The Life of Greece

in Syracuse, 172

under Pericles, 248–267, 276–286

in philosophy of Plato, 519–520

in philosophy of Aristotle, 535

Democritus , philosopher (460?-362? B.C.), 68, 69, 136, 157, 202, 317, 337, 338, 339, 343, 352–355, 358, 361, 527, 529, 644, 646–647, 657, 669

Demodocus (dē-mŏd’-ŏ-kŭs), 52

Demosthenes (dē-mos’-thě-nēz), orator and statesman (384?-322 B.C.), 158, 272, 278, 301, 304, 468–469, 476, 478–480, 483–485, 512, 542, 543, 553, 626

De Rerum Natura (Lucretius), 441*

Descartes, René, French philosopher (1596–1650), 669

Desmoulins, Camille, French revolutionist (1760–1794), 89*

Deucalion , 39

deus ex machina , 340, 368, 379, 397, 412

Devils’ Club, 361

Diadochi (dī-ăd’-ŏ-kē), 558

Diadumenos (Polycleitus), 322, 498

Diagoros (dī-ăg’-ō-răs) of Melos, poet and philosopher (5th century B.C.), 337

dialectics, 351, 367–368, 503

dialects, 15, 204

Dialogues (Plato), 364, 513–515, 517

Dialogues of the Dead (Lucian), 549*

Diana, 183, see Artemis

Diasia , 179, 199

Dibre Soferim , 580

Dicaearchus (dī’-sē-ärk’-ŭs), Peripatetic philosopher (fl. 320 B.C.), 108, 488, 502

Dicaeopolis , 108

Dickens, Charles, English novelist (1812–1870), 428

dictatorship, in Argos, 72

in Sicyon, 89

in Corinth, 90

of Peisistratus, 119–123

in Miletus, 134

in Samos, 142

in Lesbos, 151

in Sicily, 172–173

in philosophy of Plato, 520

in philosophy of Aristotle, 535

Dido (dī’-dō), 67

Didyma , 549, 618

diet, of Athenians, 270

Dike (dī’-kē), 186, 201

Dinocrates , architect (4th century B.C.), 492, 545, 592

Dinostratus , mathematician (4th century B.C.), 501

Dio Chrysostom, Sophist and rhetorician (40–115), 326

Diocles (dī’-ō-klēz) of Carystus, physician (fl. 4th century B.C.), 502–503

Diocletian (Caius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus), Roman emperor (245–313), 576

Diodorus Siculus (dī’-ō-dō’-rŭs sīk’-ŭ-lŭs), historian (fl. 1st century B.C.), 41*, 42*, 160, 187*, 189, 241, 242*, 455

Diogenes (dī’-ŏj’-ē-nēz), Cynic philosopher (412?-323 B.C.), 156, 201, 295, 301, 506–509, 526, 644

Diogenes Apolloniates, natural philosopher (fl. 460 B.C.), 345

Diogenes Laertius, writer (2nd century A.D.), 118*, 138, 148, 163, 164, 168, 261, 353, 354, 356, 357, 359, 364, 455, 472, 489, 524, 526, 640, 641, 645, 650, 652

Diogenes of Seleucia (the Babylonian), Stoic philosopher (2nd century B.C.), 652

Diolcos, 89

Diomedes (dī’-ō-mē’-dēz), 41†, 49, 57, 58

Dion (dī’-ōn), tyrant of Syracuse (408-353 B.C.), 473–474, 510

Dione (dī-ō’-nē), 181

Dionysia , 178, 188, 200, 229, 232, 233, 379*, 381, 392, 418, 420, 435, 525

Dionyskn Artists, 380

Dionysius I, tyrant of Syracuse (430?-367 B.C.), 160, 426, 439, 465, 470–473, 505, 510, 535, 659

Dionysius II, tyrant of Syracuse (fl. 367 B.C.), 473–475, 511, 522

Dionysius of Halicarnassus, historian (54?-7? B.C.), 652

Dionysus (dī’-ō-nī’-sŭs), 69, 178, 179, 180, 181, 185, 186–188, 189, 190, 193, 194, 195, 196, 199–200, 227, 228, 230, 232, 233, 273, 321, 330, 375, 378, 379, 400, 413, 418–419, 427, 432, 467, 496, 566*, 583, 587

Dionysus, 321

Dionysus (Scopas), 497

Dionysus, Theater of, 15, 232, 251, 255, 377–383, 391, 401, 491

Dioscuri , 316, see also Castor and Pollux

Dioscurias , 135, 157

Diotima , courtesan, 300

Dipoenus , Cretan sculptor (fl. 580 B.C.), 23, 221, 322

Dipolia , 200

Dipylon , 219, 269

Dirce (dûr’-sē), 623

Discobolos see Discus Thrower

Discus Thrower (Myron), 143, 323

discus throwing, 48, 214

Dium (dē’-ŭm), 580

divination, 175, 197, 198

Divine Fire, 144–147, 651

divine rule, 11, 577, 595

Divine Word, 147

division of labor, 275

divorce, in Sparta, 84

in Sicily, 170

in Athens, 305

Dnieper River, 157

Dniester River, 157

Dodecapolis (Ionian), 128, 134–151

Dodona , 67, 180, 198, 660

Dörpfeld, Wilhelm, German archeologist, 26, 27, 34, 35*, 159

dokimasia, 263

Dolon (dō’-lōn), 49

Dorian invasion, 5, 14, 29–30, 47, 62–64, 90, 106, 127, 133–134, 218, 223

Dorians, 23, 35‡, 42, 44, 62–64, 70, 71, 73, 77, 88, 89, 95, 108, 109, 127, 128, 133–134, 173, 180, 203, 305, 311, 523, 660

dialect, 204

Doric mode (music), 74, 228*, 518

Doric order (architecture), 68, 88, 92, 105, 122, 168, 171, 223, 224–225, 226, 327, 328, 329, 331, 333, 491–492, 617

Doricha , courtesan, 153

Doris , 198, 477, 580

Dorus (dō’-rŭs), 35‡, 207

Doryphoros , see Spear Bearer

Dostoevski, Feodor Mikhailovich, Russian novelist (1821–1881), 524

double ax, 8, 11, 14, 19, 20, 32

drachma, 114, 273–274

Draco (drā’-kō), Athenian lawgiver (7th century B.C.), 77, in, 114, 117, 258, 304

drainage system, in Crete, 7, 19

in Athens. 269

in Near East, 576

in Egypt, 588

drama, in Argos, 72

in Athens, 122

in religion, 178, 189, 193, 200

origins of, 230–233

in Golden Age, 379–429

in 4th century, 482–483

in Hellenistic age, 606–608

Draped Venus, 326*

Dream, see Oneiros

Drimachus , revolutionary (6th century B.C.), 150

drinking, by Achaeans, 45

in Sparta, 82

in Athens, 270, 310

drought, 3

drunkenness, in Sparta, 82

in Athens, 270 Drunken Silenus, 625

Dryden, John, English poet and dramatist (1631–1700), 377*

Dumas, Alexandre, fils, French dramatist and novelist (1824–1895), 607

Durazzo, 67, 575, 662, see also Epidamnus

Dying Gaul, The, 623

Dyme (dī’-mē), 560

Dyrrachium , 67, see also Epimamnus

E

Earth (deity) 99, see also Gaea

earthquakes, 3, 17, 21, 35*, 104, 571

earth worship, in Crete, 13, 15

of Achaeans, 38

in common religion, 177–178

Ecbatana , 546, 551

Ecclesiastes, 401, 603, 604

Ecclesiasticus, 604–605

Ecclesiazusae , The (Aristophanes), 283, 380–381, 427

Eckermann, Johann Peter, German author (1792–1854), 364, 419

Ecphantus of Syracuse, geographer (fl. 390 B.C.), 502

Eden, 43–44

Edessa , 70

Edfu , 618

education, in Homeric society, 51

in Sparta, 82–83

in Athens, 288–290, 306

in 3rd century, 567

Egypt, 3, 4, 5, 7, 11, 15, 18, 20, 21, 31, 33, 34, 35, 37, 47, 54, 55, 68, 69, 70, 72, 118, 133, 134, 135, 136, 140, 161, 165, 173–174, 178, 189, 192, 219, 221, 222, 234, 238, 272, 275, 276, 294, 319, 348, 430, 437, 440, 467, 501, 509, 510, 544–545, 548, 554, 557, 558, 560, 562, 565, 566, 570, 571, 572, 574, 575, 579, 582, 585–598, 599, 600, 606, 607, 618, 620, 634, 663, 667, 668, 669

Eileithyia , 182, 186

ekklesia , 115, 255, 257, 264, 266, 469

ekkyklema, 378–379

Elam (ē’-lăm), 545, 572

Elaphebolion , 200

Elasa , 584

Elatea , 106, 492

Elea , 160, 167–168, 339, 349, 350

Eleatic School, 138, 167–168, 349–350

Eleazar Maccabeus. Jewish patriot (2nd century B.C.), 583

elections, in Sparta, 79–80

in Athens, 115–116, 125, 257, 263

Electra , 51, 61, 386, 389, 409, 411, 412

Electra (Euripides), 401 *, 409–410

Electra (Sophocles), 392–393

electrum, 273

Elements (Euclid), 628

Elephantine (ěl’-ē-făn-tī’-nē), 430

Eleusinian mysteries, 68, 188–189, 199, 201, 300, 381, 427, 447, 508, 617, 662, 668

Eleusis , 29, 50*, 68, 109, 175, 178, 188, 189, 199, 201, 231, 272, 329, 617

Eleutherae (ě-lū’-thē-rē), 200, 323

Elgin, Thomas Bruce, seventh Earl of, British diplomat (1766–1841), 331*, 335*

Elis , 39, 41†, 62, 88, 89, 200, 213, 314, 326, 328, 361, 497, 542, 560, 561, 570, 642, 643

Elizabethan drama, 382, 420, 668

Elpinice , sister of Cimon (5th century B.C.), 247, 316*

Elymi , 170

Elysian Fields, 14, 312

Embarkation for Cythera (Watteau), 159

embryology, 503, 529–530

Emmaus (ě-mā’-ŭs), 584

Empedocles (ěm-pěd’-ō-klēz), philosopher (500-430? B.C.), 42*, 99, 139, 172, 339, 342, 345, 355–358, 438, 529, 530, 669

Emporium , 67, 169, 575

Encyclopedists, 363, 413, 657

Endymion , 88

engineering, 142, 500, 588–589

England, 21, 26, 29, 46, 75, 275, 298, 440, 449

engraving, in Crete, 16

in Mycenae, 30

in Homeric society, 52

in Periclean age, 314

in Hellenistic age, 616

Enkomi (ěn-kō’-mē), 34

Enoch, Book of, 604*, 605

Enoch Arden, 59*

entelechy, 530, 532

Epaminondas , Theban statesman and general (ca. 420–362 B.C.), 81, 88, 98, 103, 201, 265, 462–463, 475, 489

epheboi, 289–290

Ephebos, 321

Ephesus (ěf’-ē-sŭs), 122, 142, 143–148, 151, 169, 175, 178, 183, 226, 327, 491, 492, 497, 575, 577–578, 602, 618, 639

Ephialtes (ef’-ē-ăl’-tēz), Athenian statesman (d. 461 B.C.), 246–248, 249, 259, 283, 390

ephorate, 23, 80, 569

Ephorus (ěf’-ō-rŭs) of Cyme, historian (ca. 400–330 B.C.), 486, 488

Ephraim (place), 583

Epicharmus , comic poet (ca. 540–450 B.C.), 420, 438

epics, 44, 207–211, 609

Epictetus , Roman Stoic philosopher (60–120), 656

Epicureanism, 369, 640, 644–649

Epicurus , philosopher (342?-270 B.C.), 136, 156, 300, 369, 565, 567, 607, 640, 644–649, 650, 657, 671

Epidamnus , 67, 575, 662

Epidaurus , 72, 95–97, 327, 346, 378, 497, 569

Epigoni , 41

Epimetheus , 101

Epirus (ē-pī’-rŭs), 37, 67, 70, 103, 106, 181, 246, 557, 660, 661, 665

Equals, see homoioi

equinoxes, precession of, 636

Erasistratus , physician and anatomist (fl. 3rd century B.C.), 131, 638–639, 670

Erato , 186

Eratosthenes , geometer and astronomer (276?-195? B.C.), 55, 598, 601, 629, 636–637, 669

Erebus , 99

Erechtheum (ěr’-ěk-thē’-ŭm), 325, 327, 331–332

Erechtheus , 40, 331

Eregli , 157, see also Perinthus

Eresus , 153

Eretria , 107, 157, 169, 378, 568

ergasteria, 272

Ergotimus , potter (fl. 560 B.C.), 219

Erichthonius , 45

Erinnyes , 186, 389, see also Furies

Eros (ēr’-ōs), 99, 178, 186, 303, 416, 495

Eros (Praxiteles), 495, 496

Erythrae , 150, 197, 219

Eryximachus , 370

Esdras (ěz’-drăs), 604

esoterici, 163

essays, 486–488

Essenes (ě-sēnz’), 509

Esther, 603

esthetics, of Plato, 518–519; of Aristotle, 532–533

Eteocles (ē-tē’-ō-klēz), 41, 394, 396

Ether (deity), 99

ethics, in philosophy of Heracleitus, 147

of Pythagoras, 165–166

of medical profession, 346–348

of Democritus, 354

of Socrates, 372

of Cynics, 508

of Plato, 517

of Aristotle, 533–534

of Epicurus, 646–648

of Stoics, 654–656

Ethiopia, 167, 238, 276, 341, 431

ethnology, 107–108

Etna, Mt., 172, 357, 510

Eton, 511

Etruria , 169, 219, 276, 472, 667

Etruscans, 169, see also Etruria

Euboea , 27, 94, 106, 128, 158, 198. 235, 239, 439, 448, 573, 666

Eucleides (ū-klī’-dēz), archon (fl. 403 B.C.), 468

Eucleides of Megara, philosopher (ca. 450–374 B.C.), 207, 369, 503, 510, 642

Euclid , geometrician (fl. 3rd century B.C.), 137, 501, 627–628, 633

Eucrates , demagogue (fl. 5th century B.C.), 255, 442

Eudemian Ethics (Aristotle), 526*

Eudemus (ŭ-dē’-mŭs) of Rhodes, philosopher (fl. 4th century B.C.), 500

Eudoxus (ŭ-dŏk’-sŭs), astronomer (409?-353? B.C.), 134, 500, 501–502, 506, 512, 628*

Eugaeon (ū-jē’-ōn), writer, 140

eugenics, 81–82, 521

Euhemerus (û-hěm’-ēr-ŭs) of Messana, my-thologist (fl. 300 B.C.), 565

Eumaeus (ū-mě’-ŭs), 61

Eumelus (ū’-měl-ŭs), Corinthian poet (8th century B.C.), 91

Eumenes (ū’-mē-nēz) I, King of Pergamum (fl. 263 B.C.), 578

Eumenes II, King of Pergamum (reigned 197–159 B.C.), 578, 600, 602, 618, 664, 665

Eumenides , 186, 201, 389, 395

Eumenides (Aeschylus), 389

Eupatrids , 110, 111, 112

Euphorbus (ū-fôr’-bŭs), 165

Euphrates (ū-frā’-tēz) River, 3, 460, 502, 557, 564, 572, 575

Euphronius , potter (6th-5th century B.C.), 220

Eupolis , comic dramatist (ca. 446–411 B.C.), 364–365, 420–421

Eupolis, boxer, 213

Eupompus, painter (4th century B.C.), 498

Euripides , tragic dramatist (480-406 B.C.), 36, 43, 55, 97, 109, 197, 202, 207, 231, 232, 251, 253, 267, 280, 297, 303, 304, 306, 316, 337, 340, 360, 368, 373, 379, 380, 382, 385, 392, 398, 399, 400–419, 421, 426–427, 429, 433, 436, 437, 467, 482, 510, 576, 601, 612, 625, 671

Euripus (ū-rī’-pŭs), 107

Europa , 55

Europe, 4, 6, 8*, 26, 50, 129, 140, 157, 170, 174, 274, 349, 456, 497, 513, 544, 547, 551, 552, 558, 566, 571, 576, 577, 629, 637, 667, 669, 670

Eurotas (ū-rō’-tăs) River, 72, 82, 88, 447

Eurus (ū’-rŭs), 177

Eurydice , 190, 303, 319

Eurymanthus (ū’-ră-măn’-thŭs), Mt., 41†

Eurymedon River, 234, 245, 247, 279

Eurynome , 182

Euryphron , physician (5th century B.C.), 342

Eurystheus , 39, 41, 42

Euterpe (ū-tûr’-pě), 186

Euthias , 300

Euthydemus I, King of Bactria (fl. 230 B.C.), 626

Euthydemus, 71

Euthydemus (Plato), 513*

Euthymides , potter (6th century B.C.), 220

Euthyphro , soothsayer (5th century B.C.), 361–362

Euthyphro (Plato), 372, 513*

Eutychides of Sicyon, sculptor (4th century B.C.), 621

Euxine Sea, see Black Sea

Evagoras (ē-väg’-ō-răs), King of Salamis (reigned 410–374 B.C.), 488

Evangeline (Longfellow), 132*

Evans, Sir Arthur John, British archeologist, 5–7, 17, 21, 32, 61*

evolution, 139, 340, 342, 355, 356–357, 530

excavations, at Crete, 5–6

at Troy, 25–27, 34–36

at Tiryns, 27–28

at Mycenae, 28–32

at Melos, 33

at Ephesus, 602

Execestides , nephew of Solon (6th century B.C.), 152

Execias , potter (6th century B.C.), 219

exegetai, 261

exile, 261

exoterici, 163

exploitation of poor, in, 280–281, 596–597

Ezra, 579

F

Fabian (Quintus Fabius Maximus), Roman general (fl. 210 B.C.), 442

fables, 142, 171*

Fabricius (Caius Fabricius Luscinus), Roman general and statesman (fl. 280 B.C.), 660

factories, in Crete, 11

in Athens, 272, 280, 464

in 3rd century, 562

in Seleucid Empire, 575

in Egypt, 589

faience, 16–17, 19, 616

Fall of Miletus, The (Phrynichus), 382*

family, position of, in Homeric society, 45, 50, 51–52

break-up of, under Lycurgus, 79

in Athens, 108, 307–308

in early Ureece, 201

in 3rd century, 567–568

Farnese Athena, 179

Farnese Bull (Apollonius and Tauriscus), 623

Farnese Heracles (Glycon), 624

Farnese Palace, Rome, 623*

Fascism, 523

Fates, 135, 186, 334, see also Moirai

father, the, in Homeric society, 50–51

in religion, 192

in Athens, 307–308

fauns, 178

Faust (Goethe), 624

Fayum , 155

fellah, 587, 596

feminism, 253

fertility worship, in Crete, 13

in Mycenae, 32

in common religion, 177, 178, 199

fertilization, 269

festivals, 199–200

fetishism, 13

finance, 274

fines, 260, 261

fire, in Crete, 21

as means of communication, 47, 273

of Prometheus, 100

first principle, 137, 138, 139, 144–146

fishing, in Mycenae, 30

in Achaean society, 45

in Taras, 160

in Athens, 270

Flamininus, Titus Quinctius, Roman general and statesman (ca. 228–174 B.C.), 570, 663, 664

flood, in Greek myth, 39

in Achaean civilization, 45

in Attica, 268

flood control, 268, 588–589

flowers, 308–309

fog, 4

Fokia, 150, see also Phocaea

food, in Crete, 14

of Achaeans, 45

in Sparta, 85

in Sybaris, 160

in Athens, 269–270

foot races, 48, 214, 215

footwear, in Crete, 9

of Achaeans, 45

in Athens, 293

Fouché, Joseph, Duke of Otranto, French revolutionary and minister of police (1763–1820), 541

