The Life of Greece

FARNELL, L.R.: Greece and Babylon. Edinburgh, 1911.

FERGUSON, W. M.: Greek Imperialism. Boston, 1913.

FLICKINGER, R. C.: The Greek Theatre. Chicago, 1918.

FRAZER, SIR J. G.: Adonis, Attis, Osiris. 1935.

FRAZER, SIR J. G.: The Dying God. N. Y., 1935.

FRAZER, SIR J. G.: The Magic Art. 2v. N. Y., 1935.

FRAZER, SIR J. G.: The Scapegoat. N. Y., 1935.

FRAZER, SIR J. G.: Spirits of the Corn and of the Wild. 2v. N. Y., 1935.

FRAZER, SIR J. G.: Studies in Greek Scenery, Legend, and History. London, 1931.

FREEMAN, E. A.: The Story of Sicily. N. Y., 1892.

GARDINER, E. N.: Athletics of the Ancient World. Oxford, 1930.

GARDINER, PERCY: New Chapters in Greek History. N. Y., 1892.

GARDINER, PERCY: Principles of Greek Art. N. Y., 1914.

GARDNER, E. A.: Ancient Athens. N. Y., 1902.

GARDNER, E. A.: Handbook of Greek Sculpture. London, 1920.

GARDNER, E. A.: Six Greek Sculptors. London, 1910.

GARRISON, F. H.: History of Medicine. Phila., 1929.

GIBBON, E.: The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. 6v. Everyman Library.

GLOTZ, G.: Aegean Civilization. N. Y., 1925.

GLOTZ, G.: Ancient Greece at Work. N. Y., 1926.

GLOTZ, G.: The Greek City. London, 1929.

GLOVER, T. R.: Democracy in the Ancient World. Cambridge, Eng., 1927.

GOETHE, J. W. VON: Poetical Works. N. Y., 1902.

GOMME, A.W.: Population of Athens. Oxford, 1933.

GRAETZ, H.: History of the Jews. 6v. Phila., 1891f.

GREEK ANTHOLOGY: Tr. Shane Leslie. N. Y., 1929.

GREEK ANTHOLOGY: Tr. R. G. MacGregor. London, n.d.

GREEK DRAMAS: Tr. E. B. Browning, etc. N. Y., 1912.

GROTE, G.: Aristotle. 2v. London, 1872.

GROTE, G.: History of Greece. 12v. Everyman Library.

GROTE, G.: Plato and the Other Companions of Socrates. 3v. London, 1875.

HAGGARD, H. W.: Devils, Drugs, and Doctors. N. Y., 1929.

HAIGH, A.E.: The Attic Theatre. Oxford, 1907.

HALL, H. R.: Civilization of Greece in the Bronze Age. N. Y., 1927.

HALL, M. P.: Encyclopedic Outline of Masonic, Hermetic, Qabbalistic, and Rosicrucian Symbolical Philosophy. San Francisco, 1928.

HARRISON, J. E.: Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion. Cambridge, Eng., 1922.

HARRISON, J. E.: Themis. Cambridge, Eng., 1927.

HEATH, SIR T.: Aristarchus of Samos. Oxford, 1913.

HEATH, SIR T.: History of Greek Mathematics. 2v. Oxford, 1921.

HEITLAND, W. E.: Agricola: A Study of Agriculture and Rustic Life in the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge, Eng., 1921.

HERACLEITUS ON THE UNIVERSE. Tr. W. H. S. Jones. Loeb Library.

HERODES (HERODAS), CERCIDAS, AND THE GREEK CHOLIAMBIC POETS. Loeb Library.

*HERODOTUS: History. Tr. G. Rawlinson. 4v. London, 1862.

HESIOD, CALLIMACHUS, and THEOGNIS: Works. London, 1856.

HIMES, N. E.: Medical History of Contraception. Baltimore, 1936.

HIPPOCRATES: Works. 4v. Loeb Library.

HOBHOUSE, L. T.: Morals in Evolution. N. Y., 1916.

HOGARTH, D. G.: Ionia and the East. Oxford, 1909.

*HOMER: Iliad. Tr. W. C. Bryant. Boston, 1898.

HOMER: Iliad. Text and tr. by A. T. Murray. 2v. Loeb Library.

*HOMER: Odyssey. Text and tr. by A. T. Murray. 2v. Loeb Library.

ISOCRATES: Works. 2v. Loeb Library.

JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA. N. Y., 1901.

JONES, H. S.: Ancient Writers on Greek Sculpture. London, 1895.

JONES, W. H. S.: Malaria and Greek History. Manchester, Eng., 1909.

JOSEPHUS, F.: Works. 2v. Boston, 1811.

JOURNAL OF HELLENIC STUDIES. London, 1882f.

KELLER, A. G.: Homeric Society. N. Y., 1902.

KIRSTEIN, L.: Dance: A Short History. N. Y., 1935.

KÖHLER, C: History of Costume. N. Y., 1928.

LACROIX, P.: History of Prostitution. 2v. N. Y., 1931.

LANGE, F. E.: History of Materialism. N. Y., 1925.

LESSING, G. E.: Laocoön. London, 1874.

LEWES, G. H.: Aristotle. A Chapter in the History of Science. London, 1864.

LINFORTH, I. M.: Solon the Athenian. Berkeley, Cal., 1919.

LIPPERT, J.: Evolution of Culture. N. Y., 1931.

LITCHFIELD, F.: Illustrated History of Furniture. Boston, 1922.

*LIVINGSTONE, R.W.: The Greek Genius. Oxford, 1915.

LIVINGSTONE, R. W., ed.: The Legacy of Greece. Oxford, 1924.

LIVY: History of Rome. 6v. Everyman Library.

LOCY, W. A.: Growth of Biology. N. Y., 1925.

LONGINUS: On the Sublime. Loeb Library.

LUCIAN: Works. 4v. Oxford, 1905.

*LUCRETIUS: De Rerum Natura. Loeb Library.

LUDWIG, E.: Schliemann. Boston, 1931.

LYRA GRAECA: 3v. Loeb Library.

MAHAFFY, J.P.: Empire of the Ptolemies. London, 1895.

MAHAFFY, J. P.: Greek Life and Thought. London, 1887.

MAHAFFY, J. P.: History of Classical Greek Literature. 4v. London, 1908.

MAHAFFY, J. P.: Old Greek Education. N. Y., n.d.

MAHAFFY, J. P.: Progress of Hellenism in Alexander’s Empire. Chicago, 1905.

*MAHAFFY, J. P.: Social Life in Greece. London, 1925.

MAHAFFY, J. P.: What Have the Greeks Done for Modern Civilization? N. Y., 1909.

MASON, W. A.: History of the Art of Writing. N. Y., 1920.

MCCLEES, H.: Daily Life of the Greeks and Romans. N. Y., 1928.

MCCRINDLE, J. W.: Ancient India as Described by Megasthenes and Arrian. Calcutta, 1877.

MENANDER: Principal Fragments. Loeb Library.

MEYER, E.: Geschichte des Altertums. 4v. Stuttgart, 1884f.

MOMMSEN, T.: History of Rome. 5v. London, 1901.

MULLER, K. O.: The Dorians. 2v. Oxford, 1830.

MULLER-LYER, F.: Evolution of Modern Marriage. N. Y., 1930.

MULLER-LYER, F.: The Family. N. Y., 1931.

MURRAY, A. S.: History of Greek Sculpture. 2v. London, 1890.

MURRAY, G.: Aristophanes. N. Y., 1933.

*MURRAY, G.: Euripides and His Age. N. Y., 1913.

MURRAY, G.: Five Stages of Greek Religion. Oxford, 1930.

*MURRAY, G.: History of Ancient Greek Literature. N. Y., 1927.

MURRAY, G.: Rise of the Greek Epic. Oxford, 1924.

NAPLES MUSEUM, Guide to the Archeological Collections. Naples, 1935.

NIETZSCHE, F.: Early Greek Philosophy. N. Y., 1911.

NILSSON, M.: History of Greek Religion. Oxford, 1925.

NORWOOD, R.: The Greek Drama. N. Y., 1920.

OLMSTEAD, A.: History of Assyria. N. Y., 1923.

OVID: Heroides and Amores. Loeb Library.

OVID: Metamorphoses. Loeb Library.

OWEN, J.: Evenings with the Sceptics. 2v. London, 1881.

*OXFORD BOOK OF GREEK VERSE IN TRANSLATION. Oxford, 1938.

OXFORD HISTORY OF MUSIC: Introductory Volume. Oxford, 1929.

OXFORDER BUCH DEUTSCHEN DICHTUNG. Oxford, 1936.

PATER, W.: Plato and Platonism. London, 1910.

PAUSANIAS: Description of Greece. 2v. London, 1886.

PFUHL, E.: Masterpieces of Greek Drawing and Painting. London, 1926f.

PHILOSTRATUS: Lives of the Sophists. Loeb Library.

*PIJOAN, J.: History of Art. 3v. N. Y., 1927.

PINDAR: Odes. Loeb Library.

PLATO: Dialogues. Tr. Jowett. 4v. N. Y., n.d.

PLATO: Epistles. Loeb Library.

PLINY: Natural History. 6v. London, 1855.

*PLUTARCH: Lives. 3v. Everyman Library.

PLUTARCH: Moralia. Vols. I-III. Loeb Library.

PÖHLMANN, R. VON: Geschichte der Sozialen Frage und des Sozialismus in der antikenWelt. 2v. München, 1925.

POLYBIUS: Histories. 6v. Loeb Library.

PRATT, W. S.: History of Music. N. Y., 1927.

QUINTILIAN: Institutio Oratoria. 4v. Loeb Library.

RAMSAY, SIR WM.: Asianic Elements in Greek Civilization. New Haven, 1928.

RANDALL-MACIVER, D.: Greek Cities in Italy and Sicily. Oxford, 1931.

REINACH, S.: Orpheus: A History of Religions. N. Y., 1930.

RENAN, E.: History of the People of Israel. 5v. N. Y., 1888.

RICHTER, G.: Handbook of the Classical Collection. Metropolitan Museum Of Art, N. Y., 1922.

RICKARD, T. A.: Man and Metals. 2v. N. Y., 1932.

RIDDER, A., and DEONNA, W.: Art in Greece. N. Y., 1927.

RIDGEWAY, SIR WM.: Early Age of Greece. Cambridge, Eng., 1901.

ROBINSON, D. M.: Sappho and Her Influence. Boston, 1924.

RODENWALDT, G.: Die Kunst der Antike. Berlin, 1927.

ROHDE, E.: Psyche. N. Y., 1925.

ROSTOVTZEFF, M.: History of the Ancient World. 2v. Oxford, 1930.

ROSTOVTZEFF, M.: Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire. Oxford, 1926.

RUSSELL, B.: Principles of Mathematics. 2v. London, 1903.

*SACHAR, A. L.: History of the Jews. N. Y., 1932.

SARTON, G.: Introduction to the History of Science. Baltimore, 1930.

SCHLEGEL, A. W.: Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature. London, 1846.

SCHLIEMANN, H.: Ilios. N. Y., 1881.

SCHLIEMANN, H.: Mycenae. N. Y., 1878.

SEDGWICK, W. T., and TYLER, H. W.: Short History of Science. N. Y., 1927.

SEMPLE, E. C.: Geography of the Mediterranean Region. N. Y., 1931.

SEXTI EMPIRICI OPERA GRAECE ET LATINE. 2V. Leipzig, 1840.

SEYMOUR, T. D.: Life in the Homeric Age. N. Y., 1907.

SHOTWELL, J. T.: Introduction to the History of History. N. Y., 1936.

SINGER, C.E.: Studies in the History and Method of Science. Vol. II. Oxford, 1921.

SMITH, G.E.: Human History. N. Y., 1929.

SMITH, WM.: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. Boston, 1859.

*SOPHOCLES: Tragedies. Tr. Plumptre. London, 1867.

SOPHOCLES: Plays. 2v. Loeb Library.

SPENCER, H.: First Principles. N. Y., 1910.

SPENGLER, O.: Decline of the West. 2v. N. Y., 1926

SPINOZA, B.: Ethics and De Emendatione Intellectus. Everyman Library.

STRABO: Geography. 8v. Loeb Library.

SUMNER, W. G.: Folkways. Boston, 1906.

SUMNER, W. G., and KELLER, A. G.: The Science of Society. 3v. New Haven, 1928.

SWINBURNE, A. C: Poems. Phila., n.d.

*SYMONDS, J. A.: Studies of the Greek Poets. London, 1920.

TAINE, H.: Lectures on Art. N. Y., 1875.

TARN, W. W.: Hellenistic Civilization. London, 1927.

TAYLOR, A. E.: Plato. N. Y., 1936.

THEOCRITUS, BION, AND MOSCHUS: Poems. London, 1853.

THEOPHRASTUS: Characters. Loeb Library.

THOMPSON, SIR E. M.: Introduction to Greek and Latin Paleography. Oxford, 1912.

*THUCYDIDES: History of the Peloponnesian War. Everyman Library.

TOUTAIN, J.: Economic Life of the Ancient World. N. Y., 1930.

TUCKER, T. G.: Life in Ancient Athens. Chautauqua, N. Y., 1917.

TYLOR, E.B.: Anthropology. N. Y., 1906.

UEBERWEG, F.: History of Philosophy. 2v. N. Y., 1871.

USHER, A. P.: History of Mechanical Inventions. N. Y., 1929.

VERRALL, A. W.: Euripides the Rationalist. Cambridge, Eng., 1913.

VINOGRADOFF, SIR P.: Outlines of Historical Jurisprudence. 2v. Oxford, 1922.

VIRGIL: Works. 2v. Loeb Library.

VITRUVIUS: On Architecture. 2v. Loeb Library.

VOLTAIRE, F. M. A. DE : Works. 22v. N. Y., 1927.

WARD, C. O.: The Ancient Lowly. 2v. Chicago, 1907.

WARREN, H. L.: Foundations of Classic Architecture. N. Y., 1919.

WAXMAN, M.: History of Jewish Literature. 3v. N. Y., 1930.

*WEIGALL, A.: Alexander the Great. N. Y., 1933.

WEIGALL, A.: Sappho of Lesbos. N. Y., 1932.

WESTERMARCK, E.: History of Human Marriage. 3v. London, 1921.

WESTERMARCK, E.: Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas. 2v. London, 1917f.

WHEWELL, WM.: History of the Inductive Sciences. 2v. N. Y., 1859.

WHIBLEY, L.: Companion to Greek Studies. Cambridge, Eng., 1916.

*WILLIAMS, H. S.: History of Science. 5v. N. Y., 1909.

WINCKELMANN, J.: History of Ancient Art. 4v. in 2. Boston, 1880.

WRIGHT, F. A.: History of Later Greek Literature. N. Y., 1932.

XENOPHON: Works. Loeb Library.

XENOPHON: Memorabilia. Phila., 1899.

XENOPHON: Minor Works. London, 1914.

ZEITLIN, S.: History of the Second Jewish Commonwealth. Phila.,1933.

ZELLER, E.: Socrates and the Socratic Schools. London, 1877.

ZELLER, E.: Stoics, Epicureans, and Sceptics. London, 1870.

ZIMMERN, A.: The Greek Commonwealth. Oxford, 1924.

Notes

The full title of a book is given only at the first reference to it. Later references may be filled out by consulting the Bibliography. In references to modern works a Roman number (in capitals) indicates the volume, the Arabic number the page. In references to classical texts the Roman number (in small letters) indicates the “book” or main division; the Arabic number indicates the section, the marginal division, or the verse. Where sections are long a subdivision is indicated by an Arabic number after a period.

CHAPTER I

1. Plato, Works, Jowett tr.; Phaedo, 109.

2. Semple, Ellen, Geography of the Medi-terranean Region, N. Y., 1931, 99, 507.

3. Evans, Sir Arthur, Palace of Minos, London, 192 If, I, 20.

4. Homer, Odyssey, tr. A. T. Murray, Loeb Classical Library, London, 1927, xix, 172-7.

5. Aristotle, Politics, 1271b.

6. Ludwig, Emil, Schliemann, Boston, 1931, 264-5; Glotz, G., Aegean Civilization, N. Y., 1925, 14; Cambridge Ancient History (hereafter referred to as CAH), N. Y., 1924f, I, 138

7. Evans, I, 13; Hall, H. R., Civilization of Greece in the Bronze Age, N. Y., 1927, 24; Glotz, 30-1, 67, 348; CAH, I, 589-90.

8. Evans, I, 26.

9. Ibid., I, 27; Glotz, 38, 40; CAH, I, 597-8.

10. Glotz, 60-4; Baikie, Jas., Sea-Kings of Crete, London, 1926, 212-3.

11. Hall, 27; Glotz, 68-73.

12. Köhler, Carl, History of Costume, N. Y., 1928, frontispiece; Evans, III, 49.

13. CAH, I, 596; Glotz, 65-6, 75-8, 311, and fig. 6.

14. Cf. Evans, III, 227.

19. Glotz, 147-8; CAH, II, 437.

20. Thucydides, History of the Pelopon-nesian War, Everyman Library, I, 1.4; cf. Herodotus, History, tr. Rawlinson, London, 1862, vii, 170, and Diodorus Siculus, Library of History, v, 78.

21. Strabo, Geography, Loeb Library, x, 4.8; Glotz, 149; Evans, I, 2, IV, p. xxii; CAH, II, 442; Homer, Odyssey, xi, 568–70.

22. Ibid., iii, 296.

23. Glotz, 139-42, 173-4; Baikie, 120, 129-31.

24. Evans, I, facing 305, III, 13f; CAH, I, 591, 605, II, 432; Glotz, 106-9, Baikie, 97.

25. Evans, I, facing 472; Glotz, 169-70, 293.

26. Evans, III, 213; Hall, 15; Glotz, 294-6, 312-3.

27. Evans, I, 15.

28. Ibid., 151; Glotz, 229, 237-41, 248-9, 255; Farnell, L. R., Greece and Babylon, Edinburgh, 1911, 228; Nilsson, M. P., History of Greek Religion, Oxford, 1925, 13, questions any worship of the bull in Crete.

29. Glotz, 146, 244-7; Evans, IV, 468-9.

30. Ibid.; Glotz, 252-4.

31. Ibid., 231-8, 265-70, 273-4; Farnell, 125; Reinach, S., Orpheus, N. Y., 1930, 83; Nilsson, 13, 16; CAH, II, 444-5.

32. Mason, W. A., History of the Art of Writing, N. Y., 1920, 315-23, 331; Evans, I, 15, 124f, IV, xx, 959; Glotz, 150, 196, 371-7, 381-7; Encyclopaedia Britannic a, 14th ed., I, 213; CAH, II, 437; Whibley, L., Companion to Greek Studies, Cambridge U. P., 1916, 26.

33. Glotz, 165, 388; Baikie, 238.

34. Homer, Iliad, xviii, 590.

35. Glotz, 174, 321.

36. Evans, I, 342-4; Evans in Baikie, 71; Reinach, 82; Pliny, Natural History, London, 1855, xxxvi, 19; Glotz, 108.

37. Hall, 102.

38. Evans, I, 142, III, 252-3; Burrows, R. M., in Baikie, 99, and Semple, 570.

39. Evans, III, 116-22.

40. In Baikie, 129.

40a. Evans, Sir Arthur, “The Minoan and Mycenaean Element in Hellenic Life,” Journal of Hellenic Studies, XXXII (1912), 277f; Hall, 27.

41. Evans, Palace of Minos, I, 17.

42. Ibid., 16-7; Smith, Human History, 378–90; Hall, 25; Glotz, 191-3, 209; Spengler, Oswald, Decline of the West, N. Y., 1926-8, II, 88.

43. Strabo, xiv, 2.27; Evans, “Minoan and Mycenaean Element,” 283.

44. Herodotus, vii, 170; CAH, II, 475; Smith, G. E., 398.

45. Baedeker, K., Greece, Leipzig, 1909, 417.

46. CAH, I, 442-3.

47. Himes, Norman, Medical History of Contraception, Baltimore, 1936, 187.

48. Grote, G., History of Greece, Everyman Library, I, 190; Frazer, Sir Jas., Dying God, N. Y., 1935, 71.

49. Diodorus, iv, 76.

50. Ibid., 79; Ovid, Metamorphoses, Loeb Library, viii, 181f.

51. Pausanias, Description of Greece, London, 1886, ix, 40.

52. Plutarch, Lives, “Theseus”; Homer, Odyssey, xi, 321-5.

53. E.g., Polybius, Histories, Loeb Library, vi, 45-

54. Strabo, x, 4.16-22.

CHAPTER II

1. Schliemann, H., Ilios, N. Y., 1881, 3.

2. Ibid., 9.

3. Ibid., 17.

4. Ludwig, p. ix.

5. Schliemann, 14-15.

6. Ludwig, 137.

7. Ibid,, 132-3, 153, 183, 234.

8. Schliemann, 26.

9. Ibid., 41; Ludwig, 139, 165.

10. Schliemann, H., Mycenae, N. Y., 1878, 101-2.

11. Homer, Iliad., ii, 559.

12. Ludwig, 284.

13. Ibid., 256-7.

14. Pausanias, ii, 25.

15. Warren, H. L., Foundations of Classic Architecture, N. Y., 1919, 124-5; Pausanias, ii, 25.

16. Ibid., ii, 15.

17. Iliad, ii, 59, vii, 180; Odyssey, iii, 305.

18. Pausanias, ii, 16.

19. Schliemann, Mycenae, 293f; CAH, II, 452-3; Glotz, 46; Enc. Brit., XVI, 38.

20. Hall, 1; Nilsson, 11; Glotz, 31-2; Whibley, 27.

20a. Murray, A. S., History of Greek Sculpture, London, 1890, 1, 61.

21. Herodotus, ii, 53, 57.

22. Pausanias, vii, 2-3; Hall, 11.

23. Ibid.; Glotz, 47; Evans, I, 23; CAH, I, 608.

24. Lippert, J., Evolution of Culture, N. Y., 1931, 171.

25. Glotz, 47-8.

26. These frescoes are all in the National Museum at Athens. They are reproduced in Rodenwaldt, G., Kunst der Antike, Berlin, 1927, 143f

27. Schliemann, Ilios, 281-3.

29. National Museum, Athens; Evans, III, 121; Rodenwaldt, 148-9.

30. Nat. Mus., Athens; Rodenwaldt, 152.

31. Evans, III, 183; Glotz, 338.

32. Gardiner, P., New Chapters in Greek History, N. Y., 1892, 178; Evans, “Minoan and Mycenaean Element,” 283; Mason, 327-8; Farnell, 97-8.

33. Schliemann, Ilios, 587.

34. Ludwig, 280. He was later financed by Kaiser Wilhelm II.

35. CAH, II, 489-90.

36. Schliemann, Ilios, 453-505; Enc. Brit., XXII, 502-3.

37. CAH, II, 488; Schliemann, Ilios, 123.

38. Bury, J. B., History of Greece, London, 1931, 46; CAH, II, 487.

39. Iliad, xx, 23of.

40. Herodotus, ii, 118; Strabo, xiii, 1.48.

41. Murray, G., Rise of the Greek Epic, Oxford, 1924, 49.

42. Ramsay, Sir W., Asianic Elements in Greek Civilization, Yale U. P., 1928, 109.

43. Bérard, M., in Semple, 699; Murray, Epic, 38.

44. Schliemann, Ilios, 240, 253; Bury, 48; Glotz, 197, 217.

CHAPTER III

1. CAH, II, 276-83; Glotz, 90.

2. Iliad, ii, 681.

3. Ridge way, Sir Wm., Early Age of Greece, Cambridge U. P., 1901, 88-90, 337, 630, 682-4, etc.

4. CAH, II, 473; Hall, 248, 289.

5. Bury, 6; Glotz, 386-7.

6. Nilsson, 61.

7. Odyssey, xi, 582f; Diodorus, iv, 77.

8. Thucydides, i, 1.3, ii, 6.15.

9. Diodorus, iv, 9.

10. One form of the legend tells how Heracles triumphed over fifty virgins in a single night.—Athenaeus, Deipnosophists, or Banquet of the Learned, London, 1854, xiii, 4; Pausanias, ix, 27.

