. Plutarch, “Agesilaus.”

7. Plutarch, Moralia, 39.

8. Ibid., 192C.

9. Aristotle, Physics, 1270.

10. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 199.

11. Xenophon, “On the Revenues,” in Minor Works.

12. Calhoun, 46-8, 93-4, 101.

13. Glotz, Anc. G., 304; CAH, VI, 72.

14. Calhoun, 109.

15. Ibid., 116; Glotz, 306.

16. Glotz, Greek City, 311; Anc. G., 201.

17. Glotz, Gk. City, 312-3.

18. Plato, Republic, iv, 422.

19. Aristotle, Politics, 1310.

20. Isocrates, Archidamus, 67. Isocrates was writing of the Peloponnesian Greeks, but probably had his fellow Athenians in mind.

21. Pöhlmann, 1, 147.

22. Plato, Laws, v, 736.

23. Vinogradoff, II, 113; Glotz, Gk. City, 318.

24. Vinogradoff, II, 205.

25. Isocrates, Antidosis, 159.

26. Glotz, Gk. City, 323; Rostovtzeff, M., Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire, Oxford, 1926, 2; id.. History of the Ancient World, Oxford, 1928, II, 362; Coulanges, 493.

27. Mahaffy, Social Life, 267, 273.

28. Glotz, Gk. City, 296.

29. Ibid.

30. Athenaeus, xiii, 38f; Lacroix, I, 168.

31. Athenaeus, xii, 43.

32. Aristotle, Historia Animalium, 583a.

33. Gomme, 18, 26, 47; Athenaeus, vi, 272; Müller-Lyer, Family, 203; Grote, IV, 338.

34. Xenophon, Hellenica, vi, 1.5.

35. Isocrates, On the Peace, 50.

36. Aristotle, Problems, 29, in Vinogradoff, II, 67.

37. Demosthenes in Glotz, Gk. City, 216.

38. Aristotle, Constitution, 41.

39. Aristophanes, Clouds, 991; Plato, Theaetetus, 173.

40. Isocrates, op. cit., 59.

41. Grote, XI, 198.

42. Diodorus, x, 4.

43. Aristotle (?), Economics, ii, 2.20.

44. Lyra G., III, 366.

45. Diog. L., “Plato,” xiv; Plutarch, “Dion”; Diodorus, xv, 7; Grote, XI, 34-5. Taylor, A. E., Plato, N. Y., 1936, 5, questions the story.

46. Plato, Epistles, Loeb Library, vii.

47. Athenaeus, x, 47.

48. Plutarch, l.c.

49. Plato, l.c.

50. Plutarch, l.c.

51. Athenaeus, xii, 58.

52. In Weigall, Alexander the Great, N. Y., 1933, 19.

53. Adams, Brooks, New Empire, N. Y., 1903, 36.

54. Athenaeus, xiii, 63.

55. Mahaffy, Social Life, 425-7.

56. Glotz, Gk. City, 339.

57. Philostratus, 507.

58. Plutarch, “Phocion.”

59. Philostratus, 61.

60. Plutarch, “Alexander.”

CHAPTER XX

1. Plutarch, “Demosthenes”; Moralia, 6.

2. Mahaffy, Gk. Lit., IV, 137.

3. Demosthenes, On the Crown, Loeb Library, 126, 258-9, 265.

4. Murray, Gk. Lit., 362.

5. Isocrates, Antidosis, 48.

6. Grote, G., Aristotle, London, 1872, I, 31; Murray, 344.

7. Isocrates, Panegyricus, 49.

8. Ibid., 167.

9. Ibid., 160.

10. Isocrates, On the Peace, 94.

11. Ibid., 13.

12. Isocrates, Areopagiticus, 15, 70.

13. On the Peace, 109.

14. Areopag., 20.

15. Pausanias, i, 18; so Lucian and Philostratus; cf. Murray, 350.

16. Milton’s phrase for Isocrates.

17. Diog. L., “Xenophon,” i-ii.

18. Aristophanes, Clouds, 225.

19. Plutarch, Moralia, 212B.

20. Xenophon, Economicus, x, 1-10.

21. Ibid., xiv, 7.

22. Quoted by Shotwell, 180.

23. Pausanias, viii, 45.

24. Plutarch, “Alexander.”

25. Cotterill, I, 108n.

26. Pliny, xxxv, 36, 40; Winckelmann, I, 219.

27. Pliny, xxxv, 32.

28. Ibid., xxxv, 36.

29. Ibid.

30. Aelian, Varia Historia, ii, 3, in Weigall, Alexander, 136.

31. Pliny, Lc.

32. Vitruvius, ii, 8.14.

35. Pausanias, i, 20.

36. Gardner, Greek Sculpture, 397.

37. Pausanias, v, 17.

38. Ibid., viii, 9.

39. They are listed in Murray, A. S., II, 253-4. Pliny alone mentions 28.

40. Pausanias, vi, 25.

41. Pliny, xxxvi, 41.

42. Ibid., xxxiv, 19.

43. Ibid.

CHAPTER XXI

1. Sarton, 127.

2. Plutarch, “Marcellus.”

3. Aristotle, Metaphysics, i, 9.

4. Plato, Hippias Major, 303.

5. Sarton, 113.

6. Aristotle, Politics, 1340.

7. Sedgwick, 76.

8. Heath, Greek Math., I, 209, 233, 252.

8a. Ibid., 354.

9. Diog. L., “Eudoxus,” i-iii; Strabo, ii, 5.14; Heath, I, 320; id., Aristarchus, 192; Grote, Plato, I, 124n; Ball, W. R., Short History of Mathematics, London, 1888, 41.

10. Heath, I, 323.

11. Heath, Aristarchus, 208.

12. Sarton, 118.

13. Ibid., 141.

14. Heath, Aristarchus, 276.

15. Heath, I, 16.

16. Arrian, Indica, London, 1893, chaps. xx-xlii.

17. Sarton, 120-1.

18. Carroll, 325.

19. In Zeller, 266.

20. Zeller, 277.

21. Athenaeus, xiii, 55.

22. Vitruvius, ii, 6.1.

23. Athenaeus, xii, 63.

24. Zeller, 357, 361.

25. Ibid., 362b.

26. Diog. L., “Aristippus,” iv.

27. Ibid.

28. Ibid.

29. Ibid.

30. Ibid.

31. Zeller, 367.

32. Carroll, 313.

33. Ibid.

34. Plato, Phaedo, 64.

35. Xenophon, Banquet, iii, 8.

36. Diog. L., “Antisthenes,” iv.

37. Murray, Five Stages, 116.

38. Diog. L., “Diogenes,” iii.

39. Ibid., iii, vi; Zeller, 326n.

40. Diog. L., “Diogenes,” vi.

41. Ibid.

42. Ibid., x.

43. Ibid., vi.

44. Ibid.

45. Weigall, Alexander, 103.

46. Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander, vii, 2; Diog. L., “Diogenes,” vi.

47. Ibid., xi.

48. Zeller, 308.

49. Diog. L., “Antisthenes,” iv.

50. Ibid., “Diogenes,” vi.

51. Plutarch, Moralia, 21F.

52. Diog. L., l.c.

53. Zeller, 319.

54. Ibid., 326.

55. Diog. L., “Diog.,” xi.

56. Murray, Five Stages, 118.

57. Pöhlmann, 86-91.

58. Zeller, 317.

59. Plato, Republic, 372.

60. Diog. L., “Plato,” i.

61. Ibid., v, x.

62. viii-ix; Cicero, De Finibus, v, 29.

62a. Plutarch, De Exilio, 10, in Capes, W. W., University Life in Ancient Athens, N. Y., 1922, 32.

63. Suidas, Lexicon, s.v. Plato, in Mahaffy, Greek Education, 122.

64. Diog. L., “Plato,” xi.

65. Mahaffy, op. cit., 128; Grote, Plato, I, 125.

66. Heath, 1, 11.

67. Plato, Republic, 539.

68. Heath, Aristarchus, 141.

69. Plutarch, Moralia, 79.

70. Plato, Epistles, vii, 531.

71. Taylor, 503.

72. Cf. Epistles, vii, 541.

73. Athenaeus, xi, 112.

74. Diog. L., “Cimon,” i-iii, “Plato,” xxxii.

75. Athenaeus, xi, 113.

76. Taylor, 20.

77. Plato, Protag., 334.

78. Symposium, 175.

79. Euthyphro, 292.

80. Charmides, 169.

81. Cratylus.

82. Phaedo, 106.

83. Theaetetus, 161.

84. Ibid., 158; Epistles, vii, 344.

85. Aristotle, Meta., i, 5-6; iii, 2; xiii, 4; Cratylus, 440.

86. Aristotle, Meta., i, 9.16, etc.

87. Plato, Phaedo, 65.

88. Ibid., 74-5, Theaetetus, 185-7.

89. Carrel, Alexis, Man the Unknown, N. Y., 1935, 236.

90. Spinoza, De Emendatione Intellectus, Everyman Library, p. 259.

91. Phaedrus, 245.

92. Philebus, 22.

93. Rep., 505.

94. Laws, 966; Phaedo, 96.

95. Sophist, 247.

96. Phaedrus, 245; Philebus, 30.

97. Meno, 81-2.

98. Gorgias, 523.

99. Phaedo, 69, 80-5, 110, 114; Rep., 615f; Timaeus, 43-4.

100. Phaedo, 91, 114.

101. Rep., 365.

102. Symp., 209.

103. Gorgias, 482.

104. Ibid., 495; Rep., 619; Philebus, 66.

105. Rep., 441, 587.

106. Philebus, 64-6.

107. Ibid., 57-8.

108. Crito, 49.

109. Ibid.; Laws, 951; Phaedo, 82.

110. Aristotle, Poetics, i, 4.

111. Rep., 424.

112. Quoted by Symonds, 411.

113. Philebus, 51; Rep., 529.

114. Symp., 206.

115. Laws, 636.

116. Symp., 201; Phaedrus, 244f.

117. Rep., 500.

118. Epistles, vii, 337.

119. Rep., 555.

120. Ibid., 557.

121. 562.

122. 565.

123. 567.

124. 496.

125. Phaedrus, 239.

126. Rep., 459.

127. 473.

128. Statesman, 297; Epistles, vii, 337.

129. Laws, 710.

130. Ibid., 704.

131. 968.

132. 761.

133. 742.

134. 744, 922-3.

135. 785.

136. 721, 774.

137. 672.

138. 885, 908-9.

139. Phaedo, 66.

140. Pater, 126.

141. Laws, 7.

142. Diog. L., “Plato,” xxv.

143. Calhoun, 125-7.

144. Locy, W. A., Growth of Biology, N. Y., 1925, 27.

145. Athenaeus, xiii, 56.

146. Grote, Aristotle, I, 8.

147. Diog. L., “Aristotle,” iv.

148. Grote, Aristotle, 1, 43.

149. Murray, Greek Epic, 99; CAH, VI, 333.

150. Aristotle, Meta., iii, 6.7-9.

151. Ibid., iv, 3.8.

152. Aristotle, On Generation, i, 2.

153. Physics, v, 3; vii, 1.

154. Aristotle, Mechanics, iii, 848-50.

155. On the Heavens, ii, 14.

156. Meteorology, i, 14.

157. Meta. xii, 8.21.

158. Pliny, viii, 16.

159. Aristotle, Parts of Animals, i, 5.

160. History of Animals, v, 21-2; ix, 39-40.

161. Ibid., vi, 22.

162. Aristotle (?), Economics, i, 3; a typically Aristotelian sentence in a work long attributed to Aristotle, but probably from a later hand.

163. History of Animals, viii, 2.

164. Reproduction of Animals, i, 15.

165. Ibid., i, 21.

166. iv, 1.

167. Hist. An., vii, 4.

168. Reprod. An., ii, 1.

169. Ibid., ii, 3.

170. ii, 12.

171. Hist. An., vi, 2-3.

172. Ibid.

173. i, 1.

174. viii, 1.

175. Ueberweg, 1, 167.

176. Sedgwick, 14.

177. Lewes, G. H., Aristotle: a Chapter in the History of Science, London, 1864, 284, 361; Lange, 81.

178. Lewes, 159.

179. Aristotle, Hist. An., ii, 3.

180. Parts of Animals, ii, 7.

181. Sarton, 128.

182. Aristotle, Politics, 1256b; Lewes, 322.

183. Aristotle, On the Soul, ii, 1.

184. Ibid., ii, 4.

185. iii, 8.

186. iii, 7.

187. Reprod. An., ii, 3.

188. Meta., viii, 44.

189. Physics, ii, 8.

190. Meta., ix, 7.

191. Poetics, i, 3.

192. Ibid., vi, 2.

193. Politics, 1137b.

194. Ethics, 1097b, 1176b.

195. Rhetoric, i, 5.4, where, in a long list of things necessary for happiness, virtue comes in a poor last.

196. Ethics, 1099a.

197. Ibid., 1153b.

198. Rhetoric, ii, 16.2.

199. Ethics, 1178a.

200. Ibid., 1125b.

201. 1098a.

202. 1178b.

203. Politics, 1267a.

204. Ibid., 1275b.

205. 1253a.

206. 1296b.

207. Ethics, 1160ab.

208. Rhetoric, ii, 15.3.

209. Politics, 1258b.

210. Ibid., 1281a.

211. 1318b.

212. 1286a.

213. 1278a.

214. 1280a.

215. 1266b.

216. 1254b.

217. 1320a.

218. Ibid.

219. 1295a.

220. 1264a.

221. 1261b.

222. 1296b.

223. 1296a.

224. 1330a.

225. 1329b.

226. Rhetoric, i, 1.7.

227. Politics, 1287a.

228. Ibid., 1265b.

229. 1335b.

230. In Ueberweg, 1, 177.

231. Pater, 141.

CHAPTER XXII

1. Plutarch, Moralia, 178F.

2. Mahaffy, Greek Life and Thought, 18.

3. Plutarch, “Alexander.”

4. Weigall, Alexander, 235.

5. Ibid.

6. Plutarch, l.c.

7. Plutarch, Moralia, 127B.

8. Id., “Alexander.”

8a. Id., Moralia, 180A.

9. Id., “Alexander.”

10. Ibid.; Arrian, i, 17.

11. Weigall, 50.

12. Plutarch, Moralia, 179E.

13. Id., “Alexander.”

14. Arrian, vii, 28.

15. Ibid., iii, 6.

16. Grote, History, XI, 85.

17. Weigall, 58.

18. Arrian, i, 3.

19. Weigall, 97.

20. Plutarch, “Alexander.”

21. Ibid.

22. Arrian, vii, 9.

23. Plutarch, l.c.

24. Vitruvius, ii, 2.

25. Plutarch, Moralia, 180C.

26. CAH, VI, 384.

27. Arrian, iv, 7.

28. Ibid., vi, 26.

29. vii, 4.

30. Plutarch, “Alexander.”

31. Grote, XII, 89.

32. Athenaeus, xii, 53.

33. Plutarch, Moralia, 180D.

34. Weigall, 146.

35. Plutarch, “Alexander”; Arrian, vii, 29.

36. Lucian, Dialogues of the Dead, xiv.

37. Cf. Arrian, iv, 9-11.

38. Ibid., vii, 11.

39. vii, 9-10.

40. ii, 12.