France, 3, 11, 26, 169, 298, 302, 363, 438

France, Anatole, French critic and novelist (1844–1924), 657

Franciscans, 506, 651

François vase, 219

Frederick William I, King of Prussia (1688–1740), 477

Frederick II the Great, King of Prussia (1712–1786), 70, 418, 477

freedmen, 276, 278

freedom of speech, 54, 231

freemen, in Homeric society, 46

in Sparta, 73–74

in Athens, 110–111, 124–125, 262, 276–277

French Academy, 603

French Revolution, 119, 558

French School at Athens, 6

frescoes, in Crete, 7, 17–18

in Mycenae, 31

in Periclean age, 316

Freud, Sigmund, Austrian psychoanalyst, 394, 670

friezes, in Crete, 19

in Mycenae, 31

in Homeric society, 52

Frogs (Aristophanes)’, 417, 427

“Funeral Oration” (Pericles), 434

Furies, 99, 186, 386

furniture, of Achaeans, 45

in Homeric society, 53

in Athens, 309

G

Gadara, 580

Gaea , 41†, 99, 104, 177, 180, 182

Galatia , 557, 559

Galen (gā’-lěn), Claudius, physician and medical writer (130-200?), 524, 670

Galilei, Galileo, Italian astronomer (1564–1642), 634, 657

Gallic invasion, 559

Gallipoli, 36, 157, see also Callipolis

Gamelion , 199

games, in Crete, 12

in Homeric society, 48

in Sparta, 82, 83

in Athens, 122

in festivals, 199–200

in common culture, 211–217

of children, 288

Ganges (găn’-jēz) River, 3, 546, 637

Ganymede , 182

Garden of Daphne, 573

gardens, 269, 308–309, 617

Gargantua, 401

Gastrology (Archestratus), 649

Gaugamela , 545

Gaul, 67, 71, 104, 128, 161, 169, 219, 470, 472, 559, 560, 578, 613, 623, 664, 667

Gaza , 541, 544, 572, 580

Ge (jē), see Gaea

Gedrosia , 547

Gela (jâ’-lä), 170, 315, 438

Gelon (jē’-lŏn) of Gela, tyrant of Syracuse (d. 478 B.C.), 172–173, 241, 327, 438, 439

geocentric theory, 634, 635

Geographica (Eratosthenes), 637

geography, 135, 139, 140, 502, 637

geology, 527–528

Geometrical style, 63, 218–219

geometry, 135, 136–137, 163, 338, 500–501, 628, 629–630

georgoi, 110

Geras , 186

Gerasa , 580

Germany, 24

germ theory of disease, 195–196

Gerontia , 158

gerousia , see Senate (Sparta)

gerousia (Jews in Alexandria), 594

Geryon , 41†

Ges periodos (gāz pĕ-rē’-ō-dŏs) (Hecataeus), 140

Gibbon, Edward, English historian (1737–1794), 431, 432

Gibralter, 3, 129, 341

Gibralter, Straits of, see Pillars of Hercules Giotto di Bondone, Italian painter (1276?-1337?), 400, 669

Gitiadas , 87*

Glaucon (glō’-kŏn), 511–512

Glaucus (glô’-kŭs), ironworker (fl. 7th century B.C.), 150

Glotz, Gustave, French historian, 479*

Glycera , courtesan, 492, 607

Glycon (glī’-kŏn) of Athens, sculptor (fl. ist century B.C.), 624

glyptic art, in Crete, 16, 20

in Mycenae, 31–32

in Periclean age, 314

in Hellenistic age, 616

Gnathaena , courtesan, 300

God, 131, 137, 138, 139, 144–147, 168, 176, 181, 189, 350, 357, 516–517, 532, 604, 605, 653–654, 655, 656, 658

gods, 11, 13–14, 37, 98–102, 175–202, 467, 565, 566

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, German author (1749–1832), 76†, 137, 296, 298, 364, 386, 419, 624, 638

Golden (street), 150

Golden Age (Homer), 5

Golden Fleece, 43–44, 403

Golden Race (Theogony), 102

Gomme, A.W., British classical scholar, 255†, 278*

Gorgias , orator (485?-380?), 213, 295, 356, 358, 360, 367, 430, 433, 434, 446, 485, 486, 506, 513, 554, 642

Gorgias (Plato), 513*

Gortyna , 23, 205

Gothic style, 336

Gournia , 6, 7, 11, 16, 22, 30

government, of Crete, 10–11

of Mycenae, 30–31

in Homeric society, 53–55

of Sparta, 79–81

of Athens, 114–118, 255–263

of Rhodes, 571

of Seleucid Empire, 575

of Pergamum, 578–579, of Egypt, 587–592

Graces, 182, 186

Graces (Socrates), 365

Graia , 169

Graii (grī’-ē), 107

grammar, 359, 361

grammateus, 261

Granada, 56

Grand Inquisitor, 524

Granicus River, 234, 541, 544, 550

graphe paranomon, 256

Great Assembly (Judea), 579, 604

Greater Mysteries, 188–189, 199

Great World (Democritus), 354

Greek Anthology, The, 288, 307, 621

Greek Orthodox Church, 229

Greeks, derivation of name, 107

Greek War of Independence, 335*

Grenfell, Bernard Pyne, English papyrologist (1869–1926), 155

Grote, George, English historian (1794–1871), 5, 114*, 247*, 455*, 532*, 549

Gryllus , son of Xenophon (d. 362 B.C.), 463, 489

guilds, 150, 207, 380, 589

Gylippus , Spartan general (5th century B.C.), 448

gymnasiums, 150, 288–289, 567, 582

gymnastics, in Sparta, 75, 82–83

in Athens, 289–290

Gymnopedia , 75, 86, 229

gymnosophists, 581, 642

gynaeceum, 302, 309

Gyrton (jēr’-tŏn), 106

H

Hades (hā’-dēz), 11, 39*, 41†, 42*, 61, 67, 96, 165, 178, 179, 181, 189, 190, 199, 311, 312, 367

Hadrian, Roman emperor (76–138), 207

Haemon (hē’-mŏn), 396–397

Hagia Triada (Holy Trinity), 6, 7, 11, 15, 16, 18, 19†, 21

Haifa , 580, see also Polis

Halbherr, F., Italian archeologist, 6

Halias, 48*

Halicamassus , 134, 430, 491, 494, 575

Hall of the Double Ax, 11, 19

Hall of Initiation, 189

Hallstatt culture, 62

Halys River, 575

Hamburg, 24

Hamilcar Barca, Carthaginian general (3rd century B.C.), 575

Hamilcar , Carthaginian general (5th century B.C.), 173, 241–242, 438

Hamlet, 210, 402

Hammurabi, King of Babylon (reigned ca. 1955–1913 B.C.), 117, 261

handicrafts, 46, 589

Han Dynasty, 575

Hanging Gardens, 143*

Hannibal , Carthaginian general (5th century B.C.), 438, 471, 472

Hannibal, Carthaginian general (247-183 B.C.), 561, 573, 614, 615, 662–663

Hanno of Carthage, navigator (fl. 500 B.C.), 341

Hanukkah, 584†

Harmodius , tyrannicide (6th century B.C.), 123–124, 221, 301

Harmonics (Aristoxenus), 617

Harpalus, treasurer (4th century B.C.), 541, 553

Harvesters’ Vase, 17

harvest festivals, 17

Harvey, William, English anatomist and physician (1578–1657), 638

Hasmonai (hăz’-mō-nī), 583, 584

Hatzidakis, Joseph, Greek archeologist, 6

Hawes, Harriet Boyd, American archeologist, 6

Hawthorne, Nathaniel, American writer (1804–1864), 496

headdress, in Crete, 8–9

of Achaeans, 37, 45

in Athens, 291

Head of a Girl, 499

Head of Cleobis, 68*

Head of Zeus, 624

heating, 270, 309

Heaven (deity), 99, 101, 177

Hebe (hē’-bē), 182, 186, 334

Hebrew (language), 594, 603, 604

Hebrews, 297, 593

Hecataeus of Miletus, historian and geographer (fl. 6th-5th century B.C.), 55, 68, 139, 140, 144, 430

Hecate , 179–180, 623

Hecatombaion , 199

Hecatompedon , 330

hectemoroi, 111

Hector (hěk’-tēr), 36, 48, 57–59, 208, 211

Hecuba (hěk’-ū-b), 27, 36, 58, 307, 406

Hecuba (Euripides), 401*, 406

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm, German philosopher (1770–1831), 145, 147, 349

Hegesias of Cyrene, philosopher, 657

Hegesias of Magnesia, rhetorician and historian (fl. 300 B.C.), 492

Heifer (Myron), 324

Helen, 36, 39, 46, 47, 48, 51, 55, 56, 59, 60, 171, 180, 210, 218, 297, 316, 408, 548

Helen (Euripides), 404

Helen (Zeuxis), 318

Helenus (hěl’-ē-nŭs), 36

heliaea, 116, 125, 126, 249, 259–261, 263, 358

Helice , 89

Helicon , Mt., 98, 99, 104, 106

heliocentric theory, 634, 635

Heliopolis , 118, 501, 589

Helios , 177, 621

Hell, see Hades

Helle (hěl’-ē), 42

Hellen (hěl’-ěn), 39–40, 207

Hellenes (hěl’-ēnz), derivation of name, 39, 106

Hellenica (Callisthenes), 550*

Hellenica (Theopompus), 488

Hellenica (Xenophon), 489–490

Hellenic Conference, 440

Hellenic Sea, 10*, see Aegean Sea

Hellenistic age, 133, 177, 178, 315, 557–666

Hellespont , 4*, 35, 36, 42, 43, 44, 55, 69, 128, 141, 156, 158, 238, 241, 242, 248, 276, 437, 449, 477, 538, 544, 585

Helots , 73–74, 77, 80–81, 82, 247, 443, 459, 570

Helus (hē’-lŭs), 73

Hemeroscopium , 3, 169

Hephaestion, Macedonian general (d. 324 B.C.), 540, 551

Hephaestus (hē-fěs’-tus), 27†, 58, 101, 182, 183–184, 185, 384, 650

Heptastadium, 592

Hera , 41, 50*, 56, 58, 72, 88, 142, 172, 175, 179, 182, 183, 185, 187, 213, 226, 231, 318, 322, 327, 490, 549

Heracleia , 156, 317, 575, 660

Heracleidae , 41, 63, 72, 73, 79, 128

Heracleides of Pontus, philosopher (fl. 4th century B.C.), 500, 502

Heracleitus , philosopher (fl. 500 B.C.), 136, 138, 143–148, 161, 176, 350, 352, 512, 515, 642, 644, 651

Heracles , 38†, 41–42, 43, 44, 63, 70, 169, 180, 220, 227, 273, 302, 303, 328–329, 361, 385, 392, 398, 402, 414, 432, 610

Heracles (Euripides), 401

Heracles (Scopas), 497

Heracleum , 5†

Heracleum Museum, 18, 19*

Heraclids, see Heracleidae

Heraeum (hē-rē’-ŭm), 496

Herculaneum , 618, 645

Hercules, see Heracles

herding, among Achaeans, 45

among Dorians, 62

in Attica, 269

hermaphrodite, 185

Hermaphrodites, 625

Hermeias (hěr-mī’-ăs), philosopher and tyrant of Atarneus (4th century B.C.), 524–525, 553

Hermes (hŭr’-mēz), 101, 178, 179, 184–185, 227, 319, 333, 446, 496

Hermes (Praxiteles), 217, 496, 631

Hermes (Socrates), 365

Hermes of Andros, 499

Hermione (hûr-mī’-ō-nē) (city), 72, 569

Hermippus , comic poet (5th century B.C.), 141, 254

Hermolaus , Macedonian conspirator (4th century B.C.), 550

Hermus River, 150

hero worship, 177, 180

Herodas (hěr’-ō-dăs), writer of mimes (d. 300 B.C.), 593

Herodicus , physician (5th century B.C.), 343

Herodotus , historian (ca. 484?-425 B.C.), 30, 35, 55, 68, 77, 78, 118–119, 134, 140, 142, 161, 173, 187*, 206, 210, 213, 234, 238, 242*, 298–299, 305, 316, 341‡, 361, 404, 430–432, 433, 434, 435, 437, 488, 491, 613

Heroic Age, 32, 37–64, 305, 311

Heroic Race (Theogony), 102

Heron (hē’-rōn) of Alexandria, mathematician and mechanician (fl. 1st century B.C.), 633

Herophila , (sibyl), 169, 197

Herophilus of Chalcedon, anatomist (fl. 300 B.C.), 638, 639, 670

Herpyllis , consort of Aristotle, 525

Hesiod , epic poet (ca. 800 B.C.), 63, 69, 71, 98–103, 135, 144, 167, 180, 181, 186, 210, 259, 432, 495

Hesperides , 41†, 105*

Hestia , 186

hetairai (hē-tī’-rī), 83, 154, 300–301

hetaireiaiy 255

Hexapolis (Dorian), 128, 134

Hiawatha (Longfellow), 132*

Hiera Anagrapha (Euhemerus), 565

hieroglyphics, 5-6, 7, 15

Hieron (hī’-ē-rŏn) I, tyrant of Syracuse (reigned 478–467 B.C.), 130, 131, 375, 376, 383, 438, 533

Hieron II, tyrant of Syracuse (reigned 270–216 B.C.), 438*, 571, 575, 598–599, 609, 616, 618, 627, 628, 630, 631–632

Hieronymus , tyrant of Syracuse (2nd century B.C.), 599

Himalaya Mts., 546

Himera , 170, 171, 173, 234, 241, 438

Himes, Norman, medical historian, 468*

Himilcon, Carthaginian general (4th century B.C.), 242, 472

Hindus, 135, 165, 177, 350*, 637, 643

Hipparchia, consort of Crates (4th century B.C.), 650–651

Hipparchus , tyrant of Athens (ca. 555–514 B.C.), 123, 129, 149, 190

Hipparchus of Nicaea, astronomer (160?-125? B.C.), 635, 640, 669

Hipparete , wife of Alcibiades (5th century B.C.), 444

hippes, 110, 115

Hippias , tyrant of Athens (d. 490 B.C.), 123–124, 221, 223, 234, 235

Hippias of Elis, Sophist (fl. 5th century B.C.), 213, 338, 361, 367, 368

Hippo , 67, 580

Hippocrates , physician (460-359 or, 377? B.C.), 134, 136, 270, 342–348, 531, 639, 669

Hippocrates of Chios, mathematician (fl. 440 B.C.), 338, 628*

Hippocratic Oath, 287, 347

Hippocrene , 98, 99

Hippodameia , 39, 51, 180, 328, 386, 548

Hippodamus of Miletus, architect (5th century B.C.), 330, 437, 617

hippodrome, 215

Hippolytus , 22, 402–403, 418

Hippolytus (Euripides), 401*, 402–403, 411, 417

Hippomenes , 105*

Hipponax of Ephesus, poet, (fl. 6th century B.C.), 143–144, 149

Hipponicus , Athenian general (d. 424 B.C.), 444

Hissarlik , 25

Historial (Hecataeus), 140

Histories (Herodotus), 206, 430–431

Histories (Polybius), 613, 615

historiography, 139–140, 193, 430–436, 488–491, 612–615

History of Alexander (Callisthenes), 550*

History of Animals (Aristotle), 526*, 529*, 531, 637

History of Plants, The (Theophrastus), 637

History of the Peloponnesian War (Thucydides), 206, 433–435

History of the Sacred War (Callisthenes), 550*

Hittites, 15, 35, 37, 39, 68, 224

Hobbes, Thomas, English philosopher (1588–1679), 657

Hody, Humphrey, English divine (1650–1707), 595*.

Hogarth, David George, English archeologist (1862–1927), 6

Holland, 24

hollow casting, 68, 143, 221, 320

Homus (hō’-mēr), epic poet (fl. 9th century), 5, 11, 15, 24, 25, 26, 28, 30, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 44–55, 59, 60*, 67, 71, 72, 80, 90, 100, 103, 127, 130, 132, 133, 135, 140, 153, 159, 167, 178, 180, 184, 203, 205, 207–211, 229, 301, 302–303, 312, 406, 432, 433, 483, 518, 612, 625

Homeric civilization, 44–55, 103, 115, 176, 188, 303

Homeric Hymns, 185, 190

Homeridae , 150, 207

homicide, 112, 196, 258–259

homoioi, 80, 459

homonoia, 575

homosexuality, in Homeric society, 48

in Sparta, 83

in Teos, 149

in Athens, 301–302

in 3rd century, 567

hoplites , 81, 87, 264

Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus), Latin poet (65-8 B.C.), 27, 132, 149, 393

horse races, 215

Horas (hō’-rŭs), 13

hospitality, in Homeric society, 48

in Sparta, 85

in Athens, 263, 294

Hours, 182, 186

House of the Faun, 620

housing, in Crete, n-12, 18–19

in Mycenae, 28

in Troy, 34

in Homeric society, 52–53

in Athens, 308–310

Hugo, Victor, French writer (1802–1885), 412

humanism, 359–360

human sacrifice, 23, 40, 73, 193–194

Hume, David, Scottish historian and philosopher (1711–1776), 350, 531†, 657

Hunt, Arthur Surridge, English classical scholar, 155

hunting, in Mycenae, 30

in Achaean society, 45

in Dorian society, 62

as a sport, 212

Hyacinthia , 75

Hyacinthus , 218

hybris, 119, 186, 383, 390, 397

hydrostatics, 630–631

Hyele (yā’-lē), 167, see Elea

Hygiaea , 499

Hygiaonon (hī’-jē-ī’-nōn), 418

hygiene, 82–83, 86, 196, 201, 292

Hyksos conquest, 8

Hylas (hī’-lăs), 43, 610

Hyllus , 42

Hymeneus (hī’-mĕ-nē’-ŭs), 186

Hymettus (hī-mĕt’-ŭs), Mt., 109, 170, 378

Hymn to Demeter, 109†, 178

Hyperbolus , demagogue (d. 411 B.C.), 255, 442

Hypereides (hī’-pěr-ī’-dēz), orator (390-322 B.C.), 278*, 300–301, 467, 469, 478, 479, 483, 486, 512, 553

Hypnos , 186

hyporchema, 229

I

Iacchus (ī-ăk’-ŭs), 188, 189, see also Dionysus

Iadmon (yăd’-mŏn), master of Aesop (6th century B.C.), 142

Ialysus (city), 134, 571

Ialysus (founder of city), 619

Ialysus (Protogenes), 619

iambic trimeter, 132

Iambulus (yam’-bū-lŭs), philosopher (fl. 250 B.C.), 563–564

iatreia, 346

Iberia, 637, see also Spain

Ibsen, Henrik, Norwegian dramatist (1828–1906), 415

Ibycus , poet (6th century B.C.), 76*

Icaria , 232

Icarus , 22, 177*

Icmalius , 53

Icos (ē’-kōs), 158

Ictinus , architect (fl. 5th century B.C.), 251, 316, 327, 328, 329, 332

Ida, Mt., 16, 35

Idealism, in Cretan religion, 13

in philosophy, 349–351

Ideas (Plato), 87, 368, 508, 515–517, 519, 523

idolatry, 13–14

idyls, 609–612

Ikhnaton , see Amenhotep IV

Iliad, 11, 25, 26, 36, 44, 45–46, 47, 48, 56–59, 71, 122, 206, 207–211, 390, 538, 544, 601

Ilion , see Troy

Ilios , see Troy

Ilissus River, 188, 514

Ilium , see Troy

illumination, in Crete, 12

in Homeric society, 53

in Athens, 270

Illyria , 62, 67, 69, 542, 543, 661-662, 665

Ilus (ī’-lŭs), 35‡

Imbros , 156, 461

immortality, 532, 605

imperialism, 245–246, 437, 439–441, 445–446, 470

income tax, 115, 466

India, 3, 135*, 141, 161, 165, 179, 234, 238, 546–547, 557, 573, 575, 581, 587, 590, 612, 637, 642, 660