11. Diodorus, iv, 35, 53.

12. Ibid., iv, 57-8.

13. Ibid., iv, 41-8.

14. CAH, II, 475, III, 662.

15. Iliad, ii, 683, iii, 75.

16. Ibid., xxiii, 198.

17. xxiv, 228.

18. xxiv, 186.

19. xviii, 541, xxi, 257; Keller, A. G., Homeric Society, N. Y., 1902, 78.

20. Iliad, v, 87-9.

21. Glotz, G., Ancient Greece at Work, N. Y., 1926, 36.

22. Odyssey, xx, 72.

23. Seymour, T. D., Life in the Homeric Age, N. Y., 1907, 234, 209-10.

24. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 38; Ridgeway in Botsford, G. W., Athenian Constitution, N. Y., 1895, 82.

25. Ibid., 35; Pöhlmann, R. von, Geschichte der sozialen Frage und des Sozialismus in der antiken Welt, München, 1925, I, 29; Browne, H., Handbook of Homeric Study, London, 1908, 209; Seymour, 235, 273; Bury, 54.

26. Iliad, xxiii, 826.

27. Ibid., xiii, 341.

28. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 45.

29. Ibid., 42; Calhoun, G. M., Business Life of Ancient Athens, Chicago, 1926, 13.

30. Odyssey, xv, 82f.

31. Ibid., vi, 115.

32. xiv, 202.

33. Aeschylus, Agamemnon, 28If.

34. Iliad, xix, 247.

35. Ibid., ii, 21 of.

36. Odyssey, xxi, 224-5.

37. Ibid., iv, 184.

38. Iliad, ix, 74.

39. Odyssey, vi, 207.

40. Ibid., iv, 20; ix, 267-8.

41. xv, 82f.

42. viii, 37of.

43. Gardiner, E. N., Athletics of the Ancient World, Oxford, 1930, 27; Mahaffy, J. P., Social Life in Greece, N. Y., 1925, 51.

44. Gardiner, E. N., 21-3; Iliad, xxiii, 166f.

45. Thucydides, i, 1.5.

46. Odyssey, viii, 158f.

47. Ibid., ix, 39f.

48. Iliad, x, 383.

49. Odyssey, xiii, 287-95.

50. Ibid., ii, 234, iv, 690, xiv, 138-141.

51. Ibid., i, 87, viii, 14; Iliad, ii, 169.

52. Odyssey, i, 57-9; Iliad, xx, 18.

53. Odyssey, xvii, 280.

54. Athenaeus, xiii, 2; Harrison, Jane, Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion, Cambridge U. P., 1922, 260-2.

55. Athenaeus, xiii, 4.

56. Iliad, xviii, 593.

57. Ibid., xviii, 490.

58. vi, 169.

59. Odyssey, i, 153, 325, viii, 43-64, xxi, 406-8.

60. Ibid., xxi, 46.

61. Iliad, vi, 313-7.

62. Ibid., i, 249.

63. iii, 222.

64. Murray, Epic, 129.

65. Sumner, W. G., and Keller, A. G., Science of Society, New Haven, 1928, I, 658.

66. CAH, II, 478; Murray, Epic, 174.

67. Whibley, 30.

68. Pliny, xxxvi, 64.

69. Grote, I, 77.

70. Plutarch, De Stoicorum Repugnantiis, 32, in Bakewell, C. M., Source Book in Ancient Philosophy, N. Y., 1909, 278.

71. Iliad, vi, 406.

72. Ibid., viii, 542.

73. CAH, III, 670.

74. Odyssey, iv, 521.

75. Butcher and Lang, Odyssey, N. Y., 1927, introd., xxiv.

77. Seymour, 73.

78. Odyssey, v, 151-8.

79. Ibid., vi, 239.

80. Nilsson, 4-5.

81. Odyssey, xix, 177.

82. Thucydides, i, 1.2.

83. Herodotus, i, 68.

84. Evans, IV, 477, 959.

85. Pausanias, iii, 2.

86. Ridder, A. de, and Deonna, W., Art in Greece, N. Y., 1927, 167.

CHAPTER IV

1. Plato, Phaedrus, 244; Frazer, Magic Art, N. Y., 1935, II, 358; Reinach, Orpheus, 98; CAH, II, 629.

2. Grote, IV, 196.

3. Mahaffy, J. P., What Have the Greeks Done for Civilization?, N. Y., 1909, 11.

4. Plato, Timaeus, 22-3.

5. Herodotus, ii, 143.

6. Ibid., ii, 53, 81, 123; Diodorus, i, 96; Harrison, Prolegomena, 574-5.

7. Herodotus, ii, 109; Strabo, xvii, 3; Diodorus, i, 69; Smith, G. E., 417-8; Ridder, 7, 341.

8. Ibid.; Smith, 418-22; Warren, Foundations, 193-4.

9. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 128; Day, C., History of Commerce, London, 1926, 14.

10. Olmstead, A. T., History of Assyria, N. Y., 1923. 537.

11. Herodotus, ii, 109.

12. Grote, IV, 124.

13. Heath, Sir Thos., History of Greek Mathematics, Oxford, 1921, 1, 44, II, 21; CAH, IV, 539.

14. Ridder, 340; Anderson, W. J., and Spiers, R. P., Architecture of Greece and Rome, London, 1902, 49; Gardner, E. A., Handbook of Greek Sculpture, London, 1920, 51-2.

15. Cook, A. B., Zeus, Cambridge U. P., 1914, 777.

16. Strabo, viii, 6; CAH, III, 540-2; Grote, III, 96.

17. Herodotus, iii, 131.

18. Gardner, E. A., Handbook, 365.

19. Pausanias, iv, 6-14.

20. Strabo, viii, 5.4.

21. Müller, K. O., in Rawlinson’s Herodotus, vii, 234n. The calculation is for 480B.C., Meyer, Ed., Geschichte des Alterthums, Stuttgart, 1884f, III, §§263-4, gives the population of Laconia ca. 470 as 12,000 Spartans (4000 adult males), 80,000 Perioeci, and 190,000 Helots.

22. CAH, V, 7.

23. Plutarch, Spartan Institutions, in Lyra Graeca, London, 1928, III, 287; Mahaffy, Social Life, 451; Cicero, in Cotterill, H. B., History of Art, N. Y., n.d., I, 61.

24. Grote, IV, 264.

25. Greek Anthology, ix, 488, in Lyra Graeca, I, 29.

26. Grote, III, 195; Murray, Sir G., History of Ancient Greek Literature, N. Y., 1927, 80.

27. In Ridder, 106.

28. Grote, III, 195.

29. Mahaffy, J. P., History of Classical Greek Literature, London, 1908, 1, 189; Lacroix, Paul, History of Prostitution, N. Y., 1931, 1, 149-50.

30. Alcman, Frag. 36 in Lyra Graeca, I, 77.

31. Das Oxforder Buch Deutschen Dichtung, Oxford, 1936, 117.

32. Goethe, J. W. von, Poetical Works, tr. Cobb, N. Y., 1902, 61.

33. Glover, T. R., Democracy in the Ancient World, Cambridge U. P., 1927, 84.

34. Herodotus, i, 65.

35. Aristotle, Politics, 1271b.

36. Plutarch, “Lycurgus.”

37. Ibid.

38. Ibid.; Polybius, vi, 48.

39. Thucydides, i, 6.

40. E.g., Polybius, vi, 10.

41. Plutarch, “Lycurgus.”

42. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 88.

43. Coulanges, Fustel de, Ancient City, Boston, 1901, 460.

44. Plutarch, l.c.

45. Ibid., Grote, III, 148.

46. Thucydides, iv, 14.

47. Coulanges, 294; Glotz, G., Greek City, London, 1929, 300; Carroll, M., Greek Women, Phila., 1908, 136.

48. Mahaffy, J. P., Old Greek Education, N. Y., n.d., 10.

49. Hesiod, Callimachus, and Theognis, Works, tr. Banks and Frere, London, 1856, 441n.

50. Plutarch, I.c.; Grote, III, 157; MüllerLyer, F., Family, N. Y., 1931, 45.

51. Thucydides, i, 3.

52. Nilsson, 94.

53. Mahaffy, Greek Education, 46.

54. Plutarch, “Demetrius.”

55. Xenophon, Anabasis, Loeb Library, iv, 6.15.

56. Symonds, J. A., Greek Poets, London, 1920, 159.

57. Becker, W., Charicles, London, 1886, 246, 297.

58. Carroll, 138-40; Weigall, A., Sappho of Lesbos, N. Y., 1932, 103.

59. Plutarch, “Lycurgus”; Lippert, 301.

60. Athenaeus, xiii, 2.

61. Whibley, 613.

62. Grote, III, 155-6; Sumner, W. G., Folkways, Boston, 1906, 351.

63. Athenaeus, xiii, 2.

64. Plutarch, “Numa and Lycurgus Compared.”

65. Aristotle, Politics, 1270a; Grote, III, 1537; BrifFault, R., Mothers, N. Y., I, 399.

66. Plutarch, “Lycurgus”; Glotz, Ancient Greece, 89.

67. Athenaeus, xii, 74.

68. Plutarch, l.c.

69. Grote, III, 131, IX, 298; Rawlinson’s Herodotus, iii, 148n, calls the roll of Spartan venality.

70. Herodotus, iii, 148.

71. Grote, III, 132, 158.

72. Plutarch, “Pelopidas.”

73. E.g., Herodotus, i, 82.

74. Ibid., vii, 104.

75. Xenophon, “Constitution of the Lacedaemonians,” in Minor Works, London, 1914, i, 1.

76. Pausanias, v, 1.

77. Ibid., vii, 21.

78. Frazer, Sir J., Studies in Greek Scenery, Legend, and History, London, 1931, 224-5.

79. Pausanias, ii, 1; Glotz, Ancient Greece, 116.

80. Strabo, viii, 6.21.

81. Iliad, ii, 570.

82. Aristotle (?), Economics, Loeb Library, ii, 2.

83. Aristotle, Politics, 1315b.

84. Enc. Brit., XVI, 616. Others attribute the first Corinthian coinage to Cypselus; cf. CAH, III, 552.

85. Glotz, Greek City, 113, Ancient Greece, 86; Weigall, Sappho, 46.

86. Plutarch, Moralia, Loeb Library, 147D.

87. Herodotus, iii, 50-3; Diogenes Laertius, Lives and Opinions of the Eminent Philosophers, London, 1853, “Periander.”

88. Aristophanes, The Eleven Comedies, N. Y., 1908, Frogs, 133; Lacroix, I, 110.

89. Pindar, Odes, Loeb Library, Frag. 122.

90. Strabo, viii, 6.20.

91. Athenaeus, xiii, 32.

92. Ibid., 33.

93. St. Paul, I Cor. vi, 15-18.

94. Semple, 669.

95. Pausanias, vi, 17-19; Litchfield, F., History of Furniture, Boston, 1922, 13.

96. CAH, III, 554.

97. Glotz, Greek City, 113.

98. Grote, III, 264-5.

99. Theognis, 237, in Dickinson, G. L., Greek View of Life, N. Y., 1928, 186.

100. Theognis in Hesiod, Callimachus, and Theognis, Works, 444-5.

101. Ibid., 448, 11. 373f.

102. Ibid., 11. 349f

103. Symonds, 161.

104. Botsford, G. W., and Sihler,. E. G., Hellenic Civilization, N. Y., 1920, 198-9; Coulanges, 369.

105. Symonds, 162.

106. Theognis in Hesiod, etc., 442.

107. Ibid., 470-1, 447-8, 489-90.

108. 479-81.

109. 477, 491-2.

110. 454-5.

111. Ridgeway, 33.

112. Calhoun, 30 1; Semple, 669.

113. Pausanias, ii, 26.

114. Pindar, Pythian iii, 47-58.

115. Gardner, E. A., Ancient Athens, N. Y., 1902, 431.

CHAPTER V

1. Strabo, viii, 6.21; ix, 2.25.

2. Pausanias, ix, 31.

3. Mahaffy, Greek Literature, I, 117.

4. Enc. Brit., XI, 529.

5. Hesiod, Works and Days, 640.

6. Ibid., 655.

7. Gardiner, E. N., Athletics, 30.

8. Pausanias, ix, 31; cf. Mahaffy, Greek Literature, I, 125; CAH, IV, 474; Grote, I, 12.

9. Hesiod, Theogony, 1-6.

10. Ibid., 120f.

11. Nilsson, 185-6.

12. Theogony, 166f.

13. Ibid., 735f.

14. Works and Days, 285.

15. Ibid., 286f.

16. 504f.

17. 54f.

18. Theogony, 585f.

19. Works and Days, 695f.

20. Ibid., 109f.

21. Mahaffy, Social Life, 72.

22. Mahaffy, Greek Literature, 54.

23. Diodorus, xvi, 28; Frazer, Studies, 374-5.

24. Pope, A., Essay on Man.

25. Bury, 95; CAH, III, 619. Others (Murray, Epic, 43, and Enc. Brit., XII, 575) derive the Graii from Epirus.

26. Cicero, De Fato, 7.

27. Baedeker, xxvii; Zimmern, A., Greek Commonwealth, Oxford, 1924, 38.

28. Hippocrates, Works, Loeb Library, Introductory Essay I to Vol. II, by W. H. S. Jones; cf. Jones, W. H. S., Malaria and Greek History, Manchester U. P., 1909.

29. Isocrates, Works, Loeb Library, Panegyricus, 24.

30. Ridder, 122.

31. Grote, III, 270-4; Vinogradoff, Paul, Outlines of Historical Jurisprudence, Oxford, 1922, II, 85-6.

32. Frazer, Studies, 58-9.

33. Aristophanes, I, 196, editor’s note.

34. Baedeker, 104.

35. CAH, III, 579-80.

36. Aristotle, Constitution of Athens, London, 1891, sect. 57; Grote, III,’290; Coulanges, 331.

37. Meyer, Ed., in Zimmern, 396.

38. Aristotle, Constitution, 2, says that these “sixth-sharers” paid one-sixth of their product to the owner, and Plutarch (“Solon”) follows him; but recent scholarship inclines to believe that the sixth part was the amount kept, not paid. Cf. Bury, 174; Glotz, Greek City, 102.

39. Botsford, Athenian Constitution, 141.

40. Aristotle, Constitution, 2.

41. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 61, 80, Greek City, 102.

42. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 71.

43. CAH, IV, 33.

44. Ibid.

45. Grote, III, 293-4; Coulanges, 418.

46. Plutarch, “Solon.”

47. Botsford, Constitution, 143.

48. Pöhlmann, 158; Glotz, Ancient Greece, 71.

49. Glotz, Greek City, 119.

50. Plutarch, Amatorius, 751c, in Linforth, I. M., Solon the Athenian, Berkeley, Cal., 1919, 156-7.

51. Diog. L., “Solon,” ii.

52. Plutarch, “Solon.”

53. Diog. L., “Solon,” ix.

54. Aristotle, Constitution, 5; Grote, III, 313; Botsford, 158.

55. Aristotle, 6, 12.

56. CAH, IV, 38.

57. Aristotle, 6.

58. Plutarch, “Solon.”

59. Grote, III, 319.

60. Aristotle, 10.

61. Plutarch, l.c.

62. Grote, III, 316; Mahaffy, What Have the Greeks Done for Civilization?, 186.

63. CAH, IV, 134; Bury, 183.

64. Plutarch, I.c.

65. Aristotle, 12; Grote, III, 331-2.

66. Plutarch, I.c.

67. Ibid.; Aristotle, 9.

68. Coulanges, 420; CAH, IV, 43; Grote, II, 350.

69. Plutarch, l.c.

70. Diog. L., “Solon,” vii.

71. Athenaeus, xiii, 25; Lacroix, I, 68-70; Bebel, A., Woman under Socialism, N. Y., 1923, 35.

72. Plutarch, I.c.; Grote, III, 351; Tucker, T. G., Life in Ancient Athens, Chautauqua, N. Y., 1917, 159.

73. Plutarch.

74. Ibid.

75. Diog. L., “Solon,” xvi.

76. Grote, III, 344.

77. Diog. L., l.c.

78. Enc. Brit., XX, 955.

79. Herodotus, i, 29.

80. Plato, Amatores, 133, in Linforth, 130.

81. Herodotus, i, 30.

82. Plutarch, l.c.

83. Diog. L., “Solon,” iii.

84. Diodorus, ix, 20.

85. Herodotus, i, 60; Athenaeus, xiii, 89.

86. Aristotle, Constitution, 16.

87. Glotz, Greek City, 121.

88. Calhoun, 29.

89. Aristotle, Politics, 1310a.

90. Thucydides, vi, 19.

91. Athenaeus, xiii, 70; Lacroix, I, 153.

92. Aristotle, Politics, 1300b.

CHAPTER VI

1. Pater, W., Plato and Platonism, London, 1910, 246.

2. Thucydides, i, 1.

3. CAH, II, 558.

4. Strabo, x, 5.6; Plutarch, Moralia, Loeb Library, 249D.

5. Lyra Graeca, II, 639.

6. Aristophanes, Peace, 695.

7. Cicero, De Oratione, ii, 86, in Lyra Graeca, II, 306.

8. Lyra Graeca, II, 257.

9. Ibid., III, 297, 339; tr. J. A. Symonds, Greek Poets, 155, 167.

10. Cicero, De Natura Deorum, Loeb Library, i, 22.

11. Thucydides, iii, 103.

12. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 113.

13. Botsford and Sihler, 188.

14. Carroll, 99.

15. CAH, IV, 483.

16. Symonds, 169.

17. Herodotus, iii, 57.

18. Ovid, Metamorphoses, Loeb Library, x, 243.

19. Herodotus, i, 142.

20. Ibid., i, 146.

21. Ibid., i, 170; Diog. L., “Thales.”

22. Aristotle, Poetics, Loeb Library, 1259a.

23. Diog. L., “Thales,” iii-viii; Plutarch, “Solon.”

24. Heath, Greek Mathematics, I, 130; Ueberweg, F., History of Philosophy, N. Y., 1871, 1, 34-5.

25. Heath, I, 137; Herodotus, i, 74.

26. Aristotle, Metaphysics, tr. M’Mahon. London, 1857, i, 3.

27. Ibid.

28. Diog. L., “Thales,” iii.

29. Ibid., “Thales,” viii.

30. Ibid.

31. Ibid., “Thales,” xii.

32. Strabo, xiv, 4.7.

33. Spencer, First Principles of a New System of Philosophy, N. Y., 1910, 367.

34. Bakewell, 5.

35. Heath, II, 38; Grote, V, 94.

36. Bakewell, 6.

37. Aristotle, Metaphysics, i, 3; Bakewell, 7; CAH, IV, 554.

38. Athenaeus, xii, 26, xiii, 29, xiv, 20.

39. Ibid., xii, 26.

40. Diog. L., “Bias,” i-iv.

41. CAH, IV, 92-3.

42. Herodotus, ii, 134.

43. Plutarch, Moralia, 16C.

44. Leslie, Shane, Greek Anthology, N. Y., 1929, x, 123.

45. Pfuhl, Ernst, Masterpieces of Greek Drawing and Painting, London, 1926, Fig. 79.

46. Sarton, Geo., Introduction to the History of Science, Baltimore, 1930, 1, 75.

47. Pausanias, viii, 14; Glotz, Ancient Greece, 132; Jones, H. Stuart, Ancient Writings on Greek Sculpture, London, 1895, 24-5.

48. Ridder, 174.

49. Pliny, xxxv, 46.

50. Ibid., xxxvi, 21.

51. Athenaeus, xii, 29.

52. Carroll, 102.

53. Frag. 78 in Herodes, Cercidas, and the Greek Choliambic Poets, Loeb Library, 55.

54. Diog. L. in Heracleitus, On the Universe, Loeb Library, 464.

55. Cf. Mahaffy, What Have the Greeks?, 219.

56. Bakewell, 33.

57. Nietzsche, F., Early Greek Philosophy, N. Y., 1911, 103-4.

58. Diog. L., “Heracleitus,” v.

59. Strabo, xiv, 1.28; Weigall, Sappho, 155; Webster’s Dictionary, s.v. colophon.

60. Weigall, 186; Symonds, 150.

61. Tr. in Harrison, Prolegomena, 173.

62. Lyra Graeca, III, 636, II, 126, 131.

63. Athenaeus, x, 33.

64. Lyra Graeca, II, 125, 139.

65. Ibid., 145, frag. 15.

66. Greek (Palatine) Anthology, vii, 24.

67. Diodorus, xx, 84.

68. Herodotus, viii, 105; Glotz, Ancient Greece, 85.

69. Athenaeus, vi, 88-90; Ward, C. O., Ancient Lowly, Chicago, 1907, I, 123f.

70. Eratosthenes in Grote, II, 159.

71. Lyra Graeca, I, 333; Athenaeus, xiv, 23.

72. Tr. by Symonds, 197.

73. Stobaeus, Anthology, xxix, 58, in Lyra Graeca, I, 141.

74. Greek Anthology, ix, 506.

75. Strabo, xiii, 2.3.

76. Ovid, Heroides, Loeb Library, xv, 31; scholiast on Lucian, Imag., 18, in Lyra Graeca, I, 160.

77. Weigall, Sappho, 76.

78. Ibid., 175.

79. Symonds, 196.

80. Weigall, 86.

81. Lyra Graeca, I, 437.

82. Athenaeus, xii, 69.

83. Weigall, 119.

84. Longinus, On the Sublime, Loeb Library, ix, 15.

85. Berliner Klassikertexte, p. 9722, in Lyra Graeca, I, 239.

86. Murray, Greek Literature, 92; Weigall, 173, 90; Robinson, D. M., Sappho and Her Influence, Boston, 1924, 58.

87. Mahaffy, Greek Literature, I, 202.

88. Weigall, 321.

89. Suidas, Lexicon, s.v., Phaon, in Lyra Graeca, I, 153; Strabo, x, 2.8.

90. Ovid, Heroides, xv.

91. Oxyrhynchus Papyrus 1231, in Weigall, 291.

92. Lyra Graeca, I, 435.

93. Athenaeus, xiii, 89.

94. Strabo, xii, 3.11.

95. Ramsay, Asianic Elements, 118.

96. Diodorus, iv, 49.

97. Polybius, iv, 38.

98. Semple, 72-3, 214.

99. Murray, Greek Literature, 86.

CHAPTER VII

1. Pausanias, iii, 23.

2. Ludwig, 266; Cook, Zeus, 776.

3. Schliemann, Ilios, 41.

4. Strabo, x, 2.9.

5. Journal of Hellenic Studies, LVI, 170–89, London, 1882f.

6. Grote, IV, 150-1.

7. Mahaffy, Greek Literature, I, 97-8; J. H. Studies, LV, 138.

8. Randall-Maclver, D., Greek Cities in Italy and Sicily, Oxford, 1931, 75; CAH, III, 676.

9. Diodorus, iii, 9.

10. Athenaeus, xii, 20.

11. Ibid., xii, 15, 17.

12. Ibid., 58.

13. Herodotus, vi, 127.

15. Grote, IV, 168.

16. Athenaeus, xii, 19.

17. Diog. L., “Pythagoras,” ix.

18. Enc. Brit., XVIII, 802.

19. Diog. L., “Pythagoras,” i-iii, xvii; Heath, Greek Math., 1, 4.

20. Cicero, De Finibus, Loeb Library, v, 29, 87; Diodorus, i, 98.

21. Cicero, Tusculan Disputations, Loeb Library, i, 16; De Re Publica, Loeb Library, ii, 15.

22. Carroll, 299, 307, 310.

23. Diog. L., “Pythagoras,” viii.

24. Ibid., “Pythagoras,” xix, vii, xviii; Grote, V, 103.

25. Diog. L., “Pythagoras,” xix.

26. Ibid., “Pyth.,” xviii.

27. Grote, V, 100-1.

28. Diog. L., “Pyth.,” xxii; Cook, Zeus, 1.

29. Diog. L., “Pyth.,” viii.

30. Heath, I, 10.

31. Proclus, in Heath, I, 141.

32. Diog. L., “Pyth.,” xi.

33. Whibley, 229.

34. Heath, I, 70, 85, 145.

35. Whewell, W., History of the Inductive Sciences, N. Y., 1859, I, 106; Oxford History of Music, Oxford U. P., 1929, Introductory Volume, 3.