41. Plutarch, “Alexander”; Arrian, vii, 26.

42. Plutarch, l.c.

43. Grote, Aristotle, I, 23.

44. Diog. L., “Aristotle,” vii.

45. Thrasybulus in Grote, History, VIII, 263.

CHAPTER XXIII

1. Mahaffy, Greek Life and Thought, pp. xxxv, 112.

2. Ibid., 56; Plutarch, “Demetrius.”

3. Ibid.

4. Pausanias, x, 19.

5. Ibid., 22.

6. Livy, T. L., History of Rome, xxxviii, 16; CAH, VII, 103-7,

7. Polybius, iv, 77; Pausanias, ii, 9, vii, 7; Plutarch, “Aratus.”

8. Athenaeus, vi, 103.

9. Heitland, W. E., Agricola, Cambridge University Press, 1921, 124-5.

10. Plato, Critias, 111.

11. Rostovtzeff, M., History of the Ancient World, Oxford, 1930, 1, 320.

12. Cf. Tarn, W. W., Hellenistic Civilization, London, 1927, 90.

13. Vinogradoff, II, 108-9.

14. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 366.

15. Ibid., 364.

16. Ibid.

17. Ibid., 331-3; Tarn, 95.

18. Tarn, 102; Heitland, 63; Glotz, 359.

19. CAH, VII, 740.

20. Ibid.

20a. Ibid., 265, 741; Tarn, 104.

21. Ibid., 34.

22. Glotz, 333.

23. Polybius, vi, 9; vii, 10; xv, 21; Glotz, Greek City, 323.

23a. Diodorus Sic., V, 41-6.

24. Bentwich, Norman, Hellenism, Phila., 1919, 62.

25. Athenaeus, xiii, 18.

26. Tarn, 82.

27. Theocritus, Idyl ii.

28. Lacroix, I, 138-9.

29. Athenaeus, in Becker, 344.

30. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 298; Tarn, 86.

31. Ibid., 88.

32. Polybius, xxxvi, 17.

33. Plutarch, “Agis.”

34. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 346.

35. Plutarch, l.c.

36. CAH, VII, 755.

37. Polybius, ii, 52; v, 38; Pausanias, ii, 9.

38. Coulanges, 467.

39. Pausanias, viii, 50.

40. Strabo, xiv, 2.5.

41. Ibid.

42. Polybius, v, 88.

CHAPTER XXIV

1. Meeting of the Oriental Institute, Chicago, Mar. 29, 1932.

2. Plutarch, Moralia, 183F.

3. Polybius, xx, 8.

4. Ibid., xxi, 3-7; xxx, 26.

5. Ibid., xxix, 27; xxxi, 9; Bevan, E. R., House of Seleucus, London, 1902, II, 131, 158.

6. Rostovtzeff, Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire, 3; Tarn, 79.

7. Toutain, 102-3.

8. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 353.

9. Rostovtzeff, Roman Empire, 3; id., Ancient World, I, 368-70; Glotz, 321.

10. Glotz, Greek City, 383.

11. Tarn, 254.

13. Josephus, Against Apion, I, 60; Bevan, 35; Tarn, 209.

14. CAH, VII, 193.

15. Sachar, A. L., History of the Jews, N. Y., 1932, 102. Cf. Zeitlin, S., History of the Second Jewish Commonwealth, Phila., 1933, 18f, or CAH, VIII, 5oif, for an economic interpretation of these intrigues.

16. Graetz, H., History of the Jews, Phila., 1891f, I, 445-6; Zeitlin, 18.

17. Bevan, I, 171; Mahaffy, J. P., Empire of the Ptolemies, London, 1895, 341.

18. CAH, VIII, 507-8.

19. I Macc., i; Josephus, Works, Boston, 1811, I, 438; Antiquities of the Jews, xii, 5.

20. Bevan, II, 154.

21. I Macc., v-vi; Bevan, 174.

22. I Macc., ii.

23. Ibid., vi.

24. Ibid., ii.

25. Ibid., ii-v.

26. Sachar, 104.

27. Bevan II, 183, 223.

CHAPTER XXV

1. Breccia, E., Alexandrea ad Aegyptum, Bergamo, 1922, 96; Strabo, xvii, 1.8.

2. Mahaffy, Empire, 104; Greek Life, 204.

3. Athenaeus, xiii, 37.

4. Mahaffy, Empire, 162.

5. Draper, I, 190.

6. Tarn, 148; CAH, VII, 137.

7. Ibid., 27; Rostovtzeff, Roman Empire, 259.

8. Tarn, 149-51, 155; Glotz, Ancient Greece, 345.

9. Ibid., 343.

10. Usher, 80, 85.

11. Strabo, xvii, 1.25.

12. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 353.

13. Tarn, 152; Usher, 75.

14. Glotz, l.c.

15. Rostovtzeff, Roman Empire, 432.

16. Usher, 79, 119.

17. Pliny, xxxv, 42.

18. Rostovtzeff, Ancient World, I, 373; Tarn, 102; Glotz, 350.

19. Tarn, 155.

20. Botsford and Sihler, 597.

21. Athenaeus, v, 36.

22. Pliny, xxxvi, 18.

23. Breccia, 107.

24. Tarn, 198.

25. Calhoun, 130.

26. CAH, VIII, 662.

27. Mahaffy, Greek Life, 182.

28. Mahaffy, What Have the Greeks?, 195-7.

29. Tarn, 153; CAH, VII, 28.

30. Ibid., 139-40; Tarn, 153; Mahaffy, Empire, 182, 213; Breccia, 42.

31. Breccia, 69.

32. Strabo, xvii, 1.8-10; Tarn, 146.

33. Glotz, 336.

34. Athenaeus, iii, 47.

35. Herodas, Mimiambi, i.

36. Lacroix, 1, 124.

37. Carroll, 326.

38. Graetz, 1, 418; Mahaffy, Empire, 86.

39. Josephus, Antiquities, xii, 1-2.

40. Zeitlin, 6-8; Bevan, I, 165.

41. Bentwich, 36.

42. Renan, E., History of the People of Israel, N. Y., 1888, IV, 194; V, 189.

42a. Graetz, I, 504.

43. Bevan and Singer, Legacy of Israel, Oxford, 1927, 32.

44. Josephus, Antiquities, xii, 2; Sarton, 151.

45. Sachar, 109.

46. Enc. Brit., XX, 335; Tarn, 177.

47. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 356; Tarn, 204.

48. Tarn, 158.

49. Mahaffy, Greek Life, 208.

50. Rostovtzeff, Roman Empire, 264.

51. Glotz, Greek City, 323.

52. Polybius, vii, 8.

53. Ibid.

54. Randall-Maclver, 138-9.

55. Athenaeus, v, 40.

56. Livy, xxiv, 4.

CHAPTER XXVI

1. Polybius, ix, 2.

2. Thompson, 71.

3. Strabo, xiii, 1.54.

4. Grote, Aristotle, 50.

5. Breccia, 47.

6. Ibid., 48.

7. Mahaffy, Empire, 208.

8. Oxyrhynchus Papyri X, 1241, p. 99; Breccia, 44.

9. Tarn, 238; Symonds, 21.

10. Tarn, 237; Mahaffy, 511.

11. Waxman, M., History of Jewish Literature, N. Y., 1930, 1, 48.

12. Ibid., 49.

13. Ibid., 21.

14. Renan, IV, 258.

15. Lacroix, I, 166-7.

16. Wright, 22.

17. CAH, VII, 227.

18. Menander, Arbitrants, 679-85.

19. Bacchis in the Phormio.

20. St. Paul, I Cor., xv, 33.

21. Tarn, 219.

22. Frag. 40 in Murray, Aristophanes, 223.

23. Translation by Symonds, 454.

24. Ibid., 526.

25. Murray, Greek Literature, 381; Mahaffy, Greek Literature, I, 166; id., Progress of Hellenism in Alexander’s Empire, Chicago, 1905, 112.

26. Theocritus, xv, tr. Lindsay, in Oxford Book of Greek Verse, 564.

27. Theocritus, i, 123-42; tr. Sir Wm. Marris, Oxford Book, 543.

28. Tarn, 52.

29. Frag. 54 in McCrindle, J. W., Ancient India, Calcutta, 1877, 120.

30. Bury, Greek Historians, 188.

31. Polybius, xii, 25, 27, etc.

32. Ibid., xxxiv, 6; xxxviii, 6.

33. xxx, 32.

34. iii, 2.

35. vi, 2.

36. vi, 3.

37. iii. 48, 59; xii, 25; Shotwell, 199.

38. xvi, 20.

39. xii, 28.

40. v, 75.

41. xxi, 32.

42. xvi, 12.

43. vi, 43.

44. iii, 31.

45. i, 1.

46. i, 35; i, 1.

47. i, 4.

48. ix, 1; ii, 56.

49. Dionysius of Halicarnassus in CAH, VIII, 10.

CHAPTER XXVII

1. Athenaeus, xiv, 33.

2. Mahaffy, Social Life, 467-8, 475-6.

3. Vitruvius, ix, 9; x, 13; Athenaeus, iv, 75; Oxford History of Music, Introd. Vol., 26.

4. Mahaffy, 455; id., Greek Life, 382.

5. Athenaeus, xiv, 31.

6. Strabo, xiv, 1.37.

7. In Gardner, Ancient Athens, 486.

8. Pliny, xxxv, 40.

9. Plutarch, “Aratus.”

10. Strabo, xiv, 2.5.

11. Pliny, xxxv, 36.

12. Ibid., xxxv, 37; xxxvi, 60.

13. Lessing, G. E., Laocoön, London, 1874, 15.

14. Pliny, xxxiv, 18.

15. Greek Anthology, vi, 171.

16. Pliny, l.c.

17. Bostock’s note, ibid.

18. Winckelmann, I, 229.

19. Virgil, Aeneid, ii, 49.

20. Pliny, xxxvi, 4.

21. Winckelmann, II, 325.

22. CAH, VIII, 675.

23. In Gardner, E. A., Six Greek Sculptors, London, 1910, 6.

CHAPTER XXVIII

1. Stobaeus, in Heath, Greek Mathematics, I, 357.

2. Plutarch, “Marcellus.”

3. Ball, W. W. R., Short History of Mathematics, London, 1888, 64.

4. Ibid., 66-7.

5. Plutarch.

6. Cicero, Tusc. Disp., i, 25.

7. Cicero, Rep., i, 14.

8. Singer, C., Studies in the History of Science, Oxford, 1921, II, 502.

9. Heath, II, 18.

10. Plutarch.

11. Ibid.

12. Polybius, viii, 5; Livy, xxiv, 34.

13. Heath, l.c.

14. Plutarch.

15. Polybius, l.c.

16. Plutarch.

17. Livy, xxv, 31.

18. Heath, II, 20.

19. Sarton, 184; Usher, 44.

20. Ibid., 80.

21. Ibid., 41; Sarton, 184, 195.

22. Vitruvius, i, 1.16.

23. Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 310, 383.

24. Ibid., 302.

25. Heath, Greek Math., II, 2.

26. Williams, H. S., History of Science, N. Y., 1909, I, 233.

27. Heath, Aristarchus, 296-7; CAH, VII, 311.

28. Enc. Brit., XI, 583.

29. Tarn, 230.

30. Heath, Aristarchus, 339-40.

31. Sarton, 144; Glotz, Ancient Greece, 375.

32. Strabo, i, 3.3.

33. Ibid., 1, 4.7-9.

34. Ibid., i, 4.6.

35. Wright, 14.

36. Garrison, 102.

37. Theophrastus, History of Plants, ii. I, I, in Livingstone, Legacy, 178.

38. Locy, 37.

39. Grote, II, 17.

40. Sarton, 143.

41. Ibid., 126.

42. In Wright, 14.

43. Celsus, De Artibus, i, 4, in Botsford and Sihler, 631.

44. Botsford and Sihler, 631.

45. Sarton, 159; Garrison, 153.

46. Sextus, Empiricus, Adv. Math., xi, 50, in Livingstone, 201.

47. Garrison, 103.

48. Sarton, 159-60.

CHAPTER XXIX

1. Carroll, 316.

2. Athenaeus, xiii, 90.

3. Diog. L., “Theophrastus,” iv-xi.

4. Theophrastus, Characters, Loeb Library, 1929, iii, xiv, etc.

5. Diog., “Xenophanes,” iii.

6. Ibid., iii-v, x.

7. Aristotle, Anal. Post., ii, 19.

8. Diog., “Pyrrho,” viii.

9. Ibid.’, iii.

10. Zeller, E., Stoics, Epicureans and Sceptics, London, 1870, 99.

11. Ibid., 503.

12. Wright, 128.

13. Ueberweg, 1, 136.

14. Polybius, xii, 26.

15. Diog., “Aristippus,” xii-xiv.

16. Lacroix, I, 160-1.

17. Diog., “Epicurus,” v.

18. Ibid., vi-viii.

19. Lucretius, v, 196; ii, 1090; Lucian, “Zeus Tragoedus,” in Works, III, 97.

20. Lucretius, ii, 292; Plutarch, Moralia, 964C.

21. Cicero, Nat. Deor., i, 20.

22. Diog., “Epicurus,” xxiv.

23. Ibid., xxvii; Murray, Greek Religion, 168.

24. Diog., xxv.

25. Athenaeus, xii, 67.

26. Diog., xxxi

27. Ibid., xxvii.

28. Ibid.

29. Ibid., xxxi, 31.

30. Ibid., xxvi.

31. Ibid., xxvii.

32. Zeller, 464.

33. Diog., xxxi, 28.

34. Cf. Frags. 165, 186, 194, and 213 in Murray, 130.

35. Murray, 138.

36. Frag. 138 in Murray, 141.

37. Diog., x.

38. Athenaeus, vii, 11.

39. Becker, 325.

40. Jewish Enc., art. “Apikoros”; Bentwich, 77.

41. Zeller, 388.

42. Cicero, De Fin., i, 7.25.

43. In Murray, Greek Literature, 372.

44. Diog., “Zeno,” i–ii.

45. Ibid., xi, v.

46. Ibid., v.

47. Ibid., “Crates,” i-iv; “Hipparchia,” i-ii; Zeller, Socrates, 326n.

48. Diog., “Zeno,” xxviii-xxix.

49. Ibid., xiv.

50. Zeller, Stoics, 3711.

51. Diog., “Zeno,” ix.

52. Ibid., xxvii. Lucian, Lactantius, and Stobaeus tell the same story; cf. Zeller. 40.

53. Zeller, 59.

54. Ibid., 121.

55. Cicero, Nat. Deor., ii, 7.

56. Diog., “Zeno,” lxviii-lxxvii.

57. Tr. by Pater, 50.

58. Plutarch, De Stoic. Repug., xxi, 4, in Zeller, 178; but Plutarch was intensely prejudiced against the Stoics.

59. Oxford Book of Greek Verse, 535.

60. Zeller, 288.

61. Diog., “Zeno,” xix.

62. Ibid., lxiv.

63. Zeller, 316.

64. Diog., lxvi.

65. Zeller, 303.

66. Cicero, Tusc. Disp., i, 34.83.

67. Zeller, 327.

68. Ibid., 207.

CHAPTER XXX

1. Polybius, i, 1.

2. Plutarch, “Pyrrhus.”

3. Ibid.

4. Ibid.

5. Mommsen, T., History of Rome, London, 1901, II, 5.

6. Plutarch, l.c.

7. Livy, xxv, 40, 31.

8. Polybius, ii, 8.

9. Ibid., v, 103.

10. Livy, xxiii, 33.

11. Polybius, xvi, 30; Livy, xxxi, 18.

12. Polybius, xviii, 45.

13. Livy, xxxiv, 52.

14. Tarn, 29.

15. Strabo, viii, 6.23.

16. Polybius, xxxix, 2; Strabo, l.c.

EPILOGUE

1. Symonds, 579.

2. Rede Lecture for 1875, in Symonds, 578.

3. Enc. Brit., II, 344.

Index

I am indebted for this index to the careful scholarship of Mr. Herbert Winer. The diacritical marks follow Webster’s Dictionary.—W. D.