Indian Ocean, 547, 564, 576

Indica (Arrian), 502

Indo-Europeans, 20

Indus River, 3, 502, 546, 547

Industrial Revolution, 633

industry, in Crete, 7–8, 21

in Mycenae, 30–31

in Cyprus, 34

in Homeric society, 46

in Athens, 270–272, 463–464

in 3rd century, 562–564

in Seleucid Empire, 575

in Egypt, 589–590

industries, nationalization of, 564, 589

infanticide, in Homeric society, 50

in Sparta, 81–82

in Athens, 287, 468

in 3rd century 567–568

inflation, 114

initiation rites, 163, 189

inns, 273

Inquisition, 523

insurance, 563

interior decorating, 19–20, 309

intermarriage of races, of Dorians, 63

international law, 262–263, 264

Interpretation according to the Seventy, 595

Invalides, Hotel des, 592

inventions, 142, 471, 500, 588, 589, 631–632, 633

Io (ī’-ō), 55

Iola , 303

Iolaus (ī-ō-lā’-ŭs), 302

Iolcus (ī-ōl’-kŭs), 43, 403

Ion (ī-ŏn), 35‡, 39–40, 207, 401

Ion (Euripides), 401

Ion (Plato), 513*

Ion of Chios, poet (5th century B.C.), 150

Ionia , 69, 129–133, 134–151, 159, 169, 197, 204, 221, 226, 234, 242, 245, 276, 305, 320, 327, 441, 448, 486, 494, 523, 544, 557, 576, 618, 634

Ionian Confederacy, 235

Ionians, 35‡, 40, 63, 64, 69, 71, 106, 108, 127, 128, 131, 157, 203, 235, 238; dialect, 204

alphabet, 205

Ionic order (architecture), 105, 143, 224–225, 226, 327, 328, 329, 492, 618

Iophon (ī-ō-fŏn), tragic poet, son of Sophocles (fl. 428 B.C.), 400

los (ī’-ŏs), 131

Iouktas , Mt., 13

Iphicrates , Athenian general (fl. 4th century B.C.), 470

Iphigenia , 36, 51, 56, 108, 193, 307, 386, 387, 404–405, 410–411, 548

Iphigenia in Aulis (Euripides), 401*, 404–405, 418

Iphigenia in Tauris (Euripides), 401*, 410–411

Ipsus , 558

Iran, 578

Iris, 186, 333

Iron Age, 62*, 63

Iron Race (Theogony), 102

irrigation, by Achaeans, 45; in Boeotia, 103

in Attica, 268; in Egypt, 588; in Near East, 575

Isaeus (ī-sē’-ŭs), orator (fl. 4th century B.C.), 483, 486

Isagoras, archon of Athens (6th century B.C.), 124

Isaiah, 401, 653

Ischomachus , 490

isegoria, 254

Ishtar , 13, 34, 69, 178

Isis , 13, 68, 178, 467, 566, 595, 618

Islam, 178*

Island League, 571

Isles of the Blest, 14, 102, 191, 517

Ismarus , 49

Ismene , 394–395

Ismir, 150*

Isocrates , orator and rhetorician (436–338 B.C.), 262, 275, 363, 465, 466, 467, 468, 469, 485–488, 503, 511*, 525, 553, 554

isonomia, 254, 262

isopoliteia, 263

Israel, 604

Issus , 56, 234, 544

Istanbul, 157, 439, see also Byzantium

Isthmian games, 200, 216, 317, 662, 663

Istrus, 157

Italoa , 199

Italy, 3, 5, 21, 33, 59, 67, 71, 106, 128, 134, 141, 159, 160, 165, 167, 168–169, 170, 192, 203, 219, 275, 276, 302, 437, 445, 472, 486, 557, 558, 566, 598, 613, 614, 622, 659, 660–661, 662, 665, 666, 667

Ithaca , 53, 59, 61, 159

Ithome , 247

J

Jaffa, 580, see also Joppa

James I, King of England (1566–1625), 604

Japan, 16, 299

Jason (jā’-sŭn), 38†, 43, 105*, 157, 403–404, 415

Jason, high priest of Jerusalem (2nd century B.C.), 581–582

Jefferson, Thomas, President of U. S. (1743–1826), 248

Jerome, Saint, Latin Father of the Church (340?-420), 604*

Jerusalem, 77, 544, 574, 576, 579, 580, 581, 582, 583, 584, 593, 594, 603

jewelry, in Crete, 9–10

in Mycenae, 32

in Troy, 34–35

of Achaeans, 45

in Athens, 293, 314

Jews, 86, 137, 566, 579–584, 591, 592, 593–595, 597, 603–606, 649, 667

Job, 94, 399, 401

Jocasta , 384*, 393–394, 398

Johannan Caddis, Jewish patriot (2nd century B.C.), 583

Johnson, Samuel, English lexicographer and writer (1709–1784), 307

Jonathon Maccabeus, Jewish patriot (2nd century B.C.), 583, 584

Jonson, Ben, English dramatist (1573?-1637), 668

Joppa, 580

Jordan River, 575, 580

Josephus , Flavius, Jewish historian (37?-95?), 580, 593

Josiah, King of the Jews (d. 608 B.C.), 77

Judaism, 580, 582, 583

Judas Maccabeus, Jewish patriot (2nd century B.C.), 583, 584

Judea, 68, 178*, 509, 557, 579–584, 595

Judith, 603

Jupiter, see Zeus

jurisprudence, in Crete, 11

in Homeric society, 54

in Sparta, 80

in Athens, 112, 116, 249–250, 259–263

jury system, 116, 249, 259–260

Justice, see Dike

K

Kadesh (kā’-děsh), 35

kalokagathos, 298

Kalokairinos, Minos, Cretan merchant and archeologist, 5

Kamares , 16–17

Kant, Immanuel, German philosopher (1724–1804), 349, 350, 643, 657, 670

karma, 390, 523

Keats, John, English poet (1795–1821), 98, 220, 497, 668

keres, 196

Kidinnu , Babylonian astronomer, 636*

kingship, in Crete, 10–11

in Homeric society, 54–55

in Athens, 109

see also monarchy

King’s Companions, in Homeric society, 54

in Macedonia, 476

King’s Peace, 461, 472, 488

King’s Porch, 258

kitchen utensils, 309–310

knights, see hippes

Knights (Aristophanes), 421–422

koine dialektos (common dialect), 204

Kore (kō’-rē) of Chios, 222

kosmoi, 23

Koumasa , 6

Kouretes , 13

krypteia, see secret police

Kurdistan, 460

Kiistenje, 157, see also Istrus

L

Labdacus (lăb’-dā-kūs), 40

labor organizations, 282–283, 589

Labyrinth , 6, 19, 22, 23

Lacedaemon (lās’-ē-dē’-mŏn), see Sparta

Laches (lā’-kēz) of Lindus, sculptor (fl. 3rd century B.C.), 621

Laconia , 63, 72–87, 88, 441, 447, 462, 569, 570

Ladas (lä’-dăs) (Myron), 323–324

Lade (lā’-dē), 234, 235

Ladies at the Opera, 20

Ladies in Blue, 19

Ladies in the Box, 31

Ladies in the Chariot, 31

Lady of the Camellias, 607

Laenas, Caius Popilius, Roman statesman (fl. 172 B.C.), 574, 582

Laestrygonia , 60

Lagiscium , courtesan, 467

Lagus (lä’-gŭs), Macedonian general (4th century B.C.), 585

Lais , courtesan, 301, 467, 504

Laius , 40, 384*, 393

Lamia , courtesan, 567

Lampsacus , 156, 341, 450, 645, 664

Lancelotti Palace, Rome, 323*

land routes, see trade routes

landownership, of Achaeans, 45–46

in Sparta, 73–74, 568–569

under Lycurgus, 79

in Athens, 11, 268

in Egypt, 587–588

language, of Crete, 14–15

of Achaeans, 37–38

common, 204–205

Lansdowne House, London, 497

Laocoön, 622

Laocoön, 622

Laodamas , 48

Laodice , Queen of Syria (3rd century B.C.), 573

Laodicea , 576

Laomedon (lā-ŏm’-ē-dōn), 35‡, 43

La Parisienne, 9

Lapiths, 328, 333

Larisa , 106

La Rochefoucauld, François de, Duke, French writer and moralist (1613–1680), 295

Last Judgment, 146–147, 190, 376, 605

Lasus (lā’-sŭs) of Hermione, poet (b. ca. 548 B.C.), 72, 374

Lateran Museum, 392

Latin, 107, 204, 205

Laurium , 108, 121, 270–271, 447, 448, 463–464, 562

Laus (lā’-ŭs), 160, 167

law, in Crete, 11, 23

code of Gortyna, 23

in Homeric society, 54

in Sparta, 77–81

code of Draco, 111–112

reforms of Solon, 113–118

as ethics, 135

origins of, 167

in Catana, 170

in Athens, 257–259

in philosophy of Plato, 522–523

in Egypt, 591

lawmaking, 256

Laws (Plato), 197, 467*, 513*, 514–515, 522–523

lawyers, 261

Leaena , courtesan, 123

League of Nations, 198

Leander , 156

Lebanon , 34

Lechaeum (lě-kē’-ŭm), 90

Lecky, William Edward Hartpole, Irish rationalist and historian (1838–1903), 116

Leda , 55*

legends, of Minos, 5

of Heroic Age, 38–44

in Iliad, 56–59

in Odyssey, 59–61

Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm, German philosopher and mathematician (1646–1716), 646

Lemnian Athena (Pheidias), 325

Lemnos (lěm’-nŏs), 44, 156, 183, 325, 461

Lenaea , 199, 232, 379*, 392, 473

Leo X (Giovanni de’ Medici), Pope (1475–1520), 70

Leochares , sculptor (fl. 4th century B.C.), 494

Leon, 451

Leonardo da Vinci, Italian artist (1452–1519), 22, 142, 355

Leonidas I, King of Sparta (reigned 491–480 B.C.), 76, 239

Leonidas II, King of Sparta (d. 236 B.C.), 569

Leonidas, athletic instructor (4th century B.C.), 538

Leontini (lē’-ŏn-tī’-nē), 170, 172, 284, 360, 446, 474

Leontium, courtesan, 300, 640, 645

Leontopolis , 594

Lepanto (lā-pän’-tō), 56

Lerna , 41†

Lesbianism, 154–155, 302

Lesbos (lěs’-bŏs), 75, 90, 91, 149, 151–156, 190, 218, 219, 443, 525, 544, 585

Lesche (lěs’-kē), 316

Lesser Mysteries, 188, 199

Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, German critic and dramatist (1729–1781), 328, 622†, 626*, 629

Lethe (lē’-thē), 186

Leto (lē’-tō), 182

letters, 204–207, 483–491, 612

Leucas , 155, 159, 193

Leucippus of Miletus, philosopher (fl. 5th century B.C.), 69, 157, 339, 352

Leuctra , 81, 86, 98, 180, 194, 462, 469

Lexicon (Suidas), 377

liberty, ideal of, 69; in Athens, 123–124, 204, 298

Liberty, Statue of, 621*

Libon (lē’-bŏn), architect (fl. 460 B.C.), 328

libraries, 206–207, 417, 579, 600–603

Library, Alexandria, 585, 586, 592, 601–602, 603, 608, 627, 636, 667

Libya , 37, 68, 238

Life of Philopoemen (Polybius), 613

Lindus, 134, 571

Linus (lī-nūs), 41, 227

Lion Gate, 28, 29

Lipari Islands, 170, 171

literary criticism, 603

literature, in Crete, 15

of Achaeans, 44–45

in Homeric society, 52

in early Greece, 207–211

in Golden Age, 374–436

in 4th century, 482–491

of Jews, 603–606

in Hellenistic age, 606–615

Little Essays on Nature (Aristotle), 526*

liturgies, 265, 379, 466

Livy (Titus Livius), Roman historian (59 B.C.-A.D. 17), 617, 661, 662

loans, 274, 464

Lock of Berenice, The (Callimachus), 608

Locke, John, English philosopher (1632-1704), 359, 646

Locomotion of Animals (Aristotle), 526*

Locri (lō’-krī), 167, 238, 501, 510

Locris , 77, 104, 105, 167, 441, 477, 666

logic, 351, 361, 515, 526–527, 652

logistai, 263

logography, 140

Logos, 147, 605, 612, 668

Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, American poet (1807–1882), 132*

Longinus, Dionysius Cassius, philosopher and critic (213?-273), 154

Long Walls, 250, 451, 461

Lotus-Eaters, 60

Louis XVI, King of France (1638–1715), 401

Lourdes, 96

Louvre, 326*, 417, 496, 499, 573, 624, 625

Love, see Eros

Lu, Duke of, 473

Lucian (lū’-shăn), satirical author (120?–200?), 229, 299, 305, 324, 326, 381, 432, 549*, 632*

Lucifer, 181

Lucretius (Titus Lucretius Carus), Roman poet (96-55 B.C.), 136, 145, 354*, 356, 413, 441*, 565, 645, 649

Lucullus, Lucius Licinius, Roman consul and general (110-56 B.C.), 492

Ludovisi Hera, 624

Ludovisi Throne, 319

Luther, Martin, Leader of German Reformation (1483–1546), 191

Lycambes (lī-kăm’-bēz), (8th century B.C.), 132

Lycaon (lī-kā’-ŏn), 208

Lyceum, 491, 525, 526, 553, 633, 640, 641

Lycia , 27†, 494, 576

Lycidas , 611

Lycon (lī’-kŏn), Athenian politician (fl. 5th century B.C.), 452

Lycophron (lī’-kō-frŏn), son of Periander (fl. 6th century B.C.), 91

Lycortas (lī-kôr’-tăs), statesman (2nd century B.C.), 613

Lycurgus (lī’-kûr’-gŭs), Spartan lawgiver (fl. 9th century B.C.), 23, 73, 74, 76, 77–78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 86, 117, 459, 523, 568, 569, 614

Lycurgus, orator (396-325 B.C.), 468, 469, 483, 486, 491, 512

Lydia , 69, 72, 76, 122*, 135, 136, 140, 141, 150, 153, 228, 238, 276

Lydian mode (music), 228*

Lyllus , 398

Lysander (lī-săn’-dēr), Spartan statesman and general (d. 395 B.C.), 84, 400, 450–451

Lysanias , grammarian (3rd century B.C.), 636

Lysias , orator (450-380 B.C.), 361, 430, 467, 472

Lysias, Regent of Syria (fl. 165 B.C.), 584

Lysicles , demagogue (5th century B.C.), 255

Lysicrates , choragic monument to, 327, 382, 492

Lysimacheia , 575

Lysimachus , Macedonian general (361?-281 B.C.), 538, 558, 578

Lysippus of Sicyon, sculptor (fl. 4th century B.C.), 292, 498, 631, 634, 635

Lysis (Plato), 364, 513*

Lysistrata (Aristophanes), 307, 423–424

Lysistratus, sculptor (fl. 4th century B.C.), 495

M

Maccabeans, 584, 605

Maccabees I and II, 583

Macedonia , 54, 69–70, 157, 158, 234, 239, 437, 465, 468, 470, 475–478, 480–481, 538, 542, 543, 544, 547, 548, 552–553, 554, 557, 558, 559, 560–561, 562, 568, 570, 575, 576, 585, 592–593, 662–663, 665, 666

Macedonian Wars, 662, 663, 664, 665

Machiavelli, Niccolo di Bernardo, Florentine statesman and political writer (1469–1527), 295, 614

Maeander River, 141, 143, 177, 575

Maenaca , 169

Magi, 135

magic, 193, 197, 200

magistracy, see jurisprudence

Magna Graecia , 161, 576

Magnesia, 106, 198, 246, 327, 573, 578, 618, 664

Mahaffy, John Pentland, British divine and author (1839–1919), 160*

Maimakterion , 199

Maine, Henry James Sumner, English jurist and historian (1822–1888), 667†

Malaga, 169

Malea , Cape, 89†

Malic Gulf, 106

Mallia, 7, 546

Manet, Édouard, French painter (1832–1883), 498*

Manetho , Egyptian historian (fl. 250 B.C), 594, 612

manners, in Homeric society, 47–48, 51; in Athens, 116–117, 291–312; in Hellenistic age, 566–567

Mantinea , 88, 378, 443, 463, 489, 496

manumission, 278, 562

maps, 139, 341

Marathon , 55, 71, 87, 88, 105, 108, 126, 127, 133, 195, 215, 226, 233, 234–236, 248, 291, 296, 383, 448, 461, 499

Marble Faun (Hawthorne), 496

Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, Roman general (268?-208 B.C.), 632–633, 661

Marcus Aurelius, see Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius

Mardonius , Persian commander (479 B.C.), 241, 242

Mark Antony, see Antonius, Marcus

Mareotis , Lake, 592

markets, 275–276

Marmora , Sea of, 3, 4*, 70, 156, 450

marriage, in Troy, 36

institution of, 40

in Homeric society, 51

in Sparta, 81–82, 83–84

in Athens, 117, 250, 302–305

in 4th century, 467

Marriage Song, see Hymeneus

Mars, see Ares

Marseilles, 3, 67, 150, 169, 213

Marsyas , 227, 323, 365

Martial (Marcus Valerius Martialis), Latin epigrammatist (40?-102?), 206

Mary, mother of Jesus, 178, 183, 595

masks, 29, 32, 380–381, 606

Mass (ritual), 195, 232, 594

Massagetae , 431

Massalia , 67, 169, 194, 575

Massillon, Jean Baptiste, French pulpit orator (1663–1742), 488*

mass production, 575

Mata Hari, World War spy, 300

materialism, 350, 352–355

mathematics, 135, 163–164, 337–338, 500–501, 627–628, 629–630

Mattathias , Jewish patriot (2nd century B.C.), 583

Maurya Dynasty, 575

Mausoleum (Halicarnassus), 494, 497, 618

Mausolus (maw’-sō-lŭs), King of Caria (reigned 377–353 B.C.), 134, 143*, 494

Measurement of a Circle, The (Archimedes), 629

mechane, 379

Mechanical Problems (Archimedes), 633

mechanics, 500, 527, 630, 631

Mechanics (Aristotle), 526*

Medea , 43, 55, 157, 197, 303, 307, 403–404, 415, 609

Medea (Euripides), 401*, 403–404, 411, 412

meden agan, 296

Medes, 238

Medical History of Contraception (Himes), 468*

Medici, 135

medicine, in Crete, 15

in Epidaurus, 96

under Hippocrates, 342–348

in 4th century, 502–503

in Hellenistic age, 638–639

Mediterranean race, 8, 63, 108

Mediterranean Sea, 3–4, 7, 13, 16, 20, 22, 33, 36, 67, 68, 127, 129, 168, 169, 219, 242, 273, 276, 431, 439, 446, 456, 463, 542, 552, 559, 571, 572, 577, 579, 590, 599, 600, 603, 615, 627, 640, 656, 659, 661, 664, 667

mediums of exchange, in Homeric society, 47

origin of, 69

in Argos, 72

in Sparta, 79

in Athens, 114, 273–274

in Seleucid Empire, 575

see also coinage

Medusa , 321

Megalopolis , 88, 462, 569, 570, 613

Megalostrata , consort of Alcman (7th century B.C.), 76

Megara , 41, 62, 79, 90, 92–95, 98, 125*, 157, 232, 252, 279, 439, 441, 497, 510

Megara Hyblaea , 92, 231

Megarian school, 503–504

Megasthenes (mě-găs’-thē-nēz), ambassador and writer (fl. 300 B.C.), 612, 637

Meidias , potter (fl. 5th century B.C.), 315

Melanippe (Euripides), 414

Melanthus (mě-lăn’-thŭs), painter (4th century B.C.), 619

Meleager , 43, 105

Meleager, epigrammatist (fl. 1st century B.C.), 573, 576

Meleager (Scopas), 497

Meletus (mě-lē’-tŭs), tragic poet (5th century B.C.), 373, 426, 452, 455, 511

Melos (mē’-lŏs), 33, 62, 133, 406, 443–444, 455, 624

Melpomene (měl-pŏm’-ē-nē), 186

Memorabilia (Xenophon), 364, 490, 650

Memphis, 585

Menaechmus (mě-năk’-mūs), philosopher and geometrician (fl. 4th century B.C.), 501, 628