36. Aristotle, Works, ed. Smith and Ross, Oxford, 1931, De Coelo, ii, 9; Metaphysics, i, 5; Oxford History of Music, 27; Heath, I, 165, II, 107.

37. Heath, II, 65, 119; Berry, A., Short History of Astronomy, N. Y., 1909, 24.

38. Diog. L., “Pyth.,” xxv.

39. Ibid., 9, Introd., xviii.

40. Livingstone, R. W., Legacy of Greece, Oxford, 1924, 59.

41. Diog. L., “Pyth.,” xix.

42. Ibid.

43. Rohde, Erwin, Psyche, N. Y., 1925, 375; Pater, Plato, 54.

44. Greek Anthology, vii, 120.

45. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, v, 8.

46. Diog. L., “Pyth.,” xxi.

47. Grote, IV, 154-8; CAH, IV, 115-6.

48. Frag. 24 in Whibley, 89.

49. Heath, II, 52; Mahaffy, Greek Lit., I, 138.

50. Frag. 7 in Bakewell, 9.

51. Frags. 14-5, 5-7, 1-3, in Bakewell, 8.

52. Diog. L., “Xenophanes,” iii.

53. Frags. 9–10.

54. Bakewell, 10-11.

55. Warren, Foundations, 241; but Koldewey (ibid.) places it about 450.

56. Randall-Maclver, 9-10.

57. Childe, V. G., Dawn of European Civilization, N. Y., 1925, 93-100.

58. Thucydides, vi, 18; Diodorus, v, 2.

59. Grote, IV, 149.

60. Freeman, E. A., Story of Sicily, N. Y., 1892, 65.

61. Ibid.

62. Polybius, xii, 25.

63. Ibid., ix, 27.

64. Ibid., v, 2.

65. Herodotus, vii, 156.

66. Lucian, Works, tr. H. W. and F. G. Fowler, Oxford, 1905, “Hermotimus,” 34.

67. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 116; Draper, J. W., History of the Intellectual Development of Europe, N. Y., 1876, 1, 52.

CHAPTER VIII

1. In CAH, II, 610.

2. Cf. Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus, 1470; Cook, Zeus, passim.

3. Iliad, iii, 277.

4. Frazer, Magic Art, I, 315.

5. Murray, G., Five Stages of Greek Religion, Oxford U. P., 1930, 50.

6. Nilsson, 91; Farnell, Greece and Babylon, 228.

7. Nilsson, 91-2; Heracleitus in Bakewell,. 29.

8. Murray, G., Aristophanes: A Study, N. Y., 1933, 6.

9. Harrison, Jane, Prolegomena, 293; Glotz, Aegean Civilization, 391-2; Briffault, Mothers, III, 145.

10. Murray, Five Stages, 35-6; Reinach, S., Orpheus, 86; Frazer, Sir J., Spirits of the Corn and of the Wild, N. Y., 1935, I, 4.

11. Whibley, 387.

12. Murray, Five Stages, 31.

13. Ibid., 29, 33; Harrison, Prolegomena, pp. viii and 28.

15. Harrison, 18.

16. Rodenwaldt, 315.

17. Sophocles, Philoctetes, 1327-9; Harrison, 297f.

18. Ibid., 325.

19. Rohde, 159.

20. Nilsson, 123.

21. Rohde, 297.

22. Ibid., 172.

23. Seymour, 98; Odyssey, i, 65f; Iliad, iv, 14f.

24. Ibid., viii, 17-27.

25. Semple, 529.

26. Iliad, xvi, 651f.

27. Hesiod, Theogony, 887f

28. Iliad, xv, 17.

29. Frazer, Magic Art, I, 14-15.

30. Iliad, viii, 330f.

31. Ibid., xx, 46, xxi, 406.

32. Smith, Wm., Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, Boston, 1859, 603.

33. CAH, II, 637; Glotz, Ancient Greece, 112; Blakeney, M. A., ed., Smaller Classical Dictionary, Everyman Library, 258.

34. CAH, l.e.

35. Diodorus, iv, 6.

36. Athenaeus, xii, 80.

37. Gardner, P., New Chapters, 157.

38. Frazer, Sir J., Adonis, Attis, Osiris, N. Y., 1935, 226; Gardner, New Chapters, 157.

39. Semple, 43-4.

40. In Symonds, 204.

41. Diodorus, iii, 62.

42. Herodotus, ii, 49-57.

43. Nilsson, 86; CAH, IV, 527.

44. Ibid., 535.

45. Rohde, 220; Gardner, New Chapters, 385.

46. Diodorus, iv, 25.

47. Harrison, Prolegomena, 465.

48. Reinach, 88; CAH, IV, 536-8; Harrison, 432; Murray, Greek Literature, 65; Carpenter, Edw., Pagan and Christian Creeds, N. Y., 1920, 64.

49. Harrison, p. xi.

50. Ibid., 588; Nilsson, 221; Rohde, 344.

51. Plato, Republic, ii, 364-5.

52. Harrison, 572.

53. Whibley, 402.

54. Nilsson, 247.

55. Symonds, 495.

56. Dickinson, G. L., Greek View of Life, N. Y., 1928, 1.

57. Grote, II, 101-2.

58. Coulanges, 223.

59. Xenophon, Anabasis, v, 3.4.

60. Iliad, xxi, 27; xxiii, 22, 175.

61. Pausanias, iv, 9, vii, 19; CAH, II, 621.

62. Pausanias, iii, 16; Plutarch, “Lycurgus”; Nilsson, 94.

63. CAH, II, 618; Grote, I, III.

64. Frazer, Sir J., Scapegoat, N. Y., 1935, 253; Harrison, 107.

65. Aristophanes, Frogs, 734, and scholiast; Rohde, 296; Harrison, 103; Nilsson, 87; Frazer, Scapegoat, 253.

66. Harrison, 108.

67. Murray, G., Epic, 12-13, 317; Harrison, 103.

68. Plutarch, “Pelopidas.”

69. Hesiod, Theogony, 557f.

70. Odyssey, iii, 338-41; CAH, II, 626.

71. Farnell, 237.

72. Harrison, 501.

73. Diodorus, iii, 66.

74. Grote, 1, 145-6.

75. Harrison, 167.

76. Nilsson, 82-3; Rohde, 163.

77. Coulanges, 213; Rohde, 295-6.

78. Nilsson, 83.

79. Ibid., 85.

80. Theophrastus, Characters, Loeb Library, xvi.

81. Plutarch, “Solon.”

82. Sophocles, Trachinian Women, 584; Lacroix, I, 117; Becker, 381.

83. Plato, Laws, 933; Harrison, 139.

84. Herodotus, ix, 95.

85. Coulanges, 291.

86. Carroll, 270; Rohde, 292.

87. Coulanges, 289.

88. Grote, III, 38-9; Benson, E. F., Life of Alcibiades, N. Y., 1929, 83.

89. Herodotus, v, 63, vi, 66; Grote, V, 431.

90. Ibid., III, 127.

91. CAH, III, 627-8.

92. Ibid., 604.

93. In Coulanges, 288.

94. Harrison, 121; Frazer, Spirits of the Corn, II, 17.

95. Harrison, 32.

96. Frazer, Spirits of the Corn, I, 30.

97. Rohde, 239.

CHAPTER IX

1. Herodotus, viii, 144.

2. Mahaffy, Greek Literature, IV, 24.

3. Enc. Brit., I, 681.

4. Mason, W. A.: History of the Art of Writing, 344.

5. Mahaffy, Old Greek Education, 49; Thompson, Sir E. M., Introduction to Greek and Latin Palaeography, Oxford, 1912, 58.

6. Pliny, xiii, 11.

7. Shotwell, J. T., Introduction to the History of History, N. Y., 1936, 30; Becker, 162n.

8. Thompson, 39, 43; Mahaffy, I.e., 51.

9. Becker, 274.

10. Shotwell, 32.

11. Mahaffy, Greek Literature, I, 25-8.

12. Grote, II, 245; Murray, Epic, 238.

13. Diog. L., “Solon,” ix.

14. Grote, II, 245; Murray, Epic, 147.

15. Ibid., 258.

16. Iliad, xxii, 106-13, tr. G. Murray.

17. Ramsay, Asianic Elements, 289.

18. Iliad, i, 477, etc.

19. Ibid., ii, 469-73.

20. Ibid., xx, 490, tr. Bryant.

21. Mahaffy, Greek Literature, I, 35, 81. Aristarchus of Samothrace wrote ca. 180 B.C.

22. Browne, 92.

23. Glotz, Aegean Civilization, 393; Ward, I, 41; Grote, II, 306-7.

24. Briffault, Mothers, I, 411.

25. Odyssey, iv, 120-36.

26. Herodotus, ii, 53.

27. Curtius, Ernst, Griechische Geschichte, Berlin, 1887f, I, 126, in Robertson, J. M., Short History of Free Thought, London, 1914, I, 127; Mahaffy, Social Life, 352; Murray, Epic, 267.

27a. Symonds, 187.

28. Odyssey, viii, 146.

29. Rodenwaldt, 233.

30. Gardiner, Athletics, 230.

31. Mahaffy, Greek Education, 18.

32. Gardiner, Athletics, 234.

33. Tucker, 222.

34. In Zimmern, 316.

35. Pausanias, v, 21.

36. Ibid., i, 44.

37. Gardner, New Chapters, 291.

38. Ibid., 294.

39. Ibid.

40. Gardiner, Athletics, mi.

41. Pausanias, vi, 4.

42. Ibid., viii, 40.

43. Ibid., vi, 14.

44. Herodotus, iii, 106.

45. Pausanias, vi, 13.

46. Herodotus, viii, 26.

47. Grote, III, 352-3.

48. Athenaeus, x, 1; Gardiner, Athletics, 54–5.

49. Ferguson, W. M., Greek Imperialism, Boston, 1913, 58-9; Haigh, A. E., Attic Theatre, Oxford, 1907, 3.

50. Winckelmann, J., History of Ancient Art, Boston, 1880, II, 288.

51. Athenaeus, xiii, 90.

52. Ibid.

53. Symonds, 73.

53a. Richter G., Handbook of the Classical Collection, Metropolitan Museum of Art, N. Y., 1922, 76.

54. Rodenwaldt, 234.

55. Ridder, 171.

56. Pfuhl, 38.

57. Ridder, 181; Murray, A. S., Greek Sculpture, I, 11.

58. Rodenwaldt, 247.

59. Cf. Pijoan, J., History of Art, N. Y., 1927, 1, figs. 351-2.

60. Ibid., p. 229.

61. Pliny, xxxv, 151.

62. Cotterill, H. B., History of Art, N. Y., 1922, 99-100.

63. Anderson and Spiers, 42; CAH, IV, 603-8.

64. Livingstone, Legacy of Greece, 412; Warren, 277-80; Smith, G. E., 422; CAH, IV, 99.

65. Polybius, iv, 20-1; Athenaeus, xiv, 22.

66. Lacroix, 1, 122.

67. Pratt, W. S., History of Music, N. Y., 1927, 53.

68. Pausanias, x, 7.

69. Mahaffy, Social Life, 456.

70. Diodorus, iii, 67.

71. Lyra Graeca, III, 582.

72. Strabo, x, 3.17.

73. Oxford History of Music, 8.

74. Ibid.; Pratt, 55; Mahaffy, What Have the Greeks?, 143; id., Social Life, 463-5.

75. Aristotle, Politics, 1342b.

76. Athenaeus, xiv, 18.

77. Ibid., 10; Lyra Graeca, II, 498; Symonds, 180; Glotz, Ancient Greece, 279.

78. Oxford History of Music, 1, 30.

79. Haigh, 311.

80. Lucian, “Of Pantomime.”

81. Ibid.

82. In Kirstein, L., Dance, N. Y., 1935, 26.

83. Athenaeus, i, 37.

84. Kirstein, 28-30.

85. Ibid., 30.

86. Athenaeus, xiv, 12, 32.

87. Lyra Graeca, III, 630.

88. Lucian, l.c.

89. Mahaffy, Social Life, 464-5.

90. Athenaeus, xiv, 17.

91. Aristotle, Poetics, iv; Murray, Aristophanes, 3.

92. Enc. Brit., VII, 582.

93. Aristotle, Politics, 1336b.

94. Murray, I.e.; id., Greek Literature, 212; Haigh, 292; Sumner, W. G., Folkways, 447.

95. Aristophanes, Eleven Comedies, I, 327 and editor’s note; Kirstein, 38.

96. Enc. Brit., VII, 584.

97. Aristotle, Poetics, v, 3.

98. CAH, V, 117.

99. Aristotle, Poetics, iv, 17.

100. Ridgeway in Harrison, 76; Sumner and Keller, III, 2109.

101. Enc. Brit., VII, 582.

102. Ibid., 583.

103. Athenaeus, i, 39.

104. Diog. L., 28, “Solon,” xi.

CHAPTER X

1. Herodotus, vi, 98.

2. Grote, V, 16.

3. Ibid., 22.

4. Herod., vi, 102.

5. Rawlinson, app. to Herod., vi; Grote, V, 58; Pausanias, x, 20.

6. Plutarch, “Aristides.”

8. Herod., vi, 132-6.

9. Plutarch, I.c.

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid.

12. Thucydides, i, 5.138.

13. Plutarch, “Themistocles.”

14. Plutarch, “Aristides.”

15. Herod., vii, 133-7.

16. Ibid., 184-6, 196.

17. Ibid., 146.

18. Ibid., 33-6.

19. Ibid., 56.

20. Athenaeus, iv, 27; Herod., vii, 118-9.

21. Ibid., viii, 4-6.

22. vii, 231-2.

23. viii, 24.

24. Greek Anthology, vii, 249; Strabo, ix, 4, 12-16.

25. Plutarch, “Themistocles.”

26. Mahaffy, Social Life, 223. Mahaffy considers the story a legend, but no lover of dogs will doubt it.

27. Herod., ix, 4-5.

28. Ibid., viii, 89.

29. Grote, V, 316f, and Freeman, 77, believe that the two actions were concerted; CAH, IV, 378, doubts it.

30. Grote, V, 319-20.

31. Herod., ix, 70.

32. Rawlinson, note to Herod., l.c.

CHAPTER XI

1. Shelley, P. B., “On the Manners of the Ancients,” quoted by Livingstone, Legacy, 251.

2. Herod., viii, 111-12.

3. Oxford Book of Greek Verse in Translation, Oxford, 1938, 534; Plutarch, “Themistocles.”

4. Plutarch, “Aristides.”

5. Thucydides, i, 5.

6. Grote, VI, 6-7.

7. Aristotle, Constitution, 25.

8. Ibid., 41.

9. Plutarch, “Pericles”; Grote, VII, 16; CAH, V, 72.

10. Plutarch, I.c.

11. Ibid.

12. Ibid.

13. Glotz, Greek City, 241.

14. Plato, Gorgias, 515; Aristotle, Constitution, 27; Plutarch, I.c.

15. CAH, V, 100; Glotz, 210.

16. Glotz, 131.

17. Plutarch, l.c.

18. Ibid.

19. Plato, Phaedrus, 270.

20. Plutarch, l.c.

21. Carroll, 197.

22. Aristophanes, Acharnians, 514f; Athenaeus, xiii, 25-6.

23. Lacroix, I, 154; Carroll, 200.

24. Plato, Menexenus, 236; Carroll, 311; Benson, 58.

25. Lacroix, I, 156.

26. Plutarch, I.c.

27. Plato, l.c.; Benson, 57-8.

28. Plutarch, l.c.

29. Benson, 58.

30. Plutarch.

31. Plato, Theaetetus, 79, Republic, ii, 8, Laws, ix, 3; Thucydides, iii, 52; Mahaffy, Social Life, 178-9; Grote, VI, 305-6.

32. Botsford, 222.

33. Glotz, Greek City, 156; Carroll, 442.

34. Tucker, 251-2.

35. Isocrates, Antidosis, 320.

36. Coulanges, 248.

37. Tylor, E. B., Anthropology, N. Y., 1906, 217.

38. Vinogradoff, II, 61-2.

39. Aristotle, Constitution, 57.

40. Glotz, Greek City, 236.

41. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 153.

42. Botsford, 53-4.

43. Glotz, Greek City, 297.

44. Cf. Aristotle’s will in Diog. L., 185, “Aristotle,” ix.

45. Xenophon, Memorabilia, tr. Watson, Phila., 1899, x, 2.9.

46. Murray, Greek Literature, 328.

47. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 281.

48. Tucker, 263.

49. Isocrates, Antidosis, 79.

50. Enc. Brit., X, 829.

51. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 316.

52. Glotz, Greek City, 263.

53. Herod., v, 77; Aristotle, Ethics, v, 7.

54. Glotz, Greek City, 220.

55. Zimmern, 290; Ferguson, 69.

56. CAH, V, 29; Grote, II, 55-7.

57. Thucydides, ii, 6.

58. Lyra Graeca, II, 337.

CHAPTER XII

1. Xenophon, Economicus, iv-vi, in Minor Works.

2. Ibid., xviii, 2.

3. Semple, 407, 414, 421.

4. Pausanias, ii, 38.

5. Zimmern, 52-4.

6. Aristophanes, II, 245; Athenaeus, vii, 43, 50f.

7. Ibid., xiv, 51.

8. Xenophon, Memorabilia, ii, 1.

9. Hippocrates, “Regimen in Acute Diseases,” xxviiif.

10. Aeschylus, Persian Women, 238.

11. Aristotle, Constitution, 47; Baedeker, 123.

12. CAH, V, 16.

13. Rickard, T. A., Man and Metals, N. Y., 1932, 1, 376; Calhoun, 142-3.

14. Ibid., 154-6.

15. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 225.

16. Semple, 678-9.

17. Ibid., 668.

18. Glotz, 205.

19. Vitruvius, On Architecture, Loeb Library, ii, 6.3.

20. Aeschylus, Agamemnon, 278f; Herod., ix, 3; Thucydides, viii, 26.

21. Aristophanes, Frogs, in Eleven Comedies, II, 194.

22. Plato, Gorgias, 511.

23. Glotz, 294.

24. Ibid., 233.

25. In Zimmern, 307.

26. Lucian, “Nigrinus,” 1.

27. CAH, V, 22.

28. Zimmern, 218; CAH, V, 8.

29. Zimmern, 283.

30. Isocrates, Panegyricus, 42.

31. Thucydides, ii, 6.

32. Xenophon, Economicus, iv, 2.

33. Glotz, 218.

34. Gomme, A. W., Population of Athens in the $th and 4th Centuries B.C., Oxford, 1933, 21.

35. Athenaeus, vi, 103; Becker, 361.

36. Semple, 667; Glotz, 192-3.

37. Ibid., 208.

38. Aeschines, Epistle 12, in Becker, 361; CAH, V, 8.

39. In Botsford and Sihler, 225.

40. Glotz, 196.

41. Dickinson, 119; Ward, I, 93.

42. CAH, VI, 529-30.

43. Aristotle, Ethics, viii, 13.

44. Murray, Epic, 16; CAH, VI, 529.

45. CAH, V, 25.

46. Aristophanes, Ecclesiazusae, 307.

47. Ward, 1, 98.

48. CAH, V, 12, 25.

49. Glotz, 237.

50. Ibid., 286.

51. Toutain, J., Economic Life of the Ancient World, N. Y., 1930; Introduction by Henri Berr, p. xxiii.

52. CAH, V, 32.

53. Semple, 425.

54. Glotz, 163.

55. Tucker, 251.

56. Coulanges, 451.

57. Ward, 1, 424.

58. Glotz, 148.

59. Ward, I, 88, II, 48, 76, 263, 342.

60. Hall, M. P., Encyclopedic Outline of Masonic, Hermetic, Qabbalistic, and Rosicrucian Symbolical Philosophy, San Francisco, 1928, 64.

61. Aristophanes, II, 371f.

62. Ibid., 44of.

63. Thucydides, viii, 24.

64. Ibid., iii, 10, slightly transposed.

65. Aristotle (?), Economics, iii, 15.

66. Glotz, 296.

67. Ibid., 298.

68. Ibid., 298; Lysias, Against the Grain Dealers, xxii, in Botsford and Sihler, 426; Semple, 365, 663; Zimmern, 362.

69. Glotz, 169.

CHAPTER XIII

1. Plato, Republic, 459f.

2. Aristotle, Politics, 1335.

3. Haggard, H. W., Devils, Drugs, and Doctors, N. Y., 1929, 19.

4. Himes, 82, 96. Coitus interruptus was apparently a popular method of family limitation throughout antiquity.

5. Athenaeus, xiv, 3.

6. Plutarch, “Themistocles,” Moralia, 185D.

7. Greek Anthology, vii, 387.

8. McClees, H., Daily Life of the Greeks and Romans, N. Y., 1928, 41; Metropolitan Museum of Art.

9. Ibid., 41; Becker, 223; Mahaffy, Greek Education, 16, 19; Weigall, Sappho, 200.

10. Plato, Laws, vii, 84.

11. Plato, Protagoras, 326.

12. Mahaffy, op. cit., 39.

13. Becker, 224.

14. Winckelmann, II, 296.

15. Plato, Protagoras, 325.

16. Aristotle, Constitution, 42.

17. Gardner, Ancient Athens, 483; Mahaffy, op. cit., 76.

18. Lycurgus, Against Leocrates, 75-89, in Botsford and Sihler, 478. On its authenticity cf. Mahaffy, op. cit., 71.

19. Diog. L., “Aristippus,” iv, “Aristotle,” xi.

20. Tucker, 173; Weigall, 184.

21. Plutarch, Moralia, 249B.

22. CAH, II, 22-3.

23. Becker, 456.

24. Carroll, 172.

25. Tucker, 125-7.

26. Ibid.

27. Plutarch, Moralia, 228B; Athenaeus, xv, 34.

28. Weigall, 189, 206-7; Carroll, 173.

29. Eubulus, Flower Girls, in Tucker, 173-4, and Lacroix, I, 101-2.

30. Weigall, 187.

31. Athenaeus, xv, 45.

32. Glotz, 278.

33. Wright, F. A., History of Later Greek Literature, N. Y., 1932, 19.

34. Zimmern, 215.

35. Tucker, 120.

36. Coulanges, 294.

37. Greek Anthology, x, 125.

38. Voltaire, Works, N. Y., 1927, IV, 71.

39. Thucydides, ii, 6; Mahaffy, Social Life, 295; Hobhouse, L. Y., Morals in Evolution, N. Y., 1916, 347; Glotz, Greek City, 131.

40. Vinogradoff, II, 54-5.

40a. Aristotle, in Sedgwick and Tyler, Short History of Science, N. Y., 1927, 102.

41. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 290; Becker, 280; Tucker, 150.

42. Ibid., 123.

43. Grote, V, 53.

44. Thucydides, ii, 10.82.

45. Pausanias, vii, 9-10; Plutarch, “Artaxerxes II.”

46. Xenophon, Cyropaedia, Loeb Library, i, 6.27.

47. Thucydides, i, 3.76.

48. Ibid., v, 17.

49. Ibid., iii, 9.34.

50. Ibid., v, 32.116; vi, 20.95; Polybius, iii, 86; Coulanges, 275.

51. Thucydides, ii, 7.67.

52. Plutarch, “Alcibiades.”

53. Plato, Laws, viii, 831.

54. Herod., v, 78.

58. Aristophanes, Eccl., 720; Becker, 241.

59. Ibid., 243.

61. Demosthenes, Against Neaera; Becker, 244.

62. Lacroix, I, 124, 129.

63. Ibid., 112.

64. Ibid., 85.

65. Briffault, II, 340.

66. Mahaffy, Greek Life and Thought, London, 1887, 72.

67. Lacroix, 1, 88.

68. CAH, V, 175.

69. Lacroix, 1, 166.

70. Ibid., 162.

71. Becker, 248.

72. Athenaeus, xiii, 59.

73. Ibid.

74. Ibid., 58.

75. Ibid., 52.

76. Lacroix, 1, 180.

77. Ibid., 179.

78. Athenaeus, xiii, 54.

79. Lacroix, 1, 182-3.

80. Ibid., 145-6.

81. Ellis, H., Studies in the Psychology of Sex, Phila., 1911, VI, 134.

82. Murray, Aristophanes, 45.

83. Plutarch, “Lycurgus”; Strabo, x, 4.21.

84. Plutarch, “Pelopidas.”

85. Diog. L., “Xenophon,” vi.

86. Cf. Plato, Lysis, 204.

87. Plato, Symposium, 180f, 192.

88. Lacroix, I, 118, 126.

89. Bebel, 37; Hime, 52.

90. Whibley, 612.

91. Carroll, 307.

92. Sophocles, Trachinian Women, 443.

92a. Tr. by J. S. Phillimore in Oxford Book of Greek Verse in Translation, 367.