Aahmes (ä’-mēz) II, King of Egypt (reigned 570–526 B.C.), 173

Aaron (ā’-rŏn), 583

abacus, 338

Abdera , 69, 149, 157, 352, 354, 358

Abélard, Pierre, French philosopher (1079–1142), 643

abortion, 287, 468, 567

Abydos , 135, 156, 544, 575, 663

Academus , 511

Academy, 226, 473, 474, 479, 486, 500, 501, 511–513, 524, 525, 553, 640, 641, 642, 644, 651

Acanthus , 158

Acarnania , 105, 106, 542

Acco (ä’-kō), 580, 584

Achaea , 86, 88, 89, 198, 560, 569, 665

Achaean League, 560–561, 570, 585, 613, 666

Achaeans, 21*, 23, 37–38, 40, 42, 44–55, 62, 63, 64, 89, 106, 108, 128, 151, 160, 180, 203, 311, 613

Achaemenidae , 563

Achaeus , 39

Acharnae , 108

Acharnians , The (Aristophanes), 417, 422, 428

Achelous (ăk’-ě-lō’-ŭs), 106

Acheron (ăk’-ēr-ŏn), 67

Achilles , 36, 43, 45, 46, 48, 52, 56, 58–59, 61, 150, 171, 183, 193, 208–209, 220, 302, 405, 406, 538, 541, 544, 546, 548, 551, 620, 660

Achilles and Briseis, 620*

Achilles and Penthesilea , 315

Acontius , 608

Acragas , 130, 170, 171, 172, 327, 339, 342, 355, 357, 438

Acre (ä’-kēr), 580, see also Acco

Acrocorinthus , 62, 89, 560

Acron , physician (fl. 5th century B.C.), 342

Acropolis (Athens), 108, 120, 122, 178, 226, 251, 325, 330–331, 365, 377, 450, 543, 623

Acropolis (Pergamum), 623

Actium , 89†

actors, 232, 379, 380–381, 383, 606

Adana (ä’-dä-nä), 576

Adasa , 584

Adeimantus , 520

Aden (ä’-děn), 575, see also Adana

Admetus (ăd-mē’-tŭs), 402

Adonia , 185*

Adonis , 13, 69, 178, 185, 467, 566

Adrastus , 41, 232

Adriatic Sea, 67, 159, 660

adultery, in Homeric society, 51; in Sparta, 84; in Athens, 117, 305

Advokatenrepublik, 483

Aegaleus (ē’-gă-lē’-ŭs), Mt., 241

Aegean (ē-jē’-ăn) Islands, 3–4, 6, 8, 22, 27, 33, 59, 62, 70, 127, 128, 134, 158, 233, 234, 245, 441, 528, 570

Aegean Sea, 4, 5, 6, 10, 33, 70, 71, 106, 109, 128, 274, 275, 439, 445, 451, 463, 477, 571, 572, 578, 665

Aegeus (ē’-jŭs), 23

Aegina , 29, 30, 72, 95, 240, 253, 279, 322, 342, 439

Aegira , 89

Aegisthus , 59, 386, 387, 388, 389, 409

Aegium , 89, 560

Aegospotami , 295, 331, 450

Aegyptus , 49

Aenea , 60

Aeneas , 58

Aeneas Tacticus , writer (4th century B.C.), 503

Aeneid , The (Virgil), 609*

Aeniania , 105, 106

Aenus (ē’-nŭs), 157

Aeolia , 71, 128, 150, 151, 203, 238; dialect, 204

Aeolian League, 128

Aeolus (ē’-ō-lŭs), 177

Aerope (ă-ěŕ-ŏ-pē), 386

Aeschines , orator (389-314 B.C.), 279, 381, 479, 483, 484–485, 486

Aeschines, philosopher (5th century B.C.), 364

Aeschylus , tragic poet (525-456 B.C.), 189, 196, 201, 211, 233, 236, 267, 270, 303, 312, 317, 337, 361, 376, 377, 379, 381, 383–391, 392, 397, 398, 399, 401, 404, 412, 427, 438, 601

Aeson (ē’-sŭn), 43

Aesop (ē’-sŏp), fabulist (fl. 560 B.C.), 104, 142

Aesop and the Fox, 315

Aethlius , 88

Aetolia , 88, 105, 106, 128, 542, 560, 663, 664

Aetolian League, 560-561, 570, 585, 662, 664

Afghanistan, 234, 238, 575–576

Africa, 3, 4, 31, 67, 68, 129, 165, 170, 173–174, 241, 486, 590, 613, 637, 666, 667, 669

afterlife, in Crete, 14

in Mycenae, 32

in Egypt, 68

according to Pythagoras, 165

according to Bacchoi, 187–188

in Athens, 311–312

according to Empedocles, 357

according to Plato, 517

Against the Sophists (Isocrates), 363, 485

Agamemnon , 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 31, 32, 34, 36, 39, 42, 47, 53, 55, 56, 58, 59, 61–62, 77, 107, 177, 193, 208, 223, 302, 311, 386–388, 389, 404–405, 406, 409, 410, 480, 544, 620

Agamemnon (Aeschylus), 387–388

Agariste , mother of Pericles, 248

Agatharchus, painter (5th century B.C.), 317, 378

Agathocles , tyrant of Syracuse (361?-289 B.C.), 598, 612

Agathocles, musician (5th century B.C.), 374

Ageladas , sculptor (fl. 5th century B.C.), 323, 324

Agathon , tragic poet (ca. 448–400 B.C.), 370, 514

Agave , 418

aged, treatment of, 310–311

Agelaus , statesman (3rd century B.C.), 662

Agesander , sculptor (fl. 1st century B.c), 622, 624

Agesilaus II, King of Sparta (ca. 444–361 B.C.), 75, 201, 295, 461, 467, 489

Agias , 498

Agis II, King of Sparta (reigned 427–398 B.C.), 447

Agis IV, King of Sparta (reigned 244–240 B.C.), 569

Agnonides, Athenian (4th century B.C.), 641

agnosticism, 371

Agoracritus , sculptor (fl. 5th century B.C.), 326

Agraulos , 290

agriculture, in Achaean society, 45

in Athens, 268–269, 562

in Egypt, 588

Agrigentum , 172, see also Acragas

Agylla , 472

Ahhijava , 37, 39

Ahmose II, see Aahmes II

Aietes (ī-ē’-tēz), 43

Aigyptiaka (Manetho), 612

“Airs, Waters, Places” (Hippocrates), 344

Ajax (ā’-jăks), 57, 58, 109, 297

Ajax (Sophocles), 392

Akaiwasha , 37

Albania, 660

Albertinum (Dresden), 498

Alcaeus (ăl-sē’-ŭs), lyric poet (620-580 B.C.), 76*, 151–152, 153, 155, 156

alcaics, 152

Alcamenes (ăl-kăm’-ě-nēz), sculptor (fl. 5th century B.C.), 324, 326, 328

Alcander, 78

Alcestis , 42, 307, 402, 414

Alcestis (Euripides), 401–402, 416

Alcibiades , politician and general (450-404 B.C.), 36, 184, 227, 237, 253, 272, 281, 282, 302, 308, 364, 365, 366, 370, 433, 443–448, 449–451, 452, 485, 514, 535

Alcibiades (Aeschines of Sphettos), 364

Alcidamas , philosopher and rhetorician (fl. 4th century B.C.), 280

Alcinous , 48*, 52, 53, 60, 61

Alcisthenes of Sybaris, 160

Alcmaeon (ălk-mē’-ŏn), 342, 345

Alcmaeonids , 104, 124, 444

Alcman (ălk’-măn), lyric poet (7th century B.C.), 66, 76–77, 230, 301, 377

Alcmene (ălk-mē’-ně), 41, 180, 182, 401

Aldobrandini Wedding, The, 620

Alexander I, King of Macedonia (d. 455 B.C.), 375

Alexander III the Great, King of Macedonia (356-323 B.C.), 35†, 52, 67, 70, 160, 211, 245, 266, 281, 291, 308, 377, 461, 468, 471, 476, 477, 480–481, 491, 492, 493, 497, 498, 501, 503, 507, 525, 528, 538–554, 557, 558, 563, 565, 571, 572, 573, 574, 576, 577, 578, 579, 581, 585, 591, 592, 593, 607, 620–621, 627, 634, 637, 642, 646, 656, 660, 666

Alexander Balas, King of Syria (reigned 150, 146 B.C.), 579

Alexander’s Feast (Dryden), 377*

Alexandria, 45, 68, 76, 134, 149, 174, 189, 192, 207, 209, 226, 545, 562, 575, 576, 578, 579, 580, 585, 586–587, 589, 590, 591, 592–595, 597, 509, 601, 602, 603, 606, 607, 608, 609, 616, 618, 623, 627, 628, 636, 638, 639, 641, 669

Alexis of Thurii, comic dramatist (fl. 3rd century B.C.), 483, 607

algebra, 164, 338

Alighieri, Dante, Italian poet (1265–1321), 119, 436, 523

Almagest (ăl’-mă-jěst) (Ptolemy), 635

alphabet, Cretan, 14–15

Greek, 14, 205

Phoenician, 15

Pelasgian, 31

Semitic, 68

Euboean, 106

Alpheus (ăl-fē’-ŭs) River, 41†, 88

Alpine man, 8*, 63

Alps, 67, 430, 614

Altar of Zeus, 618, 623

Altis , 88

Alyattes , King of Lydia (617-560 B.C.), 91, 150

Amaryllis , 611

Amasis II, see Aahmes II

Amazon, 322

Amazons, 41†, 220, 333, 494

Ambracia , 542, 575

Ameinias , brother of Aeschylus, 390

Amenhotep (ä’-měn-hō’-těp) IV, King of Egypt (reigned 1375?-1358? B.C.), 21, 653

America, 157, 449, 513, 576, 669

American Revolution, 449

Amisus , 156, 575

amixia, 594

Ammon (ām’-ŏn), 377, 467, 481, 544, 548, 549, 551

Amoebeus , musician, 230

Amorgos , 131, 272

Amphictyonic , Council, 316, 477, 542

Amphictyonic League, 198, 216, 477

Amphipolis , 157, 365, 432, 443, 477

Amphissa , 105

Amphitryon , 41

Ampurias , 3, 67, 169

amulets, 5, 20

Amyclae , 29, 87*, 222

Amyntas II, King of Macedonia (reigned 393–369 B.C.), 524, 525

Anabasis (Xenophon), 460, 489

Anacharsis , scholar (fl. 6th century B.C.), 117, 365

Anacreon , poet (560-475 B.C.), 76, 123, 130, 142, 148–149, 193, 223

Anaphlystus , 109

Anatolia , 15, 593

anatomy, 345, 502–503, 531, 638–639

Anaxagoras , philosopher (500?-428 B.C.), 150, 177, 248, 251, 252, 253, 254, 317, 337, 339–341, 348, 355, 358, 367, 401, 424, 456, 669

Anaximander , philosopher (ca. 610–546 B.C.), 71, 136, 138–139, 140, 145

Anaximenes , philosopher (fl. 6th century B.C.), 139, 339, 416

ancestor worship, 177, 180

Anchises (ăn-kī’-sēz), 185

andreia , 206

Andromache , 25, 46, 57, 211, 307, 316, 406–408

Andromache (Euripides), 401*

Andromeda , 28

Andromeda (Euripides), 416

Andronicus of Rhodes, Greek philosopher in Rome (fl. 1st century B.C.), 526, 601

Andros (ăn’-drŏs), 131, 153, 449

Androtion , historian (4th century B.C.), 466

anesthesia, 342, 638

animal worship, in Crete, 13, 20

in Mycenae, 32

in Grecian religion, 177, 179

animism, 139, 177, 193

Anniceris of Cyrene, philosopher (4th century B.C.), 473, 510

Antaeus (ăn-tē’-ŭs), 220

Antalcidas , Spartan statesman (fl. 387 B.C.), 461

Antenor (ăn-tē’-nôr), sculptor (fl. 6th century B.C.), 221

Anthesteria , 180, 199–200

Anthesterion , 199

anthropomorphism, 176, 177, 179

Antibes (än’-tēb), 169, see also Antipolis

Anticychera , 321

Antigone , 307, 311, 394–397

Antigone (Sophocles), 303*, 396–397

Antigonids, 575, 656

Antigonus I Cyclops, King of Asia (382-301 B.C.), 558, 572

Antigonus II Gonatas, King of Macedonia (319-239 B.C.), 560, 651

Antigonus III Doson, King of Macedonia (d. 220 B.C.), 561, 570, 571

Antimenes of Rhodes, banker (4th century B.C.), 562–563

Antioch , 562, 572, 573, 574, 575, 576, 580, 621, 627

Antiochus , I Soter, King of Syria (reigned 280–261 B.C.), 572, 573, 612

Antiochus II Theos, King of Syria (reigned 261–246 B.C.), 573

Antiochus III the Great, King of Syria (reigned 224–187 B.C.), 573, 578, 581, 587, 664

Antiochus IV Epiphanes, King of Syria (200?-164 B.C.), 572, 573–574, 581, 582, 583, 584, 605

Antiochus, Athenian general (d. 407 B.C.), 450

Antiochus of Syracuse, historian (fl. 420 B.C.), 160*

Antiope , 402, 623

Antipater , Regent of Macedonia (?-319 B.C.), 480, 544, 553, 554, 558

Antiphanes , comic dramatist (fl. 4th century B.C.), 212, 483, 513

Antiphon of Athens, orator (480-411 B.C.), 361, 363, 369, 430

Antipolis , 169

anti-Semitism, 582–584, 594

Antisthenes of Cyrene, philosopher (444-365 B.C.), 369, 372, 505–506, 508, 644, 651

Antisthenes, banker (5th century B.C.), 274

Antonines, 88

Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius, Roman emperor and philosopher (121–180), 136, 560, 656

Antonius, Marcus, Roman general (83-30 B.C.), 89†, 593, 602

Anytus , politician (fl. 5th century B.C.), 271, 370, 373, 426, 452, 454, 455, 511

Apamea , 156, 575, 576

apella, see Assembly (Sparta)

Apelles , painter (fl. 330 B.C.), 134, 300, 492–494, 498

Apelles, envoy of Antiochus IV, 583

Apellicon of Teos, bibliophile (d. 84 B.C.), 601

Aphaea , 95

Aphetae , 240

Aphidna , 75, 108

“Aphorisms” (Hippocrates), 343

Aphrodisia , 91, 185

Aphrodisias (city), 157

Aphrodite , 13, 34, 51, 56, 58, 69, 83, 89, 90, 91, 99, 101, 105*, 133, 159, 178, 184, 185, 319, 402, 494, 565, 610, 620, 624, 650

Kallipygos, 185

Pandemos, 116, 185, 300, 497

Urania, 185

Aphrodite (Praxiteles), 495

Aphrodite (Scopas), 498

Aphrodite Anadyomene (Apelles), 300, 493

Aphrodite of Melos, 133, 624

Aphrodite of the Gardens (Alcamenes), 326

Apocrypha , 603, 604

Apollo , 23*, 56, 58, 73, 87*, 92, 96, 104–105, 118, 131, 141, 159, 161, 169, 179, 180, 182–183, 184, 188, 193, 198, 199, 200, 216, 218, 227, 228, 245, 274, 326, 328, 355, 376, 389, 401, 409, 410, 416, 472, 559, 570, 574, 618