Menander (mē-năn’-dēr), comic dramatist (343-291 B.C.), 155, 213, 231, 412, 429, 492, 567, 576, 606–608, 641, 667, 668

Mende (měn’-dē), 158

Menedemus (mě’-ně-dē’-mŭs), philosopher (350-277 B.C.), 107

Menelaus (měn’-ě-lŏ’-ŭs), 39, 47, 51, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 171, 316, 386, 408

Menelaus, high priest of Jerusalem (2nd century B.C.), 582

Menes (mē’-nēz), possibly Egypt’s first king (ca. 3500 B.C.), 20

Menon (měn’-ŏn), medical historian (fl. 4th century B.C.), 500

mercenaries, 468

merchant class, in Argos, 72

in Athens, 122, 255

in Sicily, 172

merchant marine, 590

Mercury, 184, see Hermes

Meriones , 229

Mesolongion (mē’-sō-lōng’-gē-ōn), see Missolonghi

Mesopotamia , 3, 7, 30, 69, 70, 234, 548, 572, 579, 620

Messana , 170, 172

Messenia , 73, 462, 570

Messenian Wars, 75, 77

Messiah, 605

Messina , 170

Messina, Straits of, 160, 167, 169, 171

Metageitnia , 199

Metageitnion , 199

metallurgy, in Crete, 7

in Athens, 271 metal work, in Crete, 16

in Mycenae, 31–32

in Homeric society, 52

in Dorian society, 62

in Periclean age, 314–315

Metaneira , courtesan, 467

metaphysics, 137, 138, 144–145, 165–166, 508, 515–517, 646

Metaphysics (Aristotle), 526*

Metapontum, 166

Metellus (Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus), Roman general (fl. 148 B.C.), 666

metempsychosis, 13, 68, 165, 187–188, 189, 191, 311–312, 355, 357, 517

meteorology, 340, 528

Meteorology (Aristotle), 526*

meter, 132, 154

Method, The (Archimedes), 629

Methone (mě-thō’-nē), 439, 470, 477

metics, 255, 262, 277–278

Metis , 182

Meton (mē’-tŏn), astronomer (fl. 5th century B.C.), 338

Metrodorus of Lampsacus, philosopher (d. 277 B.C.), 649

Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York), 33*, 133†, 220, 319*, 321†, 323*, 497, 626

Michelangelo, see Buonarotti, Michelangelo

Middle Academy, 643

Middle Ages, 170, 566

Middle Comedy, 429, 482–483

Miletus (mī-lē’-tŭs), 68*, 90, 122, 134–141, 151, 156, 169, 173, 219, 222, 226, 235, 275, 546, 564, 567, 568, 575, 618, 639

militarism, in Crete, 23; in Sparta, 81, 82–83

Milo (mī’-lō) of Crotona, athlete (6th century B.C.), 161, 162, 215, 216

Miltiades , Athenian general and statesman (d. 488 B.C.), 235–236, 237, 247

Milton, John, English poet (1608–1674), 386, 436, 488*, 497

Mimnermus , elegiac poet (fl. 630–600 B.C.), 148

mina, 114, 274

mining, in Cyprus, 33

by Achaeans, 46

in Attica, 121, 270–271, 463–464

in Egypt, 589

Minoan Ages, 7–8, 11, 12, 13, 15–21, 27, 30, 32, 33, 35, 134, 170

Minos (mī’-nŏs), 6, 10*, 11, 18, 19, 22–23, 38†, 40, 75, 117

Minotaur , 6, 14, 22, 23

Minyans ,.35, 64, 103

miracles, 195

mirrors, 314–315

Missolonghi , 105

Mizpah , 584

Mnason, tyrant of Elatea (fl. 4th century B.C.), 492

mnemonics, 130

Mnemosyne , 182

Mnesicles , architect (fl. 437 B.C.), 251, 331

Mnesilochus, father-in-law of Euripides (5th century B.C.), 426–427

Moabite stone, 205

Mochlos, 6, 7, 11, 20

Modin, 583

Moeris , Lake, 589

Mohammed, 572

Moirai (moi’-rī), 135, 186

Molière (Jean Baptiste Poquelin), French dramatist (1622–1673), 668

Molossians, 660

Monaco, 169, see also Monoecus

monarchy, in Crete, 10–11

in Sparta, 79

in Athens, 109

in Miletus, 134

in Seleucid Empire, 576

money, see mediums of exchange; see also coinage

monism, 137

Monoecus , 169

monogamy, in Troy, 36

in Sparta, 81–82

in Athens, 304

monopoly, 269, 589–590

monotheism, 175, 565, 580, 653–654, 655, 656

Montaigne, Michel de, French philosopher and essayist (1533–1592), 167*, 374

moon worship, 13, 177

morality, in Homeric society, 47–50

in Sparta, 81–85, 86

in Athens, 116–117, 287, 293–305

and religion, 200–202

in 4th century, 467–468

in philosophy of Plato, 517–519

of Aristotle, 533–534

in 3rd century, 565–568

mortgage laws, 113–114

Mosaic code, 77

mosaics, 620–621

Moscow, 547

Moslems, 667

Mosso, Angelo, Italian scholar, 19‡

mother, the, in Crete, 10

in Homeric society, 50*

in Athens, 307

see also woman, position of

Motya , 170

Mountain (political party), 119, 124

Mountains (deity), 99

mourning, 311–312

Movements of Animals (Aristotle), 526*

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, Austrian composer (1756–1791), 401

Mummius, Lucius, Roman statesman and general (fl. 2nd century B.C.), 666

Munich Antiquarium, 323*, 625

Munychia (festival), 200

Munychia (port), 246

Munychion , 200

Musaeus (mū-zē’-ŭs), 69, 191, 227

Museo delle Terme (Rome), 319*, 323*, 365, 623†, 624, 625

Muses, 69, 98, 99, 104, 106, 182, 186, 226, 496, 511, 586

Museum (Alexandria), 226, 585, 586–587, 592, 601, 602, 627, 667

music, in Crete, 14, 15–16

of Achaeans, 45

in Homeric society, 52

in Phrygia, 69

in Sparta, 74–77

in Pythagorean school, 163–164, 166

in religion, 193

contests, 212, 216

in common culture, 226–230

in Athenian education, 289

in drama, 379–380

in Judea, 580

in Hellenistic age, 616–617

musical instruments, 15–16, 74–75, 227, 580, 616

Mycale 151, 200, 234, 242, 248, 437

Mycenae , 5, 21, 26, 28–33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 44, 47, 53, 56, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 68, 72, 89, 90, 108, 127, 128, 179, 180, 223, 311

Mycenaean order (architecture), 331, 336

Myconos (mī’-kō-nŏs), 131

Mylias , Athenian businessman (4th century B.C.), 278

Myres, John Linton, English archeologist, 6

Myron (mī’-rŏn), sculptor (fl. ca. 450 B.C.), 17, 217, 301, 323–324

Myron, tyrant of Sicyon (6th century B.C.), 89

Myrtilus , 39

Mysia , 238

Mysis , slave of Epicurus (3rd century B.C.), 645

mysteries, 188–192

mysticism, 136, 165–166, 188–192

Mytilene , 122, 151, 153, 265, 443, 455, 466, 645

mythology, 98–100, 135, 176–188, 565

Myus (mī’-ŭs), 141

N

Nabis , tyrant of Sparta (fl. 207 B.C.), 570

Naiads , 177

Nanno, beloved of Mimnermus (7th century B.C.), 148

Naples, 107, 168, 169, 417, 575; see also Neapolis

Naples Museum, 323, 499, 620*, 623*, 624‡, 625

Napoleon I, Emperor of the French (1769–1821), 157, 173, 438, 540, 541, 542, 547, 552

Narcissus , 98, 218

Nashville, Tennessee, 335*

naturalism, 136, 340

Naucratis , 3, 173, 174, 219, 545

Naupactus (naw-păk’-tŭs), 62, 105, 662

Nauplia , 27

Nausicaa , 46, 60, 210, 297, 302

navigation, 4, 47, 135

navy, of Crete, 5, 10

of Mycenae, 31

in Homeric society, 54–55

of Athens, 241, 246, 250, 265, 275, 449

of Sparta, 448

of Egypt, 585

Naxos , 23, 131, 170, 172, 221

Neacles , painter (fl. 3rd century B.C.), 619

Neapolis (Naples), 157, 169, 575

Neapolis (Shechem), 580

Nearches (nē-är’-kēz), tyrant of Elea (5th century B.C.), 351

Nearchus, Macedonian general (4th century B.C.), 502, 547, 637

Near East, 4, 68, 136, 192, 221, 272, 274, 275, 305, 319, 430, 572, 574, 575, 587, 590, 600, 603, 634, 667

Nebuchadrezzar II, King of Babylon (reigned 605–562 B.C.), 432, 605

Necho (nē’-kō), King of Egypt (reigned 610–594 B.C.), 589

Necropolis , 592

Nehemiah, governor of Judea (465-424 B.C.), 580

Neleus, philosopher (3rd century B.C.), 601

Nemea , 41†, 211

Nemean games, 200, 216

Nemesis , 186, 390, 397

Nemesis (Agoracritus), 326

Neobule (nē-ŏb’-ū-lē), beloved of Archilochus (7th century B.C.), 132

Neolithic Age, in Crete, 6–7, 16; in Sicily, 170

Neo-Platonism, 192, 516, 595, 657, 668

Neoptolemus , 294

Nepnelococcygia , 428

Neptune, 186, see also Poseidon

Nereids , 177

Nereids, 324*

Nesiotes , sculptor (5th century B.C.), 324

Nestor (něs’-tôr), 53, 58, 60, 105*, 208, 211, 297

New Academy, 643

New Comedy, 419, 606, 608

Newman, John Henry, Cardinal, English theologian (1801–1890), 655

Newton, Isaac, English philosopher and mathematician (1642–1727), 527, 629, 630, 633

Nicaea , 169

Nicanor , governor of Judea (2nd century B.C.), 584

Nicarete , courtesan, 467

Nice, 3, 169

Nicomachean Ethics (Aristotle), 526*, 533–534

Nicias , statesman and general (d. 413 B.C.), 197, 270–271, 281*, 297, 379, 421, 423, 433, 435, 445, 446, 448

Nicomedes I, King of Bithynia (reigned 278–250 B.C), 495

Nicopolis , 156

Nicosthenes , potter (6th century B.C.), 219

Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, German philosopher (1844–1900), 50, 148, 295, 523, 670

Night (deity), 99

Nike (nē’-kē) (Achermus), 222

Nike (Paeonius), 222, 324

Nike Apteros, 327, 331

Nikolaev, 157, see also Olbia

Nile River, 3, 68, 173, 341, 539, 544–545, 564, 587, 589, 590, 591, 592

Nile, 623

Nimes, 169

Nine Lyric Poets, 76

Niobe , 182, 326

Niobe, 652

Nocturnal Council (Plato), 522

nomes, 591

nomoi, 258

nomothetaiy 258, 469

Nordic man, 8*, 63

Norman Conquest, 29

Normans, 170

Norway, 637

Notium , 450

Notus (nō’-tŭs), 177

nous, 339, 340

Novum Ilium , 35†

Nubia , 18, 589, 596

nudity, in Sparta, 82, 83

Numa Pompilius, King of Rome (reigned 715–672 B.C.), 117

number relations, 165, 166

numerals, 627

nymphs, 181

O

oaths, 290

Oblivion, see Lethe

obol, 274

Oceanids , 177, 385

Oceanus , 99, 137, 385

Odessus, 157

Odeum (ō-dē’-ŭm), 330

Odysseus , 24, 36, 45, 47, 48, 49–50, 52, 53, 58, 59, 60–61, 159, 210, 211

Odysseus in Hades (Polygnotus), 316

Odyssey , 46, 59–61, 122, 167, 206, 207–211, 390, 602

Oeconomicus (Xenophon), 313, 490

Oedipus , 40–41, 61*, 180, 311, 384*, 393–396, 398, 548

Oedipus at Colonus (Sophocles), 394–396, 400

Oedipus the King (Sophocles), 393–394, 398, 411

Oeneus (ē’-nūs), 105*

Oenoe (ē’-nō-ē), 156

Oenomaus (ē-nŏm’-ā-ŭs), 39, 328

Oenopides of Chios, astronomer (5th century B.C..), 339

Ogygia , 59

oil refining, 589

Olbia, 135, 157, 575

Old Age, see Geras

Old Comedy, 231, 429

Old Market Woman, 626*

“Old Oligarch,” 279–280, 283

Old Testament, 604

oligarchy, 109–112, 247, 255, 449

olive culture, see arboriculture

Olympia , 38, 39, 40, 48, 88, 89, 105, 180, 181, 211, 213–216, 222, 325, 328, 430, 445, 496, 538

Olympiads, 217, 613, 615

Olympians (gods), 177, 180–188, 195, 210–211, 467

Olympias, Queen of Macedonia (d. 316 B.C), 476, 481, 538, 544, 549

Olympic games, 5, 41†, 91, 200, 213–216, 317, 349, 472, 668

Olympieum 574, 617

Olympus , Mt., 30, 37, 56, 99, 106, 131, 175, 181, 182

Olympus, musician (8th century B.C..), 227

Olynthus , 158, 477, 525

Onatas , sculptor (5th century B.C.), 322

Oneiros , 186

Onias III, high priest of Jerusalem (2nd century B.C..), 594

On Conoids and Spheroids (Archimedes), 630

On Floating Bodies (Archimedes), 630

“On Marriage” (Theophrastus), 640

On Nature (Alcmaeon), 342

On Nature (Anaxagoras), 339, 417*

On Nature (Empedocles), 356

On Nature (Epicurus), 645

On Nature (Gorgias), 360

On Nature (Heracleitus), 144

On Nature (Parmenides), 350

Onomacritus , scholar (520 B.C.), 190

On Plane Equilibriums (Archimedes), 630

On Purifications (Empedocles), 356

On Spirals (Archimedes), 630

On the Crown (Demosthenes), 484–485

“On the Heart” (Corpus Hippocraticum), 345

On the Heavens (Aristotle), 526*

“On the Improvement of the Intellect” (Pythagoras), 165*

On the Peace (Isocrates), 487

“On the Physician” (Corpus Hippocraticum), 346

On the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and the Moon (Aristarchus), 634

On the Soul (Aristotle), 526*

ontology, in philosophy of Thales, 137

of Anaximander, 138

of Heracleitus, 145–146

of Pythagoras, 165

of Anaxagoras, 339

of Parmenides, 350

of Empedocles, 357

of Plato, 515–517

of Epicurus, 646

of Stoics, 652–653

“On Wounds in the Head” (Hippocrates), 343

optics, 638

oracles, 197–199

oratory, 53–54, 256, 360, 430, 483–485

orchestra, 378

Orchomenos , 29, 35, 42, 88, 103, 543, 665

Oresteia (Aeschylus), 383, 384, 386–391, 411

Orestes , 61, 108, 195, 201, 311, 386, 388–389, 404, 409–411, 431

Orestes (Euripides), 401*

“Organon” (Aristotle), 526–527

Orientalization, 577–578

Oriental style (architecture), 219

Orontes River, 564, 572, 575

Oropus , 108

Orpheus (ôr’-fūs), 43, 69, 180–190, 191, 227, 303, 319

Orpheus among the Thractons, 315

Orphism, 68, 165, 190–192, 467, 523, 566, 668

Orthagoras (ŏr-thăg’-ō-răs), tyrant of Sicyon (fl. 676 B.C.), 89

Ortygia , 172, 470–471, 474, 475

Oscophoria, 199

Osiris , 68, 178, 187*, 432, 595, 668

Ossa , Mt., 106

Ostia (ôs’-tyä), 620

ostracism, 125–126, 237, 246, 247, 266

Othrys , Mt., 106

Otricoli , 624

Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso), Latin poet (43 B.C.-A.D. 17), 155, 157

Oxus (ŏk’-sŭs) River, 575

Oxyrhynchus , 155

P

Paches (pā’-kēz), Athenian general (5th century B.C.), 443

Pacific Ocean, 3

pacifism, 406, 415

Paeonia , 238

Paeonius of Ephesus, architect (6th century B.C.), 143

Paeonius, architect, 618

Paeonius of Mende, sculptor (fl. 5th century B.C.), 324, 328

Paestum (pěs’-tŭm), 168, 226, see also Poseidonia

Paetus (pě-ē’-tŭs) and Arria , 623

painting, in Crete, 17–18, 19–20

in Mycenae, 31

in 6th century, 223

in Periclean age, 315–318

in 4th century, 492–494

in Hellenistic age, 618–621

palaces, in Crete, 6–8, 11, 12, 18–20

in Tiryns and Mycenae, 27–30

in Homeric society, 53

Palace of Minos, The (Evans), 6*

palaestras, 212, 288–289, 567

Palaikastro (păl’-ī-kăs’-trō), 6, 7, 11, 12, 22

Palatine Hill, 493

Palermo, 170, 575, see also Panormus

Palestine, 21, 70, 234, 557, 572, 573, 579, 585, 594, 605, 667

Pallas , 182

Pallas Athene, see Athena

Pamphilus , painter (4th century B.C.), 492

Pamphylia , 245*

Pan (păn), 88, 177, 610, 616, 625

Panaenus (pă-nē’-nŭs), painter (5th century B.C), 317, 325

Panaetius of Rhodes, Stoic philosopher (ca. 185–110 B.C.), 652

Panathenaea , 122, 123, 199, 212–213, 334

Panathenaicus (Isocrates), 488

Panboeotia , 103

Pandora , 101

panegyreis, 200

Panegyricus (Isocrates), 486–487, 488

Panhellenic games, 91, 200, 211, 213, 216, 262

Panhellenism, 485

Panionia , 200

Panionium , 151

pankration, 214–215

Panormus (pä-nôr’-mŭs), 156, 170, 241, 575

pantheism, 414, 565

Panticapaeum , 157, 575

paper, 8, 206

Paphlagonia , 238, 275

Paphos (pă’-fŏs), 34

papyrus, 206, 591, 600

Paradise Lost (Milton), 386

paradox, in philosophy, 145, 351

parasites, 294

parchment, 206, 600

Paribeni, Italian archeologist, 6

Paris, son of Priam, 36, 53, 55, 56, 59, 171, 185, 404

parks, 592, 617

Parmenides of Elea, philosopher (6th century B.C.), 136, 139, 144, 168, 339, 349, 350–351, 352, 353, 356, 359, 367, 516*

Parmenides (Plato), 364, 513*, 514

Parmenio , Macedonian general (400-330 B.C.), 541, 549

Parnassus (pär-năs’-ŭs), Mt., 38, 39, 98, 104, 105

Parnes (pär-něs) Mts., 109

Parni, 578

Parnon Mts., 72, 107

Paros (pā’-rŏs), 131–132, 221, 236, 329

Parrhasian Mts., 88

Parrhasius , painter (fl. 400 B.C.), 317–318

Parthenon (pär’-thē-nŏn), 122, 199, 225, 266, 267, 290, 324–325, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332–335, 378, 494, 558, 618, 623, 628