93. Becker, 473.

94. Athenaeus, xiii, 16.

95. Sumner, Folkways, 362; Becker, 473.

96. Tucker, 83.

97. Carroll, 164.

98. Euripides, Medea, 233.

99. Coulanges, 63, 293; Becker, 475; Briffault, II, 336.

100. Zimmern, 334, 343.

101. Euripides, Aeolus, 22.

102. Demosthenes, Against Neaera; Smith, Wm., Dictionary, 349, s.v., Concubium.

103. Glotz, Greek City, 296; Zimmern, 340. Zeller, Ed., Socrates and the Socratic Schools, London, 1877, 62, questions the story and the law.

104. Westermarck, E., History of Human Marriage, London, 1921, III, 319; Becker, 497; Lyra Graeca, II, 135.

105. Lacroix, I, 114; Enc. Brit., X, 828; Becker, 496.

106. Tucker, 84; Westermarck, op. cit., 319; Lacroix, I, 143.

107. Westermarck, I.e.; Coulanges, 119.

108. Thuc., ii, 6.

109. Lacroix, I, 143.

110. Becker, 464; Tucker, 83-4.

111. Sumner, Folkways, 497; Briffault, I, 405.

112. Tucker, 156.

113. Aristophanes, Lysistrata, 42f.

114. In Tucker, 84.

115. Greek Anthology, vii, 340.

116. Botsford and Sihler, 51.

117. Tucker, 90-6.

118. Semple, 490-1.

119. Athenaeus, i, 10.

120. Greek Anthology, xi, 413.

121. Athenaeus, v, 2.

122. Xenophon, Banquet, ii, 8.

123. Mahaffy, Social Life, 120-1.

124. Coulanges, 422.

125. Plato, Republic, iv, 425.

126. Tucker, 270.

127. Semple, l.c.

128. Rohde, 167.

129. Harrison, Prolegomena, 600; Westermarck, E., Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, London, 1917-24, 1, 715.

CHAPTER XIV

1. Xenophon, Economicus, viii, 19f.

2. Thuc., ii, 6.40.

3. Xenophon, Banquet, iv, 11.

4. In Ridder, 48.

5. Usher, A. P., History of Mechanical Inventions, N. Y., 1929, 106-7.

6. Cf. the gems in the Fourth Room of the Classical Collection, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

7. Pfuhl, 5.

8. Ridder, 287.

9. Pliny, xxxv, 34.

10. Mahaffy, Social Life, 449-50; Ridder, 19.

11. Plutarch, “Cimon.”

12. Pausanias, x, 25.

13. Pliny, xxxv, 35; Winckelmann, II, 296.

14. Pliny, xxxv, 36.

15. Ibid.

16. Plutarch, “Pericles.”

17. Pliny, l.c.

18. Athenaeus, xii, 62.

19. Murray, A. S., 1, 13.

20. Pliny, I.e.

21. Cicero, De Invent., ii, 1, in Murray, A. S., I, 12. Pliny, I.e., places the story in Acragas.

22. National Museum, Naples; Guide to the Archeological Collections, Naples, 1935, 11.

23. National Museum, Athens.

24. Xenophon, Memorabilia, iii, 10.7.

25. Ridder, 177.

26. Gardner, Greek Sculpture, 20-1.

27. Pliny, xxxiv, 19.

28. Ibid.

29. Pijoan, I, 254.

30. Cf. Lucian, “A Portrait Study,” in Works, III, 15-16.

31. Jones, H. S., Ancient Writers on Greek Sculpture, 78.

32. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 231.

33. Cf. Jones, op. cit., 76; Gardner, Greek Sculpture, 284; Frazer, Studies in Greek Scenery, 411; CAH, V, 479.

34. Pijoan, I, 269.

35. Pausanias, v, 11; Strabo, viii, 3.30.

36. Iliad, i, 528.

37. Pausanias, v, 11.

38. Polybius, xxx, 10.

39. Frazer, op. cit., 293.

40. Quintilian, Institutes, Loeb Library, xii, 10.7.

41. Plutarch, “Pericles.”

42. Scholiast on Aristophanes, Peace, 605, in Jones, op. cit., 76.

43. Lucian, l.c.

44. Vitruvius, iv, 1.8.

45. Cotterill, I, 75.

46. Pausanias, v, 10.

47. Zimmern, 411. Grote (VI, 70) makes a smaller estimate ($18,000,000) for the architectural works in Athens proper.

48. Warren, 156.

49. Ibid., 331.

50. Vitruvius, iii, 5.

51. Ruskin, Aratra Pentelici, 174; in Gardner, Ancient Athens, 338; Gardner, Greek Sculpture, 324.

52. Warren, 327, 339-41; Mahaffy, What Have the Greeks?, 130.

53. Ludwig, 139f.

54. Warren, 310-11; Gardner, Ancient Athens, 258.

CHAPTER XV

1. Heath, Greek Mathematics, I, 46; Whibley, 228-9.

2. Heath, 1, 150.

3. Sarton, 92.

4. Sedgwick and Tyler, 33.

5. Heath, I, 176, 178.

6. CAH, V, 383.

7. Heath, I, 93.

8. Diog. L., 384, “Parmenides,” ii; Sarton, 85.

9. Aristotle, De Coelo, ii, 13; Heath, Sir Thos., Aristarchus of Samos, Oxford, 1913, 94.

10. Diog. L., 389, “Leucippus,” iii.

11. Ibid., 390; Heath, Aristarchus, 125.

11a. Sarton, 92.

12. Heath, 78.

13. Anaxagoras, frags. 12 and 16, in Bake well, 51; Ueberweg, I, 63-5; CAH, IV, 570.

14. Heath, 81.

15. Ibid., 82.

16. Ueberweg, 1, 66.

17. Diog. L., 59-60, “Anaxagoras,” iv.

18. Heath, 128.

19. Ibid., 70.

20. Anaxagoras, frag. 4, in Bakewell, 49.

21. Diog. L., l.c.

22. Frags. 5 and 17, in Bakewell, 50; Diog. L., l.c.

23. Frag. 9, in Bakewell, 51; Aristotle, Metaphysics, i, 3, De Coelo, iii, 3, De Generatione et Corruptione, i, 1; Lucretius, De Rerum Natura, Loeb Library, i, 830f.

24. Diog. L., l.c.

25. Aristotle, De Partibus Animalium, i, 10, iv, 10.

26. Aristotle, Metaphysics, i, 4.

27. Nilsson, 274.

28. Diog. L., 61, “Anaxagoras,” viii; Robertson, J. M., I, 153.

29. Plutarch, “Pericles.”

30. Murray, Greek Literature, 159.

31. CAH, IV, 569-70.

32. Heath, Greek Math., I, 172.

33. Diog. L., 61, “Anaxagoras,” ix.

34. Geminus in Heath, Aristarchus, 275.

35. Herod., ii, 4, and Rawlinson’s note; Whibley, 71.

36. Grote, II, 29-30.

37. Herod., ii, 4.

38. Sarton, 83.

39. Semple, 35-7.

40. Ibid.

41. Cf. Sect. III of Chap. XVI, below; and cf. Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound, 442-506.

42. Gardner, New Chapters, 269.

43. Sarton, 83.

44. Herod., iii, 125-38.

45. Sarton, 77.

46. Ibid.; Livingstone, Legacy, 209.

47. Sarton, 102.

48. Garrison, F. H., History of Medicine, Phila., 1929, 95.

49. Hippocrates, Works, I, Introd., by W. H. S. Jones.

50. Ibid., IV, “Aphorisms,” i.

51. “The Sacred Disease”; “Airs, Waters, Places,” xxii.

52. Hippocrates, Works, II, Introd., viii; I, Introd., xxiv; Garrison, 94.

53. Ibid., IV, “The Nature of Man,” iv, 10.

54. Ibid., “Regimen III,” lxviii.

55. Livingstone, 234.

56. Garrison, 94; Hippocrates I, Introd., lvi.

57. IV, Introd., viii.

58. Harding, T. S., in Medical Journal and Record, Aug., 1, 1928.

59. Hippocrates, IV, Introd., vii. Hippocrates settles a very ancient problem when he writes: “It is best for flatulence to pass without noise and breaking, though it is better for it to pass even with noise than to be intercepted and accumulated internally.”—Works, IV, “Prognostic,” 11.

60. In Livingstone, 235.

61. Hippocrates, IV, “Regimen III,” lxviii.

62. Sarton, 96.

63. Livingstone, 208.

64. Hippocrates, II, “The Sacred Disease,” xvii.

65. Xenophon, “Constitution of the Lacedaemonians,” xiii, 6; Mahaffy, Social Life, 293; Becker, 380; Garrison, 91; Hippocrates, Works, I, 299.

66. Garrison, 97; Livingstone, 225.

67. Ibid., 240.

68. I am indebted, for an explanation of the material at Epidaurus, to Dr. A. A. Smith, of Hastings, Neb.

69. Livingstone, 225.

70. Plato, Laws, iv, 720.

71. Carroll, 324-5; Mahaffy, Social Life, 297.

72. Xenophon, Memorabilia, iv, 2; Garrison, 91; Becker, 376.

73. Ibid., 291; Garrison, 90; Plato, Statesman, 259.

74. Hippocrates, II, “Law,” i, and Introd. to Essay VI.

75. I, 291-5.

76. Ibid., 299.

77. Becker, 379.

78. Hippocrates, II, “Decorum,” vii; “Precepts,” vi.

79. “Decorum,” v.

CHAPTER XVI

1. Athenaeus, xiii, 92.

2. Plato, Protagoras, 334, 339.

3. Symonds, 116; Owen, John, Evenings with the Sceptics, London, 1881, 1, 177.

4. Bakewell, 11.

5. Ibid., 22; the conclusion is rephrased.

6. Plato, Parmenides, 127.

7. Russell, B., Principles of Mathematics, London, 1903, I, 347.

8. Plutarch, “Pericles.”

9. Plato, l.c.

10. Diog. L. “Zeno,” iv.

11. Ibid.

12. Tredennick, H., introd. to Aristotle, Metaphysics, Loeb Library, xvii; CAH, IV, 575-6.

13. Heath, Aristarchus, 105.

14. Tredennick, l.c.

15. Leucippus, frag. 2 in Bakewell, 7.

16. Diog. L., “Leucippus,” i-iii.

17. Lange, F. E., History of Materialism, N. Y., 1925, 15.

18. Diog. L., “Democritus,” ii—iii.

19. Ibid.

20. Lange, 17.

21. Ueberweg, 1, 71.

22. Enc. Brit., XVII, 39.

23. Grote, G., Plato and the Other Companions of Socrates, London, 1875, 1, 68; Bakewell, 62.

24. Robertson, J. M., I, 158; Lange, 17.

25. Diog. L., “Democritus,” xiii.

26. Heath, Greek Math., I, 176.

27. Cicero, De Oratore, i, 11; Ueberweg, I, 68; Grote, Plato, 1, 68, 96.

28. Bacon, F., Philosophical Works, ed. Robertson, London, 1905, 96, 471-2, 650.

29. Democritus, frag. O (Diels) in Bake-well, 60.

30. Frags. 117 and 9 in Bakewell, 59, slightly rephrased.

31. Ueberweg, I, 70.

32. Lange, 27.

33. Ueberweg, I, 69-70; Grote, Plato, I, 77.

34. Ibid., 76.

35. Diog. L., “Democritus,” xii.

36. Heath, Aristarchus, 26, 127.

37. Ueberweg, l.c.

38. Grote, Plato, I, 78.

39. Lucretius, iii, 370.

42. In Plutarch, Moralia, 81.

43. Owen, I, 149.

44. Lange, 31; Diog. L., “Democritus,” xii; Ueberweg, l.c.

45. Frag. 154a in Bakewell, 62.

46. Frag. 57.

47. In Owen, I, 149.

48. Ueberweg, I, 68.

49. Athenaeus, ii, 26.

50. Ibid.; Lucretius, iii, 1039.

51. Diog. L., “Democritus,” xi.

52. Athenaeus, l.c.

53. Diog. L., “Democritus,” viii.

54. Id., “Empedocles,” ii.

55. In Symonds, 127.

56. Murray, Greek Literature, 76.

57. Symonds, 127.

58. Diog. L., “Empedocles,” iii.

59. Ibid., “Empedocles,” xi.

60. Ibid.; Symonds, 131.

61. Diog. L., “Empedocles,” ix.

63. CAH, IV, 563.

64. Aristotle, De Anima, ii, 6; De Sensu, vi.

65. Symonds, 143.

68. Empedocles, frag. 82 in Bakewell, 45.

69. In Aristotle, De Coelo, iii, 2.

70. Ueberweg, I, 62.

71. Symonds, 143.

72. Frags. 17 and 35 in Bakewell, 44-5.

73. Cf. Frazer, Spirits of the Corn, II, 303.

74. Frags. 133-4 in Bake well, 46.

75. Symonds, 137.

76. Livingstone, 46.

77. Symonds, 135.

78. Diog. L., “Empedocles,” x.

79. Ibid., “Empedocles,” xi.

80. Ibid.; Symonds, 131.

81. Plato, Protagoras, 316.

82. Grote, History, VI, 46.

83. CAH, V, 24, 377-8.

84. Plato, Protagoras, 309-10.

85. Ueberweg, I, 74.

86. Plato, Protag., 311.

87. Ibid., 328.

88. Diog. L., “Protagoras,” iv.

89. Plato, Phaedrus, 267.

90. Ueberweg, I, 75; Sarton, 88.

91. Euripides, frag. 189, quoted by Rohde, 438.

92. Plato, Theaetetus, 160; Bakewell, 67; Lange, 42.

93. Diog. L., I.e.; Bakewell, 67.

94. Diog. L., I.e.; Ueberweg, 1, 74.

95. Bakewell, 67.

96. Isocrates, Antidosis, 155.

97. Philostratus, Lives of the Sophists, Loeb Library, §494.

98. Grote, VIII, 343.

99. Ueberweg, 1, 77.

100. Philostratus, 483.

101. Plato, Republic, i, 336f; Oxyrhynchus Papyri xi, 1364, in Vinogradoff, II, 29; Murray, Greek Literature, 161.

102. Plato, Sophist, 265.

103. Murray, Aristophanes, 142.

104. Ibid.

105. Murray, Greek Literature, 160.

106. Zeller, 36.

107. Plato, Gorgias, 502.

108. Plato, Cratylus, 584.

109. Xenophon, Memorabilia, i, 6.13.

110. Plutarch, Dec. Orat., iv, in Becker, 235.

111. Aristotle, Soph. Elenchis, i, 1.165.

112. Grote, VIII, 326.

113. Diog. L., “Plato,” xxv.

114. Aristotle, Ethics, 1109, 1116, 1144, 1164.

115. Livingstone, 79.

116. CAH, VI, 303.

117. Plutarch, De Malig. Herod., ix, 856, in Dupréel, E., La Légende Socratique, Bruxelles, 1922, 415.

118. Mahaffy, Social Life, 205-6.

119. Pausanias, i, 22.

120. Diog. L., “Socrates,” iv.

121. CAH, V, 386.

122. Plato, Apology, 23; Republic, 337; Xenophon, Memor., i, 2.1.

124. Plato, Symposium, 220-1.

125. Republic, 549.

128. Aristotle in Diog. L., “Socrates,” x.

129. Cf. McClure, M., in Dewey, J., and Others: Studies in the History of Ideas, Columbia U. P., 1935, II, 31.

130. Plato, Symposium, 214.

131. Xenophon, Banquet, ii, 19.

132. Plato, Phaedrus, 229.

133. Diog. L., “Socrates,” ix.

134. Xenophon, Banquet, ii, 24.

135. Diog. L., l.c.

136. Plato, Charmides, 154-5.

137. Id., Protagoras, 309.

138. Id., Lysis, 206; Xenophon, Memor., iii, 11.

139. Ibid.

140. Ibid., iv, 8.

141. Plato, Phaedo, end.

142. CAH, V, 387-8.

143. Diog. L., “Socrates,” iii; Robertson, J. M., I, 160.

144. Plato, Apology, 41.

145. Xenophon, Banquet, i, 5.

146. Diog. L., “Socrates,” xviii.

147. Xenophon, Memor., i, 2.16.

148. In Pater, 179.

149. Plato, Protag., 338, 361.

150. Xenophon, iv, 4.9.

151. Plato, Theaetetus, 150.

152. Grote, VII, 92; Mahaffy, Greek Education, 84.

153. Cf., e.g., Charmides, 159, 161; Protag., 331, 350; Lysis, passim.

154. Diog. L., “Crito,” i.

155. Xenophon, ii, 6.28.

156. Ibid., i, 6.

157. Ibid.

158. Diog. L., “Socrates,” xiv.

159. Xenophon, iv, 1.1.

160. Diog. L., “Crito,” i.

161. Plato, Symposium, 215, 218.

162. Sextus Empiricus, Opera, Leipzig, 1840, Adversus Mathematicos, ix, 54; Botsford and Sihler, 369; Nilsson, 269; Symonds, 390.

163. Zeller, 205, 208.

164. Athenaeus, xii, 534.

165. Plato, Meno, 94.

166. Xenophon, Memor., i, 1.2; i, 3.4; ii, 6.8; iv, 7.10; Plato, Symposium, 220; Phaedo, 118; Apology, 21.

167. Zeller, 82.

168. Plato, Apology, 29.

169. Id., Cratylus, 425.

170. Xenophon, Memor., i, 1.11f.

171. Ibid., iv, 3.16.

173. iv, 7.

174. i, 1.16.

175. iv, 2.24.

176. iii, 8.3; iv, 5.9.

178. iii, 9.5.

179. i, 2.9.

180. iii, 5.15-17.

181. iv, 6.12.

182. CAH, VI, 309.

183. Xenophon, Apology, end.

CHAPTER XVII

1. Pausanias, ix, 22.

2. Lyra Graeca, III, 9; II, 264.

3. Pausanias, ix, 23.

4. Pindar, Olympic Ode xiv, 5.

5. Olympic Odes i-ii.

6. Frag. 76 in Pindar, Odes, p. 557.

7. CAH, IV, 511.

8. Symonds, 214.

9. Lyra Graeca, III, 7.

10. Pausanias, ix, 23.

11. Olympic i, 64.

12. Frag. 131.

13. Olympic ii, 56f, tr. C. J. Billson, in Oxford Book of Greek Verse in Translation, 294.

14. Pindar, Pythian Ode i, 81.

15. Pythian iv, 272

16. Pythian viii, 92, tr. G. Murray.

17. Paean iv, 32.

18. Symonds, 216.

19. S.v. Pratinas, Lyra Graeca, III, 49.

20. Aristophanes, II, 82, editor’s note.

21. Haigh, 37.

22. Ibid., 64.

23. Mahaffy, Social Life, 469; Symonds, 380.

24. Haigh, 266.

25. Lyra Graeca, III, 283.

26. Aristotle, Rhetoric, Loeb Library, iii, 1.

27. Ward, II, 311.

28. Lucian, “Of Pantomime,” 27.

29. Haigh, 325-7.

30. Ibid., 327, 335.

31. Flickinger, R. C., Greek Theater and Its Drama, University of Chicago Press, 1918, 132.

32. Haigh, 343.

33. Ibid., 345; Norwood, Greek Drama, 83.

34. Haigh, 344.

35. Ibid., 12, 24.

36. Ferguson, 50.

37. Haigh, 34.

38. Plato, Laws, 659, 700.

39. Herod., vi, 21.

40. CAH, IV, 172.

41. Haigh, 15.

42. Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound, 18f, tr. Elizabeth Barrett Browning, in Greek Dramas, N. Y., 1912, pp. 5-6.

43. Ibid., II. 459f.

44. Tr. in Murray, Greek Literature, 219.

45. Schlegel, A. W., Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature, London, 1846, 93. On the “paradox of Prometheus Bound,”—an antitheistic play by the most pious of Greek dramatists, cf. Journal of Hellenic Studies, LIII, 4of, and LIV, 14f.

46. Mahaffy, Social Life, 150; Symonds, 260; Murray, Greek Literature, 221.

47. Aeschylus, Agamemnon, 11. 218f, tr. G. Murray, Oresteia, p. 44.

48. Tr. by Milman in Mahaffy, Social Life, 152.

49. Agamemnon, 1445f Oresteia, p. 100.

50. Choephoroe, 1024f Oresteia, 183.

51. Athenaeus, i, 39.

52. Schlegel, 95.

53. Agamemnon, 11. 55f.

54. Ibid., 160.

55. Eumenides, end.

56. Murray, Greek Literature, 215.

57. Botsford and Sihler, 34.

58. Athenaeus, i, 37; Schlegel, 97; Taine, H., Lectures on Art, N. Y., 1901, II, 483; Plumptre, E. H., Introd. to Tragedies of Sophocles, London, 1867, p. xxxvii.

59. Sophocles, Works, tr. F. Storr, Loeb Library, I, Introd., viii.

60. Symonds, 278.

61. Athenaeus, xiii, 81.

62. Mahaffy, Greek Literature, II, 57.

63. Murray, Greek Literature, 234.

64. Symonds, 290.

65. Sophocles, Oedipus the King, 980f.

66. Oedipus at Colonus, 668f, tr. Walter Headlam, Oxford Book of Greek Verse in Translation, 378.

67. Oedipus at Colonus, 607f, tr. Murray, Greek Literature, 249.

68. Oed. Col., 1648f tr. Murray.

69. Antigone, 332f tr. Storr.

70. Ibid., 786f.

71. Ibid., 1220f.

72. Murray, Greek Literature, 238.

73. Trachinian Women, 1265f.

74. Philoctetes, 451-2.

75. Electra, 473f

76. Oedipus the King, 863f.

77. Oed. Col., 121 if, slightly transposed, tr. A. E. Housman, in Oxford Book of Greek Verse in Translation, 378. Cf. to like effect Oedipus the King, 1187-95 and 1529-30.

78. Athenaeus, xiii, 61.

79. Symonds, 278.

80. Mahaffy, Greek Literature, II, 97.

81. Murray, Gk. Lit., 251.

82. Strabo, xiv, 1.36.

83. Diog. L., “Socrates,” ii.

84. Euripides, Hippolytus, 191-7, in Murray, Gk. Lit., 12.

85. Murray, op. cit., 34.

86. Euripides, Medea, 41 of, tr. G. Murray, Oxford, 1912, p. 15.

87. Herod., ii, 120.

88. Iphigenia in Aulis, 636-54, tr. A. S. Way, Loeb Library.

89. lph. in Aulis, tr. Webb in Mahaffy, Social Life, 202-4.

90. lph. in Aulis, 1369-84, tr. A. S. Way.

91. Hecuba, 488f, tr. Way.

92. Murray, Gk. Lit., 137.

93. Trojan Women, tr. G. Murray, Oxford, 1914.

94. Euripides, Electra, tr. Murray, Oxford, 1907, p. 77.

95. Euripides, Iphigenia in Tauris, tr. Murray, Oxford, 1930.

96. Aristotle, Poetics, xiii, 4.

97. Verrall, A. W., Euripides the Rationalist, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1913, 178 and passim.

98. Elizabeth Barrett Browning referred to “Euripides the human, with his droppings of warm tears.”

99. lph. in Aulis, 957.

100. Helen, 744f tr. Way.

101. Ion, 374-8; lph. in T., 570-5; Electra, 400; Bacchae, 255-7; Hippolytus, 1059; Robertson, I, 162.

102. Euripides, Electra, tr. Murray, p. 37; Heracles, 1341; lph. in T., 386.

103. Bellerophontes, 293, tr. Symonds, 368; cf. Helen, 1137.

104. lph. in T., tr. Murray, p. 32.

105. Helen, 1688.

106. Verrall, 79.

107. Trojan Women, 884.

108. Hecuba, 282.

109. Trojan Women, prologue.

109a. Cresphontes, frag.