Lyceus, 525

Apollo (Scopas), 498

Apollo Belvedere, 624

Apollo Citharoedus, 498

Apollo of Sunium, 222

Apollo of Tenea, 222

Apollo Sauroctonus (sō-rŏk’-tŏ-nŭs) (Praxiteles), 496

Apollo Smintheus (Scopas), 497

Apollodorus , painter (fl. 5th century B.C.), 317

Apollodorus, historian and mythographer (2nd century B.C.), 163

Apollodorus, Macedonian revolutionary (3rd century B.C.), 559, 560

Apollonia , 157, 580

Apollonius of Alexandria, grammarian (fl. 1st century A.D.), 601

Apollonius of Miletus, physician (fl. 2nd century B.C.), 639

Apollonius of Perga, geometer (3rd century B.C.), 338, 627, 628

Apollonius of Rhodes, poet and grammarian (3rd century B.C.), 42, 601, 608–609

Apollonius of Tralles, sculptor (fl. 2nd century B.C.), 623

Apollonius of Tyre, 650

Apoxyomenos (ăp-ŏk’-sē-ŏm’-ě-năs) (Lysippus), 292, 498

Apology (Plato), 371, 417*, 513*

Appius Claudius, see Claudius, Appius

aqueducts, 121, 142

Arabia, 161, 234, 238, 276, 551, 576, 580, 590, 593, 629, 667

Aral Sea, 575

Aramaic, 603

Aratus of Sicyon, statesman (271-213 B.C.), 560–561, 569–570, 612, 619

Aratus of Soli, didactic poet (315-245 B.C.), 560, 635

Arbela , 56, 234, 540, 545

Arbitrants, The (Menander) 607–608

arboriculture, in Cyprus, 34, 133; in Chios, 150; in Attica, 269, 463; in Egypt, 588

Arcadia , 41†, 86, 87, 89, 133, 178, 194, 226, 462, 499*, 570, 613

Arcesilaus , philosopher (316-241 B.C.), 636, 643, 657

Archeanassa , courtesan, 300

Archelaus (ăr’-kě-lā’-ŭs), King of Macedonia (reigned 413–399 B.C.), 291, 418, 437, 475

Archelaus of Miletus, philosopher (fl. 5th century B.C.), 367, 371

Archeological Museum (Constantinople), 623, 625

Archeological Museum (Florence), 219

archeology, 5–6, 24–27, 34–35, 44

Archermus , sculptor (6th century B.C.), 150, 222

Archestratus (ăr’-kě-strā’-tŭs), banker (5th century B.C.), 274

Archestratus, poet (fl. 330 B.C.), 649

Archestratus, tyrant of Sicyon, 619

Archidamus , King of Sparta, 81, 82

Archilochus , lyric poet (714?-676 B.C.), 132, 152, 157, 193, 229

Archimedes , scientist (287?-212 B.C.), 265, 501, 588, 598–599, 627, 628–634, 640, 669, 671

Archippe, courtesan, 300

architecture, in Crete, 7, 11–12, 18–19

in Tiryns, 27–28

in Mycenae, 28–30

in Troy, 34–35

in Homeric society, 52–53

in Athens, 122, 308

in Sicily, 171, 172

in 7th and 6th centuries, 223–226

in Periclean age, 327–336

in 4th century, 491–492

in Hellenistic age, 617–618

archon basileus, 109, 117, 263–264

archon eponymos, 109

archon polemarchos, 109

archon thesmothetai, 109*, in, 258

archonship, 23, 108, 109–110, 115–116, 121, 249–250, 263–264

Archytas, philosopher and scientist (428-347 B.C.), 166, 500, 501, 510

Arctic Circle, 637

Arctonnesus , 156

arenas, see stadiums

Areopagiticus (Isocrates), 487–488

Areopagus , 110, 115, 124, 125, 247, 255, 257, 258, 259, 264, 390, 488

Ares (ā’-rēz), 50, 57, 58, 182, 184, 185

Ares (Scopas), 497

Arete , daughter of Aristippus, 505

arete, 298, 372

Arginusae , 311, 450, 455

Argo (är’-gō), 43

Argolic Gulf, 31, 96

Argolis ), 72, 542

Argonautica (Apollonius of Rhodes), 609

Argonauts (är’-gō-nŏts), 42–43, 44, 189, 403

Argos (är’-gŏs), 23, 27, 39, 41, 50*, 55, 56, 61, 62, 64, 70–72, 79, 86, 89, 90, 125*, 165, 178, 200, 221, 231, 239, 246, 322, 378, 441, 466, 497, 569, 570, 661, 665

Argus (är’-gŭs), 28, 72

Ariadne , 6, 15, 23, 229

Ariana, 546

Arion , poet of Lesbos (7th century B.C.), 91, 230, 232

Aristaeus , mathematician (4th century B.C.), 628

Aristagoras , Regent of Miletus (d. 497 B.C.), 234–235

Aristander , soothsayer (4th century B.C.), 540

Aristarchus of Samos, astronomer (fl. 280–264 B.C.), 502, 634, 635, 636, 658, 669

Aristarchus of Samothrace, grammarian and critic (220-143 B.C.), 209, 601, 602

Aristeas, 595*

Aristides , statesman and general (?-468? B.C.), 236–237, 245, 246, 294

Aristides of Thebes, painter (4th century B.C.), 492

Aristion, stela of, 69, 223

Aristippus of Cyrene, philosopher (435?-356? B.C.), 173, 290, 301, 302, 369, 467, 504–505, 506, 510, 644

Aristo of Chios, Stoic philosopher (fl. 250 B.C.), 652*

Aristocles , see Plato

Aristocles, sculptor (6th century B.C.), 223

Aristocles, sculptor (5th century B.C.), 322

aristocracy, in Sparta, 79–80

in Corinth, 91; in Attica, 108

in Miletus, 134; in Athens, 281–282

Aristodama of Smyrna, poetess (4th century B.C.), 567

Aristodemus , King of Messenia (8th century B.C.), 73

Aristogeiton , tyrannicide 6th century B.C.), 123–124, 221, 298, 301

Aristomenes , 73

Aristophanes , comic dramatist (448?-380? B.C.), 108, 130, 178, 199, 231, 252–253, 266, 273, 283, 293, 307, 337, 363, 364, 370, 373, 390, 401, 415, 417, 420–429, 439, 453, 467, 469, 482, 489, 514, 606

Aristophanes of Byzantium, grammarian and critic (257-180? B.C.), 132, 205*, 601, 602, 607

Aristotle , philosopher (384-322 B.C.), 5, 56, 95, in, 113, 114, 116, 118, 120, 136, 137, 158, 160, 166, 167, 172, 174, 196, 204, 207, 228*, 229, 230, 231, 245, 247, 249, 278*, 280, 287, 289, 293, 302, 303, 310, 321, 340, 353, 356, 363, 364, 368, 373, 381, 398, 411, 431, 442, 449, 459, 463, 465, 467, 468, 469, 486, 488, 501, 512, 513, 515, 524–537, 538, 539, 547, 550, 553, 586, 601, 607, 617, 638, 640, 641, 642, 644, 656, 657, 669

Aristotle (Grote), 532 *

Aristoxenus of Tarentum, philosopher and writer on music (fl. 4th century B.C.), 364, 617, 669

arithmetic, 163–164, 337–338, 500, 627, 630

Arkalochori (ăr’-kō-lō-kôr’-ē), 6

Ark of the Covenant, 583

Arles, 169

Armenia, 238, 460, 578

army, in Crete, 23

in Homeric society, 54–55

in Sparta, 77, 80, 81, in Athens, 264–265

in Macedonia, 476–477

army equipment, 264–265, 471, 476–477

tactics, in Sparta, 81

in Athens, 265

in Thebes, 462

in Macedonia, 476–477

Arnold, Matthew, English critic (1822–1888), 579

Arretophoria , 200

Arrian, Flavius, historian (100?-170?), 502, 548, 549, 550*

Arsaces , founder of kingdom of Parthia (248? B.C.), 578

Arsinoë , Queen of Egypt (285 B.C.), 586, 593

Arsinoë (city), 576

Artaxerxes (är’-tăk-sûrk’-sēz) I, King of Persia (d. 425 B.C.), 234, 246, 343

Artaxerxes II, King of Persia (d. 361 B.C.), 460, 461

Artaxerxes III, King of Persia (reigned 359–338 B.C.), 542, 547

Artemis , 58, 108, 142, 143, 175, 178, 181, 182, 183, 185, 200, 226, 322, 326, 402, 410, 411, 577

Orthia , 82, 194

Artemisia , consort of Mausolus, Prince of Caria (fl. 350 B.C.), 134, 494

Artemisium , 239–240, 245, 383

arts, in Crete, 8–10, 16–20

in Tiryns and Mycenae, 30–33

in Homeric society, 52–53

after Dorian invasion, 63

in Sparta, 74–77, 87

in Corinth, 91–92

in Athens, 122

in 7th and 6th centuries, 217–233

in Periclean age, 313–336

in Syracuse, 438

in 4th century, 491–499

in Judea, 580

in Hellenistic age, 616–626

arts, patronage of, 10, 251–252, 472

Aryans, 35

Ascalaphus , 41†

Ascalon , 580

asceticism, 85, 191, 192, 509

Asclepiads , 96, 342

Asclepiodorus , painter (4th century B.C.), 492

Asclepius , 96, 179, 180, 182, 327, 342, 346

Ascra , 98, 100

Asculum, 660

Ashdod, 580, see Azotus

Asia, 4, 20, 34, 35, 55, 59, 62, 63, 127, 140, 165, 174, 437, 461, 467, 477, 480, 486, 525, 543, 544, 545, 547, 551, 557, 558, 562, 565, 571, 572, 575–577, 578, 579, 617, 625, 637, 644, 645, 664

Asia Minor, 3, 20, 25, 42, 55, 68, 70, 98, 128, 151, 158, 170, 234, 499, 551, 557, 558, 559, 572, 573, 578, 601, 613, 667

Aspasia of Miletus, consort of Pericles (470?-410 B.C.), 251, 252–253, 254, 289, 300, 337, 348, 439, 442, 450

Assembly (Athens), 115–116, 119–120, 121, 125, 126, 237, 240, 247, 250, 251, 254, 255–256, 257, 263, 264, 266, 298, 358, 360, 442, 443, 445, 446, 447, 449, 450, 466, 469, 479, 483, 554, 645, 651

Assembly (Sparta), 79, 80, 447, 452

Assembly (Syracuse), 474

Assus, 327, 524, 525, 652

Assumption, feast of the, 183

Assyria, 30, 68, 69, 224, 238, 572, 603

Astacus , 156

Astarte (ăs-tär’-tē), 178

astrology, 137, 566, 653

astronomy, 15, 69, 135, 137, 163–164, 339, 501–502, 566, 631, 634–637

Astyanax , 57, 316, 406–409

asylum, right of, 192–193, 262

Atalanta , 43, 105, 497

Atalanta in Calydon (Swinburne), 105*

ataraxia, 644

Atarissyas , King of the Ahhijavas, 39

Atarneus , 524, 578

Athamus , 42

atheism, 644–645

Athena , 26, 40, 49, 50*, 58, 59, 61, 87*, 101, 120, 122, 167, 175, 179, 182, 183, 184, 185, 187, 199, 227, 273, 323, 327, 331, 332, 333, 334, 389, 431, 492, 622, 650

Athena (Scopas), 497

Athena and Marsyas (Myron), 323

Athenaeus (ăth’-ē-nē’-ŭs), grammarian (fl. 2nd century), 91, 149, 160†, 218, 278*, 301, 349, 370*, 390, 435, 561, 593, 617, 640

Athene Parthenos (Pheidias), 179, 221, 253, 266, 324, 325, 329

Athene Polias, 330, 331

Athene Promachos (prō’-mă-kŏs) (Pheidias), 325

Athenian Confederacy, 439–440, 442, 469, 470, 487

Athenis , sculptor (6th century B.C.), 144, 150

Athenodorus , sculptor (2nd? century B.C.), 622

Athens (ăth’-ěnz), 5, 23*, 40, 42, 50*, 69, 71, 72, 77, 79, 81, 82, 86, 87, 90, 98–126, 127, 131, 135, 149, 151, 157, 172, 173, 174, *75, 177, 178, 179, 182, 184, 185, 188, 191, 194, 195, 197, 199, 200, 203, 204, 207, 208, 215, 219, 221, 223, 226, 227, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236–237, 238, 239–241, 242, Chapters XI, XII, XIII, and XIV passim, 337, 339, 341, 342, 349, 351, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 363, 368–369, 372, 375, 381, 430, 433, 436, 437, 439–456, 459, 461, 463–470, 477, 478–480, 481, 485–488, 489, 491, 497, 503, 507, 509, 510, 514, 519, 523, 524, 525, 542, 543, 552–554, 558, 560, 561–562, 563, 565, 566, 570, 573, 574, 586, 591, 600, 601, 606–607, 608, 612, 616, 617, 623, 625, 638, 640, 641, 643, 644, 645, 650, 651, 652, 662, 666

Athens Museum, 212, 222, 223, 321, 322, 331, 499.

athletics, in Homeric society, 48

in Sparta, 82–83; in social structure, 211–217

Athos (ăth’-ŏs), Mt., 239, 545*

Atlantic Ocean, 3, 637

Atlantis, 118

Atlas (ăt’-lăs), 41†, 328–329

Atman (ät’-màn), 654

atomic theory, 342, 352, 353–354, 646–647

Atossa , daughter of Cyrus the Great, and wife of Cambyses, Smerdis, and Darius Hystaspis (6th century B.C.), 342

Atreus , 26, 27, 29, 39, 42, 386

Attalus I, King of Pergamum (reigned 241–197 B.C.), 578, 623, 627

Attalus II Philadelphus, King of Pergamum (reigned 159–138 B.C.), 481, 549

Attalus, Macedonian general (4th century B.C.), 481, 549

Atthis , 154

Attica , 17, 27, 30, 40, 62, 74, 75, 77, 103, 106, 107–126, 128, 129, 134, 178, 188, 189, 200, 212, 220, 226, 231, 250, Chapter XII passim, 320, 322, 323, 324, 329–335, 440, 441, 447, 470, 562, 568; dialect, 204

Attic pottery, 219–220

Attis , 13, 178, 467

Atys , see Attis

Augeas (ô -jē’-ăs), 41†

Augustine, Saint (354–430), 455*, 523

Augustus (Caius Julius Caesar Octavianus), Roman emperor (63 B.C–A.D. 14), 89†, 121, 149, 499, 552, 598

auletrides, 299–300

Aulis , 56, 107, 386, 410

Aurelius, Marcus, see Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius

Austria, 62*, 602

Azotus (à-zō’-tŭs), 580

B

Babylon , 294, 431, 507, 545, 549, 551, 575, 577, 587, 605, 612, 627, 634

Babylonia , 68–69, 72, 135, 178, 203, 238, 460, 557, 558, 566, 572, 578, 635

Babylonians, The (Aristophanes), 421

Bacchae (băk’-ē), The (Euripides), 401, 411, 418

Bacchanalia , 583, 587

Bacchante (Scopas), 498

Bacchantes (bă-kăn’-tēz), 418

Bacchiadae , 90, 92

Bacchoi (bă’-koi), 187

Bacchus (băk’-ŭs), 625, see also Dionysus

Bacchylides , poet (ca. 505–450 B.C.), 76*, 131, 375, 438

Bach, Johann Sebastian, German composer (1685–1750), 375, 400

back-to-nature movement, 372, 509

Bacon, Francis, Baron Verulam, Viscount St. Albans, English philosopher (1561–1626), 353, 644