Parthia , 578, 579

Parts of Animals (Aristotle), 526*

Parysatis , 547

Pascal, Blaise, French philosopher and mathematician (1623–1662), 657, 669

Pasiōn , banker (5th century B.C.), 274, 278, 464

Pasiphaë , 14, 22

Pasteur, Louis, French chemist (1822–1895), 165‡

pastorals, 171, 609–612

Pataikion (pă-tī-kē-ōn), thief (5th century B.C.), 201

Pater, Walter, English essayist and critic (1839–1894), 127*, 537

Patrae (păt’-rē), 89, 560

Patras, see Patrae

patrimony, 259, 281

patriotism, 201, 566

Patroclus , 46, 48, 58, 193, 208, 212, 220, 551, 620

Paul, Saint, Apostle to the Gentiles (?-67?), 91, 136, 595, 607, 658

Paul et Virginie (Bernardin de Saint-Pierre), 25*

Paullus, Aemilius, Roman general (229-160 B.C.), 326, 665

Pausanias , traveler and topographer (fl. 2nd century A.D.), 22*, 26, 28, 29, 73, 88, 89, 92, 159, 176, 215, 221, 226, 227, 295, 328, 496, 497, 559, 618

Pausanius, King of Sparta (fl. 479 B.C), 242, 246

Pausanias, Macedonian officer (fl. 336 B.C.), 481, 542

Pausias (pô’-sē-ăs) of Sicyon, painter (4th century B.C.), 492

Pax Romana, 577

Paxos (păk’-sōs), 159

Peace, The (Aristophanes), 423

Peace of Antalcidas, see King’s Peace

Peace of Nicias, 443, 445

Pedasus , 431

Pegasus , 98

Peisistratids, 123, 219, see also Hippias and Hipparchus, tyrants of Athens

Peisistratus , Athenian tyrant (605-527 B.C), 103, 110, 113, 119–123, 124, 188, 189, 200, 207, 208, 212, 223, 226, 233, 249, 265, 269

Pelasgi (pē-lăz’-jī), 30, 31, 37–38, 40, 64, 88, 108

Peleus (pē’-lūs), 43

Pelias , 43, 403

Pelion Mts., 106, 328

Pella , 70, 418, 437, 525, 542, 580, 651

Pellene , 89, 560, 569

Pelopidas , Theban general (d. 364 B.C.), 194, 462

Peloponnesian League, 86

Peloponnesian War, 80, 108, 118, 252, 253, 269, 295, 326, 365, 391, 399, 415, 420, 432, 437, 441–452, 455, 460, 480, 485, 572

Peloponnesus (pĕl-ō-pŏ-nē’-sŭs), 26, 27, 30, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 62, 63, 70, 72, 73, 86, 89, 92, 108, 128, 221, 231, 266, 320, 323, 432, 441, 446, 447, 462, 477, 553, 560, 568, 569, 621

Pelops (pē’-lōps), 39, 42, 51, 61, 62, 86, 328, 386

Penelope (pē-nel’-ō-pē), 46, 48, 53, 59–60, 61, 210, 318

Peneus (pē-nē’-ŭs) River, 41†, 106

pentacosiomedimni, 115

Pentateuch, 595

pentathlon, 214

Pentelicus , Mt., 109, 320, 328, 329, 332, 464

Pentheus (pěn’-thūs), 418, 419

People of Athens, The (Parrhasius), 318

Peparethos (pě’-pär-ē’-thōs), 158

Perdiccas II, King of Macedonia (reigned 454–413 B.C), 343

perfumes, 291–292

Pergamene Library, 579, 602

Pergamum , 557, 559, 575, 578. 579, 600, 601, 602, 618, 623, 627, 639, 663, 664, 665

periaktoi, 379

Periander , tyrant of Corinth (625-585 B.C.), 89†-, 90–91, 92, 141

Periclean age, 50, 53, 109, 142, 172, 177, 188, 207, 226, 242, 248–456, 560, 566

Pericles , Athenian statesman (495?-429 B.C), 7, 10, 29, 40, 70, no, 119, 150, 157, 182, 188, 203, 207, 236, 245, 246, 247, 248–254, 255, 259, 264, 271, 272, 283, 295, 314, 325, 330, 332, 340, 341, 392, 420, 421, 430, 433, 434, 435, 437, 439, 440, 441–442, 444, 445, 448, 450, 468, 479, 535, 554, 594, 617

Periegesis (Pausanias), 26*

Perinthus, 157

Perioeci , 73–74, 77, 459

Peripatetic school, 525, 640, 641

Pernier, L., Italian archeologist, 6

Persaeus (pēr-sē’-ŭs), philosopher and writer (3rd century B.C.), 651

persecution, religious, 581, 582–583

Persephone (pēr-sěf’-ō-nē), 50*, 54*, 68, 69, 72, 73, 178, 182, 185*, 187, 189, 190, 231, 232, 426, 499

Persepolis , 545–546

Perseus (pûr’-sūs), 28, 38†, 39

Perseus, King of Macedonia (reigned 178–168 B.C.), 558, 613, 664–665

Perseus (in Works and Days), 100

Perseus, 321

Persia, 4, 55, 67, 69, 70, 71, 87, 95, 98, 103, 104, 130, 131, 135, 136, 141, 150, 194, 203, 234–236, 238, 245, 246, 294, 437, 439, 448, 459, 461, 468, 472, 477, 479, 486–487, 489, 491, 494, 525 545, 543, 544, 545–545, 547, 548, 572, 574, 575, 576, 578, 591, 592, 593, 606, 637, 660

Persian Gulf, 572

Persian War, 80, 88, 95, 149, 151, 168, 173, 216, 226, 238–242, 274, 276, 329, 375, 391, 430, 433

Persian Women, The (Aeschylus), 382*, 384*

Petra (pē’-tra), 576

Phaeacian (fē-ā’-shăn), 48, 49, 52

Phaedo (fē’-dō) of Elis, philosopher (5th-4th century B.C.), 369, 455

Phaedo (Plato), 364, 371, 513*, 514

Phaedra (fē’-dra), 22, 402–403

Phaedrus (fē’-drŭs), Athenian (5th century B.C.), 370

Phaedrus (Plato), 302, 513*, 514

Phaestus (fěs’-tŭs), 6, 7, 10, 11, 15, 21

Phaëthon (fā’-ē-thŏn), 177*, 501

Phainomena (Eudoxus), 501, 635

phalanx, 476–477

Phalaris , tyrant of Acragas (570-554 B.C.), 171, 172

Phalerum (fă-lē’-rŭm), 250

phallic worship, 13, 178, 199, 231

Phaon (fā’-ŏn), sailor (7th century B.C.), 155

Pharnabazus (făr’-nă-bä’-zŭs) Persian general (5th-4th century B.C.), 451

Pharos (fā’-rŏs), 134, 143*, 590*, 592, 595

Pharsalus (fär-sā’-lŭs), 106

Phasis , 157

Pheidias, , sculptor (ca. 490–432 B.C.), 52, 181, 199, 202, 221, 251, 252, 253, 291, 315, 316, 317, 320, 322, 323–327, 331, 332, 334, 397, 491, 496, 497, 498, 671

Pheidias, astronomer (4th-3rd century B.C.), 628

Pheidippides , courier (490 B.C.), 215

Pheidippides (in Clouds), 425–426

Pheidon (fī’-dŏn), King of Argos (748 B.C.), 72, 114

Pherae (fē’-rē), 106

Pherecrates , dramatist (fl. 438 B.C), 420

Pherecydes (fěr’-ě-sī’-dēz) of Syros, philosopher (fl. 6th century B.C.), 131, 140

Phigalea , 327, 328

Phliadelpheus, Alexandre, museum curator, 499*

Philadelphia, 580

Philae (fī’-lē), 618

philanthropy, 294, 563

Philataerus , founder of Pergamene kingdom (3rd century B.C.), 578

Philebus (fī-lē’-bŭs) (Plato), 513*

Philemon (fī-lē’-mŏn), dramatist (361-263 B.C.), 412, 419, 429, 606, 607, 608, 667, 668

Philip, physician (3rd century B.C.), 541

Philip II, King of Macedonia (382-336 B.C), 54, 70, 103, 104*, 157, 158, 213, 265, 266, 461, 463, 467, 471, 475–478, 479–481, 484, 486, 488, 491, 498, 503, 524, 525, 538, 540, 541, 542, 543, 548, 550, 554, 558, 641

Philip V, King of Macedonia (220-179 B.C.), 561, 568, 587, 662–663, 664

Philippica (Theopompus), 488

Philistion , physician (4th century B.C.), 501, 502

Philistius, historian (432-356 B.C.), 473

Philoctetes (Pythagoras), 322

Philoctetes (Sophocles), 294, 392, 397, 622

Philo Judaeus, Jewish philosopher (20 B.C-A.D. 54), 147, 595

Philolaus (fī-lō-lā’-ŭs) of Thebes, philosopher (b. 480 B.C.), 166, 339, 352

philologv, 359

Philomelus , Phocian general (4th century B.C.), 104

Philon (fī’-lŏn), architect (4th century B.C.), 491, 617

Philon of Byzantium, mechanician (fl. 146 B.C.), 633

Philopoemen , general and statesman (252?-183 B.C.), 570, 613

philosophy, of Anaxagoras, 330–341

of An-aximander, 138–139

of Anaximenes, 139

of Antisthenes, 505–506

of Aristippus, 503–505

of Aristotle, 524–537

of Diogenes, 506–509

of Empedocles, 355–358

of Epicureans, 644–649

of Heracleitus, 144–148

of Isocrates, 485–488

of idealists, 349–351

of materialists, 352–355

origins of, 135–136

of Parmenides, 350

of Plato, 500–524

of Pythagoras, 164–166

and return to religion, 657–658

of scientists, 500–503

of Skeptics, 640–644

of Socrates, 364–373

of Sophists, 358–364

of Stoics, 650–657

of Thales, 136–138

of Xenophanes, 167–168

of Zeno of Elea, 351

Philostephanus of Corinth, banker (5th century B.C), 274

Philotas (fī-lŏ’-tăs), son of Parmenio (330 B.C), 549

Philoxenus , painter (fl. 4th century B.C.), 620

Philoxenus, poet (435-380 B.C.), 472

Phintias , Pythagorean (4th century B.C.), 471*

Phlius (flī’-ŭs), 569

Phocaea (fō-sē’-ă), 150, 156, 169

Phocion , Athenian statesman and general (402-317 B.C.), 264, 479, 558

Phocis , 27, 104, 198, 441, 477, 542, 543

Phoebe (fē’-bē), 182

Phoebidas , Spartan general (4th century B.C.), 295

Phoebus (fē’-bŭs), 104

Phoenicia , 4, 5, 55, 68, 135, 161, 203, 275, 544, 557, 572, 573, 576, 578, 585

Phoenicians, 4, 8, 15, 31 47, 55, 67, 68, 70, 72, 109*, 133, 134, 170, 205, 238, 580

Phormio, banker (4th century B.C.), 278, 478

Phradmon, sculptor (5th century B.C.), 322

phratries, 108, 175

Phreattys , 259

Phrixus , 42–43

Phrygia , 20, 30, 35, 39, 69, 178, 228, 238, 451, 559

Phrygian mode (music), 69, 228*, 518

Phryne (frī’-nē), courtesan (4th century B.C.), 300–301, 467, 495, 496, 641–642

Phrynichus , dramatic poet (fl. 6th-5th century B.C.), 382*

Phthiotis , 106, 128, 198

Phyla , 401

Phylakopi , 33

physics, 138, 341, 500, 527, 630–631, 633–634

Physics (Aristotle), 526, 527

physiology, 138, 345, 502–503, 531, 639

Pieria , 106

Pillars of Hercules, 41†, 551

Pinakotheka , 331, 579

Pindar , poet (522-448? B.C.), 72, 76*, 91, 103, 107, 196, 201, 216, 361, 374–377, 437.438, 543

Pindaric odes, 375–377

piracy, 10, 30–31, 47, 48–49, 54, 171, 262, 275

Piraeus (pī-rē’-ŭs), 11, 106, 109, 129, 237, 246, 250, 255, 275, 285, 290, 299, 329, 451, 452, 464, 491, 501, 506, 560, 561, 562, 571, 607

Pirithous , 328

Pitane , 578

Pittacus , tyrant of Mytilene (650-570 B.C.), 141, 151, 153

Plain (political party), 119–120, 124

Plataea , 79, 98, 103, 171, 203, 234, 235, 239, 240, 242, 312, 383, 455, 462, 543, 545

Plato (plā’-tō), philosopher (427?-347 B.C.), 3, 68, 86, 87, 107, 118, 136, 152, 162, 166, 167, 168, 176, 191, 197, 202, 205, 206, 211, 226, 228*, 229, 249, 252, 267, 278, 280, 282, 287, 288, 293, 297, 300, 302, 310, 311, 324, 349, 353, 358, 359, 361, 362, 363, 364, 366, 367, 368, 369, 373, 382, 392, 401, 417*, 426, 453, 454, 455. 465, 467, 468, 469, 472–474 483, 485, 486, 490, 491, 492, 500, 501, 508, 509–524, 526, 533, 554, 562, 601, 628, 629, 631, 640, 641, 642, 643, 644, 650, 656, 670, 671

Plautus, Titus Maccius, Roman dramatist (254?-184 B.C.), 606, 668

Pliny the Elder (Caius Plinius Secundus), Roman naturalist and encyclopedist (23–79), 55, 143, 205, 223, 316, 317, 323, 492, 498, 528, 592, 619, 621, 622

Plotinus (plō-tī’-nŭs), Egyptian philosopher (205?-27o?), 136, 657

plumbing, 22, 52

Plutarch , historian (46?-120?), 26, 68, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 103, 104, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118–119, 129, 130, 142, 237, 240, 242*, 248, 249, 251, 252, 291*, 300, 305, 312, 370*, 419, 434, 435, 442, 444, 455, 474, 478, 483–484, 488, 492, 500, 538, 539, 541, 548, 549, 553, 629, 632, 633, 634, 645, 660, 661

Pluto , 96, 178, 179, 189, 312

Plutus , see Pluto

Flutus (Aristophanes), 283

Pnyx , 255

Po River, 159

Poems and Ballads (Swinburne), 154*

Poetics (Aristotle), 526*

poetry, of Alcaeus, 151–152

of Anacreon 149

of Apollonius of Rhodes, 608–609

of Archilochus, 132

of Callimachus, 608

contests, 216

in early Greece, 139–140

of Hesiod, 98–103

of Homer, 44, 52, 207–211

of Jews, 603

in Megara, 92–95

of Mimnermus, 148

and music, 226

origin of, 193

of Pindar, 375–377

of Sappho, 153–156

of Simonides, 130–131

in Sparta, 74–77

of Stesichorus, 171

of Theocritus, 609–612

police, 466

Polis , 580

politics, Pythagorean, 166

of Plato, 519–521

of Aristotle, 534–537

Politics (Aristotle), 526*, 533*

Polity of the Athenians, The (Old Oligarch), 279

Pollias, potter, (6th century B.C.), 220

Pollux (pŏl’-ŭks) (mythology), 105*

Pollux, Julius, grammarian (2nd century A.D.), 212

Polyaegos , 158

Polybius , historian (ca. 202–120 B.C.), 79, 157, 172, 564, 568, 572, 593, 598, 600, 613–615, 632, 643–644, 659, 663, 665, 666

Polycleitus , sculptor (fl. 430 B.C.), 72, 217, 322–323, 498

Polycleitus the Younger, sculptor (4th century B.C.), 96

Polycrates , tyrant of Samos (r. 535–515 B.C), 141–143, 149, 161, 206

Polydorus , 40

Polydorus, mythological King of Thebes, 406

Polydorus, sculptor (1st century B.C.), 622

polygamy, in Troy, 36; in Sparta, 81–82; in Athens, 304–305.

Polygnotus of Thasos, painter (fl. 465 B.C.), 316, 324, 331, 491, 669

Polymedes , sculptor (archaic period), 68*

Polymnestor , 406

Polymnestus, poet and musician (7th century B.C.), 75

Polymnia , 186

Polynices , 41, 394, 496

Polyphemus , 60

polytheism, 175–177

Polyxena , 36, 406

Pompeii, 18, 178, 618, 620, 669

Pompey the Great (Cneius Pompeius Magnus), Roman general (106-48 B.C), 67, 106

Pontica, 156

Pontus (pōn’-tŭs), 275, 578

Pope, Alexander, English poet (1688–1744), 106*

Popilius, see Laenas, Caius Popilius

population, of Crete, 11

of Carthage, 67

of Sparta, 73

of Corinth, 91

of Aegina, 95

of Chios, 150

of Sybaris, 160

of Syracuse, 172

of Athens, 254–255, 561

of Alexandria, 592–593

Population of Athens in the Fifth and Fourth Centuries B.C., The (Gomme, A. W.), 255†

porcelain, see ceramics

pornai, 299, 300

pornography, 428–429

Portland, Duke of, see Bentinck, William Henry

Portland Vase, 616

Porus (pôr’-ŭs) King of India (ca. 325 B.C.), 546

Poseidippus , dramatist (fl. 3rd century B.C.), 567

Poseidippus, epigrammatist (ca. 270 B.C.), 577

Poseidon (pō-sī’-dōn), 22, 43, 58, 109, 113, 168, 175, 181, 185, 186, 216, 329, 331, 334, 403, 510

Poseidonia , 160, 168, 175, 300, 327. 333

Poseidon, Thetis, Achilles, and Nereids (Sco-pas), 498

postal service, 273, 589–590

Posterior Analytics (Aristotle), 526*

Potidaea , 158, 365, 441, 444, 470, 477

pottery, see ceramics

poverty, in Athens, 110–112, 465; in 4th and 3rd centuries, 563

Pozzuoli, 169, see also Puteoli

Praesus (prē’-sŭs), 11

Prasiae , 108

Pratinas , tragic poet (fl. 500 B.C.), 377

Praxagora , 283, 427

Praxagoras, physician (fl. 3rd century B.C.), 638

Praxinoa , 609

Praxiteles , sculptor (fl. 340 B.C.), 132, 184, 185, 217, 300, 302, 323, 324, 397, 467, 491, 492, 495–497, 498, 501, 621, 625, 671

prayer, 14, 193, 195

Praying Youth (Boëthus), 625

premarital relations, in Sparta, 84; in Athens, 299–301

Priam (prī’-ăm), 25, 26, 27, 35, 36, 43, 45, 48, 56, 58–59, 406, 407

Priapus (prī-ă’-pŭs), 178, 299

Priene (prī-ē’-nē), 141, 151, 327, 564, 618

priests, 11, 13–14, 176, 192–195, 198, 595

printing, 15

Prior Analytics (Aristotle), 526*

probouleuma, 256

Proconnesus (prō’-kōn-nē’-sŭs), 156

Procrustes (prō-krŭs’-tēz), 40

Prodicus of Ceos, humanist (5th century B.C.), 358, 361, 363, 367, 401, 506

Proetus (prō-ē’-tŭs), 27–28

professionalism, in sports, 12–13, 468, 567

“Prognostic” (Hippocrates), 343

Promachus , Macedonian general (4th century B.C), 551

Prometheus (prō-mē’-thŭs), 42, 100, 101, 194, 317, 384–385

Prometheus Bound (Aeschylus), 376, 384–386, 390

Prometheus the Fire Bringer (Aeschylus), 384

Prometheus Unbound (Aeschylus), 384

Prometheus Unbound (Shelley), 386

property, community, in Homeric society, 46; in Athens, in; in Egypt, 588

Prophetic books, 595

Propontis, 4*, 128, 135, 156, 157, 276, 437

Propylaea , 325, 327, 329, 331

prose, 139–140, 430–436, 486–491, 612–615

prostitution, in Sparta, 83

in Corinth, 91

in Athens, 116, 299–301, 467–468

in 3rd century, 567

in Alexandria, 593

Protagoras (prō-tăg’-ō-răs), philosopher (481-411 B.C.), 136, 358–360, 361, 362, 363, 367, 368, 370, 373, 417, 437, 514, 642, 643, 657