110. Hippolytus and the lost Stheneboea and Chrysippus.

111. Andromeda, 135, tr. Symonds, 363.

112. Norwood, 311.

113. Euripides, Medea, tr. Murray, p. 67.

114. Frag. 157 in Rohde, 438.

115. Electra, tr. Murray, p. 78.

116. Rohde, 437.

117. An uncertain frag. tr. Symonds, 367.

118. A frag, in Symonds, 366.

119. Aristophanes, Frogs, 552; Athenaeus, i, 41.

120. Symonds, 426.

121. Mahaffy, Gk. Lit., II, 98.

122. Pater, 122.

123. Plutarch, “Nicias.”

124. Greek Anthology, ix, 450.

125. Quoted by Murray, Euripides and His Age, N. Y., 1913, 10.

126. Murray, Gk. Lit., 277.

127. Aristophanes, I, 117.

128. Haigh, 260.

129. Murray, Aristophanes, 102.

130. Zeller, 203.

131. Aristophanes, I, 91.

132. Ibid., 314, 319.

133. E.g., Thesmophoriazusae II, 286; Knights, I, 11; Ecclesiazusae, II, 378.

134. Knights, I, 31.

135. Peace, I, 194. In The Birds he calls Heracles a bastard (I, 173); and in The Frogs he makes Dionysus a coward, an onanist, a lecher, and a clown.

136. Philostratus, 483.

137. Lucian, “Herodotus and Aetion,” 1; Bury, J. B., Ancient Greek Historians, N. Y., 1909, 65; Mahaffy, Gk. Lit., II, 18; Murray, Gk. Lit., 134.

138. Herod., i, 1.

139. Gibbon, Ed., Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Everyman Library, I, 77, ch. iii.

140. Strabo, xvii, 1.52.

141. Herod., iii, 101.

142. Ibid., i, 68.

143. iii, 38; ii, 3.

144. E.g., vii, 189, 191.

145. vii, 152.

146. Lucian, l.c.

147. Thuc., i, 1.21-23.

148. Mahaffy, Social Life, 208.

149. Thuc., ii, 45.

150. Ibid., viii, 24; ii, 17.

151. Murray, Gk. Lit., 1.

CHAPTER XVIII

1. Diog. L., “Empedocles” vii.

2. Athenaeus, xii, 34.

3. Aristophanes, Acharnians, I, 111.

4. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 314.

5. Grote, V, 390.

6. Thuc., iii, 37.

7. Ibid., i, 3.75.

8. Plutarch, “Pericles.”

9. Thuc., ii, 6.8.

10. Ibid., i, 2.58-65; i, 5.139-46.

11. Jones, W. H. S., Malaria and Greek History, 132.

12. Plutarch, “Tiberius Gracchus.”

13. Aristotle, Constitution, 28.

14. Thuc., iii, 9.49-50.

15. Ibid., v, 15.22-3.

16. v, 17.84f.

17. Plutarch, “Alcibiades.”

18. Ibid.

19. Xenophon, Memor., i, 246.

20. Athenaeus, i, 5.

21. Benson, Alcibiades, 125.

22. Plutarch, l.c.

23. Thuc., vi, 18.18.

24. Ibid., 20.89.

25. viii, 24.18.

26. viii, 26.97; Aristotle, Constitution, 33.

27. Xenophon, Hellenica, Loeb Library, i, 4.13.

28. Aristotle, Constitution, 34.

29. Plutarch, “Lysander.”

30. Isocrates, Areopagiticus, 66.

31. Aristotle, op. cit., 40.

32. Murray, Gk. Lit., 176.

33. Xenophon, Memor., i, 2.32.

34. Grote, IX, 63.

35. Ueberweg, I, 81.

36. In Reinach, 96.

37. Plato, Apology, 38.

38. Ibid., 27.

39. 18.

40. 29.

41. 30.

42. Diog. L., “Socrates,” xxi.

45. Plato, Crito.

46. Xenophon, Memor., iv, 8.1.

47. Plato, Phaedo, 59-60.

48. Ibid., 89.

49. Xenophon, Apology, 28.

50. Diodorus, xiv, 37.

51. In Zeller, 201.

52. Plutarch, De Invid., 6, in Zeller, 201.

53. Diog. L., “Socrates,” xxiii.

54. Grote, IX, 88.

55. Tertullian, Apology, 14, and Augustine, City of God, viii, 3, in Zeller, 201.

CHAPTER XIX

1. Aristotle, Physics, Loeb Library, 1269-70; Plutarch, “Lysander,” “Lycurgus.”

2. Glotz, Greek City, 300.

3. Aristotle, Physics, 1270.

4. Xenophon, Anabasis, iv, 7-22.

5. Plutarch, Moralia, 190F.

6. Plutarch, “Agesilaus.”

7. Plutarch, Moralia, 39.

8. Ibid., 192C.

9. Aristotle, Physics, 1270.

10. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 199.

11. Xenophon, “On the Revenues,” in Minor Works.

12. Calhoun, 46-8, 93-4, 101.

13. Glotz, Anc. G., 304; CAH, VI, 72.

14. Calhoun, 109.

15. Ibid., 116; Glotz, 306.

16. Glotz, Greek City, 311; Anc. G., 201.

17. Glotz, Gk. City, 312-3.

18. Plato, Republic, iv, 422.

19. Aristotle, Politics, 1310.

20. Isocrates, Archidamus, 67. Isocrates was writing of the Peloponnesian Greeks, but probably had his fellow Athenians in mind.

21. Pöhlmann, 1, 147.

22. Plato, Laws, v, 736.

23. Vinogradoff, II, 113; Glotz, Gk. City, 318.

24. Vinogradoff, II, 205.

25. Isocrates, Antidosis, 159.

26. Glotz, Gk. City, 323; Rostovtzeff, M., Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire, Oxford, 1926, 2; id.. History of the Ancient World, Oxford, 1928, II, 362; Coulanges, 493.

27. Mahaffy, Social Life, 267, 273.

28. Glotz, Gk. City, 296.

29. Ibid.

30. Athenaeus, xiii, 38f; Lacroix, I, 168.

31. Athenaeus, xii, 43.

32. Aristotle, Historia Animalium, 583a.

33. Gomme, 18, 26, 47; Athenaeus, vi, 272; Müller-Lyer, Family, 203; Grote, IV, 338.

34. Xenophon, Hellenica, vi, 1.5.

35. Isocrates, On the Peace, 50.

36. Aristotle, Problems, 29, in Vinogradoff, II, 67.

37. Demosthenes in Glotz, Gk. City, 216.

38. Aristotle, Constitution, 41.

39. Aristophanes, Clouds, 991; Plato, Theaetetus, 173.

40. Isocrates, op. cit., 59.

41. Grote, XI, 198.

42. Diodorus, x, 4.

43. Aristotle (?), Economics, ii, 2.20.

44. Lyra G., III, 366.

45. Diog. L., “Plato,” xiv; Plutarch, “Dion”; Diodorus, xv, 7; Grote, XI, 34-5. Taylor, A. E., Plato, N. Y., 1936, 5, questions the story.

46. Plato, Epistles, Loeb Library, vii.

47. Athenaeus, x, 47.

48. Plutarch, l.c.

49. Plato, l.c.

50. Plutarch, l.c.

51. Athenaeus, xii, 58.

52. In Weigall, Alexander the Great, N. Y., 1933, 19.

53. Adams, Brooks, New Empire, N. Y., 1903, 36.

54. Athenaeus, xiii, 63.

55. Mahaffy, Social Life, 425-7.

56. Glotz, Gk. City, 339.

57. Philostratus, 507.

58. Plutarch, “Phocion.”

59. Philostratus, 61.

60. Plutarch, “Alexander.”

CHAPTER XX

1. Plutarch, “Demosthenes”; Moralia, 6.

2. Mahaffy, Gk. Lit., IV, 137.

3. Demosthenes, On the Crown, Loeb Library, 126, 258-9, 265.

4. Murray, Gk. Lit., 362.

5. Isocrates, Antidosis, 48.

6. Grote, G., Aristotle, London, 1872, I, 31; Murray, 344.

7. Isocrates, Panegyricus, 49.

8. Ibid., 167.

9. Ibid., 160.

10. Isocrates, On the Peace, 94.

11. Ibid., 13.

12. Isocrates, Areopagiticus, 15, 70.

13. On the Peace, 109.

14. Areopag., 20.

15. Pausanias, i, 18; so Lucian and Philostratus; cf. Murray, 350.

16. Milton’s phrase for Isocrates.

17. Diog. L., “Xenophon,” i-ii.

18. Aristophanes, Clouds, 225.

19. Plutarch, Moralia, 212B.

20. Xenophon, Economicus, x, 1-10.

21. Ibid., xiv, 7.

22. Quoted by Shotwell, 180.

23. Pausanias, viii, 45.

24. Plutarch, “Alexander.”

25. Cotterill, I, 108n.

26. Pliny, xxxv, 36, 40; Winckelmann, I, 219.

27. Pliny, xxxv, 32.

28. Ibid., xxxv, 36.

29. Ibid.

30. Aelian, Varia Historia, ii, 3, in Weigall, Alexander, 136.

31. Pliny, Lc.

32. Vitruvius, ii, 8.14.

35. Pausanias, i, 20.

36. Gardner, Greek Sculpture, 397.

37. Pausanias, v, 17.

38. Ibid., viii, 9.

39. They are listed in Murray, A. S., II, 253-4. Pliny alone mentions 28.

40. Pausanias, vi, 25.

41. Pliny, xxxvi, 41.

42. Ibid., xxxiv, 19.

43. Ibid.

CHAPTER XXI

1. Sarton, 127.

2. Plutarch, “Marcellus.”

3. Aristotle, Metaphysics, i, 9.

4. Plato, Hippias Major, 303.

5. Sarton, 113.

6. Aristotle, Politics, 1340.

7. Sedgwick, 76.

8. Heath, Greek Math., I, 209, 233, 252.

8a. Ibid., 354.

9. Diog. L., “Eudoxus,” i-iii; Strabo, ii, 5.14; Heath, I, 320; id., Aristarchus, 192; Grote, Plato, I, 124n; Ball, W. R., Short History of Mathematics, London, 1888, 41.

10. Heath, I, 323.

11. Heath, Aristarchus, 208.

12. Sarton, 118.

13. Ibid., 141.

14. Heath, Aristarchus, 276.

15. Heath, I, 16.

16. Arrian, Indica, London, 1893, chaps. xx-xlii.

17. Sarton, 120-1.

18. Carroll, 325.

19. In Zeller, 266.

20. Zeller, 277.

21. Athenaeus, xiii, 55.

22. Vitruvius, ii, 6.1.

23. Athenaeus, xii, 63.

24. Zeller, 357, 361.

25. Ibid., 362b.

26. Diog. L., “Aristippus,” iv.

27. Ibid.

28. Ibid.

29. Ibid.

30. Ibid.

31. Zeller, 367.

32. Carroll, 313.

33. Ibid.

34. Plato, Phaedo, 64.

35. Xenophon, Banquet, iii, 8.

36. Diog. L., “Antisthenes,” iv.

37. Murray, Five Stages, 116.

38. Diog. L., “Diogenes,” iii.

39. Ibid., iii, vi; Zeller, 326n.

40. Diog. L., “Diogenes,” vi.

41. Ibid.

42. Ibid., x.

43. Ibid., vi.

44. Ibid.

45. Weigall, Alexander, 103.

46. Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander, vii, 2; Diog. L., “Diogenes,” vi.

47. Ibid., xi.

48. Zeller, 308.

49. Diog. L., “Antisthenes,” iv.

50. Ibid., “Diogenes,” vi.

51. Plutarch, Moralia, 21F.

52. Diog. L., l.c.

53. Zeller, 319.

54. Ibid., 326.

55. Diog. L., “Diog.,” xi.

56. Murray, Five Stages, 118.

57. Pöhlmann, 86-91.

58. Zeller, 317.

59. Plato, Republic, 372.

60. Diog. L., “Plato,” i.

61. Ibid., v, x.

62. viii-ix; Cicero, De Finibus, v, 29.

62a. Plutarch, De Exilio, 10, in Capes, W. W., University Life in Ancient Athens, N. Y., 1922, 32.

63. Suidas, Lexicon, s.v. Plato, in Mahaffy, Greek Education, 122.

64. Diog. L., “Plato,” xi.

65. Mahaffy, op. cit., 128; Grote, Plato, I, 125.

66. Heath, 1, 11.

67. Plato, Republic, 539.

68. Heath, Aristarchus, 141.

69. Plutarch, Moralia, 79.

70. Plato, Epistles, vii, 531.

71. Taylor, 503.

72. Cf. Epistles, vii, 541.

73. Athenaeus, xi, 112.

74. Diog. L., “Cimon,” i-iii, “Plato,” xxxii.

75. Athenaeus, xi, 113.

76. Taylor, 20.

77. Plato, Protag., 334.

78. Symposium, 175.

79. Euthyphro, 292.

80. Charmides, 169.

81. Cratylus.

82. Phaedo, 106.

83. Theaetetus, 161.

84. Ibid., 158; Epistles, vii, 344.

85. Aristotle, Meta., i, 5-6; iii, 2; xiii, 4; Cratylus, 440.

86. Aristotle, Meta., i, 9.16, etc.

87. Plato, Phaedo, 65.

88. Ibid., 74-5, Theaetetus, 185-7.

89. Carrel, Alexis, Man the Unknown, N. Y., 1935, 236.

90. Spinoza, De Emendatione Intellectus, Everyman Library, p. 259.

91. Phaedrus, 245.

92. Philebus, 22.

93. Rep., 505.

94. Laws, 966; Phaedo, 96.

95. Sophist, 247.

96. Phaedrus, 245; Philebus, 30.

97. Meno, 81-2.

98. Gorgias, 523.

99. Phaedo, 69, 80-5, 110, 114; Rep., 615f; Timaeus, 43-4.

100. Phaedo, 91, 114.

101. Rep., 365.

102. Symp., 209.

103. Gorgias, 482.

104. Ibid., 495; Rep., 619; Philebus, 66.

105. Rep., 441, 587.

106. Philebus, 64-6.

107. Ibid., 57-8.

108. Crito, 49.

109. Ibid.; Laws, 951; Phaedo, 82.

110. Aristotle, Poetics, i, 4.

111. Rep., 424.

112. Quoted by Symonds, 411.

113. Philebus, 51; Rep., 529.

114. Symp., 206.

115. Laws, 636.

116. Symp., 201; Phaedrus, 244f.

117. Rep., 500.

118. Epistles, vii, 337.

119. Rep., 555.

120. Ibid., 557.

121. 562.

122. 565.

123. 567.

124. 496.

125. Phaedrus, 239.

126. Rep., 459.

127. 473.

128. Statesman, 297; Epistles, vii, 337.

129. Laws, 710.

130. Ibid., 704.

131. 968.

132. 761.

133. 742.

134. 744, 922-3.

135. 785.

136. 721, 774.

137. 672.

138. 885, 908-9.

139. Phaedo, 66.

140. Pater, 126.

141. Laws, 7.

142. Diog. L., “Plato,” xxv.

143. Calhoun, 125-7.

144. Locy, W. A., Growth of Biology, N. Y., 1925, 27.

145. Athenaeus, xiii, 56.

146. Grote, Aristotle, I, 8.

147. Diog. L., “Aristotle,” iv.

148. Grote, Aristotle, 1, 43.

149. Murray, Greek Epic, 99; CAH, VI, 333.

150. Aristotle, Meta., iii, 6.7-9.

151. Ibid., iv, 3.8.

152. Aristotle, On Generation, i, 2.

153. Physics, v, 3; vii, 1.

154. Aristotle, Mechanics, iii, 848-50.

155. On the Heavens, ii, 14.

156. Meteorology, i, 14.

157. Meta. xii, 8.21.

158. Pliny, viii, 16.

159. Aristotle, Parts of Animals, i, 5.

160. History of Animals, v, 21-2; ix, 39-40.

161. Ibid., vi, 22.

162. Aristotle (?), Economics, i, 3; a typically Aristotelian sentence in a work long attributed to Aristotle, but probably from a later hand.

163. History of Animals, viii, 2.

164. Reproduction of Animals, i, 15.

165. Ibid., i, 21.

166. iv, 1.

167. Hist. An., vii, 4.

168. Reprod. An., ii, 1.

169. Ibid., ii, 3.

170. ii, 12.

171. Hist. An., vi, 2-3.

172. Ibid.

173. i, 1.

174. viii, 1.

175. Ueberweg, 1, 167.

176. Sedgwick, 14.

177. Lewes, G. H., Aristotle: a Chapter in the History of Science, London, 1864, 284, 361; Lange, 81.

178. Lewes, 159.

179. Aristotle, Hist. An., ii, 3.

180. Parts of Animals, ii, 7.

181. Sarton, 128.

182. Aristotle, Politics, 1256b; Lewes, 322.

183. Aristotle, On the Soul, ii, 1.

184. Ibid., ii, 4.

185. iii, 8.

186. iii, 7.

187. Reprod. An., ii, 3.

188. Meta., viii, 44.

189. Physics, ii, 8.

190. Meta., ix, 7.

191. Poetics, i, 3.

192. Ibid., vi, 2.

193. Politics, 1137b.

194. Ethics, 1097b, 1176b.

195. Rhetoric, i, 5.4, where, in a long list of things necessary for happiness, virtue comes in a poor last.

196. Ethics, 1099a.

197. Ibid., 1153b.

198. Rhetoric, ii, 16.2.

199. Ethics, 1178a.

200. Ibid., 1125b.

201. 1098a.

202. 1178b.

203. Politics, 1267a.

204. Ibid., 1275b.

205. 1253a.

206. 1296b.

207. Ethics, 1160ab.

208. Rhetoric, ii, 15.3.

209. Politics, 1258b.

210. Ibid., 1281a.

211. 1318b.

212. 1286a.

213. 1278a.

214. 1280a.

215. 1266b.

216. 1254b.

217. 1320a.

218. Ibid.

219. 1295a.

220. 1264a.

221. 1261b.

222. 1296b.

223. 1296a.

224. 1330a.

225. 1329b.

226. Rhetoric, i, 1.7.

227. Politics, 1287a.

228. Ibid., 1265b.

229. 1335b.

230. In Ueberweg, 1, 177.

231. Pater, 141.

CHAPTER XXII

1. Plutarch, Moralia, 178F.

2. Mahaffy, Greek Life and Thought, 18.

3. Plutarch, “Alexander.”

4. Weigall, Alexander, 235.

5. Ibid.

6. Plutarch, l.c.

7. Plutarch, Moralia, 127B.

8. Id., “Alexander.”

8a. Id., Moralia, 180A.

9. Id., “Alexander.”

10. Ibid.; Arrian, i, 17.

11. Weigall, 50.

12. Plutarch, Moralia, 179E.

13. Id., “Alexander.”

14. Arrian, vii, 28.

15. Ibid., iii, 6.

16. Grote, History, XI, 85.

17. Weigall, 58.

18. Arrian, i, 3.

19. Weigall, 97.

20. Plutarch, “Alexander.”

21. Ibid.

22. Arrian, vii, 9.

23. Plutarch, l.c.

24. Vitruvius, ii, 2.

25. Plutarch, Moralia, 180C.

26. CAH, VI, 384.

27. Arrian, iv, 7.

28. Ibid., vi, 26.

29. vii, 4.

30. Plutarch, “Alexander.”

31. Grote, XII, 89.

32. Athenaeus, xii, 53.

33. Plutarch, Moralia, 180D.

34. Weigall, 146.

35. Plutarch, “Alexander”; Arrian, vii, 29.

36. Lucian, Dialogues of the Dead, xiv.

37. Cf. Arrian, iv, 9-11.

38. Ibid., vii, 11.

39. vii, 9-10.

40. ii, 12.

41. Plutarch, “Alexander”; Arrian, vii, 26.

42. Plutarch, l.c.

43. Grote, Aristotle, I, 23.

44. Diog. L., “Aristotle,” vii.

45. Thrasybulus in Grote, History, VIII, 263.

CHAPTER XXIII

1. Mahaffy, Greek Life and Thought, pp. xxxv, 112.

2. Ibid., 56; Plutarch, “Demetrius.”

3. Ibid.

4. Pausanias, x, 19.

5. Ibid., 22.

6. Livy, T. L., History of Rome, xxxviii, 16; CAH, VII, 103-7,

7. Polybius, iv, 77; Pausanias, ii, 9, vii, 7; Plutarch, “Aratus.”

8. Athenaeus, vi, 103.

9. Heitland, W. E., Agricola, Cambridge University Press, 1921, 124-5.

10. Plato, Critias, 111.

11. Rostovtzeff, M., History of the Ancient World, Oxford, 1930, 1, 320.

12. Cf. Tarn, W. W., Hellenistic Civilization, London, 1927, 90.

13. Vinogradoff, II, 108-9.

14. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 366.

15. Ibid., 364.

16. Ibid.

17. Ibid., 331-3; Tarn, 95.

18. Tarn, 102; Heitland, 63; Glotz, 359.

19. CAH, VII, 740.

20. Ibid.

20a. Ibid., 265, 741; Tarn, 104.

21. Ibid., 34.

22. Glotz, 333.

23. Polybius, vi, 9; vii, 10; xv, 21; Glotz, Greek City, 323.

23a. Diodorus Sic., V, 41-6.

24. Bentwich, Norman, Hellenism, Phila., 1919, 62.

25. Athenaeus, xiii, 18.

26. Tarn, 82.

27. Theocritus, Idyl ii.

28. Lacroix, I, 138-9.

29. Athenaeus, in Becker, 344.

30. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 298; Tarn, 86.

31. Ibid., 88.

32. Polybius, xxxvi, 17.

33. Plutarch, “Agis.”

34. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 346.

35. Plutarch, l.c.

36. CAH, VII, 755.

37. Polybius, ii, 52; v, 38; Pausanias, ii, 9.

38. Coulanges, 467.

39. Pausanias, viii, 50.

40. Strabo, xiv, 2.5.

41. Ibid.

42. Polybius, v, 88.

CHAPTER XXIV

1. Meeting of the Oriental Institute, Chicago, Mar. 29, 1932.

2. Plutarch, Moralia, 183F.

3. Polybius, xx, 8.

4. Ibid., xxi, 3-7; xxx, 26.

5. Ibid., xxix, 27; xxxi, 9; Bevan, E. R., House of Seleucus, London, 1902, II, 131, 158.

6. Rostovtzeff, Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire, 3; Tarn, 79.

7. Toutain, 102-3.

8. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 353.

9. Rostovtzeff, Roman Empire, 3; id., Ancient World, I, 368-70; Glotz, 321.

10. Glotz, Greek City, 383.

11. Tarn, 254.

13. Josephus, Against Apion, I, 60; Bevan, 35; Tarn, 209.

14. CAH, VII, 193.

15. Sachar, A. L., History of the Jews, N. Y., 1932, 102. Cf. Zeitlin, S., History of the Second Jewish Commonwealth, Phila., 1933, 18f, or CAH, VIII, 5oif, for an economic interpretation of these intrigues.

16. Graetz, H., History of the Jews, Phila., 1891f, I, 445-6; Zeitlin, 18.

17. Bevan, I, 171; Mahaffy, J. P., Empire of the Ptolemies, London, 1895, 341.

18. CAH, VIII, 507-8.

19. I Macc., i; Josephus, Works, Boston, 1811, I, 438; Antiquities of the Jews, xii, 5.

20. Bevan, II, 154.

21. I Macc., v-vi; Bevan, 174.

22. I Macc., ii.

23. Ibid., vi.

24. Ibid., ii.

25. Ibid., ii-v.

26. Sachar, 104.

27. Bevan II, 183, 223.

CHAPTER XXV

1. Breccia, E., Alexandrea ad Aegyptum, Bergamo, 1922, 96; Strabo, xvii, 1.8.

2. Mahaffy, Empire, 104; Greek Life, 204.

3. Athenaeus, xiii, 37.

4. Mahaffy, Empire, 162.

5. Draper, I, 190.

6. Tarn, 148; CAH, VII, 137.

7. Ibid., 27; Rostovtzeff, Roman Empire, 259.

8. Tarn, 149-51, 155; Glotz, Ancient Greece, 345.

9. Ibid., 343.

10. Usher, 80, 85.

11. Strabo, xvii, 1.25.

12. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 353.