Bactria , 238, 552, 557, 573, 575, 576, 578, 616, 617

Bactriana, 546

Baer, Karl Ernst von, Estonian naturalist and embryologist (1792–1876), 529

Baghdad , 572

Balaustion’s Adventure (Browning), 402*

Balkans, 35, 127, 157, 486, 559

ball games, 212

Baluchistan , 547, see also Gedrosia

banking, 274, 464, 562–563, 575, 590

Banquet (Xenophon), 364

barbarian (in Greek sense), defined, 70

Barberini Faun, 625

barbers, 291

barter, 47, 575

Basilica , 168

bas-relief, in Crete, 16–17, 19–20

in 7th and 6th century, 222–223

in Periclean age, 319

in 4th century, 494

Bassae, 327–328

Baths of Caracalla, 623*

Baths of Titus, 622

Bathycles of Magnesia, sculptor (fl. 550 B.C.), 87*

Batis , general of Gaza (4th century B.C.), 541

Battle of Issus, 620–621

Battle of Marathon (Panaenus), 317

Bayle, Pierre, French philosopher and critic (1647–1706), 432

beauty contests, 218

Beethoven, Ludwig van, German composer (1770–1827), 326, 401

Beirut , 575, see also Berytus

Bellerophon (bě-lŏr’-ō-fŏn), 25

Bendis , 467, 566

Beneventum, 661

Beni-Hasan , 68, 224

Bentinck, William Henry Cavendish, 3rd Duke of Portland (1738–1809), 616*

Bentley, Richard, English critic and classical scholar (1662–1742), 210

Berenice (běr’-ě-nī’-sē), Queen of Egypt (28?-70), 587

Bergson, Henri, French philosopher, 147, 657

Berkeley, George, Irish metaphysician (1685–1753), 531†

Berlin Museum, 26, 315, 618

Bernini, Giovanni Lorenzo, Italian painter, sculptor, and architect (1598–1680), 622†

Berosus (bě-rō’-sŭs), Chaldean priest and chronicler (fl. 3rd century B.C.), 612

Berytus , 575

Bessus, satrap of Bactria under Darius III (fl. 331 B.C.), 546

Bias (bī’-ăs) of Priene, one of the Seven Sages (fl. ca. 570 B.C.), 141, 261

Bible, 36, 135, 206, 210, 211, 594–595, 603, 628

biblos, 206

biology, 139, 502, 528–531

Bios Hellados (Dicaear-chus), 488

Birds, The (Aristophanes), 338, 378, 428

birth control, 287, 468, 567–568

Birth of Aphrodite, The, 319

Bisanthe , 157

Bithynia , 450, 557, 578

black-figure ware, 219–220

Black Sea, 3, 4, 36, 43, 44, 55, 70, 128, 129, 135, 156, 157, 158, 219, 234, 245, 275, 276, 430, 437, 440, 441, 460, 559, 575, 578, 667

Blegen, Carl W., American archeologist, 35*

Blepyrus , 283

Boar Hunt, 31

Boedromion , 199

Boeon (bē’-ŏn), Mt., 103

boeotarch, 462

Boeotia , 27, 33, 40–42, 61*, 98–103, 106, 107, 108, 128, 198, 227, 238, 437, 440, 441, 462, 463, 477, 495, 569, 666

Boeotian Confederacy, 103, 437, 462

Boethus, (bō-ē’-thŭs) of Sidon, philosopher (1st century B.C.), 652

Boethus, sculptor (2nd century B.C.), 625

Boghaz Keui (bō-gäz’ kû-ē), 37

Bokhara , 546

Book of the Law, 581, 582, 583, 594

Book of the Dead, 190

books, 206–207, 600–606

Boreas (bō’-rē-ăs), 177

Borghese Gallery (Rome), 625

Bosanquet, Robert Carr, English archeologist, 6

Bosporus (bŏs’-pô r-ŭs), 4*, 92, 156, 157, 234, 242, 449

Bossuet, Jacques Bénigne, French bishop of Meaux, and pulpit orator (1627–1704), 432

Boston Museum of Fine Arts, 17, 499

botany, 637–638

boule , 54, 110, 115, 256–257, 263

bouleuterion, 257

Bouphonia , 200

Bourbons, 451

Boxers’ Vase, 17

boxing, 12, 214–215

Bozzaris, Marco, Greek patriot (1788–1823), 105

Brahman (brä-măn), 654

Brahmans, 612, see also India

Branchidae (brăn-kī’-dē), 222, 226, 546

Brasidas , Spartan general (?-422 B.C.), 443

Brauron, 108, 411

Brauronia , 108, 200

Brazen Race (Theogony), 102

Brennus, Gaulish leader, invader of Italy (fl. 390 B.c.), 472

Brennus, Gaulish leader (fl. 279), 559

Brentesium , 159

bridges, 238–239, 272–273

Brindisi, 159, see also Brentesium

Briseis , 56, 58, 208, 302, 620

British Isles, 590

British Museum, 29, 68*, 134, 222, 322*, 492, 494*, 499, 616*, 622‡

British School of Athens, 33

Bronze Age, in Crete, 7

in Mycenae, 28

in Cyprus, 33

in Achaean society, 64

in Melos, 133

bronzework, in Crete, 16

in Homeric society, 46

in Sparta, 77

in Samos, 143

in 7th and 6th centuries, 221

in Periclean age, 314–315

Browning, Robert, English poet (1812–1889), 402*

Brucheum , 592, 593

Bruttium , 614

Brutus, Marcus Junius, Roman politician (85-42 B.C.), 124*, 541

Bryaxis , sculptor (fl. 350 B.C.), 494

Brygus (brī’-gŭs), potter, (fl. 5th century B.C.), 315

Bucephalus , 493, 538, 621

Bucharest, 542

Buddha, 357

Bug River, 157

building trade, 18–19, 122, 272

Bularchus, painter (8th century B.C.), 316

Bulis, Spartan envoy (5th century B.C.), 238

bullfights, 12–13, 32

Buonarotti, Michelangelo, Italian artist (1475–1564), 400, 497, 622, 623*, 669

Bupalus (bŭ’-pă-iŭs), sculptor (6th century B.C.), 144, 150

Burgas, 157, see also Apollonia

burial, in Crete, 14

in Mycenae, 32

in Homeric society, 48

in Athens, 311–312

Burke, Edmund, English statesman and orator (1729–1797), 488*

Burnouf, Eugene, French Orientalist (1801–1852), 26

burnt offerings, 194–195

Butades of Sicyon, first Greek modeler in clay (7th century B.C.), 222

Buthrotum (bŭ-thrō’-tŭm), 660*

Butrinto, see Buthrotum

Byron, George Gordon, Baron, English poet (1788–1824), 105, 156, 386, 412, 497

Byzantine Empire, 231, 667

Byzantium , 92, 157, 275, 449, 470, 489, 498, 557, 559, 562, 566, 575, 576

Byzas (bī’-zăs), supposed founder of Byzantium (fl. 657 B.C.), 157*

C

Cadmeia , 40, 462, 543, 553

Cadmus (kăd’-mŭs), 40, 68, 418, 462

Cadmus of Miletus, logographer (fl. 550 B.C.), 140

Caesar, Caius Julius, Roman general, statesman, and historian (100-44 B.C.), 67, 70, 106, 169, 493, 540, 552, 574, 580, 598, 602, 612

Calamis, Athenian sculptor (5th century B.C.), 324

Calauria , 199, 553

Calaurian Amphictyony, 199

Caledonia, 376

calendar, Minoan, 15

Athenian, 199–200, 341

Callias , statesman and profligate (fl. 371 B.C.), 281*, 517

Callicles , Sophist (5th century B.C.), 295

Callicrates , architect (fl. 5th century B.C.), 331, 332

Callimachus , Athenian sculptor (fl. 5th century B.C.), 327, 332

Callimachus of Cyrene, poet and grammarian (320?-240? B.C.), 598, 602, 608–609, 636

Callinus (kă-lī’-nŭs) of Ephesus, elegiac poet (fl. 700 B.C.), 143

Calliope (kă-lī’-ō-pē), 186

Callipolis , 157

Callisthenes , philosopher and historian (ca. 360–327 B.C.), 550

Callon, sculptor (5th century B.C.), 322

Calvinism, 656

Calydon , 105

Calypso , 59, 60, 61

Camarina , 438

Cambridge Ancient History; The, 532*

Cambridge University, 670

Camirus (kă-mī’-rŭs), 134, 571

Canachus , sculptor (6th century B.C.), 322

canals, 575, 589

Candia , 5

Candaules, King of Lydia, (8th century B.C.), 316

Canetha , 580

Cannae (kăn’-ē), 234, 662

Canopus , 173

Canova, Antonio, Italian sculptor (1757–1822), 334

Capitoline Museum (Rome), 321*, 495, 623, 624†

Capitoline Venus, 624

Cappadocia , 13, 557, 578

caprification, 269

Captivity, 605

Caria , 20, 30, 34, 134, 238, 276, 450, 494, 576, 623

Carneades , orator and philosopher (213-129 B.C.), 351, 503, 598, 643, 657

Carneia , 75

Carrel, Alexis, American surgeon, born in France, 516*

Carthage , 67, 70, 169, 170, 171, 173, 241–242, 272, 438–439, 471, 472, 474, 557, 561, 575, 598, 599, 602, 613, 660–661, 662, 666

Caryatids , Porch of the, 332

Carystus , 503

Caspian Sea, 551, 575

Cassander, King of Macedonia (ca. 350–297 B.C.), 558

Cassandra (kă-săn’-drá), 180, 301, 307, 388, 406

Cassius Longinus, Caius, Roman politician (d. 42 B.C.), 124

Castalian Spring, 104

Castor , 105*

Catalogue of Women (Hesiod), 100–102

Catana , 77, 167*, 170, 171

Categories (Aristotle), 526*

Catholicism, 217, 594

Cato, Marcus Porcius (the Elder), Roman statesman (234-149 B.C.), 643

Cato, Marcus Porcius (the Younger), Roman statesman (95-46 B.C.), 656

Caucasus, 384

Causes (Callimachus), 608

Causes of Plants, The (Theophrastus), 637

Cayster (kī-stěr) River, 143

Caystrian Gulf, 143

Cecrops (sē’-krŏ;ps), 40, 50*, 331

celibacy, 83

Cellini, Benvenuto, Italian artist in metal and writer (1500–1571), 32, 332, 630

Celts, 37, 559, see also Gaul

censorship, 117, 523

centaurs, 328, 333

Ceos (kě’-ōs), 129–131

Cephallenia (kyě’ fäl-yē-nē’-ä), 159

Cephalus , Athenian businessman (fl. 5th century B.C.), 272

Cephesus (sē-fī’-sŭs) River, 269

Cephisodotus , sculptor, and father of Praxiteles (fl. 400 B.C.), 495

Cephisodotus, sculptor, and son of Praxiteles (fl. 4th century B.C.), 621

ceramics, in Crete, 6–7, 16–17

in Mycenae, 31

in Cyprus, 34

in Troy, 35

after Dorian invasion, 63

in Sparta, 77

in Samos, 143

in 7th and 6th centuries, 218–220

in Peri-clean age, 315; in Hellenistic age, 616

Ceramicus , 219, 220, 315, 464

Cercidas , philosopher of Megalopolis (3rd century B.C.), 569

Ceres (sē’-rēz), 168, see also Demeter

Cesnola, Luigi Palma di, Count, Italian-American archeologist (1832–1904), 33*

Ceylon, 564

Chaerephon , Athenian, 367

Chaeronea , 29, 103, 104, 442, 479, 480, 488, 541, 558

Chalcedon (kăl’-sē-dŏn), 156, 449

Chalcidice , 157–158, 441

Chalcis (kăl’-sis), 30, 106, 107, 157, 169, 219, 275, 141, 553, 562, 573, 575

alphabet, 205

Chaldeans, 135, 161, 653

Chamaizi (kă-mī’-zē), 6

Champollion, jean François, French Egyptologist (1790–1832), 8

Chance, see Tyche

Chandragupta Maurya , King of Magadha (321-296 B.C.), 6l2

Chaos, 69, 99

Characters (Theophrastus), 196–197, 641

Charaxus (kăr’-ăk-sús), brother of Sappho (fl. 600 B.C.), 153

Chares (kā’-rēz), 68*

Chares of Lindus, sculptor (fl. 280 B.C.), 621

Charilaus , King of Sparta (9th? centuryB.C.), 78

Charioteer of Delphi, 143, 217, 221

chariot races, 48, 212, 215

charity, 294, 563

Charlemagne, see Charles I

Charles I, King of France and Emperor of the West (742–814), 29

Charmides (kăr-mī’-dēz), philosopher (5th centuryB.C.), 366, 452, 510

Charmides (Plato), 513*

Charon (kā’-rŏn), 311

Charondas , Sicilian lawgiver (fl. 6th centuryB.C.), 77, 170, 258

Charybdis , 61, 167

Chasidim , 581, 582, 583, 584, 604, 605

chemistry, 589

Cheops (kē’-ŏps), King of Egypt (fl. ca. 3700 B.C.), 432

Chersonese (kûr’-sō-nēz) in Taurus, 108

Chersonese in Thrace, 470

Chigi vase, 219

children, position of, in Homeric society, 47, 51–52

in Sparta, 82–83

in Athens, 287–288 Chilon (kī’-lŏn) of Sparta, one of the Seven Sages (fl. ca. 6th centuryB.C.), 141

Chilonis , wife of Cleombrotus III (3rd centuryB.C.), 569

China, 36, 135*, 180, 220, 575, 590, 637, 669

Chios (kī’-ŏs), 150, 193, 207, 275, 279, 470, 499, 567

Chloe (klō’-ē), 171

Choephoroe (kō-ěf’-ō-rē) (Aeschylus), 388–389

Choerilus , tragic poet (fl. 524 B.C.), 233

Choiseul-Gouffier (shwä-zěl gouf-yā) Apollo, 222

choragus 379, 482

choral ode, 77

choral singing, 228–229, 230

chorus, in drama, 232, 379, 412

Chremonides , statesman (3rd centuryB.C.), 560

Christ, 188, 191, 321, 566, 595

Christianity, 26, 68, 131, 139, 147, 176, 178*, 183, 189, 191, 192, 195, 311, 373, 523, 577, 583, 595, 640, 653, 657, 658

Chronicles, Books of, 603

Chronographia (Eratosthenes), 636

Chrysa , 497

Chryseis, (krī-sē’-ís), 56, 302

Chryseis Queen of Macedonia (3rd century B.C.), 571

Chryses (krī’-sēz), 56

Chrysippus , Stoic philosopher (ca. 280–206 B.C.), 643, 649, 652, 655*, 656

Chrysopolis, 156

chthonic worship, 38, 177, 179–180, 188, 194–195

Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Roman orator and man of letters (106-43 B.C.), 70, 80, 107, 118, 130, 356, 432, 488*, 491, 526, 541, 612, 631*, 649

Cilicia , 118*, 238, 576

Cimon (sī’-mŏn), Athenian statesman and general (510-449B.C.), 236, 245, 247, 279, 316, 420, 535

Cineas of Thessaly, minister of Pyrrhus (fl. 280 B.C.), 660

Circe (sûr’-sē), 60

circumcision, 582, 584

Cirrha , 104*

Cithaeron , Mt., 98

Citium , 34, 650

citizenship, in Sparta, 79–80, 570; in Athens, 110, 116, 124–125, 250, 254

city planning, 330, 592, 617

city-state, 71, 174, 203–204, 554

Cius (kē’-ŭs), 156

Cladeus (klă’-dā-ŭs) River, 88

clans, in Crete, 10

in Homeric society, 45, 53–54

in Attica, 108

abolishment of, in Athens, 124, 268

classes, in Homeric society, 46

in Sparta, 73–74

in Athens, 110–111, 276–280

see also metics, slaves, freemen, etc.

class war, in Homeric society, 47

in Athens, 112–114, 280–286, 465–467

in 4th and 3rd centuries, 562–564

in Sparta, 569–570

Claudius, Appius, Roman statesman (fl. 300 B.C.), 660

Claudius Ptolemy, see Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus)