Protagoras (Plato), 364, 368, 513*

Protestantism, 658

Protogenes (prō-tōj’-ě-nēz), painter (fl. 330–300 B.C.), 493, 619

proverbs, 141, 607

Proverbs, 603

Provençal madrigals, 171

prytaneum, 175, 197

prytanies, 125, 257

Psalms, Book of, 603

Psamtik I, King of Egypt, Prince of Saïs (663-609 B.C.), 173

Pseira , 11, 22

Psyche (sī’-kē) (Rohde), 532*

psychology, 145–147, 531–532, 647

Psychro (sī’-krō), 6

Ptolemies, 544, 575, 579, 582, 588, 589, 590, 592, 596, 597, 601, 602, 608, 609, 618, 623, 627, 638

Ptolemy I Soter, King of Egypt (367-285 B.C.), 550, 558, 572, 579, 585, 586, 593, 595, 601, 607, 6l2, 624§

Ptolemy II Philadelphus, King of Egypt (309-247 B.C.), 585–587, 589, 590*, 591, 593, 594–595, 596, 601, 609, 624§, 657*

Ptolemy III Euergetes I, King of Egypt (reigned 246–221 B.C.), 570, 571, 587, 601, 618, 636

Ptolemy IV Philopator, King of Egypt (reigned 221–204 B.C), 573

Ptolemy V Epiphanes, King of Egypt (reigned 204–181 B.C), 581, 597

Ptolemy VI Philometor, King of Egypt (181-145 B.C.), 594, 597, 600

Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus), Greco-Egyptian astronomer, geographer, and geometer at Alexandria (fl. 2nd century B.C.), 635, 669

public baths, 90

public works, in Corinth, 90

in Athens, 121, 250, 251

in Samos, 142

in Egypt, 588–589 Punic Wars, 661

punishment, in Sparta, 83–84

in Athens, 112, 116–117, 261

in religion, 290–291

purdah, 306

purification rites, 194, 196, 201

Puritan Reformation, 191

Puritans, 196, 390, 523, 581, 656

Puteoli, 169

Pyanepsia , 199

Pyanepsion , 199

Pydna , 70, 470, 477, 558, 665

Pygmalion , 133

Pylades , 388–389, 410

Pylus (pī’-lŭs) in Elis, 58, 60

Pylus in Messena, 442

Pyramids, 143*

Pyrrha , 39, 153

Pyrrho , philosopher (365-275 B.C), 351, 503, 640, 642–643, 644, 657

Pyrrhus , King of Epirus (318-272 B.C), 160, 568, 598, 612, 660–661

Pythagoras , philosopher (6th century B.C), 68, 69, 131, 136, 142, 144, 161–166, 167, 191, 202, 204, 303, 338, 355, 357, 500, 511*, 523, 628*, 669

Pythagoras of Rhegium, sculptor (5th century B.C), 322

Pythagorean society, 166

Pytheas of Massalia, navigator and geographer (4th century B.C.), 637

Pythian games, 104*, 105, 179, 200, 216, 317, 477, 525

Pythian oracle, 124, 161, 198, see also Delphic oracle

Pythias, wife of Aristotle (4th century B.C), 524–525

Pythocleides , musician and poet (5th century B.C.), 248

Q

Quadrature of the Parabola, The (Archimedes), 629–630

quarrying, 133, 271, 464

Quintilian (Marcus Fabius Quintilianus), Roman rhetorician and critic (35?-100?), 326, 526

R

Rabelais, Francois, French physician and writer (1490?-1553), 420, 428

race origins, of Cretes, 20

of Mycenaeans, 29–30

of Trojans, 35

of Achaeans, 39–40

of Macedonians, 69–70

of Argives, 72

of Athenians, 107–108

common to all Greeks, 203

Raging Maenad, 498

rainfall on Mediterranean coasts, 3; in Attica, 107, 268

Rameses (răm’-ē-sēz) III, King of Egypt (reigned 1204-1172 B.C), 55, 432

Ransom of Hector, The (Dionysius), 473

Rape of the Leucippidae (Polygnotus), 316

Raphael Sanzio, Italian painter (1483–1520), 400

Raphia , 573, 580, 587

Ras-et-Tin, 590*

rationalism, 70, 414

red-figure ware, 220, 315

Red Sea, 576, 589

redistribution of land, under Lycurgus, 79

under Peisistratus, 121

in Athens, 466

in Sparta, 569

Reggio, 167, see Rhegium

“Regimen in Acute Diseases” (Hippocrates), 343, 345

religion, in Crete, 13–14

in Mycenae, 32

in Cyprus, 33–34

in Homeric society, 54

in Sparta, 79

in Athens, 124, 467

and philosophy, 135–136

in social structure, 175–202

in art, 217–218

in law, 258

as protection, 262

in 4th and 3rd centuries, 565–566;

in Judea, 580

in Egypt, 595

in Epicureanism, 646

in Stoicism, 653–654

return to, 657–658

Rembrandt van Rijn, Dutch painter (1606–1669), 333

Renaissance, 203, 296, 349, 558, 576, 622, 667, 670

Renan, Ernest, French Orientalist, author, and critic (1823–1892), 604

Reproduction of Animals (Aristotle), 526*, 527*

reproduction worship, 13, 177, 178, 179

Republic (Plato), 206, 490, 509, 513*, 514

Republic (Zeno), 563, 651

Revelation, Book of, 604*

revenge, in Homeric society, 54

in Athens, 112

revenue, 265–266, 439, 466

revolution, in Sicyon, 89

of Solon, 112–119

of Aristogeiton, 124

in Samos, 284

in Leontini, 284

in Corcyra, 285–286

in Sparta, 568–570

in Egypt, 597

Rhacotis , 592

Rhadamanthus , 14

Rhamnus, 108

rhapsodes, 207, 229

Rhea , 20, 32, 99; see also Cybele

Rhegion, 167, see Rhegium

Rhegium, 160, 169, 322, 472

rhetoric, 356, 430, 485–486

Rhetoric (Aristotle), 526*

rhetors, 260–261, 469

Rhodae (rō’-dī), 169

Rhodes (rōdz), 33, 62, 70, 128, 133, 134, 177, 219, 374, 437, 470, 493, 558, 562, 564, 566, 567, 570–571, 575, 580, 585, 609, 6l9, 621, 623, 627, 663, 665

Rhoecus (rē’-kŭs), architect and sculptor (fl. 640 B.C.), 68, 143, 221

Rhone River, 169

rhyme, 207

Ridgeway, William, Sir, English archeologist, 37

Rita, 258

rituals, 13–14, 175, 177, 187, 188–189, 190–191, 192–195, 199–200, 201

roads, in Arcadia, 88

in Athens, 121, 272

in Seleucid Empire, 575

Rome, 11, 14, 33, 35†, 44, 68, 70, 80, 86, 106, 109, 155, 169, 170, 197, 198, 205, 255, 266, 274, 280, 298, 314, 323, 470, 472, 499, 526, 557, 558, 561, 5&l, 566, 570, 571, 573, 574, 575, 576, 577, 578, 579, 580, 581, 584, 587, 589, 591, 592, 593, 594, 598, 599, 601, 613, 614, 618, 626, 632, 637, 643, 649, 656, 658, 659–666, 667, 668

Room of the Virgins, 335

Rosas, 169, see Rhodae

Rosetta Stone, 597

Rousseau, Jean Jacques, French philosopher (1712–1778), 18, 280, 308, 372, 509, 670

Roxana, wife of Alexander the Great (d. 310 B.C.), 547

Rubens, Peter Paul, Flemish painter (1577–1640), 620

Runner (Parrhasius), 317–318

Ruskin, John, English author and art critic (1819–1900), 626

Russell, Bertrand, English philosopher and writer, 351*

Russia, 25, 26, 75, 157, 219, 590

S

Sabazius , 186

Sacae (sā’-sē), 238

Sack of Troy (Polygnotus), 316

Sacred Band, 462, 480, 541

“Sacred Disease, The” (Hippocrates), 344

Sacred Wars, 104, 477

Sacred Way (Athens to Eleusis), 188, 272

Sacred Way (of temple of Apollo), 105

sacrifice, in Crete, 13–14

in Homeric society, 54

at Delphi, 105

in religious structure, 193–195

Saffron Picker, 18

St. Elias, Mt., 96, 181†

Saute (sā’-īt) Age (Egypt), 68

Sakkara , 68

Salaminia , 447

Salamis , 34, 56, 95, 109, 113, 173, 194, 233, 237, 239–241, 242, 245, 246, 247, 248, 271, 319, 383, 392, 401, 431, 448, 455, 560

Salerno, 168

Salonika, 575, see also Thessalonica

Samaria , 579, 580

Samarkand (săm’-ēr-kănd’), 550

Samos (sā’-mōs), 68, 85, 90, 91, 133, 140, 141–143, 149, 151, 161, 169, 175, 219, 226, 231, 235, 253, 284, 327, 342, 439, 449, 470, 585, 644

Samothrace (săm’-ō-thrās), 156, 222, 498, 508, 505

Sand-Reckoner, The (Archimedes), 630, 634

Sanskrit, 204

sapphic meter, 154

“Sapphics” (Swinburne), 154*

Sappho (săf’-ō), poet (7th century B.C.), 36, 75, 76*, 149, 151–156, 159, *86, 193, 302, 603

Saracens, 170, 622*

sarcophagi, 6, 16, 18, 623

Sarcophagus of Alexander, 623

Sardinia , 67, 661

Sardis , 69, 76, 118, 234, 235, 447, 461, 587

Saros (sä’-rŏs), Gulf of, 89

Sarton, George Alfred Leon, historian of science, 638

Sassanid Dynasty, 576

Satan, 581, 605

Saturnalia , 199

Satyr (Praxiteles), 495

satyr plays, 231, 384, 420

satyrs, 178, 180

Savignoni, Italian archeologist, 6

Scamander River, 35

Scandile , 158

Scepsis , 601

Schlegel, August Wilhelm, critic (1767–1849), 386

Schliemann, Heinrich, German archeologist (1822–1890), 5, 6, 22*, 24–29, 32, 34, 35, 159

Scholastics, 523, 667, 670

schools, 288–289, 567, 604

Schopenhauer, Arthur, German philosopher (1788–1860), 357, 657, 670

science, in Crete, 15

origins of, 135–136

in 7th and 6th centuries, 136–139

of Pythagoras, 164

in Periclean age, 337–348

in 4th century, 500–503

of Aristotle, 526–531

in Hellenistic age, 627–639

scientific method, 527

Scillus in Elis, 489, 504

Scione (sī-ō’-nē), 158

Scipio Aemilianus Africanus Minor, Publius Cornelius, Roman general (185-129 B.C.), 602, 613, 614, 643, 666

Scipio Africanus Major, Publius Cornelius, Roman general (237-183 B.C.), 663, 664

Scipio family, 575

Scodra, 661

Scopas (skō’-păs), sculptor (4th century B.C), 492, 494, 497–498, 623

Scotland, 637

scribes, in Crete, 8, 11

in Homeric society, 52

in Egypt, 588, 591

Scriptures, 604, see Bible

sculpture, in Crete, 17

in Mycenae, 28, 31

in Troy, 34

Egyptian and early Greek, 68

in 7th and 6th centuries, 221–223

in Peri-clean age, 318–327

in 4th century, 492, 494–499

in Hellenistic age, 621–625

Scutari, 156, see Chrysopolis

Scylax (skī’-lăks) of Caria, historian (6th-5th centuries B.C.), 341

Scylla , 61, 167

Scyllis, Cretan sculptor (fl. 580 B.C), 23, 221, 322

Scyros (skē’-iōs), 40, 158, 461

Scythia , 157, 234, 238, 276

Scythopolis, 580

Seager, Richard B., American archeologist, 6

secret ballot, 256

secret police, in Sparta, 74, 80–81

Segesta , 171, 327, 446

Seisachtheia (sī-zäk’-thī-ä’) (Solon), 113–114

Selene (sē-lē’-nē), 177, 611

Seleucia , 557, 559, 562, 572–573, 575, 576, 577, 587

Seleucid Empire, 548, 572–578, 579, 581, 587, 664

Seleucus (sē-lū’-kūs) I Nicator, King of Syria (365-281 B.C.), 558, 559, 572–573, 576, 612

Seleucus III Soter, King of Syria (reigned 227–223 B.C.), 571

Seleucus IV Philopator, King of Syria (reigned 187–176 B.C.), 573, 665

Seleucus, astronomer (3rd century B.C), 577, 634

Selinus (sē-lī’-nŭs), 170, 171, 172, 327, 356, 438, 471

Sellasia , 570

Selymbria, 157, 343

Semele (sěm’-ě-lē), 187, 432

Semites, 15, 34, 35, 170, 205, 297

Semonides of Amorgos, poet (fl.650B.C), 131, 305

Senate (Athens), 110, 112, 115, 116, 121, 247

Senate (Rome), 613, 643, 600, 663, 664, 665, 666

Senate (Sparta), 70–80

senate of elders (Crete), 23

Seneca, Lucius Annaeus, Roman philosopher and writer (4 B.C.-A.D. 65), 645, 658

separatism, 203–204.

Serapis , 566, 595, 601

Serbia, 543

serfdom, in Homeric society, 46

in Sparta, 73–74

in Athens, III

in Sybaris, 160

Seriphos (sě-rē’-fōs), 131

Seven against Thebes, 41

Seven Against Thebes (Aeschylus), 383, 384*

Seven Wise Men, 91, 118, 137, 141

Seven Wonders of the World, 143, 326, 494, 590, 621

sexagesimal system, 69, 338

Shakespeare, William, English poet and dramatist (1564–1616), 132*, 374, 390, 419, 428

Shantung, 168

shaving, 539–566

Shaw, George Bernard, Irish dramatist and critic, 323

Shechem, see Neapolis (Shechem)

shekel, 20

Shelley, Percy Bysshe, English poet (1792–1822), 245, 386, 412

shipping, in Aegean, 4

at Troy, 36

at Athens, 273, 275–276

ships and shipbuilding, in Phoenicia, 4

in Athens, 273

in Syracuse, 471, 598–599

Shore (political party), 119–120, 124

shorthand, 600

“Should Old Men Govern?” (Plutarch), 130

sibyls, 169, 197

Sicans, 170

Sicels , 170, 172

Sicily, 3, 4, 21, 22, 67, 71, 90, 92, 106, 128, 153, 161, 169–173, 197, 226, 231, 241–242, 275, 276, 342, 360, 376, 391, 419, 420, 438–439, 443, 445–446, 448, 471–475, 486, 510, 557, 566, 576, 598–599, 609, 612, 660–661

Sicinos , 131

sickness, theory of, 195–196

Sicyon , 23, 64, 79, 89, 90, 105, 160, 219, 221, 231, 322, 497, 560

Sidon (sī’-dōn), 4, 68, 544, 623

Sigeum , Cape, 544

sileni, 178, 180

Silenus (sī-lē’-nŭs), 365, 510

Silloi (Timon of Phlius), 642

Silver Race (Theogony), 102

Simaetha , 197, 567, 611

Simmias, philosopher and poet (5th-4th centuries B.C.), 400, 506

Simon Maccabeus, Jewish patriot (2nd century B.C.), 583, 584

Simon, disciple of Socrates 5th-4th centuries B.C.), 513

Simonides of Ceos, poet (ca. 556–468 B.C.), 76*, 123, 129–131, 149, 211, 216, 228, 267, 374, 375, 438, 533

Simus (sī’-mūs), Phrygian (4th century B.C.), 505

sin, idea of, 196, 390

Sinai, 544, 589

Sinbad, 59*

singing, in Crete, 14

in Homeric society, 52

in Sparta, 74–77

in social structure, 228–230

Sinope , 135, 156, 213, 507, 508, 575

Sinuhe, 59*

Siphnian Treasury, 132

Siphnos (sēf’-nōs), 105, 132–133

Sirach, Joshua ben, Jewish philosopher (2nd century B.C.), 604

Sirens, 61

Sitting Maiden, 625

Siwa (sē’-wä), 544, 549

skene, 378, 379

Skepticism, 360, 369, 565, 640–644

Skirophoria , 200

Skirophorion , 200

sky worship, 13, 38, 177

slavery, in Crete, 10, 23

in Homeric society, 46, 48

in Sparta, 73–75

in Athens, II, 254–255, 271, 278–280

in Chios, 150

in Sybaris, 160

influence of oracles upon, 198

in 4th century, 562

in Judea, 580

in Egypt, 589

slave trade, 150, 279, 562

Slavonic, 204

Sleep, see Hypnoc

Sleeping Ariadne, 625

Smyndyrides of Sybaris (5th century B.C.), 160

Smyrna, 148, 150, 208, 575, 617

Snake Goddess, 17

socialism, 285–286, 587–592, 596

Social War (357), 470, 477

Social War (220), 561

Socrates , philosopher (469-399 B.C.), 4, 49, 131, 136, 142, 152, 178, 202, 229, 251, 253, 260, 267, 271, 282, 292, 304, 314, 3l6, 319, 337. 348, 349, 359, 362, 363, 364–373, 381, 401, 417, 419, 421, 424–426, 429, 444, 450, 451, 452–456* 460, 467, 489, 490, 491, 500, 503–509, 510, 511–512, 5*3, 5*4, 520, 523, 535, 625, 626, 644, 650, 651, 671

Socratic schools, 503–509

Soferim, 580, 603

Soffdiana , 238, 546, 578

soil, fertility of, in Crete, 3

in Attica, 107, 268–269, 463

in Sicily, 170

erosion of, 268, 562

Soli (sō’-lī), 118, 652

Solon (sō’-lōn), Athenian lawgiver (640-558 B.C), 23, 34, 68, 103, no, 112–119, 120, 121, 125, 126, 141, 142, 151, 152, 170, 188, 208, 232, 249, 255, 258, 269, 273, 281, 282, 306, 317, 365, 399, 449, 487, 510, 563, 671

Somaliland, 590

Song of Songs, 603

Sophism, 295, 337, 344, 351, 358–364, 367, 368–369, 413, 430, 434, 456, 503, 515, 657

Sophist (Plato),-513*

Sophist Reasonings (Aristotle), 526*

Sophocles (sōf’-ō-klēz), dramatist. (406?-406 B.C.), 201, 300, 303, 311, 317, 383, 391–400, 401, 404, 412, 601, 622

sophrosyne, 296

Sosias , potter (6th century B.C), 220

Sostratus (sŏs’-tră-tŭs) of Cnidus, architect (4th-3rd centrry B.C), 134, 590*, 592

Sosus (sō’-sŭs) of Pergamum, painter, 620

Sotades (sō’-ta-dēz), potter (5th century B.C.), 315

soul, 137, 139, 144, 146, 165, 190, 311–312, 416–417, 516–517, 531–532, 654

South America, 24

Spain, 3, 4, 21, 33, 67, 71, 128, 169, 170, 219, 234, 562, 575, 612, 613, 614, 617, 637, 666, 667

Sparta , 23, 29, 32, 39, 56, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 67–97, 98, 109, 124, 127, 133, 138, 177, 180, 194, 195, 203, 215, 218, 229, 235, 236, 238, 239–240, 245, 246, 247, 250, 251, 266, 271, 276, 280, 283, 289, 295–296, 298, 301, 306, 349, 365, 421, 440, 441, 442–443, 446, 447, 448–452, 459–463, 469, 477, 479–480, 487, 489, 515, 523, 542, 543, 548, 560, 561, 565, 567, 568–570, 666