13. Tarn, 152; Usher, 75.

14. Glotz, l.c.

15. Rostovtzeff, Roman Empire, 432.

16. Usher, 79, 119.

17. Pliny, xxxv, 42.

18. Rostovtzeff, Ancient World, I, 373; Tarn, 102; Glotz, 350.

19. Tarn, 155.

20. Botsford and Sihler, 597.

21. Athenaeus, v, 36.

22. Pliny, xxxvi, 18.

23. Breccia, 107.

24. Tarn, 198.

25. Calhoun, 130.

26. CAH, VIII, 662.

27. Mahaffy, Greek Life, 182.

28. Mahaffy, What Have the Greeks?, 195-7.

29. Tarn, 153; CAH, VII, 28.

30. Ibid., 139-40; Tarn, 153; Mahaffy, Empire, 182, 213; Breccia, 42.

31. Breccia, 69.

32. Strabo, xvii, 1.8-10; Tarn, 146.

33. Glotz, 336.

34. Athenaeus, iii, 47.

35. Herodas, Mimiambi, i.

36. Lacroix, 1, 124.

37. Carroll, 326.

38. Graetz, 1, 418; Mahaffy, Empire, 86.

39. Josephus, Antiquities, xii, 1-2.

40. Zeitlin, 6-8; Bevan, I, 165.

41. Bentwich, 36.

42. Renan, E., History of the People of Israel, N. Y., 1888, IV, 194; V, 189.

42a. Graetz, I, 504.

43. Bevan and Singer, Legacy of Israel, Oxford, 1927, 32.

44. Josephus, Antiquities, xii, 2; Sarton, 151.

45. Sachar, 109.

46. Enc. Brit., XX, 335; Tarn, 177.

47. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 356; Tarn, 204.

48. Tarn, 158.

49. Mahaffy, Greek Life, 208.

50. Rostovtzeff, Roman Empire, 264.

51. Glotz, Greek City, 323.

52. Polybius, vii, 8.

53. Ibid.

54. Randall-Maclver, 138-9.

55. Athenaeus, v, 40.

56. Livy, xxiv, 4.

CHAPTER XXVI

1. Polybius, ix, 2.

2. Thompson, 71.

3. Strabo, xiii, 1.54.

4. Grote, Aristotle, 50.

5. Breccia, 47.

6. Ibid., 48.

7. Mahaffy, Empire, 208.

8. Oxyrhynchus Papyri X, 1241, p. 99; Breccia, 44.

9. Tarn, 238; Symonds, 21.

10. Tarn, 237; Mahaffy, 511.

11. Waxman, M., History of Jewish Literature, N. Y., 1930, 1, 48.

12. Ibid., 49.

13. Ibid., 21.

14. Renan, IV, 258.

15. Lacroix, I, 166-7.

16. Wright, 22.

17. CAH, VII, 227.

18. Menander, Arbitrants, 679-85.

19. Bacchis in the Phormio.

20. St. Paul, I Cor., xv, 33.

21. Tarn, 219.

22. Frag. 40 in Murray, Aristophanes, 223.

23. Translation by Symonds, 454.

24. Ibid., 526.

25. Murray, Greek Literature, 381; Mahaffy, Greek Literature, I, 166; id., Progress of Hellenism in Alexander’s Empire, Chicago, 1905, 112.

26. Theocritus, xv, tr. Lindsay, in Oxford Book of Greek Verse, 564.

27. Theocritus, i, 123-42; tr. Sir Wm. Marris, Oxford Book, 543.

28. Tarn, 52.

29. Frag. 54 in McCrindle, J. W., Ancient India, Calcutta, 1877, 120.

30. Bury, Greek Historians, 188.

31. Polybius, xii, 25, 27, etc.

32. Ibid., xxxiv, 6; xxxviii, 6.

33. xxx, 32.

34. iii, 2.

35. vi, 2.

36. vi, 3.

37. iii. 48, 59; xii, 25; Shotwell, 199.

38. xvi, 20.

39. xii, 28.

40. v, 75.

41. xxi, 32.

42. xvi, 12.

43. vi, 43.

44. iii, 31.

45. i, 1.

46. i, 35; i, 1.

47. i, 4.

48. ix, 1; ii, 56.

49. Dionysius of Halicarnassus in CAH, VIII, 10.

CHAPTER XXVII

1. Athenaeus, xiv, 33.

2. Mahaffy, Social Life, 467-8, 475-6.

3. Vitruvius, ix, 9; x, 13; Athenaeus, iv, 75; Oxford History of Music, Introd. Vol., 26.

4. Mahaffy, 455; id., Greek Life, 382.

5. Athenaeus, xiv, 31.

6. Strabo, xiv, 1.37.

7. In Gardner, Ancient Athens, 486.

8. Pliny, xxxv, 40.

9. Plutarch, “Aratus.”

10. Strabo, xiv, 2.5.

11. Pliny, xxxv, 36.

12. Ibid., xxxv, 37; xxxvi, 60.

13. Lessing, G. E., Laocoön, London, 1874, 15.

14. Pliny, xxxiv, 18.

15. Greek Anthology, vi, 171.

16. Pliny, l.c.

17. Bostock’s note, ibid.

18. Winckelmann, I, 229.

19. Virgil, Aeneid, ii, 49.

20. Pliny, xxxvi, 4.

21. Winckelmann, II, 325.

22. CAH, VIII, 675.

23. In Gardner, E. A., Six Greek Sculptors, London, 1910, 6.

CHAPTER XXVIII

1. Stobaeus, in Heath, Greek Mathematics, I, 357.

2. Plutarch, “Marcellus.”

3. Ball, W. W. R., Short History of Mathematics, London, 1888, 64.

4. Ibid., 66-7.

5. Plutarch.

6. Cicero, Tusc. Disp., i, 25.

7. Cicero, Rep., i, 14.

8. Singer, C., Studies in the History of Science, Oxford, 1921, II, 502.

9. Heath, II, 18.

10. Plutarch.

11. Ibid.

12. Polybius, viii, 5; Livy, xxiv, 34.

13. Heath, l.c.

14. Plutarch.

15. Polybius, l.c.

16. Plutarch.

17. Livy, xxv, 31.

18. Heath, II, 20.

19. Sarton, 184; Usher, 44.

20. Ibid., 80.

21. Ibid., 41; Sarton, 184, 195.

22. Vitruvius, i, 1.16.

23. Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 310, 383.

24. Ibid., 302.

25. Heath, Greek Math., II, 2.

26. Williams, H. S., History of Science, N. Y., 1909, I, 233.

27. Heath, Aristarchus, 296-7; CAH, VII, 311.

28. Enc. Brit., XI, 583.

29. Tarn, 230.

30. Heath, Aristarchus, 339-40.

31. Sarton, 144; Glotz, Ancient Greece, 375.

32. Strabo, i, 3.3.

33. Ibid., 1, 4.7-9.

34. Ibid., i, 4.6.

35. Wright, 14.

36. Garrison, 102.

37. Theophrastus, History of Plants, ii. I, I, in Livingstone, Legacy, 178.

38. Locy, 37.

39. Grote, II, 17.

40. Sarton, 143.

41. Ibid., 126.

42. In Wright, 14.

43. Celsus, De Artibus, i, 4, in Botsford and Sihler, 631.

44. Botsford and Sihler, 631.

45. Sarton, 159; Garrison, 153.

46. Sextus, Empiricus, Adv. Math., xi, 50, in Livingstone, 201.

47. Garrison, 103.

48. Sarton, 159-60.

CHAPTER XXIX

1. Carroll, 316.

2. Athenaeus, xiii, 90.

3. Diog. L., “Theophrastus,” iv-xi.

4. Theophrastus, Characters, Loeb Library, 1929, iii, xiv, etc.

5. Diog., “Xenophanes,” iii.

6. Ibid., iii-v, x.

7. Aristotle, Anal. Post., ii, 19.

8. Diog., “Pyrrho,” viii.

9. Ibid.’, iii.

10. Zeller, E., Stoics, Epicureans and Sceptics, London, 1870, 99.

11. Ibid., 503.

12. Wright, 128.

13. Ueberweg, 1, 136.

14. Polybius, xii, 26.

15. Diog., “Aristippus,” xii-xiv.

16. Lacroix, I, 160-1.

17. Diog., “Epicurus,” v.

18. Ibid., vi-viii.

19. Lucretius, v, 196; ii, 1090; Lucian, “Zeus Tragoedus,” in Works, III, 97.

20. Lucretius, ii, 292; Plutarch, Moralia, 964C.

21. Cicero, Nat. Deor., i, 20.

22. Diog., “Epicurus,” xxiv.

23. Ibid., xxvii; Murray, Greek Religion, 168.

24. Diog., xxv.

25. Athenaeus, xii, 67.

26. Diog., xxxi

27. Ibid., xxvii.

28. Ibid.

29. Ibid., xxxi, 31.

30. Ibid., xxvi.

31. Ibid., xxvii.

32. Zeller, 464.

33. Diog., xxxi, 28.

34. Cf. Frags. 165, 186, 194, and 213 in Murray, 130.

35. Murray, 138.

36. Frag. 138 in Murray, 141.

37. Diog., x.

38. Athenaeus, vii, 11.

39. Becker, 325.

40. Jewish Enc., art. “Apikoros”; Bentwich, 77.

41. Zeller, 388.

42. Cicero, De Fin., i, 7.25.

43. In Murray, Greek Literature, 372.

44. Diog., “Zeno,” i–ii.

45. Ibid., xi, v.

46. Ibid., v.

47. Ibid., “Crates,” i-iv; “Hipparchia,” i-ii; Zeller, Socrates, 326n.

48. Diog., “Zeno,” xxviii-xxix.

49. Ibid., xiv.

50. Zeller, Stoics, 3711.

51. Diog., “Zeno,” ix.

52. Ibid., xxvii. Lucian, Lactantius, and Stobaeus tell the same story; cf. Zeller. 40.

53. Zeller, 59.

54. Ibid., 121.

55. Cicero, Nat. Deor., ii, 7.

56. Diog., “Zeno,” lxviii-lxxvii.

57. Tr. by Pater, 50.

58. Plutarch, De Stoic. Repug., xxi, 4, in Zeller, 178; but Plutarch was intensely prejudiced against the Stoics.

59. Oxford Book of Greek Verse, 535.

60. Zeller, 288.

61. Diog., “Zeno,” xix.

62. Ibid., lxiv.

63. Zeller, 316.

64. Diog., lxvi.

65. Zeller, 303.

66. Cicero, Tusc. Disp., i, 34.83.

67. Zeller, 327.

68. Ibid., 207.

CHAPTER XXX

1. Polybius, i, 1.

2. Plutarch, “Pyrrhus.”

3. Ibid.

4. Ibid.

5. Mommsen, T., History of Rome, London, 1901, II, 5.

6. Plutarch, l.c.

7. Livy, xxv, 40, 31.

8. Polybius, ii, 8.

9. Ibid., v, 103.

10. Livy, xxiii, 33.

11. Polybius, xvi, 30; Livy, xxxi, 18.

12. Polybius, xviii, 45.

13. Livy, xxxiv, 52.

14. Tarn, 29.

15. Strabo, viii, 6.23.

16. Polybius, xxxix, 2; Strabo, l.c.

EPILOGUE

1. Symonds, 579.

2. Rede Lecture for 1875, in Symonds, 578.

3. Enc. Brit., II, 344.

Index

I am indebted for this index to the careful scholarship of Mr. Herbert Winer. The diacritical marks follow Webster’s Dictionary.—W. D.

Aahmes (ä’-mēz) II, King of Egypt (reigned 570–526 B.C.), 173

Aaron (ā’-rŏn), 583

abacus, 338

Abdera , 69, 149, 157, 352, 354, 358

Abélard, Pierre, French philosopher (1079–1142), 643

abortion, 287, 468, 567

Abydos , 135, 156, 544, 575, 663

Academus , 511

Academy, 226, 473, 474, 479, 486, 500, 501, 511–513, 524, 525, 553, 640, 641, 642, 644, 651

Acanthus , 158

Acarnania , 105, 106, 542

Acco (ä’-kō), 580, 584

Achaea , 86, 88, 89, 198, 560, 569, 665

Achaean League, 560–561, 570, 585, 613, 666

Achaeans, 21*, 23, 37–38, 40, 42, 44–55, 62, 63, 64, 89, 106, 108, 128, 151, 160, 180, 203, 311, 613

Achaemenidae , 563

Achaeus , 39

Acharnae , 108

Acharnians , The (Aristophanes), 417, 422, 428

Achelous (ăk’-ě-lō’-ŭs), 106

Acheron (ăk’-ēr-ŏn), 67

Achilles , 36, 43, 45, 46, 48, 52, 56, 58–59, 61, 150, 171, 183, 193, 208–209, 220, 302, 405, 406, 538, 541, 544, 546, 548, 551, 620, 660

Achilles and Briseis, 620*

Achilles and Penthesilea , 315

Acontius , 608

Acragas , 130, 170, 171, 172, 327, 339, 342, 355, 357, 438

Acre (ä’-kēr), 580, see also Acco

Acrocorinthus , 62, 89, 560

Acron , physician (fl. 5th century B.C.), 342

Acropolis (Athens), 108, 120, 122, 178, 226, 251, 325, 330–331, 365, 377, 450, 543, 623

Acropolis (Pergamum), 623

Actium , 89†

actors, 232, 379, 380–381, 383, 606

Adana (ä’-dä-nä), 576

Adasa , 584

Adeimantus , 520

Aden (ä’-děn), 575, see also Adana

Admetus (ăd-mē’-tŭs), 402

Adonia , 185*

Adonis , 13, 69, 178, 185, 467, 566

Adrastus , 41, 232

Adriatic Sea, 67, 159, 660

adultery, in Homeric society, 51; in Sparta, 84; in Athens, 117, 305

Advokatenrepublik, 483

Aegaleus (ē’-gă-lē’-ŭs), Mt., 241

Aegean (ē-jē’-ăn) Islands, 3–4, 6, 8, 22, 27, 33, 59, 62, 70, 127, 128, 134, 158, 233, 234, 245, 441, 528, 570

Aegean Sea, 4, 5, 6, 10, 33, 70, 71, 106, 109, 128, 274, 275, 439, 445, 451, 463, 477, 571, 572, 578, 665

Aegeus (ē’-jŭs), 23

Aegina , 29, 30, 72, 95, 240, 253, 279, 322, 342, 439

Aegira , 89

Aegisthus , 59, 386, 387, 388, 389, 409

Aegium , 89, 560

Aegospotami , 295, 331, 450

Aegyptus , 49

Aenea , 60

Aeneas , 58

Aeneas Tacticus , writer (4th century B.C.), 503

Aeneid , The (Virgil), 609*

Aeniania , 105, 106

Aenus (ē’-nŭs), 157

Aeolia , 71, 128, 150, 151, 203, 238; dialect, 204

Aeolian League, 128

Aeolus (ē’-ō-lŭs), 177

Aerope (ă-ěŕ-ŏ-pē), 386

Aeschines , orator (389-314 B.C.), 279, 381, 479, 483, 484–485, 486

Aeschines, philosopher (5th century B.C.), 364

Aeschylus , tragic poet (525-456 B.C.), 189, 196, 201, 211, 233, 236, 267, 270, 303, 312, 317, 337, 361, 376, 377, 379, 381, 383–391, 392, 397, 398, 399, 401, 404, 412, 427, 438, 601

Aeson (ē’-sŭn), 43

Aesop (ē’-sŏp), fabulist (fl. 560 B.C.), 104, 142

Aesop and the Fox, 315

Aethlius , 88

Aetolia , 88, 105, 106, 128, 542, 560, 663, 664

Aetolian League, 560-561, 570, 585, 662, 664

Afghanistan, 234, 238, 575–576

Africa, 3, 4, 31, 67, 68, 129, 165, 170, 173–174, 241, 486, 590, 613, 637, 666, 667, 669

afterlife, in Crete, 14

in Mycenae, 32

in Egypt, 68

according to Pythagoras, 165

according to Bacchoi, 187–188

in Athens, 311–312

according to Empedocles, 357

according to Plato, 517

Against the Sophists (Isocrates), 363, 485

Agamemnon , 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 31, 32, 34, 36, 39, 42, 47, 53, 55, 56, 58, 59, 61–62, 77, 107, 177, 193, 208, 223, 302, 311, 386–388, 389, 404–405, 406, 409, 410, 480, 544, 620

Agamemnon (Aeschylus), 387–388

Agariste , mother of Pericles, 248

Agatharchus, painter (5th century B.C.), 317, 378

Agathocles , tyrant of Syracuse (361?-289 B.C.), 598, 612

Agathocles, musician (5th century B.C.), 374

Ageladas , sculptor (fl. 5th century B.C.), 323, 324

Agathon , tragic poet (ca. 448–400 B.C.), 370, 514

Agave , 418

aged, treatment of, 310–311

Agelaus , statesman (3rd century B.C.), 662

Agesander , sculptor (fl. 1st century B.c), 622, 624

Agesilaus II, King of Sparta (ca. 444–361 B.C.), 75, 201, 295, 461, 467, 489

Agias , 498

Agis II, King of Sparta (reigned 427–398 B.C.), 447

Agis IV, King of Sparta (reigned 244–240 B.C.), 569

Agnonides, Athenian (4th century B.C.), 641

agnosticism, 371

Agoracritus , sculptor (fl. 5th century B.C.), 326

Agraulos , 290

agriculture, in Achaean society, 45

in Athens, 268–269, 562

in Egypt, 588

Agrigentum , 172, see also Acragas

Agylla , 472

Ahhijava , 37, 39

Ahmose II, see Aahmes II

Aietes (ī-ē’-tēz), 43

Aigyptiaka (Manetho), 612

“Airs, Waters, Places” (Hippocrates), 344

Ajax (ā’-jăks), 57, 58, 109, 297

Ajax (Sophocles), 392

Akaiwasha , 37

Albania, 660

Albertinum (Dresden), 498

Alcaeus (ăl-sē’-ŭs), lyric poet (620-580 B.C.), 76*, 151–152, 153, 155, 156

alcaics, 152

Alcamenes (ăl-kăm’-ě-nēz), sculptor (fl. 5th century B.C.), 324, 326, 328

Alcander, 78

Alcestis , 42, 307, 402, 414

Alcestis (Euripides), 401–402, 416

Alcibiades , politician and general (450-404 B.C.), 36, 184, 227, 237, 253, 272, 281, 282, 302, 308, 364, 365, 366, 370, 433, 443–448, 449–451, 452, 485, 514, 535

Alcibiades (Aeschines of Sphettos), 364

Alcidamas , philosopher and rhetorician (fl. 4th century B.C.), 280

Alcinous , 48*, 52, 53, 60, 61

Alcisthenes of Sybaris, 160

Alcmaeon (ălk-mē’-ŏn), 342, 345

Alcmaeonids , 104, 124, 444

Alcman (ălk’-măn), lyric poet (7th century B.C.), 66, 76–77, 230, 301, 377

Alcmene (ălk-mē’-ně), 41, 180, 182, 401

Aldobrandini Wedding, The, 620

Alexander I, King of Macedonia (d. 455 B.C.), 375

Alexander III the Great, King of Macedonia (356-323 B.C.), 35†, 52, 67, 70, 160, 211, 245, 266, 281, 291, 308, 377, 461, 468, 471, 476, 477, 480–481, 491, 492, 493, 497, 498, 501, 503, 507, 525, 528, 538–554, 557, 558, 563, 565, 571, 572, 573, 574, 576, 577, 578, 579, 581, 585, 591, 592, 593, 607, 620–621, 627, 634, 637, 642, 646, 656, 660, 666

Alexander Balas, King of Syria (reigned 150, 146 B.C.), 579

Alexander’s Feast (Dryden), 377*

Alexandria, 45, 68, 76, 134, 149, 174, 189, 192, 207, 209, 226, 545, 562, 575, 576, 578, 579, 580, 585, 586–587, 589, 590, 591, 592–595, 597, 509, 601, 602, 603, 606, 607, 608, 609, 616, 618, 623, 627, 628, 636, 638, 639, 641, 669

Alexis of Thurii, comic dramatist (fl. 3rd century B.C.), 483, 607

algebra, 164, 338

Alighieri, Dante, Italian poet (1265–1321), 119, 436, 523

Almagest (ăl’-mă-jěst) (Ptolemy), 635

alphabet, Cretan, 14–15

Greek, 14, 205

Phoenician, 15

Pelasgian, 31

Semitic, 68

Euboean, 106

Alpheus (ăl-fē’-ŭs) River, 41†, 88

Alpine man, 8*, 63

Alps, 67, 430, 614

Altar of Zeus, 618, 623

Altis , 88

Alyattes , King of Lydia (617-560 B.C.), 91, 150

Amaryllis , 611

Amasis II, see Aahmes II

Amazon, 322

Amazons, 41†, 220, 333, 494

Ambracia , 542, 575

Ameinias , brother of Aeschylus, 390

Amenhotep (ä’-měn-hō’-těp) IV, King of Egypt (reigned 1375?-1358? B.C.), 21, 653

America, 157, 449, 513, 576, 669

American Revolution, 449

Amisus , 156, 575

amixia, 594

Ammon (ām’-ŏn), 377, 467, 481, 544, 548, 549, 551

Amoebeus , musician, 230

Amorgos , 131, 272

Amphictyonic , Council, 316, 477, 542

Amphictyonic League, 198, 216, 477

Amphipolis , 157, 365, 432, 443, 477

Amphissa , 105

Amphitryon , 41

Ampurias , 3, 67, 169

amulets, 5, 20

Amyclae , 29, 87*, 222

Amyntas II, King of Macedonia (reigned 393–369 B.C.), 524, 525

Anabasis (Xenophon), 460, 489

Anacharsis , scholar (fl. 6th century B.C.), 117, 365

Anacreon , poet (560-475 B.C.), 76, 123, 130, 142, 148–149, 193, 223

Anaphlystus , 109

Anatolia , 15, 593

anatomy, 345, 502–503, 531, 638–639

Anaxagoras , philosopher (500?-428 B.C.), 150, 177, 248, 251, 252, 253, 254, 317, 337, 339–341, 348, 355, 358, 367, 401, 424, 456, 669

Anaximander , philosopher (ca. 610–546 B.C.), 71, 136, 138–139, 140, 145

Anaximenes , philosopher (fl. 6th century B.C.), 139, 339, 416

ancestor worship, 177, 180

Anchises (ăn-kī’-sēz), 185

andreia , 206

Andromache , 25, 46, 57, 211, 307, 316, 406–408

Andromache (Euripides), 401*

Andromeda , 28

Andromeda (Euripides), 416

Andronicus of Rhodes, Greek philosopher in Rome (fl. 1st century B.C.), 526, 601

Andros (ăn’-drŏs), 131, 153, 449

Androtion , historian (4th century B.C.), 466

anesthesia, 342, 638

animal worship, in Crete, 13, 20

in Mycenae, 32

in Grecian religion, 177, 179

animism, 139, 177, 193

Anniceris of Cyrene, philosopher (4th century B.C.), 473, 510

Antaeus (ăn-tē’-ŭs), 220

Antalcidas , Spartan statesman (fl. 387 B.C.), 461

Antenor (ăn-tē’-nôr), sculptor (fl. 6th century B.C.), 221

Anthesteria , 180, 199–200

Anthesterion , 199

anthropomorphism, 176, 177, 179

Antibes (än’-tēb), 169, see also Antipolis

Anticychera , 321

Antigone , 307, 311, 394–397

Antigone (Sophocles), 303*, 396–397

Antigonids, 575, 656

Antigonus I Cyclops, King of Asia (382-301 B.C.), 558, 572

Antigonus II Gonatas, King of Macedonia (319-239 B.C.), 560, 651

Antigonus III Doson, King of Macedonia (d. 220 B.C.), 561, 570, 571

Antimenes of Rhodes, banker (4th century B.C.), 562–563

Antioch , 562, 572, 573, 574, 575, 576, 580, 621, 627

Antiochus , I Soter, King of Syria (reigned 280–261 B.C.), 572, 573, 612

Antiochus II Theos, King of Syria (reigned 261–246 B.C.), 573

Antiochus III the Great, King of Syria (reigned 224–187 B.C.), 573, 578, 581, 587, 664