Clazomenae (klā-zŏm’-ē-nē), 150, 219, 339

Cleanthes (klē-ăn’-thēz), Stoic philosopher (300?-220?B.C.), 136, 634, 652, 653–654, 655, 658

Cleinias , father of Alcibiades (d. 447 B.C.), 444

Cleinias, friend of Xenophon, 302

Cleis, daughter of Sappho, 153

Cleisthenes, (klīs’-thē-nēz) of Athens, statesman (fl. ca. 507 B.C.), 79, 108, 110, 124–126, 237, 248, 249, 469, 487

Cleisthenes tyrant of Sicyon (6th century B.C.), 79, 89, 124†, 160, 231

Cleitus, Macedonian general (d. 328 B.C.). 538, 544, 550

Cleobolus (klē’-ō-bū’-lŭs) of Lindus in Rhodes, one of the Seven Sages (fl. 6th century B.C.), 141

Cleombrotus (klē’-ŏm-brō’-tus) II, King of Sparta (reigned 380–371B.C.), 462

Cleombrotus III, King of Sparta (reigned 243–240 B.C.), 569

Cleomenes (klē-ŏm’-ē-nēz) I, King of Sparta (reigned 520–490 B.C.), 85

Cleomenes III, King of Sparta (reigned 235–220 B.C.), 569–570

Cleon (klē’-ŏn), Athenian demagogue and general (d. 422 B.C.), 255, 271, 341, 421–422, 423, 429, 433, 440, 441, 442–443

Cleonae (klē-ō’-nē), 158

Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt (69-30 B.C.), 89†, 593, 602

Cleophon (klē’-ō-fŏn), Athenian demagogue (fl. 411–404 B.C.), 255, 450

Clepsydra , courtesan, 300

cleruchies, 250, 588

climate, 3, 21, 107

Clio (klí’-ō), 186

Clitias , potter, (fl. 560 B.C.), 219

clothing, in Crete, 9

of Achaeans, 37, 45

in Homeric society, 51

in Sparta, 85

in Athens, 292–293

Clouds, The (Aristophanes), 339*, 369, 381, 424–428, 429

clubs 255, 282–283, 310

Clymene , 103*

Clytaemnestra , 29, 32, 36, 39, 51, 56, 59, 386–389, 404–405, 409

Cnidian Sentences (Euryphron), 342

Cnidus (nī’-dŭs), 62, 105, 133–134, 141, 171, 342, 461, 491, 495, 497, 499, 501, 564

Cnossus (nŏs’-ŭs), 5–8, 10–13, 15, 18–23, 28, 29, 33, 35, 44, 47

Codrus, legendary King of Athens (fl. 1068 B.C.), 109, 113

coinage, in Lydia, 69

in Argos, 72

in Corinth, 90

in Aegina, 95, 114

in Athens, 114, 121, 273–274, 314

in Syracuse, 314

in Elis, 314

in Seleucid Empire, 575

Colchis , 43, 55, 157, 238, 403

Collection of Lemmas (Archimedes), 629

colonization, 3, 34, 59, 70–71, 106, 121, 127–129, 133–135, 156–158, 159–160, 168–169, 170, 173

Colonus (kŏ-lō’-nŭs), 180, 391

Colophon (kŏl’-ŏ-fōn), 148, 645

Colossus of Rhodes, 143*, 177

Colotes (kō-lō’-tēz) of Lampsacus, philosopher (3rd century B.C.), 649

Columbus, Christopher, Genoese explorer (1446?-1506), 27

columniation, 68, 169, 221, 224–225, 327, 492, 617–618

Coma Berenices, 587

comedy, 230–231, 420–429, 482–483, 606–608

Commentaries (Pythagoras), 163

common land, see property, community

common mess, in Crete, 23; in Sparta, 83, 84–85

communication, in Homeric society, 46–47; in Egypt, 589–590

communism, in Pythagorean society, 166

in Lipari Islands, 170, 171

in plays of Aristophanes, 283

in Athens, 465

in philosophy of Plato, 509–510, 520

Concord, temple of, 172

concubinage, in Homeric society, 48, 50

in Athens, 304–305

in 4th century, 467

in Hellenistic age, 567

Confucius, Chinese philosopher (551-478 B.C.), 371, 376, 473

Congress (United States of America), 256

Congreve, William, English dramatist (1670–1729), 607

Conies (Apollonius of Perga), 627, 628

Conies (Euclid), 628

Conon (kō’-nŏn), Athenian general (fl. 400 B.C.), 461

conscription in army, 264

Conservatori, Palace of, 625

Constanta, 157, see also Istrus

Constantine the Great, Roman emperor (272–337), 575, 649, 667*

Constantinople, 155, 157, 571, 577, 667*, see also Byzantium

constitutional law, in Sparta, 79–81, 86

in Athens, under Draco, 111–112, under Solon, 114–118

Constitution of Athens, The (Aristotle), 526*, 534*

contraception, 468

contracts, 259

cooking, in Homeric society, 51; in Athens, 309

Copais (kō’-pīs), Lake, 103

Copernicus, Nikolaus, Polish astronomer (1473–1543), 340, 502, 634, 635, 669

Corax of Syracuse, rhetorician (fl. 466 B.C.), 430

Corcyra , 60, 90–91, 159, 246, 284, 440–441, 662

Corfu , 60, 159, 662, see also Corcyra

Corinna , lyric poetess (fl. 5th century B.C.), 107, 374, 376

Corinth , 38, 62, 64, 79, 89–92, 105, 159, 172, 185, 200, 211, 216, 219, 221, 272, 275, 279, 315, 375, 439, 440–441, 474, 480, 504, 507, 510, 542, 560–561, 562, 569, 575, 662, 663, 666

Corinth, Gulf of, 62, 89, 104

Corinth, Isthmus of, 31, 62

Corinthian order (architecture), 122, 224, 327, 492, 617

Corinthians I (St. Paul), 91

Coronea , 103, 215, 440, 444, 461, 489

Coronis , 96

Corpus Hippocraticum, 343–345

Corsica, 150, 661

Corydon , 611

Cos (kōs), 62, 134, 272, 342, 343, 470, 495, 609, 639

cosmetics, 292

cosmogony, 98–103, 135, 137, 138, 139, 144–145, 168

cosmology, in philosophy of Thales, 137

of Anaximander, 138–139

of Heracleitus, 144–145

of Pythagoras, 164

of Anaxagoras, 339–340

of Parmenides, 350

of Leucippus, 353

of Empedocles, 356–357

of Epicurus, 646

of Stoics, 652–653

cosmopolitanism, 362, 562, 600

Cossutius , Roman architect (2nd century B.C.), 617

Council of Athens, see boule

Council of Elders (Judea), 579–580

Council of Five Hundred, 256, 263, 264, 290

Council of 501, 125, 126

Council of Five Thousand, 449

Council of Four Hundred (6th century), 115, 121, 125

Council of Four Hundred (411 B.C.), 449

Council of Thirty, 451–452, 510, 554

courtesans, see hetairai, also concubinage, also prostitution

courts, in Crete, 11; in Athens, 116, 125, see also heliaea

Crannon (kră’-ŭn), 106, 553

Crates (krā’-tēz) of Thebes, Cynic philosopher (4th century B.C.), 509, 650–651

Cratinus , comic dramatist (ca. 520–423 B.C.), 420, 429

Cratylus (Plato), 371, 513*

credit system, 464

cremation, 311

Creon (krē’-ŏn) of Corinth, 403–404

Creon of Thebes, 41, 396–397, 398

Cresilas , sculptor (fl. 450 B.C.), 322

Crete (krēt), 5–23, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 47, 54, 62, 63, 64, 68, 70, 75, 78, 128, 133, 170, 179, 203, 218, 231, 301, 566, 585

crime, in Sparta, 83

in Athens, 116–117, 258

Crimea, 157

Crisaea , 104

Critias , Athenian orator, politician, and author (d. 403 B.C.), 368, 370, 373, 451–452, 510

Critius, sculptor (fl. 5th century B.C.), 324

Crito (krī’-tō), Athenian, 260*, 365, 369, 454–455

Crito (Plato), 513*

Croesus (krē’-sŭs), King of Lydia (fl. 560 B.C.), 118–119, 141, 142, 143, 575

Croiset, Alfred (1845–1923) and Maurice, French classical scholars, 453*

Cronia, 199

Cronus (krō’-nŭs), 99, 102, 121, 181, 565

Crotona , 142, 160, 161, 166, 167, 169, 172, 203, 318, 327, 342

Crotone (krō-tō’-nē), 161, see also Crotona

Crouching Venus, 499

Crusoe, Robinson, 59*

Ctesias , physician and historian (fl. 5th century B.C.), 134

Ctesibius of Alexandria, inventor (fl. 2nd century B.C.), 588, 616, 633

Ctesicles of Ephesus, painter (3rd century B.C.), 619

Ctesiphon Athenian orator (4th century B.C.), 484–485

Cumae (kū’-mē), 107, 160, 169, 197, 205, 668

Cunaxa , 460, 489

Cupbearer, 10, 20

Cupid of Centocelle, 495†

currents, around Aegean Islands, 4

in Bosporus, 4*

curriculum, of Pythagorean school, 163–164

in Athenian schools, 289

in Academy, 511–512

custom, in religion, 193

in Athens (law), 257–258

in morality, 295–296

Cuvier, Georges, Baron, French naturalist (1769–1832), 8

Cybele , 13, 20, 69, 76, 143, 178, 227, 467, 507

Cyclades , 5, 10*, 21, 33, 96, 106, 128, 129–133, 235, 246, 585

Cyclopes (sī-klō’-pēz), 27†, 60

Cydippe , 608

Cyme (sī-mē) in Aeolia, 98

Cyme in Euboea, 169

Cynicism, 280, 369, 372, 503, 506–509, 644, 650–651

Cynosarges (sén’-ō-sär’-jēz), 506

Cynoscephalae , 663

Cyprus (sī’-prŭs), 4, 15, 21, 33–34, 70, 118, 133, 185, 193, 219, 234, 238, 247, 272, 275, 437, 461, 558, 585, 589, 650

Cypselus , tyrant of Corinth (fl. 655–625 B.C.), 90, 92, 218, 221

Cyrenaic School, 173, 504–505, 586, 644

Cyrene (sī-rē’-ně), 3, 68, 105, 128, 133, 173, 275, 430, 504, 510, 575, 585, 598

Cyrnus (sēr’-nŭs), 92–95

Cyropaedia (Xenophon), 490–491

Cyrus the Great, King of Persia (d. 529 B.C.), 119, 141, 245, 490, 546

Cyrus the Younger, Persian prince (d. 401 B.C.), 460, 461, 489

Cythera , 159

Cyzicus , 135, 156, 449, 501, 575

D

Daedalus , 6, 15, 17, 19, 22, 229

Dalmatia, 159, 662

Damascus, 150, 544, 575, 576, 579, 580

Damo (dā;’-mō), daughter of Pythagoras, 163

Damocles (dăm-ō-klēz), 558*

Damon (dā’-mŏn) of Athens, musician and Sophist (fl. 5th century B.C.), 248

Damon of Syracuse, Pythagorean (4th century B.C.), 471*

Damophon of Messene, sculptor (2nd century B.C.), 621

Danae (dăn’-ă-ē), courtesan, 300

Danaus (dăn’-ă-ŭs), 68, 72

dancing, in Crete, 13, 15

in Homeric society 48, 51

in Sparta, 83

contests, 212

in 7th and 6th centuries, 229–230

in drama, 232

Dancing Woman, 15

Daniel, Book of, 603, 605

Dante, see Alighieri, Dante

Danube River, 33, 36, 40, 157, 431, 543

Daphnis , 171, 610

Daphnis, architect, 618

Dardanelles , 3, 121

Dardani , 35, 36

Dardanus , 35‡

Darius I, King of Persia (558?-486? B.C.), 234, 235, 237, 238, 342, 589

Darius III, King of Persia (reigned 336–331 B.C.), 245, 541, 544, 545, 546, 547, 551, 621

Darkness (deity), 99

Darwin, Charles Robert, English naturalist (1809–1882), 147, 340, 529

Dascylium , 156

Datis , Persian satrap (5th century B.C.), 235

Daughters of Pelias, The (Euripides), 401

Dawkins, Richard MacGillivray, English archeologist, 6

Day (deity), 99

Dead Amazon, 623

Death, see Thanatos

debts, cancellation of, 113–114, 569

Deceleia , 108, 400, 447, 448

decimal system, 338

Deianeira , 254, 392

Deinarchus (dī’-năr’-kŭs), orator (361-291 B.C.), 483

Delian Confederacy, 131, 245, 251, 276

Delium , 365, 444

Delos (dē’-lŏs), 23*, 33, 105, 131, 182, 183, 200, 222, 236, 245, 251, 279, 562, 570, 574, 575, 580, 591, 617, 618, 665

Delphi (dēl’-fī), 29, 68*, 78, 104–105, 118, 124, 132, 141, 142, 179, 180, 182, 183, 188, 198, 200, 211, 216, 274, 316, 317, 321, 472, 477, 559

Delphi Museum, 221, 498

Delphic Amphictyony, 263, 477, 560

Delphic oracle, 41, 73, 75, 78, 96, 167, 182, 198, 361, 367, 376

Delphis , 567, 611

Demades , orator and demagogue (380-318 B.C.), 483

demagogy, 281, 442

Demaratus (dě’-măr-ā’-tŭs), King of Sparta (reigned 510–491 B.C.), 86

demes, 40, 124, 259

Demesne (dē-mān’) (King’s Commons), 46

Demeter (dē-mē’-tēr), 32, 50*, 68, 69, 109, 170, 175, 178, 179, 182, 188, 189, 198, 231, 232, 319, 329, 426, 471, 622

Thesmophoros, 199

Demeter, 134, 499, 622‡

Demeter, Persephone, and Artemis (Damophon), 621

Demetrius, priest (fl. 540 B.C.), 143

Demetrius I Soter, King of Syria (reigned 162–150 B.C.), 579

Demetrius II Nicator, King of Syria (reigned 146–142 and 128–125 B.C.), 584

Demetrius Phalereus , Attic orator (345?-283? B.C.), 278*, 483, 558, 561, 586, 594, 641

Demetrius I Poliorcetes , King of Macedonia (337-283 B.C.), 503, 558, 560, 567, 571, 619, 624§

demiurgoi, 110

Democedes (dě-mŏ’-sě-dēz), physician (fl. 522 B.C.), 342, 346

democracy, in Sparta, 80

in Athens, 121, 123–126, 246–248, 554

in Syracuse, 172

under Pericles, 248–267, 276–286

in philosophy of Plato, 519–520

in philosophy of Aristotle, 535

Democritus , philosopher (460?-362? B.C.), 68, 69, 136, 157, 202, 317, 337, 338, 339, 343, 352–355, 358, 361, 527, 529, 644, 646–647, 657, 669

Demodocus (dē-mŏd’-ŏ-kŭs), 52

Demosthenes (dē-mos’-thě-nēz), orator and statesman (384?-322 B.C.), 158, 272, 278, 301, 304, 468–469, 476, 478–480, 483–485, 512, 542, 543, 553, 626

De Rerum Natura (Lucretius), 441*

Descartes, René, French philosopher (1596–1650), 669

Desmoulins, Camille, French revolutionist (1760–1794), 89*

Deucalion , 39

deus ex machina , 340, 368, 379, 397, 412

Devils’ Club, 361

Diadochi (dī-ăd’-ŏ-kē), 558

Diadumenos (Polycleitus), 322, 498

Diagoros (dī-ăg’-ō-răs) of Melos, poet and philosopher (5th century B.C.), 337

dialectics, 351, 367–368, 503

dialects, 15, 204

Dialogues (Plato), 364, 513–515, 517

Dialogues of the Dead (Lucian), 549*

Diana, 183, see Artemis

Diasia , 179, 199

Dibre Soferim , 580

Dicaearchus (dī’-sē-ärk’-ŭs), Peripatetic philosopher (fl. 320 B.C.), 108, 488, 502