Spartacus, Thracian revolutionary (fl. 71 B.C), 150

Spartan code, 78, 81–85, 87

Spear Bearer (Polycleitus), 323

Spencer, Herbert, English philosopher (1820–1903), 138, 145, 147, 357, 529, 657, 670

Spengler, Oswald, German philosopher, 20

Spercheus River, 106, 177

Sperthias , Spartan (5th century B.C), 238

Speusippus , philosopher (4th century B.C), 486, 601, 641

Sphacteria , 86, 442

Sphere and the Cylinder, The (Archimedes), 629, 630

Sphinx, 326, 393–394

spinning, in Crete, 6

in Homeric society, 46

in Athens, 272

see also textiles

Spinoza, Baruch, Dutch Jewish philosopher (1632–1677), 145*, 165, 516*

Spintharus of Corinth, architect (6th century B.C), 226

Sprades Islands, 33, 133, 156

spring festivals, 13, 187–188, 199–200

Stadium (Athens), 491

stadiums, in Crete, 12

in Epidaurus, 96

in Delphi, 105

in Smyrna, 150

in Olympia, 214

Stageirus , 158, 524, 525

Stamatakis, Greek archeologist, 27

Statesman (Plato), 513*

Statira , sister and wife of Darius III (d. 331 B.C.), 547

statuary, see sculpture

stelae, 318–319

Stensen, Nicolaus, Danish anatomist (1638–1686), 529†

Stesichorus , poet (ca. 640–555 B.C.), 55* 76*, 103*, 171, 230, 303, 404,-610

Stesilaus of Ceos (5th century B.C.), 237

Sthenelus (stěn’-ē-lŭs), 39

Stilpo , philosopher (380-300 B.C.), 467, 503–504, 509, 651

Stirner, Max, German individualist (1806–1856), 295

Stoa Poecile , 316, 651

Stobaeus, Joannes, compiler of ancient writings (A.D. 500), 152

Stoicism, 139, 147, 192, 280, 369, 416, 504, 509, 640, 644, 650–658

stonework, in Crete, 16, 18–19

in Troy, 34–35

Strabo (strā’-bō), geographer (63? B.C.-A.D. 24?), ?5, 73, 89, 91, 129, 138, 152–153, 155, 156, 159, 401, 431, 570, 592, 619

Strangford Apollo, 222

strategoi, 125, 249, 264

strategos autokrator, 264

Strato (strā’-tō) of Lampsacus; Peripatetic philosopher (fl. 288 B.C), 633

Stratonice , wife of Seleucus I (4th-3rd century B.C.), 572, 619

Stratonice (city), 576

streets, in Crete, 12

in Smyrna, 150, 617

in Alexandria, 592

Strepsiades , 424–425

strikes, 596–597

Styx , 311

Sublime Porte, 26

Suez, 576, 589

suicide, 655, 657

Suidas, lexicographer (ca. A.D. 970), 155, 278*, 343, 377, 455, 511

Sulla, Lucius Cornelius, Roman dictator (138-78 B.C.), 601

Sumeria , 203, 572

sundial, 69, 138

Sung Dynasty, 220

Sunium, 109, 129, 159, 329, 560

sun worship, 13

superstition, 13–14, 195–197, 467, 490, 566

Suppliant Women, The (Aeschylus), 384*

surgery, 346, 503

Susa , 342, 430, 545, 547

Susarion, comic poet (fl. 580 B.C), 231

swastika, 14

Swinburne, Algernon Charles, English poet (1837–1909), 105*, 154*

Sybaris , 160–161, 168, 169, 172, 203, 437.

Sybarites , 86, 159–161

Sycamina , 580

sycophancy, 260, 262

Syene (sī-ē’-nē), 636

Syennesis of Cyprus, physician (5th century B.C.), 345

Sylla, see Sulla, Lucius Cornelius

syllogism, 527, 642

symbolism, in religion, 13–14, 195, 199–200

symmories, 466

Symonds, John Addington, English man of letters (1840–1893), 154

symposion, 310

Symposium (Plato), 302, 356*, 513*, 514

Symposium (Xenophon), 310, 311

synoikismoSy 40

Syracuse, 122, 125*, 169, 170, 172–173, 184, 203, 272, 314, 327, 357, 378, 383, 406, 419, 420, 433, 438–439, 446–448, 470–475, 483, 491, 500, 507, 510, 562, 571, 575, 598–599, 600, 609, 616, 618, 627, 628, 629, 632, 639, 661

Syria, 33, 34, 68, 70, 161, 178, 234, 238, 275, 276, 557, 572, 573, 578, 579, 585. 593, 603, 667

Syrian Wars, 576

Syros (sī’-rŏs), 131

T

table manners, 309–310

taboos, 196

Tacitus, Publius Cornelius, Roman historian (A.D. 55–120), 377, 433

talent (weight), 47

Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice de, Prince de Bénévent, French statesman (1754–1838), 541

Talmud, 604

Talthybius , 406–409

Tammuz , 13, 69, 178

Tanagra , 107, 250, 492, 506

Tang (täng) Dynasty, 220

Tantalus , 39

Tao (dou), 258

Taormina , 378, 612, see also Tauromenium

Taranto (tä’-rän-tō), 160, see also Taras

Taranto, Gulf of, 160

Taras, 160, 161, 230, 500, 510, 575, 639, 660, 661, 663

Tarentum, 160, 272, 663, see also Taras

Targum (tär’-gŭm), 604

Tarsus (tär’-sŭs), 541, 575

Tartarus , 99, 385

Tartessus , 169

Tauri (tô’-rī), 410

Tauriscus of Rhodes, sculptor (2nd century B.C.), 623

Tauromenium , 378, 612

taxation, in Crete, 11; in Corinth, 90; in Athens, 115, 121, 265, 439, 466; in Rhodes, 571; in Egypt, 591

tax farming, 265, 591–592

Taygetus Mts., 72, 81

Taylor, Jeremy, English bishop and author (1613–1667), 488*

Techne Logon (Corax), 430

Tegea , 88, 195, 492, 497, 499, 574

Teiresias , 398

Telamon , 28

Telemachus , 46, 47, 48, 51, 59–60, 61, 210

Temenus (těm’-ě-nŭs), 72

Tempe (těm’-pē), Vale of, 106

temperature, along Mediterranean coasts, 3; of Attica, 107

Temple, 77, 574, 582, 584, 605, 606

temples, of Aphrodite, 90–91

of Apollo, 92, 104–105, 118, 328, 618

of Artemis, 142, 143, 226, 322, 492, 618

of Athena, 122, 327, 492; in Athens, 121

as banks, 274

of Branchidae, 222, 226

of Ceres, 168

of Concord, 172

in Crete, 14

Doric, origin of, 64

in Hellenistic age, 617–618

of Hera, 72, 88, 142, 172, 226, 322, 327

of Isis, 618

in Periclean age, 327–328

of Poseidon, 109, 168–169

in Selinus, 171

in 7th and 6th centuries, 224–226

of Theseus, 40

worship, 192–195

of Zeus, 88, 122, 172, 226, 325, 328, 617, 618

Tenedos , 156, 193, 218, 374

Tennyson, Alfred, Baron, English poet (1809–1892), 35, 611

Tenos (tē’-nōs), 96, 131

Ten Thousand, 91, 156, 193, 212, 460–461, 489

Teos , 142, 148–149, 150, 327, 567

Terence (Publius Terentius Afer), Roman comic dramatist (190–159 B.C.), 606, 607, 668

Terpander , musician and poet (fl. 7th century B.C.), 16, 74–75, 223, 230

Terpsichore , 186

terra cottas, 220, 492, 626

Tertullian (Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus), Latin Father of the Church (160–230), 455*

Teucrians , 35

Teuta , Queen of Illyria (fl. 230 B.C.), 661

textiles, in Crete, 12

in Megara, 92

in Miletus, 134

in Athens, 272

Thais , courtesan (4th century B.C.), 300, 585

Thales (thā’-lēz) of Miletus, philosopher and scientist (640–546 B.C.), 13, 68, 69, 71, 136–138, 141, 145, 151, 164, 657, 670

Thaletas , musician and poet (7th century? B.C.), 23, 75

Thalia , 186

Thamyris , 69

Thanatos , 186, 416

Thargelia (festival), 194, 200

Thargelia, courtesan, 300

Thargelion , 200

Thasos (thä’-sôs), 132, 157, 239, 275

Theaetetus (Plato), 513*

Theagenes , tyrant of Megara (fl. 630 B.C.), 92

Theagenes, athlete (6th century B.C.), 216

Theano , wife of Pythagoras (6th century B.C.), 163, 303

theaters, in Crete, 7, 15

in Argos, 72

in Corinth, 90

in Epidaurus, 96–97

in Delphi, 105

in Smyrna, 150

origins of, 232

of Dionysus, 377–379

in Syracuse, 438

Thebes (thēbz), 30, 31, 40–41, 94, 98, 102, 103, 105, 203, 207, 215, 280, 300, 301, 339, 352, 374, 461–463, 480, 497, 542, 543, 552, 620, 666

Themis , 182

themis, 257–268

Themistocles , general and statesman (527?-46o? B.C.), 109, 173, 193–194, 237, 240, 241, 242, 245–246, 247, 249, 274, 330, 430, 437, 560

Themistonoe , courtesan, 300

Theocritus , poet (fl. 3rd century B.C.), 134, 171, 197, 567, 598, 603, 609–612, 619

Theodoras of Cyrene, philosopher (4th-3rd century B.C.), 644–645

Theodoras of Samos, architect (6th century B.C.), 68, 87*, 142–143, 221

Theodoras of Taras (4th century B.C.), 540

Theodosia, 157

Theodota, courtesan, 366

Theognis of Megara, poet (fl. 6th century B.C.), 92–95

Theogony (Hesiod), 98–103

Theophrastus , philosopher (372–287 B.C.), 196–197, 218, 228*, 291, 500, 553, 601, 607, 633, 637–638, 640–641, 669

Theopompus of Chios, historian (b. 380 B.C.), 150, 467–468, 486, 488

theoric fund, 199, 249, 266, 469, 479*

Theoris , courtesan, 300, 400

Thera (thē’-rä), 62, 133, 173

Theramenes , statesman (d 403 B.C.), 449, 451

Thermopylae , 106, 198, 216, 239, 240, 559, 573

Thermus, 560

Theron , tyrant of Acragas (5th century B.C.), 130, 172, 375, 438

Thersites (thēr-sī’-tēz), 47

Theseum (thê-sē’-ŭm), 217, 327, 330

Theseus (thē’-sūs), 6, 23, 38†, 40, 41†, 43, 50*, 105*, 109, 195, 333, 395, 402–403

thesmoi, 258

Thesmophoria , 199

Thesmophoriazusae (Aristophanes), 417, 426–427

Thespiae , 41, 98, 239, 495, 543

Thespis , poet, originator of tragedy (fl. 535 B.C.), 122, 232, 233, 379, 383

Thespius , 41

Thessalonica , 575

Thessaly , 21, 27, 30, 33, 37, 38, 42, 43, 62, 96, 106, 128, 189, 198, 238, 360, 477

thetes, 110, 115, 125, 250

Thetis , 58

thiasoi, 195, 282, 511

Thoricus , 108

Thothmes III, King of Egypt (reigned 1515–1461 B.C.), 587

Thrace (thrās), 30, 36, 69, 106, 128, 129, 157, 158, 186, 189, 228, 234, 238, 239, 245, 275, 432, 437, 470, 477, 524, 542, 558, 559, 562

Thracian Sea, 106

Thrasybulus , patriot and military leader (fl. 411–391 B.C.), 451–452

Thrasybulus, tyrant of Miletus (6th century B.C.), 90, 134, 136

Thrasyllus , military leader (5th century B.C.), 353

Thrasymachus , Sophist and rhetorician (fl. 5th century B.C.), 50, 295, 361, 367, 434

Throne of Apollo, 222

Thucydides , historian (ca. 471–399 B.C.), 10*, 48–49, 79, 82, 107*, 123, 140, 160*, 206, 237, 264, 275, 284–285, 295, 305, 313*, 361, 362, 430 431, 432–435, 436, 439–440, 442, 443–444, 447, 449, 456, 489, 490, 491, 613, 614

Thurii , 161, 167*, 437, 447

Thyestes (thī-ěs’-tēz), 386

Tiber River, 659

Tieum , 156

Tigris River, 3, 460, 557, 564, 572, 575

Tilsit, Peace of, 157

Timachus , sculptor (4th-3rd century B.C.), 621

Timaea, Queen of Sparta (5th century B.C.), 447

Timaeus , historian (345–250 B.C.), 278*, 510, 612–613, 614

Timaeus (Plato), 513*

Timarchus, businessman (5th century B.C.), 272

Timochares , astronomer (3rd century B.C.), 636

timocracy, 115, 487, 536–537

Timocreon , lyric poet (fl. 5th century B.C.), 246

Timoleon , statesman and general (411–337 B.C.), 475, 598

Timon of Athens (fl. 5th century B.C.), 163, 355, 445, 503

Timon of Phlius, Skeptic philosopher (320–230 B.C.), 351, 642

Timophanes , revolutionary (4th century B.C.), 475

Timotheus , Athenian general (d. 354 B.C.), 470, 486, 487

Timotheus, poet and musician (447–357 B.C.), 75, 380*, 437, 482

Timotheus, sculptor (4th century B.C.), 494

Tiryns , 21, 26, 27–30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38, 41, 44, 62, 72

Tissaphernes , Persian general (d. 395 B.C.), 447

Titans, 27†, 99, 181, 187, 190

Titus Flavius Sabinus Vespasianus, Roman emperor (40–81), 622

Tobit, Book of, 603

Tolstoi, Leo Nikolaevich, Count, Russian novelist (1828–1910), 365

tombs, in Mycenae, 29, 32

Tomi (tō’-mē), 157

tools, in Crete, 7, 12

in Troy, 34

Topics (Aristotle), 526*

Torah, 604

Torone (tôr-ō’-nē), 158

Tours (city), 56

Tower of the Winds, 482

toys, 288

Trachinian Women, The (Sophocles), 392

Trachis , 42, 240

trade, in Crete, 4, 11, 21

in Mycenae, 30–31

in Troy, 36

in Homeric society, 47

prohibition of, in Sparta, 79

in Corinth, 91

in Megara, 92

in Athens, 116, 121, 272–276, 464

in Miletus, 134–135

in Sybaris, 160

in Africa, 173

in 4th and 3rd centuries, 562–563

in Rhodes, 571

in Seleucid Empire, 575

in Egypt, 589–590

trade organizations, 195

trade routes, 4, 11, 160, 575–576

tragedy, 231–233, 384–391, 392–400, 401–416, 533

Tralles , 332, 623, 639

transport, 273

trapezite, 274

Trapezus , 135, 156, 460

Treasury of Priam, 26, 35

treaties, commercial, 121, 262

Treatise on Tactics (Polybius), 613

Treatise on Weights (Archimedes), 633

Trebizond, see Trapezus

trials, 260–261

tribes, of Attica, 108

in Athens, 124

and religion, 175

tribunals, 259

Tricca , 106

trigonometry, 635

Tripolis , 88, 156

Triptolemus , 319

Troad (trō’-ăd), 25, 35, 36, 327, 497

Troesmis (trēz’-mŭs), 157

Troezen (trē’-zěn), 240, 553, 569

Troglodytes , 590

Trolius , 36

Trojan Women, The (Euripides), 310, 401*, 406–409, 418, 419

Tros (trōs), 35‡

Troy (troi), 5, 21, 24–27, 33–36, 37, 38, 42, 44, 46, 51, 53, 55–59, 60, 62, 68, 77, 102, 127, 128, 151, 165, 171, 181, 207, 229, 242, 333, 387, 404, 406, 538, 544

Tsountas, C. T., Greek archeologist, 27

Turin, 591

Turkestan, 234, 575

Turkey, 25, 26, 150*

Tyche (tī’-kē), 186, 566

Tyche (Eutychides), 621

Tylissus , 6, 7, 10, 21

Tyndareus , 39, 55*

Tyrannicides (Antenor), 221

Tyrannicides (Nesiotes and Critius), 324

tyranny, see dictatorship

tyrant, derivation of ferm in Greek sense, 122*

Tyras (tī’-răs), 157

Tyre (tīr), 4, 68, 544, 571, 575

Tyrrha , 122*

Tyrtaeus , elegiac poet (fl. 7th century B.C.), 75–76, 113

U

Uffizi Museum (Florence), 624†

Universal History (Ephorus), 488

universities, 503, 510–511

Upanishads, 350*

Urania , 186

Uranus , 99, 177, 181

Uriel, 604

Utica , 67, 575

utopianism, 509, 519–521, 522–523

V

Valhalla, 308

Vaphio , 32

Varna, see Odessus

Varro, Marcus Terentius, Roman scholar (116-27 B.C.), 562

vases, see ceramics

Vasiliki, 6

Vatican, 142, 219, 315, 478, 495*, 498, 499, 620, 622†, 623, 624*, 625

Vedism, 177

Velchanos , 11, 13, 14, see also Zeus

Velia , 167

Venice, 159, 571

Venus Callipyge , 624

Venus de’ Medici, 624

Venus de Milo, see Aphrodite of Melos

Venus of Aries, 499

Venus of Capua, 499

Vesta , 186

Vesuvius, Mt., 168, 620

Victorian novel, 171

Victory, 326, 531

Victory (Callicrates), 331

Victory of Samothrace, 624

Vienna, 56, 639

Villa Medici (Rome), 497

Vinci, Leonardo da, see Leonardo da Vinci

Virchow, Rudolf, German pathologist (1821–1902), 26, 27*

Virgil (Publius Virgilius Maro), Roman poet (70-19 B.C.), 58, 100, 102, 609, 611, 622

viticulture, 3, 150, 269

Vitruvius Pollio, Marcus, Roman architect and engineer (1st century B.C.), 327, 332†, 630

vivisection, 502–503, 638

Voltaire, François Marie Arouet de, French philosopher (1694–1778), 372, 401, 432, 509, 522, 657, 669

voting by lot, 116, 254, 257, 263, 264

Vulcan, 183, see Hephaestus

Vulgate, Roman Catholic, 604*

W

Wace, Alan John Bayard, English archeologist, 27

wages, 280–281, 563

Waldstein, C., English archeologist, 27

walls, in Tiryns and Mycenae, 27–29

in Troy, 34

in Athens, 246, 250

Walpole, Horace, 4th Earl of Orford, English author (1717–1797), 416

“Wanderer’s Night-Song” (Goethe), 76†

war, in Homeric society, 54–55

in Sparta, 74, 77, 81

in Athens, 262, 295–296, 468

Wasps (Aristophanes), 422

water clock, 69, 256

Waterman, Leroy, archeologist, 572*

water routes, see trade routes

water supply, 142, 576

Watteau, Antoine, French painter (1684–1721), 159

wealth, influence of trade on, 4

of Crete, 5, 11

of Troy, 36

concentration of, in Sparta, 74, 85, 459

of Athens, 110–112, 121, 464–465

concentration of, in Athens, 281–282

weapons, in Crete, 7, 12, 16

in Mycenae, 32

in Cyprus, 34

in Troy, 34

of Achaeans, 37, 46

in Syracuse, 471

weaving, in Crete, 6, 10

in Homeric society, 46

in Athens, 272; see also textiles

Wedgwood, Josiah, English potter (1730–1795), 616

weights and measures, in Crete, 20

in Homeric society, 47

origins of, in Greece, 69

in Argos, 72

in Aegina, 95

in Euboea, 106

in Athens, 273–274

Westmacott Ephebos (Polycleitus), 323

Wild Men, The (Pherecrates), 420

wills, 116, 259, 591

Winckelmann, Johann Joachim, German archeologist and art historian (1717–1768), 296, 326, 328, 622†, 624, 626*

winds, around Aegean, 4

around Crete, 11

Winged Victory, 222

Wingless Victory, see Nike Apteros

woman, position of, in Crete, 10

in Homeric society, 50–51

in Sparta, 83–84

in Athens, 252, 253, 299–301, 302, 305–307

in 4th and 3rd centuries, 567

in Alexandria, 593

woodwork, in Crete, 18

World War, 441

Wordsworth, William, English poet (1770–1850), 166

Works and Days (Hesiod), 100

wrestling, 48, 214–215

writing, Cretan, 6, 15, 20

in Cyprus, 33

in Homeric society, 52

early Greek, 205–206

in schools, 289

Hellenistic Greek, 600

writing materials, in Crete, 6, 15

in Mycenae, 31

in Homeric society, 52

in early Greece, 205–206

in Hellenistic age, 600

X

Xanthippe , wife of Socrates (5th-4th century B.C.), 365, 455

Xanthippus, father of Pericles, Athenian general (fl. 479 B.C.), 240, 248

Xanthoudidis, S., Greek archeologist, 6

Xanthus (zān’-thŭs), historian (n. 450 B.C.), 140, 341

Xanthus (city), 575

Xanthus River, 58

xenelasia , 76, 263; see also hospitality

Xeniades of Corinth, merchant (fl. 4th century B.C.), 507

Xenocrates , philosopher (396-314 B.C.), 310, 500, 512, 641–642, 651

Xenophanes , philosopher and poet (fl. 536 B.C.), 136, 139, 144, 148, 167–168, 176, 350