Antiochus IV Epiphanes, King of Syria (200?-164 B.C.), 572, 573–574, 581, 582, 583, 584, 605

Antiochus, Athenian general (d. 407 B.C.), 450

Antiochus of Syracuse, historian (fl. 420 B.C.), 160*

Antiope , 402, 623

Antipater , Regent of Macedonia (?-319 B.C.), 480, 544, 553, 554, 558

Antiphanes , comic dramatist (fl. 4th century B.C.), 212, 483, 513

Antiphon of Athens, orator (480-411 B.C.), 361, 363, 369, 430

Antipolis , 169

anti-Semitism, 582–584, 594

Antisthenes of Cyrene, philosopher (444-365 B.C.), 369, 372, 505–506, 508, 644, 651

Antisthenes, banker (5th century B.C.), 274

Antonines, 88

Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius, Roman emperor and philosopher (121–180), 136, 560, 656

Antonius, Marcus, Roman general (83-30 B.C.), 89†, 593, 602

Anytus , politician (fl. 5th century B.C.), 271, 370, 373, 426, 452, 454, 455, 511

Apamea , 156, 575, 576

apella, see Assembly (Sparta)

Apelles , painter (fl. 330 B.C.), 134, 300, 492–494, 498

Apelles, envoy of Antiochus IV, 583

Apellicon of Teos, bibliophile (d. 84 B.C.), 601

Aphaea , 95

Aphetae , 240

Aphidna , 75, 108

“Aphorisms” (Hippocrates), 343

Aphrodisia , 91, 185

Aphrodisias (city), 157

Aphrodite , 13, 34, 51, 56, 58, 69, 83, 89, 90, 91, 99, 101, 105*, 133, 159, 178, 184, 185, 319, 402, 494, 565, 610, 620, 624, 650

Kallipygos, 185

Pandemos, 116, 185, 300, 497

Urania, 185

Aphrodite (Praxiteles), 495

Aphrodite (Scopas), 498

Aphrodite Anadyomene (Apelles), 300, 493

Aphrodite of Melos, 133, 624

Aphrodite of the Gardens (Alcamenes), 326

Apocrypha , 603, 604

Apollo , 23*, 56, 58, 73, 87*, 92, 96, 104–105, 118, 131, 141, 159, 161, 169, 179, 180, 182–183, 184, 188, 193, 198, 199, 200, 216, 218, 227, 228, 245, 274, 326, 328, 355, 376, 389, 401, 409, 410, 416, 472, 559, 570, 574, 618

Lyceus, 525

Apollo (Scopas), 498

Apollo Belvedere, 624

Apollo Citharoedus, 498

Apollo of Sunium, 222

Apollo of Tenea, 222

Apollo Sauroctonus (sō-rŏk’-tŏ-nŭs) (Praxiteles), 496

Apollo Smintheus (Scopas), 497

Apollodorus , painter (fl. 5th century B.C.), 317

Apollodorus, historian and mythographer (2nd century B.C.), 163

Apollodorus, Macedonian revolutionary (3rd century B.C.), 559, 560

Apollonia , 157, 580

Apollonius of Alexandria, grammarian (fl. 1st century A.D.), 601

Apollonius of Miletus, physician (fl. 2nd century B.C.), 639

Apollonius of Perga, geometer (3rd century B.C.), 338, 627, 628

Apollonius of Rhodes, poet and grammarian (3rd century B.C.), 42, 601, 608–609

Apollonius of Tralles, sculptor (fl. 2nd century B.C.), 623

Apollonius of Tyre, 650

Apoxyomenos (ăp-ŏk’-sē-ŏm’-ě-năs) (Lysippus), 292, 498

Apology (Plato), 371, 417*, 513*

Appius Claudius, see Claudius, Appius

aqueducts, 121, 142

Arabia, 161, 234, 238, 276, 551, 576, 580, 590, 593, 629, 667

Aral Sea, 575

Aramaic, 603

Aratus of Sicyon, statesman (271-213 B.C.), 560–561, 569–570, 612, 619

Aratus of Soli, didactic poet (315-245 B.C.), 560, 635

Arbela , 56, 234, 540, 545

Arbitrants, The (Menander) 607–608

arboriculture, in Cyprus, 34, 133; in Chios, 150; in Attica, 269, 463; in Egypt, 588

Arcadia , 41†, 86, 87, 89, 133, 178, 194, 226, 462, 499*, 570, 613

Arcesilaus , philosopher (316-241 B.C.), 636, 643, 657

Archeanassa , courtesan, 300

Archelaus (ăr’-kě-lā’-ŭs), King of Macedonia (reigned 413–399 B.C.), 291, 418, 437, 475

Archelaus of Miletus, philosopher (fl. 5th century B.C.), 367, 371

Archeological Museum (Constantinople), 623, 625

Archeological Museum (Florence), 219

archeology, 5–6, 24–27, 34–35, 44

Archermus , sculptor (6th century B.C.), 150, 222

Archestratus (ăr’-kě-strā’-tŭs), banker (5th century B.C.), 274

Archestratus, poet (fl. 330 B.C.), 649

Archestratus, tyrant of Sicyon, 619

Archidamus , King of Sparta, 81, 82

Archilochus , lyric poet (714?-676 B.C.), 132, 152, 157, 193, 229

Archimedes , scientist (287?-212 B.C.), 265, 501, 588, 598–599, 627, 628–634, 640, 669, 671

Archippe, courtesan, 300

architecture, in Crete, 7, 11–12, 18–19

in Tiryns, 27–28

in Mycenae, 28–30

in Troy, 34–35

in Homeric society, 52–53

in Athens, 122, 308

in Sicily, 171, 172

in 7th and 6th centuries, 223–226

in Periclean age, 327–336

in 4th century, 491–492

in Hellenistic age, 617–618

archon basileus, 109, 117, 263–264

archon eponymos, 109

archon polemarchos, 109

archon thesmothetai, 109*, in, 258

archonship, 23, 108, 109–110, 115–116, 121, 249–250, 263–264

Archytas, philosopher and scientist (428-347 B.C.), 166, 500, 501, 510

Arctic Circle, 637

Arctonnesus , 156

arenas, see stadiums

Areopagiticus (Isocrates), 487–488

Areopagus , 110, 115, 124, 125, 247, 255, 257, 258, 259, 264, 390, 488

Ares (ā’-rēz), 50, 57, 58, 182, 184, 185

Ares (Scopas), 497

Arete , daughter of Aristippus, 505

arete, 298, 372

Arginusae , 311, 450, 455

Argo (är’-gō), 43

Argolic Gulf, 31, 96

Argolis ), 72, 542

Argonautica (Apollonius of Rhodes), 609

Argonauts (är’-gō-nŏts), 42–43, 44, 189, 403

Argos (är’-gŏs), 23, 27, 39, 41, 50*, 55, 56, 61, 62, 64, 70–72, 79, 86, 89, 90, 125*, 165, 178, 200, 221, 231, 239, 246, 322, 378, 441, 466, 497, 569, 570, 661, 665

Argus (är’-gŭs), 28, 72

Ariadne , 6, 15, 23, 229

Ariana, 546

Arion , poet of Lesbos (7th century B.C.), 91, 230, 232

Aristaeus , mathematician (4th century B.C.), 628

Aristagoras , Regent of Miletus (d. 497 B.C.), 234–235

Aristander , soothsayer (4th century B.C.), 540

Aristarchus of Samos, astronomer (fl. 280–264 B.C.), 502, 634, 635, 636, 658, 669

Aristarchus of Samothrace, grammarian and critic (220-143 B.C.), 209, 601, 602

Aristeas, 595*

Aristides , statesman and general (?-468? B.C.), 236–237, 245, 246, 294

Aristides of Thebes, painter (4th century B.C.), 492

Aristion, stela of, 69, 223

Aristippus of Cyrene, philosopher (435?-356? B.C.), 173, 290, 301, 302, 369, 467, 504–505, 506, 510, 644

Aristo of Chios, Stoic philosopher (fl. 250 B.C.), 652*

Aristocles , see Plato

Aristocles, sculptor (6th century B.C.), 223

Aristocles, sculptor (5th century B.C.), 322

aristocracy, in Sparta, 79–80

in Corinth, 91; in Attica, 108

in Miletus, 134; in Athens, 281–282

Aristodama of Smyrna, poetess (4th century B.C.), 567

Aristodemus , King of Messenia (8th century B.C.), 73

Aristogeiton , tyrannicide 6th century B.C.), 123–124, 221, 298, 301

Aristomenes , 73

Aristophanes , comic dramatist (448?-380? B.C.), 108, 130, 178, 199, 231, 252–253, 266, 273, 283, 293, 307, 337, 363, 364, 370, 373, 390, 401, 415, 417, 420–429, 439, 453, 467, 469, 482, 489, 514, 606

Aristophanes of Byzantium, grammarian and critic (257-180? B.C.), 132, 205*, 601, 602, 607

Aristotle , philosopher (384-322 B.C.), 5, 56, 95, in, 113, 114, 116, 118, 120, 136, 137, 158, 160, 166, 167, 172, 174, 196, 204, 207, 228*, 229, 230, 231, 245, 247, 249, 278*, 280, 287, 289, 293, 302, 303, 310, 321, 340, 353, 356, 363, 364, 368, 373, 381, 398, 411, 431, 442, 449, 459, 463, 465, 467, 468, 469, 486, 488, 501, 512, 513, 515, 524–537, 538, 539, 547, 550, 553, 586, 601, 607, 617, 638, 640, 641, 642, 644, 656, 657, 669

Aristotle (Grote), 532 *

Aristoxenus of Tarentum, philosopher and writer on music (fl. 4th century B.C.), 364, 617, 669

arithmetic, 163–164, 337–338, 500, 627, 630

Arkalochori (ăr’-kō-lō-kôr’-ē), 6

Ark of the Covenant, 583

Arles, 169

Armenia, 238, 460, 578

army, in Crete, 23

in Homeric society, 54–55

in Sparta, 77, 80, 81, in Athens, 264–265

in Macedonia, 476–477

army equipment, 264–265, 471, 476–477

tactics, in Sparta, 81

in Athens, 265

in Thebes, 462

in Macedonia, 476–477

Arnold, Matthew, English critic (1822–1888), 579

Arretophoria , 200

Arrian, Flavius, historian (100?-170?), 502, 548, 549, 550*

Arsaces , founder of kingdom of Parthia (248? B.C.), 578

Arsinoë , Queen of Egypt (285 B.C.), 586, 593

Arsinoë (city), 576

Artaxerxes (är’-tăk-sûrk’-sēz) I, King of Persia (d. 425 B.C.), 234, 246, 343

Artaxerxes II, King of Persia (d. 361 B.C.), 460, 461

Artaxerxes III, King of Persia (reigned 359–338 B.C.), 542, 547

Artemis , 58, 108, 142, 143, 175, 178, 181, 182, 183, 185, 200, 226, 322, 326, 402, 410, 411, 577

Orthia , 82, 194

Artemisia , consort of Mausolus, Prince of Caria (fl. 350 B.C.), 134, 494

Artemisium , 239–240, 245, 383

arts, in Crete, 8–10, 16–20

in Tiryns and Mycenae, 30–33

in Homeric society, 52–53

after Dorian invasion, 63

in Sparta, 74–77, 87

in Corinth, 91–92

in Athens, 122

in 7th and 6th centuries, 217–233

in Periclean age, 313–336

in Syracuse, 438

in 4th century, 491–499

in Judea, 580

in Hellenistic age, 616–626

arts, patronage of, 10, 251–252, 472

Aryans, 35

Ascalaphus , 41†

Ascalon , 580

asceticism, 85, 191, 192, 509

Asclepiads , 96, 342

Asclepiodorus , painter (4th century B.C.), 492

Asclepius , 96, 179, 180, 182, 327, 342, 346

Ascra , 98, 100

Asculum, 660

Ashdod, 580, see Azotus

Asia, 4, 20, 34, 35, 55, 59, 62, 63, 127, 140, 165, 174, 437, 461, 467, 477, 480, 486, 525, 543, 544, 545, 547, 551, 557, 558, 562, 565, 571, 572, 575–577, 578, 579, 617, 625, 637, 644, 645, 664

Asia Minor, 3, 20, 25, 42, 55, 68, 70, 98, 128, 151, 158, 170, 234, 499, 551, 557, 558, 559, 572, 573, 578, 601, 613, 667

Aspasia of Miletus, consort of Pericles (470?-410 B.C.), 251, 252–253, 254, 289, 300, 337, 348, 439, 442, 450

Assembly (Athens), 115–116, 119–120, 121, 125, 126, 237, 240, 247, 250, 251, 254, 255–256, 257, 263, 264, 266, 298, 358, 360, 442, 443, 445, 446, 447, 449, 450, 466, 469, 479, 483, 554, 645, 651

Assembly (Sparta), 79, 80, 447, 452

Assembly (Syracuse), 474

Assus, 327, 524, 525, 652

Assumption, feast of the, 183

Assyria, 30, 68, 69, 224, 238, 572, 603

Astacus , 156

Astarte (ăs-tär’-tē), 178

astrology, 137, 566, 653

astronomy, 15, 69, 135, 137, 163–164, 339, 501–502, 566, 631, 634–637

Astyanax , 57, 316, 406–409

asylum, right of, 192–193, 262

Atalanta , 43, 105, 497

Atalanta in Calydon (Swinburne), 105*

ataraxia, 644

Atarissyas , King of the Ahhijavas, 39

Atarneus , 524, 578

Athamus , 42

atheism, 644–645

Athena , 26, 40, 49, 50*, 58, 59, 61, 87*, 101, 120, 122, 167, 175, 179, 182, 183, 184, 185, 187, 199, 227, 273, 323, 327, 331, 332, 333, 334, 389, 431, 492, 622, 650

Athena (Scopas), 497

Athena and Marsyas (Myron), 323

Athenaeus (ăth’-ē-nē’-ŭs), grammarian (fl. 2nd century), 91, 149, 160†, 218, 278*, 301, 349, 370*, 390, 435, 561, 593, 617, 640

Athene Parthenos (Pheidias), 179, 221, 253, 266, 324, 325, 329

Athene Polias, 330, 331

Athene Promachos (prō’-mă-kŏs) (Pheidias), 325

Athenian Confederacy, 439–440, 442, 469, 470, 487

Athenis , sculptor (6th century B.C.), 144, 150

Athenodorus , sculptor (2nd? century B.C.), 622

Athens (ăth’-ěnz), 5, 23*, 40, 42, 50*, 69, 71, 72, 77, 79, 81, 82, 86, 87, 90, 98–126, 127, 131, 135, 149, 151, 157, 172, 173, 174, *75, 177, 178, 179, 182, 184, 185, 188, 191, 194, 195, 197, 199, 200, 203, 204, 207, 208, 215, 219, 221, 223, 226, 227, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236–237, 238, 239–241, 242, Chapters XI, XII, XIII, and XIV passim, 337, 339, 341, 342, 349, 351, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 363, 368–369, 372, 375, 381, 430, 433, 436, 437, 439–456, 459, 461, 463–470, 477, 478–480, 481, 485–488, 489, 491, 497, 503, 507, 509, 510, 514, 519, 523, 524, 525, 542, 543, 552–554, 558, 560, 561–562, 563, 565, 566, 570, 573, 574, 586, 591, 600, 601, 606–607, 608, 612, 616, 617, 623, 625, 638, 640, 641, 643, 644, 645, 650, 651, 652, 662, 666

Athens Museum, 212, 222, 223, 321, 322, 331, 499.

athletics, in Homeric society, 48

in Sparta, 82–83; in social structure, 211–217

Athos (ăth’-ŏs), Mt., 239, 545*

Atlantic Ocean, 3, 637

Atlantis, 118

Atlas (ăt’-lăs), 41†, 328–329

Atman (ät’-màn), 654

atomic theory, 342, 352, 353–354, 646–647

Atossa , daughter of Cyrus the Great, and wife of Cambyses, Smerdis, and Darius Hystaspis (6th century B.C.), 342

Atreus , 26, 27, 29, 39, 42, 386

Attalus I, King of Pergamum (reigned 241–197 B.C.), 578, 623, 627

Attalus II Philadelphus, King of Pergamum (reigned 159–138 B.C.), 481, 549

Attalus, Macedonian general (4th century B.C.), 481, 549

Atthis , 154

Attica , 17, 27, 30, 40, 62, 74, 75, 77, 103, 106, 107–126, 128, 129, 134, 178, 188, 189, 200, 212, 220, 226, 231, 250, Chapter XII passim, 320, 322, 323, 324, 329–335, 440, 441, 447, 470, 562, 568; dialect, 204

Attic pottery, 219–220

Attis , 13, 178, 467

Atys , see Attis

Augeas (ô -jē’-ăs), 41†

Augustine, Saint (354–430), 455*, 523

Augustus (Caius Julius Caesar Octavianus), Roman emperor (63 B.C–A.D. 14), 89†, 121, 149, 499, 552, 598

auletrides, 299–300

Aulis , 56, 107, 386, 410

Aurelius, Marcus, see Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius

Austria, 62*, 602

Azotus (à-zō’-tŭs), 580

B

Babylon , 294, 431, 507, 545, 549, 551, 575, 577, 587, 605, 612, 627, 634

Babylonia , 68–69, 72, 135, 178, 203, 238, 460, 557, 558, 566, 572, 578, 635

Babylonians, The (Aristophanes), 421

Bacchae (băk’-ē), The (Euripides), 401, 411, 418

Bacchanalia , 583, 587

Bacchante (Scopas), 498

Bacchantes (bă-kăn’-tēz), 418

Bacchiadae , 90, 92

Bacchoi (bă’-koi), 187

Bacchus (băk’-ŭs), 625, see also Dionysus

Bacchylides , poet (ca. 505–450 B.C.), 76*, 131, 375, 438

Bach, Johann Sebastian, German composer (1685–1750), 375, 400

back-to-nature movement, 372, 509

Bacon, Francis, Baron Verulam, Viscount St. Albans, English philosopher (1561–1626), 353, 644

Bactria , 238, 552, 557, 573, 575, 576, 578, 616, 617

Bactriana, 546

Baer, Karl Ernst von, Estonian naturalist and embryologist (1792–1876), 529

Baghdad , 572

Balaustion’s Adventure (Browning), 402*

Balkans, 35, 127, 157, 486, 559

ball games, 212

Baluchistan , 547, see also Gedrosia

banking, 274, 464, 562–563, 575, 590

Banquet (Xenophon), 364

barbarian (in Greek sense), defined, 70

Barberini Faun, 625

barbers, 291

barter, 47, 575

Basilica , 168

bas-relief, in Crete, 16–17, 19–20

in 7th and 6th century, 222–223

in Periclean age, 319

in 4th century, 494

Bassae, 327–328

Baths of Caracalla, 623*

Baths of Titus, 622

Bathycles of Magnesia, sculptor (fl. 550 B.C.), 87*

Batis , general of Gaza (4th century B.C.), 541

Battle of Issus, 620–621

Battle of Marathon (Panaenus), 317

Bayle, Pierre, French philosopher and critic (1647–1706), 432

beauty contests, 218

Beethoven, Ludwig van, German composer (1770–1827), 326, 401

Beirut , 575, see also Berytus

Bellerophon (bě-lŏr’-ō-fŏn), 25

Bendis , 467, 566

Beneventum, 661

Beni-Hasan , 68, 224

Bentinck, William Henry Cavendish, 3rd Duke of Portland (1738–1809), 616*

Bentley, Richard, English critic and classical scholar (1662–1742), 210

Berenice (běr’-ě-nī’-sē), Queen of Egypt (28?-70), 587

Bergson, Henri, French philosopher, 147, 657

Berkeley, George, Irish metaphysician (1685–1753), 531†

Berlin Museum, 26, 315, 618

Bernini, Giovanni Lorenzo, Italian painter, sculptor, and architect (1598–1680), 622†

Berosus (bě-rō’-sŭs), Chaldean priest and chronicler (fl. 3rd century B.C.), 612

Berytus , 575

Bessus, satrap of Bactria under Darius III (fl. 331 B.C.), 546

Bias (bī’-ăs) of Priene, one of the Seven Sages (fl. ca. 570 B.C.), 141, 261

Bible, 36, 135, 206, 210, 211, 594–595, 603, 628

biblos, 206

biology, 139, 502, 528–531

Bios Hellados (Dicaear-chus), 488

Birds, The (Aristophanes), 338, 378, 428

birth control, 287, 468, 567–568

Birth of Aphrodite, The, 319

Bisanthe , 157

Bithynia , 450, 557, 578

black-figure ware, 219–220

Black Sea, 3, 4, 36, 43, 44, 55, 70, 128, 129, 135, 156, 157, 158, 219, 234, 245, 275, 276, 430, 437, 440, 441, 460, 559, 575, 578, 667

Blegen, Carl W., American archeologist, 35*

Blepyrus , 283

Boar Hunt, 31

Boedromion , 199

Boeon (bē’-ŏn), Mt., 103

boeotarch, 462

Boeotia , 27, 33, 40–42, 61*, 98–103, 106, 107, 108, 128, 198, 227, 238, 437, 440, 441, 462, 463, 477, 495, 569, 666

Boeotian Confederacy, 103, 437, 462

Boethus, (bō-ē’-thŭs) of Sidon, philosopher (1st century B.C.), 652

Boethus, sculptor (2nd century B.C.), 625

Boghaz Keui (bō-gäz’ kû-ē), 37

Bokhara , 546

Book of the Law, 581, 582, 583, 594

Book of the Dead, 190

books, 206–207, 600–606

Boreas (bō’-rē-ăs), 177

Borghese Gallery (Rome), 625

Bosanquet, Robert Carr, English archeologist, 6

Bosporus (bŏs’-pô r-ŭs), 4*, 92, 156, 157, 234, 242, 449

Bossuet, Jacques Bénigne, French bishop of Meaux, and pulpit orator (1627–1704), 432

Boston Museum of Fine Arts, 17, 499

botany, 637–638

boule , 54, 110, 115, 256–257, 263

bouleuterion, 257

Bouphonia , 200

Bourbons, 451

Boxers’ Vase, 17

boxing, 12, 214–215

Bozzaris, Marco, Greek patriot (1788–1823), 105

Brahman (brä-măn), 654

Brahmans, 612, see also India

Branchidae (brăn-kī’-dē), 222, 226, 546

Brasidas , Spartan general (?-422 B.C.), 443

Brauron, 108, 411

Brauronia , 108, 200

Brazen Race (Theogony), 102

Brennus, Gaulish leader, invader of Italy (fl. 390 B.c.), 472

Brennus, Gaulish leader (fl. 279), 559

Brentesium , 159

bridges, 238–239, 272–273

Brindisi, 159, see also Brentesium

Briseis , 56, 58, 208, 302, 620

British Isles, 590

British Museum, 29, 68*, 134, 222, 322*, 492, 494*, 499, 616*, 622‡

British School of Athens, 33

Bronze Age, in Crete, 7

in Mycenae, 28

in Cyprus, 33

in Achaean society, 64

in Melos, 133

bronzework, in Crete, 16

in Homeric society, 46

in Sparta, 77

in Samos, 143

in 7th and 6th centuries, 221

in Periclean age, 314–315

Browning, Robert, English poet (1812–1889), 402*

Brucheum , 592, 593

Bruttium , 614

Brutus, Marcus Junius, Roman politician (85-42 B.C.), 124*, 541

Bryaxis , sculptor (fl. 350 B.C.), 494

Brygus (brī’-gŭs), potter, (fl. 5th century B.C.), 315

Bucephalus , 493, 538, 621

Bucharest, 542

Buddha, 357

Bug River, 157

building trade, 18–19, 122, 272

Bularchus, painter (8th century B.C.), 316

Bulis, Spartan envoy (5th century B.C.), 238

bullfights, 12–13, 32

Buonarotti, Michelangelo, Italian artist (1475–1564), 400, 497, 622, 623*, 669

Bupalus (bŭ’-pă-iŭs), sculptor (6th century B.C.), 144, 150

Burgas, 157, see also Apollonia

burial, in Crete, 14

in Mycenae, 32

in Homeric society, 48

in Athens, 311–312

Burke, Edmund, English statesman and orator (1729–1797), 488*

Burnouf, Eugene, French Orientalist (1801–1852), 26

burnt offerings, 194–195

Butades of Sicyon, first Greek modeler in clay (7th century B.C.), 222

Buthrotum (bŭ-thrō’-tŭm), 660*

Butrinto, see Buthrotum

Byron, George Gordon, Baron, English poet (1788–1824), 105, 156, 386, 412, 497

Byzantine Empire, 231, 667

Byzantium , 92, 157, 275, 449, 470, 489, 498, 557, 559, 562, 566, 575, 576

Byzas (bī’-zăs), supposed founder of Byzantium (fl. 657 B.C.), 157*

C

Cadmeia , 40, 462, 543, 553

Cadmus (kăd’-mŭs), 40, 68, 418, 462

Cadmus of Miletus, logographer (fl. 550 B.C.), 140

Caesar, Caius Julius, Roman general, statesman, and historian (100-44 B.C.), 67, 70, 106, 169, 493, 540, 552, 574, 580, 598, 602, 612