Dicaeopolis , 108

Dickens, Charles, English novelist (1812–1870), 428

dictatorship, in Argos, 72

in Sicyon, 89

in Corinth, 90

of Peisistratus, 119–123

in Miletus, 134

in Samos, 142

in Lesbos, 151

in Sicily, 172–173

in philosophy of Plato, 520

in philosophy of Aristotle, 535

Dido (dī’-dō), 67

Didyma , 549, 618

diet, of Athenians, 270

Dike (dī’-kē), 186, 201

Dinocrates , architect (4th century B.C.), 492, 545, 592

Dinostratus , mathematician (4th century B.C.), 501

Dio Chrysostom, Sophist and rhetorician (40–115), 326

Diocles (dī’-ō-klēz) of Carystus, physician (fl. 4th century B.C.), 502–503

Diocletian (Caius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus), Roman emperor (245–313), 576

Diodorus Siculus (dī’-ō-dō’-rŭs sīk’-ŭ-lŭs), historian (fl. 1st century B.C.), 41*, 42*, 160, 187*, 189, 241, 242*, 455

Diogenes (dī’-ŏj’-ē-nēz), Cynic philosopher (412?-323 B.C.), 156, 201, 295, 301, 506–509, 526, 644

Diogenes Apolloniates, natural philosopher (fl. 460 B.C.), 345

Diogenes Laertius, writer (2nd century A.D.), 118*, 138, 148, 163, 164, 168, 261, 353, 354, 356, 357, 359, 364, 455, 472, 489, 524, 526, 640, 641, 645, 650, 652

Diogenes of Seleucia (the Babylonian), Stoic philosopher (2nd century B.C.), 652

Diolcos, 89

Diomedes (dī’-ō-mē’-dēz), 41†, 49, 57, 58

Dion (dī’-ōn), tyrant of Syracuse (408-353 B.C.), 473–474, 510

Dione (dī-ō’-nē), 181

Dionysia , 178, 188, 200, 229, 232, 233, 379*, 381, 392, 418, 420, 435, 525

Dionyskn Artists, 380

Dionysius I, tyrant of Syracuse (430?-367 B.C.), 160, 426, 439, 465, 470–473, 505, 510, 535, 659

Dionysius II, tyrant of Syracuse (fl. 367 B.C.), 473–475, 511, 522

Dionysius of Halicarnassus, historian (54?-7? B.C.), 652

Dionysus (dī’-ō-nī’-sŭs), 69, 178, 179, 180, 181, 185, 186–188, 189, 190, 193, 194, 195, 196, 199–200, 227, 228, 230, 232, 233, 273, 321, 330, 375, 378, 379, 400, 413, 418–419, 427, 432, 467, 496, 566*, 583, 587

Dionysus, 321

Dionysus (Scopas), 497

Dionysus, Theater of, 15, 232, 251, 255, 377–383, 391, 401, 491

Dioscuri , 316, see also Castor and Pollux

Dioscurias , 135, 157

Diotima , courtesan, 300

Dipoenus , Cretan sculptor (fl. 580 B.C.), 23, 221, 322

Dipolia , 200

Dipylon , 219, 269

Dirce (dûr’-sē), 623

Discobolos see Discus Thrower

Discus Thrower (Myron), 143, 323

discus throwing, 48, 214

Dium (dē’-ŭm), 580

divination, 175, 197, 198

Divine Fire, 144–147, 651

divine rule, 11, 577, 595

Divine Word, 147

division of labor, 275

divorce, in Sparta, 84

in Sicily, 170

in Athens, 305

Dnieper River, 157

Dniester River, 157

Dodecapolis (Ionian), 128, 134–151

Dodona , 67, 180, 198, 660

Dörpfeld, Wilhelm, German archeologist, 26, 27, 34, 35*, 159

dokimasia, 263

Dolon (dō’-lōn), 49

Dorian invasion, 5, 14, 29–30, 47, 62–64, 90, 106, 127, 133–134, 218, 223

Dorians, 23, 35‡, 42, 44, 62–64, 70, 71, 73, 77, 88, 89, 95, 108, 109, 127, 128, 133–134, 173, 180, 203, 305, 311, 523, 660

dialect, 204

Doric mode (music), 74, 228*, 518

Doric order (architecture), 68, 88, 92, 105, 122, 168, 171, 223, 224–225, 226, 327, 328, 329, 331, 333, 491–492, 617

Doricha , courtesan, 153

Doris , 198, 477, 580

Dorus (dō’-rŭs), 35‡, 207

Doryphoros , see Spear Bearer

Dostoevski, Feodor Mikhailovich, Russian novelist (1821–1881), 524

double ax, 8, 11, 14, 19, 20, 32

drachma, 114, 273–274

Draco (drā’-kō), Athenian lawgiver (7th century B.C.), 77, in, 114, 117, 258, 304

drainage system, in Crete, 7, 19

in Athens. 269

in Near East, 576

in Egypt, 588

drama, in Argos, 72

in Athens, 122

in religion, 178, 189, 193, 200

origins of, 230–233

in Golden Age, 379–429

in 4th century, 482–483

in Hellenistic age, 606–608

Draped Venus, 326*

Dream, see Oneiros

Drimachus , revolutionary (6th century B.C.), 150

drinking, by Achaeans, 45

in Sparta, 82

in Athens, 270, 310

drought, 3

drunkenness, in Sparta, 82

in Athens, 270 Drunken Silenus, 625

Dryden, John, English poet and dramatist (1631–1700), 377*

Dumas, Alexandre, fils, French dramatist and novelist (1824–1895), 607

Durazzo, 67, 575, 662, see also Epidamnus

Dying Gaul, The, 623

Dyme (dī’-mē), 560

Dyrrachium , 67, see also Epimamnus

E

Earth (deity) 99, see also Gaea

earthquakes, 3, 17, 21, 35*, 104, 571

earth worship, in Crete, 13, 15

of Achaeans, 38

in common religion, 177–178

Ecbatana , 546, 551

Ecclesiastes, 401, 603, 604

Ecclesiasticus, 604–605

Ecclesiazusae , The (Aristophanes), 283, 380–381, 427

Eckermann, Johann Peter, German author (1792–1854), 364, 419

Ecphantus of Syracuse, geographer (fl. 390 B.C.), 502

Eden, 43–44

Edessa , 70

Edfu , 618

education, in Homeric society, 51

in Sparta, 82–83

in Athens, 288–290, 306

in 3rd century, 567

Egypt, 3, 4, 5, 7, 11, 15, 18, 20, 21, 31, 33, 34, 35, 37, 47, 54, 55, 68, 69, 70, 72, 118, 133, 134, 135, 136, 140, 161, 165, 173–174, 178, 189, 192, 219, 221, 222, 234, 238, 272, 275, 276, 294, 319, 348, 430, 437, 440, 467, 501, 509, 510, 544–545, 548, 554, 557, 558, 560, 562, 565, 566, 570, 571, 572, 574, 575, 579, 582, 585–598, 599, 600, 606, 607, 618, 620, 634, 663, 667, 668, 669

Eileithyia , 182, 186

ekklesia , 115, 255, 257, 264, 266, 469

ekkyklema, 378–379

Elam (ē’-lăm), 545, 572

Elaphebolion , 200

Elasa , 584

Elatea , 106, 492

Elea , 160, 167–168, 339, 349, 350

Eleatic School, 138, 167–168, 349–350

Eleazar Maccabeus. Jewish patriot (2nd century B.C.), 583

elections, in Sparta, 79–80

in Athens, 115–116, 125, 257, 263

Electra , 51, 61, 386, 389, 409, 411, 412

Electra (Euripides), 401 *, 409–410

Electra (Sophocles), 392–393

electrum, 273

Elements (Euclid), 628

Elephantine (ěl’-ē-făn-tī’-nē), 430

Eleusinian mysteries, 68, 188–189, 199, 201, 300, 381, 427, 447, 508, 617, 662, 668

Eleusis , 29, 50*, 68, 109, 175, 178, 188, 189, 199, 201, 231, 272, 329, 617

Eleutherae (ě-lū’-thē-rē), 200, 323

Elgin, Thomas Bruce, seventh Earl of, British diplomat (1766–1841), 331*, 335*

Elis , 39, 41†, 62, 88, 89, 200, 213, 314, 326, 328, 361, 497, 542, 560, 561, 570, 642, 643

Elizabethan drama, 382, 420, 668

Elpinice , sister of Cimon (5th century B.C.), 247, 316*

Elymi , 170

Elysian Fields, 14, 312

Embarkation for Cythera (Watteau), 159

embryology, 503, 529–530

Emmaus (ě-mā’-ŭs), 584

Empedocles (ěm-pěd’-ō-klēz), philosopher (500-430? B.C.), 42*, 99, 139, 172, 339, 342, 345, 355–358, 438, 529, 530, 669

Emporium , 67, 169, 575

Encyclopedists, 363, 413, 657

Endymion , 88

engineering, 142, 500, 588–589

England, 21, 26, 29, 46, 75, 275, 298, 440, 449

engraving, in Crete, 16

in Mycenae, 30

in Homeric society, 52

in Periclean age, 314

in Hellenistic age, 616

Enkomi (ěn-kō’-mē), 34

Enoch, Book of, 604*, 605

Enoch Arden, 59*

entelechy, 530, 532

Epaminondas , Theban statesman and general (ca. 420–362 B.C.), 81, 88, 98, 103, 201, 265, 462–463, 475, 489

epheboi, 289–290

Ephebos, 321

Ephesus (ěf’-ē-sŭs), 122, 142, 143–148, 151, 169, 175, 178, 183, 226, 327, 491, 492, 497, 575, 577–578, 602, 618, 639

Ephialtes (ef’-ē-ăl’-tēz), Athenian statesman (d. 461 B.C.), 246–248, 249, 259, 283, 390

ephorate, 23, 80, 569

Ephorus (ěf’-ō-rŭs) of Cyme, historian (ca. 400–330 B.C.), 486, 488

Ephraim (place), 583

Epicharmus , comic poet (ca. 540–450 B.C.), 420, 438

epics, 44, 207–211, 609

Epictetus , Roman Stoic philosopher (60–120), 656

Epicureanism, 369, 640, 644–649

Epicurus , philosopher (342?-270 B.C.), 136, 156, 300, 369, 565, 567, 607, 640, 644–649, 650, 657, 671

Epidamnus , 67, 575, 662

Epidaurus , 72, 95–97, 327, 346, 378, 497, 569

Epigoni , 41

Epimetheus , 101

Epirus (ē-pī’-rŭs), 37, 67, 70, 103, 106, 181, 246, 557, 660, 661, 665

Equals, see homoioi

equinoxes, precession of, 636

Erasistratus , physician and anatomist (fl. 3rd century B.C.), 131, 638–639, 670

Erato , 186

Eratosthenes , geometer and astronomer (276?-195? B.C.), 55, 598, 601, 629, 636–637, 669

Erebus , 99

Erechtheum (ěr’-ěk-thē’-ŭm), 325, 327, 331–332

Erechtheus , 40, 331

Eregli , 157, see also Perinthus

Eresus , 153

Eretria , 107, 157, 169, 378, 568

ergasteria, 272

Ergotimus , potter (fl. 560 B.C.), 219

Erichthonius , 45

Erinnyes , 186, 389, see also Furies

Eros (ēr’-ōs), 99, 178, 186, 303, 416, 495

Eros (Praxiteles), 495, 496

Erythrae , 150, 197, 219

Eryximachus , 370

Esdras (ěz’-drăs), 604

esoterici, 163

essays, 486–488

Essenes (ě-sēnz’), 509

Esther, 603

esthetics, of Plato, 518–519; of Aristotle, 532–533

Eteocles (ē-tē’-ō-klēz), 41, 394, 396

Ether (deity), 99

ethics, in philosophy of Heracleitus, 147

of Pythagoras, 165–166

of medical profession, 346–348

of Democritus, 354

of Socrates, 372

of Cynics, 508

of Plato, 517

of Aristotle, 533–534

of Epicurus, 646–648

of Stoics, 654–656

Ethiopia, 167, 238, 276, 341, 431

ethnology, 107–108

Etna, Mt., 172, 357, 510

Eton, 511

Etruria , 169, 219, 276, 472, 667

Etruscans, 169, see also Etruria

Euboea , 27, 94, 106, 128, 158, 198. 235, 239, 439, 448, 573, 666

Eucleides (ū-klī’-dēz), archon (fl. 403 B.C.), 468

Eucleides of Megara, philosopher (ca. 450–374 B.C.), 207, 369, 503, 510, 642

Euclid , geometrician (fl. 3rd century B.C.), 137, 501, 627–628, 633

Eucrates , demagogue (fl. 5th century B.C.), 255, 442

Eudemian Ethics (Aristotle), 526*

Eudemus (ŭ-dē’-mŭs) of Rhodes, philosopher (fl. 4th century B.C.), 500

Eudoxus (ŭ-dŏk’-sŭs), astronomer (409?-353? B.C.), 134, 500, 501–502, 506, 512, 628*

Eugaeon (ū-jē’-ōn), writer, 140

eugenics, 81–82, 521

Euhemerus (û-hěm’-ēr-ŭs) of Messana, my-thologist (fl. 300 B.C.), 565

Eumaeus (ū-mě’-ŭs), 61

Eumelus (ū’-měl-ŭs), Corinthian poet (8th century B.C.), 91

Eumenes (ū’-mē-nēz) I, King of Pergamum (fl. 263 B.C.), 578

Eumenes II, King of Pergamum (reigned 197–159 B.C.), 578, 600, 602, 618, 664, 665

Eumenides , 186, 201, 389, 395

Eumenides (Aeschylus), 389

Eupatrids , 110, 111, 112

Euphorbus (ū-fôr’-bŭs), 165

Euphrates (ū-frā’-tēz) River, 3, 460, 502, 557, 564, 572, 575

Euphronius , potter (6th-5th century B.C.), 220

Eupolis , comic dramatist (ca. 446–411 B.C.), 364–365, 420–421

Eupolis, boxer, 213

Eupompus, painter (4th century B.C.), 498

Euripides , tragic dramatist (480-406 B.C.), 36, 43, 55, 97, 109, 197, 202, 207, 231, 232, 251, 253, 267, 280, 297, 303, 304, 306, 316, 337, 340, 360, 368, 373, 379, 380, 382, 385, 392, 398, 399, 400–419, 421, 426–427, 429, 433, 436, 437, 467, 482, 510, 576, 601, 612, 625, 671

Euripus (ū-rī’-pŭs), 107

Europa , 55

Europe, 4, 6, 8*, 26, 50, 129, 140, 157, 170, 174, 274, 349, 456, 497, 513, 544, 547, 551, 552, 558, 566, 571, 576, 577, 629, 637, 667, 669, 670