Xenophon , historian and general (445-355 B.C.), 26, 86, 156, 193, 212, 277, 295, 302, 310, 313, 364, 366, 369, 371, 372, 373, 452, 453, 460–461, 463, 467, 488–491, 504, 650

Xenophon, athlete (5th century B.C.), 91

Xerxes (zûrk’-sēz) I, King of Persia (reigned 485–465 B-c.), 86, 156, 173, 216, 234, 237–241, 246, 431, 543, 546

Xuthus (zū’-thūs), 401

Y

Yahweh (yä’-wě), 94, 181, 191, 582

Youth of Subiaco, 625

Z

Zacynthos , 159

Zagreus (zā’-grūs), 187, 189, 232

Zakro, 6, 11, 22

Zaleucus of Locri, lawgiver (fl. 660 B.C.), 77, 167, 258

Zama , 234, 663, 664

Zanzibar, 590

Zeller, Eduard, German theologian and philosopher (1814–1908), 651*

Zeno (zē’-nō), Stoic philosopher (ca. 336–264 B.C.), 34, 316, 479, 504, 560, 563, 576, 636, 640, 650–652, 655, 656, 657, 658

Zeno, Eleatic philosopher (fl. 475 B.C.), 248, 351, 352, 367, 373, 503, 513, 524, 527, 642

Zeno of Tarsus, Stoic philosopher (3rd century B.C.), 652

Zenodotus (zěn-ōd’-ð-tŭs) of Ephesus, grammarian and critic (fl. 280 B.C.), 601, 602

Zephyr (zēf’-ēr), 177

zeugitai, 110, 115, 250

Zeus (zūs), 13, 14, 20, 26, 35‡, 37, 39, 40, 41, 45, 48, 55*, 56, 57, 58, 59, 67, 72, 88, 90, 94, 96, 99, 101, 102, 122, 172, 175, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181–182, 183, 186, 187, 189, 190, 191, 194, 197, 213, 214, 216, 226, 231, 239, 256, 312, 328, 333, 334, 376, 384, 385, 391, 398, 401, 481, 548, 565, 579, 582, 583, 595, 617, 653–654, 660

Chthonios, 179

Labrandeus, 20

Meilichios, 179, 199

Zeus, 623

Zeus (Pheidias), 143*, 221, 315, 325–326

Zeus of Artemisium, 321

Zeuxis , painter (fl. 430 B.C.), 317, 318, 437

Zion, Mt., 582

zoology, 528, 530–531, 639

About the Authors

WILL DURANT was born in North Adams, Massachusetts, on November 5, 1885. He was educated in the Catholic parochial schools there and in Kearny, New Jersey, and thereafter in St. Peter’s (Jesuit) College, Jersey City, New Jersey, and Columbia University. New York. For a summer he served as a cub reporter on the New York Journal, in 1907, but finding the work too strenuous for his temperament;, he settled down at Seton Hall College, South Orange, New Jersey, to teach Latin, French, English, and geometry (1907–11). He entered the seminary at Seton Hall in 1909, but withdrew in 1911 for reasons he has described in his book Transition. He passed from this quiet seminary to the most radical circles in New York, and became (1911–13) the teacher of the Ferrer Modern School, an experiment in libertarian education. In 1912 he toured Europe at the invitation and expense of Alden Freeman, who had befriended him and now undertook to broaden his borders.

Returning to the Ferrer School, he fell in love with one of his pupils—who had been born Ida Kaufman in Russia on May 10, 1898—resigned his position, and married her (1913). For four years he took graduate work at Columbia University, specializing in biology under Morgan and Calkins and in philosophy under Wood bridge and Dewey. He received the doctorate in philosophy in 1917, and taught philosophy at Columbia University for one year. In 1914, in a Presbyterian church in New York, he began those lectures on history, literature, and philosophy that, continuing twice weekly for thirteen years, provided the initial material for his later works.

The unexpected success of The Story of Philosophy (1926) enabled him to retire from teaching in 1927. Thenceforth, except for some incidental essays Mr. and Mrs. Durant gave nearly all their working hours (eight to fourteen daily) to The Story of Civilization. To better prepare themselves they toured Europe in 1927, went around the world in 1930 to study Egypt, the Near East, India, China, and Japan, and toured the globe again in 1932 to visit Japan, Manchuria, Siberia, Russia, and Poland. These travels provided the background for Our Oriental Heritage (1935) as the first volume in The Story of Civilization. Several further visits to Europe prepared for Volume 2, The Life of Greece (1939), and Volume 3, Caesar and Christ (1944). In 1948, six months in Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Egypt, and Europe provided perspective for Volume 4, The Age of Faith (1950). In 1951 Mr. and Mrs. Durant returned to Italy to add to a lifetime of gleanings for Volume 5, The Renaissance (1953); and in 1954 further studies in Italy, Switzerland, Germany, France, and England opened new vistas for Volume 6, The Reformation (1957).

Mrs. Durant’s share in the preparation of these volumes became more and more substantial with each year, until in the case of Volume 7, The Age of Reason Begins (1961), it was so great that justice required the union of both names on the title page. And so it was on The Age of Louis XIV (1963), The Age of Voltaire (1965), and Rousseau and Revolution (winner of the Pulitzer Prize in 1968).

The publication of Volume 11, The Age of Napoleon, in 1975 concluded five decades of achievement. Ariel Durant died on October 25, 1981, at the age of 83; Will Durant died 13 days later, on November 7, aged 96. Their last published work was A Dual Autobiography (1977).

Mrs. Durant’s share in the preparation of these volumes became more and more substantial with each year, until in the case of Volume VII, The Age of Reason Begins (1961), it was so pervasive that justice required the union of both names on the title page. The name Ariel was first applied to his wife by Mr. Durant in his novel Transition (1927) and in his Mansions of Philosophy (1929)—now reissued as The Pleasures of Philosophy.

The authors hope to present Volume IX in 1964 or 1965 as The Age of Voltaire (1715–56), and Volume X, the concluding work in the series, as Rousseau and Revolution (1756–89).

* The Greeks called the Mediterranean Ho Pontos, the Passage or Road, and euphemistically termed the Black Sea Ho Pontos Euxeinos—the Sea Kindly to Guests—perhaps because it welcomed ships from the south with adverse currents and winds. The broad rivers that fed it, and the frequent mists that reduced its rate of evaporation, kept the Black Sea at a higher level than the Mediterranean, and caused a powerful current to rush through the narrow Bosporus (Ox-ford) and the Hellespont into the Aegean. The Sea of Marmora was the Propontis, Before the Sea.

* All dates in this volume are B.C. unless otherwise stated or obviously A.D.

† The modern capital, now officially renamed Heracleum.

^* Evans labored brilliantly at Cnossus for many years, was knighted for his discoveries, and completed, in 1936, his monumental four-volume report, The Palace of Minos.

* Since the earliest layer of copper implements at Cnossus may be dated, by correlation with the remains of neighboring cultures, about 3400 B.C., i.e., about 5300 years ago, and since the neolithic strata at Cnossus occupy some fifty-five per cent of the total depth from surface to rock, Evans calculated that the Neolithic Age in Crete had lasted at least 4500 years before the coming of metals—approximately from 8000 to 3400. Such calculations of time from depth of strata are, of course, highly problematical; the rate of deposition may change from age to age. Allowance has been made for a slower rate after the abandonment of Cnossus as an urban site in the fourteenth century B.C.⁷ No paleolithic remains have been found in Crete.

† For the approximate duration of these epochs cf. the Chronological Table on p. 2.

* Current anthropology divides post-neolithic Europeans into three types, respectively preponderating in north, central, and southern Europe: (i) “Nordic” man—long-headed, tall, and fair of skin and eyes and hair; (2) “Alpine” man—broad-headed, of medium height, with eyes tending to gray and hair to brown; and (3) “Mediterranean” man—long-headed, short, and dark. No people is exclusively any of these “races.”

* The usually cautious and accurate Thucydides writes: “The first person known to us by tradition as having established a navy is Minos. He made himself master of what is now called the Hellenic Sea, and ruled over the Cyclades. . . . He did his best to put down piracy in those waters, a necessary step to secure the revenues for his own use.”²⁰

* The ascription of rooms is, of course, highly conjectural. It should be added that nearly all the exhumed decorations of the palace have been removed to the museum at Heracleum or elsewhere, while much of what remains in site has been tastelessly restored.

† It is no longer agreed that the square depressions found in the floors of some rooms were baths; they have no outlets, and are made of gypsum, which water would gradually dissolve.³⁷

‡ Mosso found similar drainage pipes in the villa at Hagia Triada. “One day, after a heavy downpour of rain, I was interested to find that all the drains acted perfectly, and I saw the water flow from the sewers, through which a man could walk upright. I doubt if there is any other instance of a drainage system acting after four thousand years.”⁴⁰

* If archeological chronology would permit the deferment of this conflagration to the neighborhood of 1250 it would be convenient to interpret the tragedy as an incident in the Achaean conquest of the Aegean preliminary to the siege of Troy.

* Pausanias, father of all Baedekers, credits Daedalus with several statues, mostly of wood, and a marble relief of Ariadne dancing, as all extant in the second century A.D.⁵¹ The Greeks never doubted the reality of Daedalus, and the experience of Schliemann warns us to be skeptical even of our skepticism. Old traditions have a way of being easily rejected by one generation of scholars, and laboriously confirmed by the next.

* The Athenians counted all this as history. They treasured for centuries, by continually repairing it, the ship in which Theseus had sailed to Crete, and used it as a sacred vessel in sending envoys annually to the feast of Apollo at Delos.

* “In order to acquire quickly the Greek vocabulary,” Schliemann writes, “I procured a modern Greek translation of Paul et Virginie, and read it through, comparing every word with its equivalent in the French original. When I had finished this task I knew at least one half the Greek words the book contained; and after repeating the operation I knew them all, Of nearly so, without having lost a single minute by being obliged to use a dictionary. . . . Of the Greek grammar I learned only the declensions and the verbs, and never lost my precious time in studying its rules; for as I saw that boys, after being troubled and tormented for eight years and more in school with the tedious rules of grammar, can nevertheless none of them write a letter in ancient Greek without making hundreds of atrocious blunders, I thought the method pursued by the schoolmasters must be altogether wrong. . . . I learned ancient Greek I would have learned a living language.”⁵

* Pausanias traveled through Greece about A.D. 160, and described it in his Periegesis, or Tour.

* Towards the end of his life Dörpfeld and Virchow almost convinced him that he had found the remains not of Agamemnon but of a far earlier generation. After many heartaches Schliemann took the matter good-naturedly. “What?” he exclaimed, “so this is not Agamemnon’s body, these are not his ornaments? All right, let’s call him Schulze”; and thereafter they always spoke of “Schulze.”¹³

† The Greeks gave the name Cyclopean to such structures as in their mythical fancy could have been built only by giants like the one-eyed Titans called Cyclopes (Round-Eyes), who labored at the forges of Hephaestus in the volcanoes of the Mediterranean. Architecturally the term implied large unmortared stones, unhewn or roughly cut, and filled in at the joints with pebbles laid in clay. Tradition added that Proetus had imported celebrated masons, called Cyclopes, from Lycia.

* Sedulously collected by General di Cesnola, and now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.

* Dr. Carl Blegen, field director of the University of Cincinnati excavations at Troy (193if), believes that these have shown that Troy VI was destroyed about 1300, probably by earthquake, and that upon its ruins rose the Seventh City, which he calls Priam’s Troy. Dörpfeld prefers to call this Troy VIb. Cf. Journal of Hellenic Studies, LV1, 156.

† (7) Troy VII was a small unfortified settlement, which occupied the site till (8) Alexander the Great, in 334, built upon it Troy VIII in homage to Homer. (9) About the beginning of the Christian era the Romans built Novum Ilium, or New Troy, which survived till the fifth century A.D.

‡ The name Troy was traced by Greek tradition to the eponymous hero Tros, father of Ilus, father of Laomedon, father of Priam.³⁹ Hence the variant names of the city—Troas, Ilios, Ilion, Ilium. An eponymous hero, or eponym, is a probably legendary person to whom a social or political group attributes its origin and name. The Dardani, for example, believed or pretended that they were descended from Dardanus, son of Zeus; so the Dorians traced tnemselves to Dorus, the Ionians to Ion, etc.

* And in such Greek words as sesamon (sesame), kyparissos (cypress), hyssopos (hyssop), oinos (wine), sandalon (sandal), chalkos (copper), thalassa (sea), molybdos (lead), zephyros (zephyr), kybernao (steer), sphongos (sponge), laos (people), labyrinthis, dithyrambos, kitharis (zither), syrinx (flute), and paian (paean).

† “Perseus . . . Heracles . . . Minos, Theseus, Jason . . . it has been common in modern times to regard these and the other heroes of this age . . . as purely mythical creations. The later Greeks, in criticizing the records of their past, had no doubt that they were historical persons who actually ruled in Argos and other kingdoms; and after a period of extreme skepticism many modern critics have begun to revert to the Greek view as that which explains the evidence most satisfactorily. . . . The heroes of the tales, like the geographical scenes in which they moved, are real.”—Cambridge Ancient History, II, 478. We shall assume that the major legends are true in essence, imaginative in detail.

* Tantalus angered the gods by divulging their secrets, stealing their nectar and ambrosia, and offering them his son Pelops, boiled and sliced. Zeus put Pelops together again, and punished Tantalus, in Hades, with a raging thirst; Tantalus was placed in the midst of a lake whose waters receded whenever he tried to drink of them; over his head branches rich in fruit were hung, which withdrew when he sought to reach them; a great rock was suspended above him, which at every moment threatened to fall and crush him.⁷

* Assigned to 1400-1200 B.C. It contained fragments of writing in undeciphered characters, probably of Cretan lineage.

* “Zeus,” says Diodorus, “made that night three times its normal length; and by the magnitude of the time expended on the procreation he presaged the exceptional might of the child.”⁹

† He strangled the lion that troubled the flocks at Nemea; he destroyed the many-headed hydra that ravaged Lerna; he captured a fleet stag and carried it to Eurystheus; he caught a wild boar from Mt. Eurymanthus and carried it to Eurystheus; in one day he cleansed all the stables of Augeas’ three thousand oxen by diverting the rivers Alpheus and Peneus into the stills—and paused long enough in Elis to establish the Olympic games; he destroyed the murderous Stymphalian birds of Arcadia; he captured the mad bull that was devastating Crete, and carried it on his shoulders to Eurystheus; he caught and tamed the man-eating horses of Diomedes; he slew nearly all the Amazons; he set up two confronting promontories as the “Pillars of Hercules” at the mouth of the Mediterranean, captured the oxen of Geryon and brought them through Gaul, across the Alps, through Italy, and across the sea to Eurystheus; he found the apples of the Hesperides, and for a while held up the earth for Atlas; he descended into Hades, and delivered Theseus and Ascalaphus from torment.—The Hesperides, daughters of Atlas, had been entrusted by Hera with the golden apples given her by Gaea (Earth) at her wedding with Zeus. The apples were guarded by a dragon, and conferred semidivine qualities upon those who ate them.

* This amazing “culture hero,” Diodorus thought, was a primitive engineer, a prehistoric Empedocles; the legends told about him meant that he had cleansed the springs, cleaved mountains, changed the courses of rivers, reclaimed waste areas, rid the woods of dangerous beasts, and made Greece a habitable land.¹¹ In another aspect Heracles is the beloved son of god who suffers for mankind, raises the dead to life, descends into Hades, and then ascends into heaven.

* “When a smith tempers in cold water a great ax or an adze, it gives off a hissing; this is what gives iron its strength.”²⁸

* “Then Alcinous ordered Halias and Laodamas to dance, by themselves, for never did any one dare join himself with them. They took in their hands the fine ball, purple-dyed . . . and played. The first, bending his body right back, would hurl the ball towards the shadowy crowds, while the other in his turn would spring high into the air and catch it gracefully before his feet touched the ground. Then, after they had made full trial of tossing the ball high, they began passing it back and forth between them, all the while they danced upon the fruitful earth.”⁴⁵

* There are vestiges of an earlier and “matriarchal” condition: before Cecrops, said Athenian tradition, “children did not know their own father”—i.e., presumably, descent was reckoned through the mother; and even in Homeric days many of the gods especially worshiped by Greek cities were goddesses—Hera at Argos, Athena at Athens, Demeter and Persephone at Eleusis—with no visible subordination to any male deity.⁵⁴

† Theseus had so many wives that an historian drew up a learned catalogue of them.⁵⁵

* Argos dies of joy on recognizing his master after twenty years’ separation.

* Helen, it need hardly be said, was the daughter of Zeus, who, in the form of a swan, seduced Leda, wife of Sparta’s King Tyndareus.

* Parenthetical numbers indicate books of the Iliad.

* Very probably the narrative in this instance has less basis in history than the Iliad. The legend of the long-wandering mariner or warrior, whose wife cannot recognize him on his return, is apparently older than the story of Troy, and appears in almost every literature.⁷⁵ Odysseus is the Sinuhe, the Sinbad, the Robinson Crusoe, the Enoch Arden of the Greeks. The geography of the poem is a mystery that still exercises leisurely minds.

* After her death, said Greek tradition, she was worshiped as a goddess. It was a common belief in Greece that those who spoke ill of her were punished by the gods; even Homer’s blindness, it was hinted, came upon him because he had lent his song to the calumnious notion that Helen had eloped to Troy, instead of being snatched off to Egypt against her will.⁷⁷

* Sir Arthur Evans has found, in a Mycenaean tomb in Boeotia, engravings representing a young man attacking a sphinx, and a youth killing an older man and a woman. He believes that these refer to Oedipus and Orestes; and as he ascribes these engravings to ca. 1450 B.C., he argues for a date for Oedipus and Orestes some two centuries earlier than the epoch tentatively assigned to these characters in the text.⁸⁰

* A town in Austria whose iron remains have given its name to the first period of the Iron Age in Europe.

* Or the maps inside the covers of this book.

* Cf. the seated Chares from Miletus in the British Museum, or the Head of Cleobis by Polymedes in the museum at Delphi.