Calamis, Athenian sculptor (5th century B.C.), 324

Calauria , 199, 553

Calaurian Amphictyony, 199

Caledonia, 376

calendar, Minoan, 15

Athenian, 199–200, 341

Callias , statesman and profligate (fl. 371 B.C.), 281*, 517

Callicles , Sophist (5th century B.C.), 295

Callicrates , architect (fl. 5th century B.C.), 331, 332

Callimachus , Athenian sculptor (fl. 5th century B.C.), 327, 332

Callimachus of Cyrene, poet and grammarian (320?-240? B.C.), 598, 602, 608–609, 636

Callinus (kă-lī’-nŭs) of Ephesus, elegiac poet (fl. 700 B.C.), 143

Calliope (kă-lī’-ō-pē), 186

Callipolis , 157

Callisthenes , philosopher and historian (ca. 360–327 B.C.), 550

Callon, sculptor (5th century B.C.), 322

Calvinism, 656

Calydon , 105

Calypso , 59, 60, 61

Camarina , 438

Cambridge Ancient History; The, 532*

Cambridge University, 670

Camirus (kă-mī’-rŭs), 134, 571

Canachus , sculptor (6th century B.C.), 322

canals, 575, 589

Candia , 5

Candaules, King of Lydia, (8th century B.C.), 316

Canetha , 580

Cannae (kăn’-ē), 234, 662

Canopus , 173

Canova, Antonio, Italian sculptor (1757–1822), 334

Capitoline Museum (Rome), 321*, 495, 623, 624†

Capitoline Venus, 624

Cappadocia , 13, 557, 578

caprification, 269

Captivity, 605

Caria , 20, 30, 34, 134, 238, 276, 450, 494, 576, 623

Carneades , orator and philosopher (213-129 B.C.), 351, 503, 598, 643, 657

Carneia , 75

Carrel, Alexis, American surgeon, born in France, 516*

Carthage , 67, 70, 169, 170, 171, 173, 241–242, 272, 438–439, 471, 472, 474, 557, 561, 575, 598, 599, 602, 613, 660–661, 662, 666

Caryatids , Porch of the, 332

Carystus , 503

Caspian Sea, 551, 575

Cassander, King of Macedonia (ca. 350–297 B.C.), 558

Cassandra (kă-săn’-drá), 180, 301, 307, 388, 406

Cassius Longinus, Caius, Roman politician (d. 42 B.C.), 124

Castalian Spring, 104

Castor , 105*

Catalogue of Women (Hesiod), 100–102

Catana , 77, 167*, 170, 171

Categories (Aristotle), 526*

Catholicism, 217, 594

Cato, Marcus Porcius (the Elder), Roman statesman (234-149 B.C.), 643

Cato, Marcus Porcius (the Younger), Roman statesman (95-46 B.C.), 656

Caucasus, 384

Causes (Callimachus), 608

Causes of Plants, The (Theophrastus), 637

Cayster (kī-stěr) River, 143

Caystrian Gulf, 143

Cecrops (sē’-krŏ;ps), 40, 50*, 331

celibacy, 83

Cellini, Benvenuto, Italian artist in metal and writer (1500–1571), 32, 332, 630

Celts, 37, 559, see also Gaul

censorship, 117, 523

centaurs, 328, 333

Ceos (kě’-ōs), 129–131

Cephallenia (kyě’ fäl-yē-nē’-ä), 159

Cephalus , Athenian businessman (fl. 5th century B.C.), 272

Cephesus (sē-fī’-sŭs) River, 269

Cephisodotus , sculptor, and father of Praxiteles (fl. 400 B.C.), 495

Cephisodotus, sculptor, and son of Praxiteles (fl. 4th century B.C.), 621

ceramics, in Crete, 6–7, 16–17

in Mycenae, 31

in Cyprus, 34

in Troy, 35

after Dorian invasion, 63

in Sparta, 77

in Samos, 143

in 7th and 6th centuries, 218–220

in Peri-clean age, 315; in Hellenistic age, 616

Ceramicus , 219, 220, 315, 464

Cercidas , philosopher of Megalopolis (3rd century B.C.), 569

Ceres (sē’-rēz), 168, see also Demeter

Cesnola, Luigi Palma di, Count, Italian-American archeologist (1832–1904), 33*

Ceylon, 564

Chaerephon , Athenian, 367

Chaeronea , 29, 103, 104, 442, 479, 480, 488, 541, 558

Chalcedon (kăl’-sē-dŏn), 156, 449

Chalcidice , 157–158, 441

Chalcis (kăl’-sis), 30, 106, 107, 157, 169, 219, 275, 141, 553, 562, 573, 575

alphabet, 205

Chaldeans, 135, 161, 653

Chamaizi (kă-mī’-zē), 6

Champollion, jean François, French Egyptologist (1790–1832), 8

Chance, see Tyche

Chandragupta Maurya , King of Magadha (321-296 B.C.), 6l2

Chaos, 69, 99

Characters (Theophrastus), 196–197, 641

Charaxus (kăr’-ăk-sús), brother of Sappho (fl. 600 B.C.), 153

Chares (kā’-rēz), 68*

Chares of Lindus, sculptor (fl. 280 B.C.), 621

Charilaus , King of Sparta (9th? centuryB.C.), 78

Charioteer of Delphi, 143, 217, 221

chariot races, 48, 212, 215

charity, 294, 563

Charlemagne, see Charles I

Charles I, King of France and Emperor of the West (742–814), 29

Charmides (kăr-mī’-dēz), philosopher (5th centuryB.C.), 366, 452, 510

Charmides (Plato), 513*

Charon (kā’-rŏn), 311

Charondas , Sicilian lawgiver (fl. 6th centuryB.C.), 77, 170, 258

Charybdis , 61, 167

Chasidim , 581, 582, 583, 584, 604, 605

chemistry, 589

Cheops (kē’-ŏps), King of Egypt (fl. ca. 3700 B.C.), 432

Chersonese (kûr’-sō-nēz) in Taurus, 108

Chersonese in Thrace, 470

Chigi vase, 219

children, position of, in Homeric society, 47, 51–52

in Sparta, 82–83

in Athens, 287–288 Chilon (kī’-lŏn) of Sparta, one of the Seven Sages (fl. ca. 6th centuryB.C.), 141

Chilonis , wife of Cleombrotus III (3rd centuryB.C.), 569

China, 36, 135*, 180, 220, 575, 590, 637, 669

Chios (kī’-ŏs), 150, 193, 207, 275, 279, 470, 499, 567

Chloe (klō’-ē), 171

Choephoroe (kō-ěf’-ō-rē) (Aeschylus), 388–389

Choerilus , tragic poet (fl. 524 B.C.), 233

Choiseul-Gouffier (shwä-zěl gouf-yā) Apollo, 222

choragus 379, 482

choral ode, 77

choral singing, 228–229, 230

chorus, in drama, 232, 379, 412

Chremonides , statesman (3rd centuryB.C.), 560

Christ, 188, 191, 321, 566, 595

Christianity, 26, 68, 131, 139, 147, 176, 178*, 183, 189, 191, 192, 195, 311, 373, 523, 577, 583, 595, 640, 653, 657, 658

Chronicles, Books of, 603

Chronographia (Eratosthenes), 636

Chrysa , 497

Chryseis, (krī-sē’-ís), 56, 302

Chryseis Queen of Macedonia (3rd century B.C.), 571

Chryses (krī’-sēz), 56

Chrysippus , Stoic philosopher (ca. 280–206 B.C.), 643, 649, 652, 655*, 656

Chrysopolis, 156

chthonic worship, 38, 177, 179–180, 188, 194–195

Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Roman orator and man of letters (106-43 B.C.), 70, 80, 107, 118, 130, 356, 432, 488*, 491, 526, 541, 612, 631*, 649

Cilicia , 118*, 238, 576

Cimon (sī’-mŏn), Athenian statesman and general (510-449B.C.), 236, 245, 247, 279, 316, 420, 535

Cineas of Thessaly, minister of Pyrrhus (fl. 280 B.C.), 660

Circe (sûr’-sē), 60

circumcision, 582, 584

Cirrha , 104*

Cithaeron , Mt., 98

Citium , 34, 650

citizenship, in Sparta, 79–80, 570; in Athens, 110, 116, 124–125, 250, 254

city planning, 330, 592, 617

city-state, 71, 174, 203–204, 554

Cius (kē’-ŭs), 156

Cladeus (klă’-dā-ŭs) River, 88

clans, in Crete, 10

in Homeric society, 45, 53–54

in Attica, 108

abolishment of, in Athens, 124, 268

classes, in Homeric society, 46

in Sparta, 73–74

in Athens, 110–111, 276–280

see also metics, slaves, freemen, etc.

class war, in Homeric society, 47

in Athens, 112–114, 280–286, 465–467

in 4th and 3rd centuries, 562–564

in Sparta, 569–570

Claudius, Appius, Roman statesman (fl. 300 B.C.), 660

Claudius Ptolemy, see Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus)

Clazomenae (klā-zŏm’-ē-nē), 150, 219, 339

Cleanthes (klē-ăn’-thēz), Stoic philosopher (300?-220?B.C.), 136, 634, 652, 653–654, 655, 658

Cleinias , father of Alcibiades (d. 447 B.C.), 444

Cleinias, friend of Xenophon, 302

Cleis, daughter of Sappho, 153

Cleisthenes, (klīs’-thē-nēz) of Athens, statesman (fl. ca. 507 B.C.), 79, 108, 110, 124–126, 237, 248, 249, 469, 487

Cleisthenes tyrant of Sicyon (6th century B.C.), 79, 89, 124†, 160, 231

Cleitus, Macedonian general (d. 328 B.C.). 538, 544, 550

Cleobolus (klē’-ō-bū’-lŭs) of Lindus in Rhodes, one of the Seven Sages (fl. 6th century B.C.), 141

Cleombrotus (klē’-ŏm-brō’-tus) II, King of Sparta (reigned 380–371B.C.), 462

Cleombrotus III, King of Sparta (reigned 243–240 B.C.), 569

Cleomenes (klē-ŏm’-ē-nēz) I, King of Sparta (reigned 520–490 B.C.), 85

Cleomenes III, King of Sparta (reigned 235–220 B.C.), 569–570

Cleon (klē’-ŏn), Athenian demagogue and general (d. 422 B.C.), 255, 271, 341, 421–422, 423, 429, 433, 440, 441, 442–443

Cleonae (klē-ō’-nē), 158

Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt (69-30 B.C.), 89†, 593, 602

Cleophon (klē’-ō-fŏn), Athenian demagogue (fl. 411–404 B.C.), 255, 450

Clepsydra , courtesan, 300

cleruchies, 250, 588

climate, 3, 21, 107

Clio (klí’-ō), 186

Clitias , potter, (fl. 560 B.C.), 219

clothing, in Crete, 9

of Achaeans, 37, 45

in Homeric society, 51

in Sparta, 85

in Athens, 292–293

Clouds, The (Aristophanes), 339*, 369, 381, 424–428, 429

clubs 255, 282–283, 310

Clymene , 103*

Clytaemnestra , 29, 32, 36, 39, 51, 56, 59, 386–389, 404–405, 409

Cnidian Sentences (Euryphron), 342

Cnidus (nī’-dŭs), 62, 105, 133–134, 141, 171, 342, 461, 491, 495, 497, 499, 501, 564

Cnossus (nŏs’-ŭs), 5–8, 10–13, 15, 18–23, 28, 29, 33, 35, 44, 47

Codrus, legendary King of Athens (fl. 1068 B.C.), 109, 113

coinage, in Lydia, 69

in Argos, 72

in Corinth, 90

in Aegina, 95, 114

in Athens, 114, 121, 273–274, 314

in Syracuse, 314

in Elis, 314

in Seleucid Empire, 575

Colchis , 43, 55, 157, 238, 403

Collection of Lemmas (Archimedes), 629

colonization, 3, 34, 59, 70–71, 106, 121, 127–129, 133–135, 156–158, 159–160, 168–169, 170, 173

Colonus (kŏ-lō’-nŭs), 180, 391

Colophon (kŏl’-ŏ-fōn), 148, 645

Colossus of Rhodes, 143*, 177

Colotes (kō-lō’-tēz) of Lampsacus, philosopher (3rd century B.C.), 649

Columbus, Christopher, Genoese explorer (1446?-1506), 27

columniation, 68, 169, 221, 224–225, 327, 492, 617–618

Coma Berenices, 587

comedy, 230–231, 420–429, 482–483, 606–608

Commentaries (Pythagoras), 163

common land, see property, community

common mess, in Crete, 23; in Sparta, 83, 84–85

communication, in Homeric society, 46–47; in Egypt, 589–590

communism, in Pythagorean society, 166

in Lipari Islands, 170, 171

in plays of Aristophanes, 283

in Athens, 465

in philosophy of Plato, 509–510, 520

Concord, temple of, 172

concubinage, in Homeric society, 48, 50

in Athens, 304–305

in 4th century, 467

in Hellenistic age, 567

Confucius, Chinese philosopher (551-478 B.C.), 371, 376, 473

Congress (United States of America), 256

Congreve, William, English dramatist (1670–1729), 607

Conies (Apollonius of Perga), 627, 628

Conies (Euclid), 628

Conon (kō’-nŏn), Athenian general (fl. 400 B.C.), 461

conscription in army, 264

Conservatori, Palace of, 625

Constanta, 157, see also Istrus

Constantine the Great, Roman emperor (272–337), 575, 649, 667*

Constantinople, 155, 157, 571, 577, 667*, see also Byzantium

constitutional law, in Sparta, 79–81, 86

in Athens, under Draco, 111–112, under Solon, 114–118

Constitution of Athens, The (Aristotle), 526*, 534*

contraception, 468

contracts, 259

cooking, in Homeric society, 51; in Athens, 309

Copais (kō’-pīs), Lake, 103

Copernicus, Nikolaus, Polish astronomer (1473–1543), 340, 502, 634, 635, 669

Corax of Syracuse, rhetorician (fl. 466 B.C.), 430

Corcyra , 60, 90–91, 159, 246, 284, 440–441, 662

Corfu , 60, 159, 662, see also Corcyra

Corinna , lyric poetess (fl. 5th century B.C.), 107, 374, 376

Corinth , 38, 62, 64, 79, 89–92, 105, 159, 172, 185, 200, 211, 216, 219, 221, 272, 275, 279, 315, 375, 439, 440–441, 474, 480, 504, 507, 510, 542, 560–561, 562, 569, 575, 662, 663, 666

Corinth, Gulf of, 62, 89, 104

Corinth, Isthmus of, 31, 62

Corinthian order (architecture), 122, 224, 327, 492, 617

Corinthians I (St. Paul), 91

Coronea , 103, 215, 440, 444, 461, 489

Coronis , 96

Corpus Hippocraticum, 343–345

Corsica, 150, 661

Corydon , 611

Cos (kōs), 62, 134, 272, 342, 343, 470, 495, 609, 639

cosmetics, 292

cosmogony, 98–103, 135, 137, 138, 139, 144–145, 168

cosmology, in philosophy of Thales, 137

of Anaximander, 138–139

of Heracleitus, 144–145

of Pythagoras, 164

of Anaxagoras, 339–340

of Parmenides, 350

of Leucippus, 353

of Empedocles, 356–357

of Epicurus, 646

of Stoics, 652–653

cosmopolitanism, 362, 562, 600

Cossutius , Roman architect (2nd century B.C.), 617

Council of Athens, see boule

Council of Elders (Judea), 579–580

Council of Five Hundred, 256, 263, 264, 290

Council of 501, 125, 126

Council of Five Thousand, 449

Council of Four Hundred (6th century), 115, 121, 125

Council of Four Hundred (411 B.C.), 449

Council of Thirty, 451–452, 510, 554

courtesans, see hetairai, also concubinage, also prostitution

courts, in Crete, 11; in Athens, 116, 125, see also heliaea

Crannon (kră’-ŭn), 106, 553

Crates (krā’-tēz) of Thebes, Cynic philosopher (4th century B.C.), 509, 650–651

Cratinus , comic dramatist (ca. 520–423 B.C.), 420, 429

Cratylus (Plato), 371, 513*

credit system, 464

cremation, 311

Creon (krē’-ŏn) of Corinth, 403–404

Creon of Thebes, 41, 396–397, 398

Cresilas , sculptor (fl. 450 B.C.), 322

Crete (krēt), 5–23, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 47, 54, 62, 63, 64, 68, 70, 75, 78, 128, 133, 170, 179, 203, 218, 231, 301, 566, 585

crime, in Sparta, 83

in Athens, 116–117, 258

Crimea, 157

Crisaea , 104

Critias , Athenian orator, politician, and author (d. 403 B.C.), 368, 370, 373, 451–452, 510

Critius, sculptor (fl. 5th century B.C.), 324

Crito (krī’-tō), Athenian, 260*, 365, 369, 454–455

Crito (Plato), 513*

Croesus (krē’-sŭs), King of Lydia (fl. 560 B.C.), 118–119, 141, 142, 143, 575

Croiset, Alfred (1845–1923) and Maurice, French classical scholars, 453*

Cronia, 199

Cronus (krō’-nŭs), 99, 102, 121, 181, 565

Crotona , 142, 160, 161, 166, 167, 169, 172, 203, 318, 327, 342

Crotone (krō-tō’-nē), 161, see also Crotona

Crouching Venus, 499

Crusoe, Robinson, 59*

Ctesias , physician and historian (fl. 5th century B.C.), 134

Ctesibius of Alexandria, inventor (fl. 2nd century B.C.), 588, 616, 633

Ctesicles of Ephesus, painter (3rd century B.C.), 619

Ctesiphon Athenian orator (4th century B.C.), 484–485

Cumae (kū’-mē), 107, 160, 169, 197, 205, 668

Cunaxa , 460, 489

Cupbearer, 10, 20

Cupid of Centocelle, 495†

currents, around Aegean Islands, 4

in Bosporus, 4*

curriculum, of Pythagorean school, 163–164

in Athenian schools, 289

in Academy, 511–512

custom, in religion, 193

in Athens (law), 257–258

in morality, 295–296

Cuvier, Georges, Baron, French naturalist (1769–1832), 8

Cybele , 13, 20, 69, 76, 143, 178, 227, 467, 507

Cyclades , 5, 10*, 21, 33, 96, 106, 128, 129–133, 235, 246, 585

Cyclopes (sī-klō’-pēz), 27†, 60

Cydippe , 608

Cyme (sī-mē) in Aeolia, 98

Cyme in Euboea, 169

Cynicism, 280, 369, 372, 503, 506–509, 644, 650–651

Cynosarges (sén’-ō-sär’-jēz), 506

Cynoscephalae , 663

Cyprus (sī’-prŭs), 4, 15, 21, 33–34, 70, 118, 133, 185, 193, 219, 234, 238, 247, 272, 275, 437, 461, 558, 585, 589, 650

Cypselus , tyrant of Corinth (fl. 655–625 B.C.), 90, 92, 218, 221

Cyrenaic School, 173, 504–505, 586, 644

Cyrene (sī-rē’-ně), 3, 68, 105, 128, 133, 173, 275, 430, 504, 510, 575, 585, 598

Cyrnus (sēr’-nŭs), 92–95

Cyropaedia (Xenophon), 490–491

Cyrus the Great, King of Persia (d. 529 B.C.), 119, 141, 245, 490, 546

Cyrus the Younger, Persian prince (d. 401 B.C.), 460, 461, 489

Cythera , 159

Cyzicus , 135, 156, 449, 501, 575

D

Daedalus , 6, 15, 17, 19, 22, 229

Dalmatia, 159, 662

Damascus, 150, 544, 575, 576, 579, 580

Damo (dā;’-mō), daughter of Pythagoras, 163

Damocles (dăm-ō-klēz), 558*

Damon (dā’-mŏn) of Athens, musician and Sophist (fl. 5th century B.C.), 248

Damon of Syracuse, Pythagorean (4th century B.C.), 471*

Damophon of Messene, sculptor (2nd century B.C.), 621

Danae (dăn’-ă-ē), courtesan, 300

Danaus (dăn’-ă-ŭs), 68, 72

dancing, in Crete, 13, 15

in Homeric society 48, 51

in Sparta, 83

contests, 212

in 7th and 6th centuries, 229–230

in drama, 232

Dancing Woman, 15

Daniel, Book of, 603, 605

Dante, see Alighieri, Dante

Danube River, 33, 36, 40, 157, 431, 543

Daphnis , 171, 610

Daphnis, architect, 618

Dardanelles , 3, 121

Dardani , 35, 36

Dardanus , 35‡

Darius I, King of Persia (558?-486? B.C.), 234, 235, 237, 238, 342, 589

Darius III, King of Persia (reigned 336–331 B.C.), 245, 541, 544, 545, 546, 547, 551, 621

Darkness (deity), 99

Darwin, Charles Robert, English naturalist (1809–1882), 147, 340, 529

Dascylium , 156

Datis , Persian satrap (5th century B.C.), 235

Daughters of Pelias, The (Euripides), 401

Dawkins, Richard MacGillivray, English archeologist, 6

Day (deity), 99

Dead Amazon, 623

Death, see Thanatos

debts, cancellation of, 113–114, 569

Deceleia , 108, 400, 447, 448

decimal system, 338

Deianeira , 254, 392

Deinarchus (dī’-năr’-kŭs), orator (361-291 B.C.), 483

Delian Confederacy, 131, 245, 251, 276

Delium , 365, 444

Delos (dē’-lŏs), 23*, 33, 105, 131, 182, 183, 200, 222, 236, 245, 251, 279, 562, 570, 574, 575, 580, 591, 617, 618, 665

Delphi (dēl’-fī), 29, 68*, 78, 104–105, 118, 124, 132, 141, 142, 179, 180, 182, 183, 188, 198, 200, 211, 216, 274, 316, 317, 321, 472, 477, 559

Delphi Museum, 221, 498

Delphic Amphictyony, 263, 477, 560

Delphic oracle, 41, 73, 75, 78, 96, 167, 182, 198, 361, 367, 376

Delphis , 567, 611

Demades , orator and demagogue (380-318 B.C.), 483

demagogy, 281, 442

Demaratus (dě’-măr-ā’-tŭs), King of Sparta (reigned 510–491 B.C.), 86

demes, 40, 124, 259

Demesne (dē-mān’) (King’s Commons), 46

Demeter (dē-mē’-tēr), 32, 50*, 68, 69, 109, 170, 175, 178, 179, 182, 188, 189, 198, 231, 232, 319, 329, 426, 471, 622

Thesmophoros, 199

Demeter, 134, 499, 622‡

Demeter, Persephone, and Artemis (Damophon), 621

Demetrius, priest (fl. 540 B.C.), 143

Demetrius I Soter, King of Syria (reigned 162–150 B.C.), 579

Demetrius II Nicator, King of Syria (reigned 146–142 and 128–125 B.C.), 584

Demetrius Phalereus , Attic orator (345?-283? B.C.), 278*, 483, 558, 561, 586, 594, 641

Demetrius I Poliorcetes , King of Macedonia (337-283 B.C.), 503, 558, 560, 567, 571, 619, 624§

demiurgoi, 110

Democedes (dě-mŏ’-sě-dēz), physician (fl. 522 B.C.), 342, 346

democracy, in Sparta, 80

in Athens, 121, 123–126, 246–248, 554