Eurotas (ū-rō’-tăs) River, 72, 82, 88, 447

Eurus (ū’-rŭs), 177

Eurydice , 190, 303, 319

Eurymanthus (ū’-ră-măn’-thŭs), Mt., 41†

Eurymedon River, 234, 245, 247, 279

Eurynome , 182

Euryphron , physician (5th century B.C.), 342

Eurystheus , 39, 41, 42

Euterpe (ū-tûr’-pě), 186

Euthias , 300

Euthydemus I, King of Bactria (fl. 230 B.C.), 626

Euthydemus, 71

Euthydemus (Plato), 513*

Euthymides , potter (6th century B.C.), 220

Euthyphro , soothsayer (5th century B.C.), 361–362

Euthyphro (Plato), 372, 513*

Eutychides of Sicyon, sculptor (4th century B.C.), 621

Euxine Sea, see Black Sea

Evagoras (ē-väg’-ō-răs), King of Salamis (reigned 410–374 B.C.), 488

Evangeline (Longfellow), 132*

Evans, Sir Arthur John, British archeologist, 5–7, 17, 21, 32, 61*

evolution, 139, 340, 342, 355, 356–357, 530

excavations, at Crete, 5–6

at Troy, 25–27, 34–36

at Tiryns, 27–28

at Mycenae, 28–32

at Melos, 33

at Ephesus, 602

Execestides , nephew of Solon (6th century B.C.), 152

Execias , potter (6th century B.C.), 219

exegetai, 261

exile, 261

exoterici, 163

exploitation of poor, in, 280–281, 596–597

Ezra, 579

F

Fabian (Quintus Fabius Maximus), Roman general (fl. 210 B.C.), 442

fables, 142, 171*

Fabricius (Caius Fabricius Luscinus), Roman general and statesman (fl. 280 B.C.), 660

factories, in Crete, 11

in Athens, 272, 280, 464

in 3rd century, 562

in Seleucid Empire, 575

in Egypt, 589

faience, 16–17, 19, 616

Fall of Miletus, The (Phrynichus), 382*

family, position of, in Homeric society, 45, 50, 51–52

break-up of, under Lycurgus, 79

in Athens, 108, 307–308

in early Ureece, 201

in 3rd century, 567–568

Farnese Athena, 179

Farnese Bull (Apollonius and Tauriscus), 623

Farnese Heracles (Glycon), 624

Farnese Palace, Rome, 623*

Fascism, 523

Fates, 135, 186, 334, see also Moirai

father, the, in Homeric society, 50–51

in religion, 192

in Athens, 307–308

fauns, 178

Faust (Goethe), 624

Fayum , 155

fellah, 587, 596

feminism, 253

fertility worship, in Crete, 13

in Mycenae, 32

in common religion, 177, 178, 199

fertilization, 269

festivals, 199–200

fetishism, 13

finance, 274

fines, 260, 261

fire, in Crete, 21

as means of communication, 47, 273

of Prometheus, 100

first principle, 137, 138, 139, 144–146

fishing, in Mycenae, 30

in Achaean society, 45

in Taras, 160

in Athens, 270

Flamininus, Titus Quinctius, Roman general and statesman (ca. 228–174 B.C.), 570, 663, 664

flood, in Greek myth, 39

in Achaean civilization, 45

in Attica, 268

flood control, 268, 588–589

flowers, 308–309

fog, 4

Fokia, 150, see also Phocaea

food, in Crete, 14

of Achaeans, 45

in Sparta, 85

in Sybaris, 160

in Athens, 269–270

foot races, 48, 214, 215

footwear, in Crete, 9

of Achaeans, 45

in Athens, 293

Fouché, Joseph, Duke of Otranto, French revolutionary and minister of police (1763–1820), 541

France, 3, 11, 26, 169, 298, 302, 363, 438

France, Anatole, French critic and novelist (1844–1924), 657

Franciscans, 506, 651

François vase, 219

Frederick William I, King of Prussia (1688–1740), 477

Frederick II the Great, King of Prussia (1712–1786), 70, 418, 477

freedmen, 276, 278

freedom of speech, 54, 231

freemen, in Homeric society, 46

in Sparta, 73–74

in Athens, 110–111, 124–125, 262, 276–277

French Academy, 603

French Revolution, 119, 558

French School at Athens, 6

frescoes, in Crete, 7, 17–18

in Mycenae, 31

in Periclean age, 316

Freud, Sigmund, Austrian psychoanalyst, 394, 670

friezes, in Crete, 19

in Mycenae, 31

in Homeric society, 52

Frogs (Aristophanes)’, 417, 427

“Funeral Oration” (Pericles), 434

Furies, 99, 186, 386

furniture, of Achaeans, 45

in Homeric society, 53

in Athens, 309

G

Gadara, 580

Gaea , 41†, 99, 104, 177, 180, 182

Galatia , 557, 559

Galen (gā’-lěn), Claudius, physician and medical writer (130-200?), 524, 670

Galilei, Galileo, Italian astronomer (1564–1642), 634, 657

Gallic invasion, 559

Gallipoli, 36, 157, see also Callipolis

Gamelion , 199

games, in Crete, 12

in Homeric society, 48

in Sparta, 82, 83

in Athens, 122

in festivals, 199–200

in common culture, 211–217

of children, 288

Ganges (găn’-jēz) River, 3, 546, 637

Ganymede , 182

Garden of Daphne, 573

gardens, 269, 308–309, 617

Gargantua, 401

Gastrology (Archestratus), 649

Gaugamela , 545

Gaul, 67, 71, 104, 128, 161, 169, 219, 470, 472, 559, 560, 578, 613, 623, 664, 667

Gaza , 541, 544, 572, 580

Ge (jē), see Gaea

Gedrosia , 547

Gela (jâ’-lä), 170, 315, 438

Gelon (jē’-lŏn) of Gela, tyrant of Syracuse (d. 478 B.C.), 172–173, 241, 327, 438, 439

geocentric theory, 634, 635

Geographica (Eratosthenes), 637

geography, 135, 139, 140, 502, 637

geology, 527–528

Geometrical style, 63, 218–219

geometry, 135, 136–137, 163, 338, 500–501, 628, 629–630

georgoi, 110

Geras , 186

Gerasa , 580

Germany, 24

germ theory of disease, 195–196

Gerontia , 158

gerousia , see Senate (Sparta)

gerousia (Jews in Alexandria), 594

Geryon , 41†

Ges periodos (gāz pĕ-rē’-ō-dŏs) (Hecataeus), 140

Gibbon, Edward, English historian (1737–1794), 431, 432

Gibralter, 3, 129, 341

Gibralter, Straits of, see Pillars of Hercules Giotto di Bondone, Italian painter (1276?-1337?), 400, 669

Gitiadas , 87*

Glaucon (glō’-kŏn), 511–512

Glaucus (glô’-kŭs), ironworker (fl. 7th century B.C.), 150

Glotz, Gustave, French historian, 479*

Glycera , courtesan, 492, 607

Glycon (glī’-kŏn) of Athens, sculptor (fl. ist century B.C.), 624

glyptic art, in Crete, 16, 20

in Mycenae, 31–32

in Periclean age, 314

in Hellenistic age, 616

Gnathaena , courtesan, 300

God, 131, 137, 138, 139, 144–147, 168, 176, 181, 189, 350, 357, 516–517, 532, 604, 605, 653–654, 655, 656, 658

gods, 11, 13–14, 37, 98–102, 175–202, 467, 565, 566

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, German author (1749–1832), 76†, 137, 296, 298, 364, 386, 419, 624, 638

Golden (street), 150

Golden Age (Homer), 5

Golden Fleece, 43–44, 403

Golden Race (Theogony), 102

Gomme, A.W., British classical scholar, 255†, 278*

Gorgias , orator (485?-380?), 213, 295, 356, 358, 360, 367, 430, 433, 434, 446, 485, 486, 506, 513, 554, 642

Gorgias (Plato), 513*

Gortyna , 23, 205

Gothic style, 336

Gournia , 6, 7, 11, 16, 22, 30

government, of Crete, 10–11

of Mycenae, 30–31

in Homeric society, 53–55

of Sparta, 79–81

of Athens, 114–118, 255–263

of Rhodes, 571

of Seleucid Empire, 575

of Pergamum, 578–579, of Egypt, 587–592

Graces, 182, 186

Graces (Socrates), 365

Graia , 169

Graii (grī’-ē), 107

grammar, 359, 361

grammateus, 261

Granada, 56

Grand Inquisitor, 524

Granicus River, 234, 541, 544, 550

graphe paranomon, 256

Great Assembly (Judea), 579, 604

Greater Mysteries, 188–189, 199

Great World (Democritus), 354

Greek Anthology, The, 288, 307, 621

Greek Orthodox Church, 229

Greeks, derivation of name, 107

Greek War of Independence, 335*

Grenfell, Bernard Pyne, English papyrologist (1869–1926), 155

Grote, George, English historian (1794–1871), 5, 114*, 247*, 455*, 532*, 549

Gryllus , son of Xenophon (d. 362 B.C.), 463, 489

guilds, 150, 207, 380, 589

Gylippus , Spartan general (5th century B.C.), 448

gymnasiums, 150, 288–289, 567, 582

gymnastics, in Sparta, 75, 82–83

in Athens, 289–290

Gymnopedia , 75, 86, 229

gymnosophists, 581, 642

gynaeceum, 302, 309

Gyrton (jēr’-tŏn), 106

H

Hades (hā’-dēz), 11, 39*, 41†, 42*, 61, 67, 96, 165, 178, 179, 181, 189, 190, 199, 311, 312, 367

Hadrian, Roman emperor (76–138), 207

Haemon (hē’-mŏn), 396–397

Hagia Triada (Holy Trinity), 6, 7, 11, 15, 16, 18, 19†, 21

Haifa , 580, see also Polis

Halbherr, F., Italian archeologist, 6

Halias, 48*

Halicamassus , 134, 430, 491, 494, 575

Hall of the Double Ax, 11, 19

Hall of Initiation, 189

Hallstatt culture, 62

Halys River, 575

Hamburg, 24

Hamilcar Barca, Carthaginian general (3rd century B.C.), 575

Hamilcar , Carthaginian general (5th century B.C.), 173, 241–242, 438

Hamlet, 210, 402

Hammurabi, King of Babylon (reigned ca. 1955–1913 B.C.), 117, 261

handicrafts, 46, 589

Han Dynasty, 575

Hanging Gardens, 143*

Hannibal , Carthaginian general (5th century B.C.), 438, 471, 472

Hannibal, Carthaginian general (247-183 B.C.), 561, 573, 614, 615, 662–663

Hanno of Carthage, navigator (fl. 500 B.C.), 341

Hanukkah, 584†

Harmodius , tyrannicide (6th century B.C.), 123–124, 221, 301

Harmonics (Aristoxenus), 617

Harpalus, treasurer (4th century B.C.), 541, 553

Harvesters’ Vase, 17

harvest festivals, 17

Harvey, William, English anatomist and physician (1578–1657), 638

Hasmonai (hăz’-mō-nī), 583, 584

Hatzidakis, Joseph, Greek archeologist, 6

Hawes, Harriet Boyd, American archeologist, 6

Hawthorne, Nathaniel, American writer (1804–1864), 496

headdress, in Crete, 8–9

of Achaeans, 37, 45

in Athens, 291

Head of a Girl, 499

Head of Cleobis, 68*

Head of Zeus, 624

heating, 270, 309

Heaven (deity), 99, 101, 177

Hebe (hē’-bē), 182, 186, 334

Hebrew (language), 594, 603, 604

Hebrews, 297, 593

Hecataeus of Miletus, historian and geographer (fl. 6th-5th century B.C.), 55, 68, 139, 140, 144, 430

Hecate , 179–180, 623

Hecatombaion , 199

Hecatompedon , 330

hectemoroi, 111

Hector (hěk’-tēr), 36, 48, 57–59, 208, 211

Hecuba (hěk’-ū-b), 27, 36, 58, 307, 406

Hecuba (Euripides), 401*, 406

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm, German philosopher (1770–1831), 145, 147, 349

Hegesias of Cyrene, philosopher, 657

Hegesias of Magnesia, rhetorician and historian (fl. 300 B.C.), 492

Heifer (Myron), 324

Helen, 36, 39, 46, 47, 48, 51, 55, 56, 59, 60, 171, 180, 210, 218, 297, 316, 408, 548

Helen (Euripides), 404

Helen (Zeuxis), 318

Helenus (hěl’-ē-nŭs), 36

heliaea, 116, 125, 126, 249, 259–261, 263, 358

Helice , 89

Helicon , Mt., 98, 99, 104, 106

heliocentric theory, 634, 635

Heliopolis , 118, 501, 589

Helios , 177, 621

Hell, see Hades

Helle (hěl’-ē), 42

Hellen (hěl’-ěn), 39–40, 207

Hellenes (hěl’-ēnz), derivation of name, 39, 106

Hellenica (Callisthenes), 550*

Hellenica (Theopompus), 488

Hellenica (Xenophon), 489–490

Hellenic Conference, 440

Hellenic Sea, 10*, see Aegean Sea

Hellenistic age, 133, 177, 178, 315, 557–666

Hellespont , 4*, 35, 36, 42, 43, 44, 55, 69, 128, 141, 156, 158, 238, 241, 242, 248, 276, 437, 449, 477, 538, 544, 585

Helots , 73–74, 77, 80–81, 82, 247, 443, 459, 570

Helus (hē’-lŭs), 73

Hemeroscopium , 3, 169

Hephaestion, Macedonian general (d. 324 B.C.), 540, 551

Hephaestus (hē-fěs’-tus), 27†, 58, 101, 182, 183–184, 185, 384, 650

Heptastadium, 592

Hera , 41, 50*, 56, 58, 72, 88, 142, 172, 175, 179, 182, 183, 185, 187, 213, 226, 231, 318, 322, 327, 490, 549

Heracleia , 156, 317, 575, 660

Heracleidae , 41, 63, 72, 73, 79, 128

Heracleides of Pontus, philosopher (fl. 4th century B.C.), 500, 502

Heracleitus , philosopher (fl. 500 B.C.), 136, 138, 143–148, 161, 176, 350, 352, 512, 515, 642, 644, 651

Heracles , 38†, 41–42, 43, 44, 63, 70, 169, 180, 220, 227, 273, 302, 303, 328–329, 361, 385, 392, 398, 402, 414, 432, 610

Heracles (Euripides), 401

Heracles (Scopas), 497

Heracleum , 5†

Heracleum Museum, 18, 19*

Heraclids, see Heracleidae

Heraeum (hē-rē’-ŭm), 496

Herculaneum , 618, 645

Hercules, see Heracles

herding, among Achaeans, 45

among Dorians, 62

in Attica, 269

hermaphrodite, 185

Hermaphrodites, 625

Hermeias (hěr-mī’-ăs), philosopher and tyrant of Atarneus (4th century B.C.), 524–525, 553

Hermes (hŭr’-mēz), 101, 178, 179, 184–185, 227, 319, 333, 446, 496

Hermes (Praxiteles), 217, 496, 631

Hermes (Socrates), 365

Hermes of Andros, 499

Hermione (hûr-mī’-ō-nē) (city), 72, 569

Hermippus , comic poet (5th century B.C.), 141, 254

Hermolaus , Macedonian conspirator (4th century B.C.), 550

Hermus River, 150

hero worship, 177, 180

Herodas (hěr’-ō-dăs), writer of mimes (d. 300 B.C.), 593

Herodicus , physician (5th century B.C.), 343

Herodotus , historian (ca. 484?-425 B.C.), 30, 35, 55, 68, 77, 78, 118–119, 134, 140, 142, 161, 173, 187*, 206, 210, 213, 234, 238, 242*, 298–299, 305, 316, 341‡, 361, 404, 430–432, 433, 434, 435, 437, 488, 491, 613

Heroic Age, 32, 37–64, 305, 311

Heroic Race (Theogony), 102

Heron (hē’-rōn) of Alexandria, mathematician and mechanician (fl. 1st century B.C.), 633

Herophila , (sibyl), 169, 197

Herophilus of Chalcedon, anatomist (fl. 300 B.C.), 638, 639, 670

Herpyllis , consort of Aristotle, 525

Hesiod , epic poet (ca. 800 B.C.), 63, 69, 71, 98–103, 135, 144, 167, 180, 181, 186, 210, 259, 432, 495